351
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Martinez DA, Loening UE, Graham MC. Impacts of glyphosate-based herbicides on disease resistance and health of crops: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:2. [PMID: 29387519 PMCID: PMC5770481 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Based on experimental data from laboratory and field, numerous authors have raised concern that exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) may pre-dispose crops to damage by microbial pathogens. In this review, we distinguish and evaluate two principal pathways by which GBHs may affect the susceptibility of crops to disease: pathway 1-via disruptions to rhizosphere microbial ecology, and pathway 2-via restriction of nutrients to crops. We conclude that GBHs have the potential to undermine crop health in a number of ways, including: (i) impairment of the innate physiological defences of glyphosate-sensitive (GS) cultivars by interruption of the shikimic acid pathway; (ii) impairment of physiological disease defences has also been shown to occur in some glyphosate-resistant (GR) cultivars, despite their engineered resistance to glyphosate's primary mode of action; (iii) interference with rhizosphere microbial ecology (in particular, GBHs have the potential to enhance the population and/or virulence of some phytopathogenic microbial species in the crop rhizosphere); and finally, (iv) the as yet incompletely elucidated reduction in the uptake and utilisation of nutrient metals by crops. Future progress will best be achieved when growers, regulators and industry collaborate to develop products, practices and policies that minimise the use of herbicides as far as possible and maximise their effectiveness when used, while facilitating optimised food production and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy A. Martinez
- Formerly School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
| | - Ulrich E. Loening
- Ormiston Hall, Formerly Centre for Human Ecology and Department of Zoology, University of Edinburgh, EH35 5NJ Edinburgh, Scotland UK
| | - Margaret C. Graham
- School of GeoSciences, Crew Building, The King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, EH9 3JF Edinburgh, Scotland UK
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352
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Gunier RB, Bradman A, Harley KG, Eskenazi B. Will buffer zones around schools in agricultural areas be adequate to protect children from the potential adverse effects of pesticide exposure? PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2004741. [PMID: 29267268 PMCID: PMC5739348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
California has proposed limiting agricultural pesticide use within 0.4 km of schools and childcare facilities. However, the 0.4-km buffer may not be appropriate for all pesticides because of differing toxicities, fate, and application methods. Living near pesticide use has been associated with poorer birth outcomes, neurodevelopment, and respiratory function in children. More research about exposures in schools, childcare facilities, and homes is needed. Despite incomplete science, this regulation is an important step to reduce potential exposures to children. The most vulnerable exposure period may be in utero, and future regulations should also aim to reduce exposures to pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kim G. Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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353
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de Ávila RI, Teixeira GC, Veloso DFMC, Moreira LC, Lima EM, Valadares MC. In vitro assessment of skin sensitization, photosensitization and phototoxicity potential of commercial glyphosate-containing formulations. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:386-392. [PMID: 28389279 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the applicability of a modified Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA) (OECD N° 442C, 2015) through the 10-fold reduction of reaction volume (micro-DPRA, mDPRA) for skin sensitization evaluation of six commercial glyphosate-containing formulations. In addition, another modification of DPRA was proposed by adding a UVA (5J/cm2) irradiation step, namely photo-mDPRA, to better characterize (photo)sensitizer materials. The phototoxicity profile of pesticides was also evaluated using the 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test (3T3-NRU-PT) (OECD N° 432, 2004). The mDPRA could represent an environmentally acceptable test approach, since it reduces costs and organic waste. Peptide depletion was greater in photo-mDPRA and changed the reactivity class of each test material, in comparison to mDPRA. Thus, the association of mDPRA with photo-mDPRA was better for correctly characterizing human (photo)sensitizer substances and pesticides. In general, cysteine depletion was greater than that of lysine for all materials tested in both mDPRA and photo-mDPRA. Furthermore, while 3T3-NRU-PT is unable to predict (photo)sensitizers, it was capable of correctly identifying the phototoxic potential of the tested agrochemical formulations. In conclusion, mDPRA plus photo-mDPRA and 3T3-NRU-PT seem to be preliminary non-animal test batteries for skin (photo)sensitization/phototoxicity assessment of chemicals, agrochemical formulations and their ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Campos Teixeira
- Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Cleres Moreira
- Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Eliana Martins Lima
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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354
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Perego MC, Caloni F, Cortinovis C, Schutz LF, Albonico M, Tsuzukibashi D, Spicer LJ. Influence of a Roundup formulation on glyphosate effects on steroidogenesis and proliferation of bovine granulosa cells in vitro. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:274-279. [PMID: 28888115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl-glycine) is a non-selective systemic herbicide widely used worldwide. The purpose of this study is to determine if glyphosate alone (GLPH) or in formulation with Roundup (G-RU) can affect granulosa cell proliferation and steroid production. Four experiments were conducted. In Exp. 1, 10 and 300 μg/mL of GLPH had no effect (P > 0.05) on cell numbers, estradiol or progesterone production, whereas 10 and 300 μg/mL of G-RU dramatically decreased (P < 0.05) cell numbers and estradiol and progesterone production. In Exp. 2, G-RU at 0.1 μg/mL had no significant effect whereas G-RU at 10 μg/mL decreased (P < 0.05) GC numbers, progesterone and estradiol production. In the absence of IGF1 but presence of FSH, 1 μg/mL of G-RU decreased (P < 0.05) estradiol production, whereas in the presence of IGF1 and FSH, 1 μg/mL of G-RU increased (P < 0.05) cell numbers, progesterone and estradiol production. In Exp. 3, IGF1 significantly increased cell numbers (by 2.8-fold) and estradiol (by 17.8-fold) and progesterone (by 6.1-fold) production. GLPH at 10 μg/mL alone had no significant effect on FSH-induced (i.e., basal) or FSH plus IGF1-induced cell numbers, estradiol or progesterone production. However, G-RU at 10 μg/mL significantly inhibited FSH plus IGF1-induced cell numbers, estradiol and progesterone production by 65%-91%. In Exp. 4, 48 h treatment of G-RU had no significant effect on viability of attached cells. In conclusion, the present studies demonstrate that GLPH and particularly G-RU may have the potential to impair reproductive function in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Perego
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristina Cortinovis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luis F Schutz
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Marco Albonico
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Denise Tsuzukibashi
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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355
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Kissane Z, Shephard JM. The rise of glyphosate and new opportunities for biosentinel early-warning studies. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2017; 31:1293-1300. [PMID: 28474816 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate has become the most commonly used herbicide worldwide and is reputedly environmentally benign, nontoxic, and safe for use near wildlife and humans. However, studies indicate its toxicity is underestimated and its persistence in the environment is greater than once thought. Its actions as a neurotoxin and endocrine disruptor indicate its potential to act in similar ways to persistent organic pollutants such as the organochlorines dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dioxin. Exposure to glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides for both wildlife and people is likely to be chronic and at sublethal levels, with multiple and ongoing exposure events occurring in urban and agricultural landscapes. Despite this, there has been little research on the impact of glyphosate on wildlife populations, and existing studies appear in the agricultural, toxicology, and water-chemistry literature that may have limited visibility among wildlife biologists. These studies clearly demonstrate a link between chronic exposure and neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, cell damage, and immune suppression. There is a strong case for the recognition of glyphosate as an emerging organic contaminant and substantial potential exists for collaborative research among ecologists, toxicologists, and chemists to quantify the impact of glyphosate on wildlife and to evaluate the role of biosentinel species in a preemptive move to mitigate downstream impacts on people. There is scope to develop a decision framework to aid the choice of species to biomonitor and analysis methods based on the target contaminant, spatial and temporal extent of contamination, and perceived risk. Birds in particular offer considerable potential in this role because they span agricultural and urban environments, coastal, inland, and wetland ecosystems where glyphosate residues are known to be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Kissane
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jill M Shephard
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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356
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Mesnage R, Antoniou MN. Facts and Fallacies in the Debate on Glyphosate Toxicity. Front Public Health 2017; 5:316. [PMID: 29226121 PMCID: PMC5705608 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety profile of the herbicide glyphosate and its commercial formulations is controversial. Reviews have been published by individuals who are consultants and employees of companies commercializing glyphosate-based herbicides in support of glyphosate's reapproval by regulatory agencies. These authors conclude that glyphosate is safe at levels below regulatory permissible limits. In contrast, reviews conducted by academic scientists independent of industry report toxic effects below regulatory limits, as well as shortcomings of the current regulatory evaluation of risks associated with glyphosate exposures. Two authors in particular (Samsel and Seneff) have published a series of commentaries proposing that long-term exposure to glyphosate is responsible for many chronic diseases (including cancers, diabetes, neuropathies, obesity, asthma, infections, osteoporosis, infertility, and birth defects). The aim of this review is to examine the evidential basis for these claimed negative health effects and the mechanisms that are alleged to be at their basis. We found that these authors inappropriately employ a deductive reasoning approach based on syllogism. We found that their conclusions are not supported by the available scientific evidence. Thus, the mechanisms and vast range of conditions proposed to result from glyphosate toxicity presented by Samsel and Seneff in their commentaries are at best unsubstantiated theories, speculations, or simply incorrect. This misrepresentation of glyphosate's toxicity misleads the public, the scientific community, and regulators. Although evidence exists that glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic below regulatory set safety limits, the arguments of Samsel and Seneff largely serve to distract rather than to give a rational direction to much needed future research investigating the toxicity of these pesticides, especially at levels of ingestion that are typical for human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Mesnage
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N Antoniou
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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357
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Kigen G, Busakhala N, Kamuren Z, Rono H, Kimalat W, Njiru E. Factors associated with the high prevalence of oesophageal cancer in Western Kenya: a review. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:59. [PMID: 29142587 PMCID: PMC5670732 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal carcinoma (OC) is highly prevalent in Western Kenya especially among the members of the Kalenjin community who reside in the Northern and Southern areas of the Rift Valley. Previous authors have suggested potential association of environmental and genetic risk factors with this high prevalence. The environmental factors that have been suggested include contamination of food by mycotoxins and/or pesticides, consumption of traditional alcohol (locally referred to “Busaa” and “Chan’gaa”), use of fermented milk (“Mursik”), poor diet, tobacco use and genetic predisposition. The aim of this paper is to critically examine the potential contribution of each of the factors that have been postulated to be associated with the high prevalence of the disease in order to establish the most likely cause. We have done this by analyzing the trends, characteristics and behaviours that are specifically unique in the region, and corroborated this with the available literature. From our findings, the most plausible cause of the high incidence of OC among the Kalenjin community is mycotoxins, particularly fumonisins from the food chain resulting from poor handling of cereals; particularly maize combined with traditional alcohol laced with the toxins interacting synergistically with other high-risk factors such as dietary deficiencies associated alcoholism and viral infections, especially HPV. Urgent mitigating strategies should be developed in order to minimize the levels of mycotoxins in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Kigen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Department of Hematology & Oncology, Moi University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 4606-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Naftali Busakhala
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Department of Hematology & Oncology, Moi University School of Medicine, P. O. Box 4606-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Zipporah Kamuren
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Moi University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 4606-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Hillary Rono
- Kitale County Hospital; London School of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, P.O. Box 98-30200, Kitale, Kenya
| | - Wilfred Kimalat
- Retired Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education, Science & Technology, Provisional Administration & Internal Security, Office of the President, P. O. Box 28467-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Evangeline Njiru
- Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Moi University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 4606, Eldoret, 30100 Kenya
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358
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Mills PJ, Kania-Korwel I, Fagan J, McEvoy LK, Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E. Excretion of the Herbicide Glyphosate in Older Adults Between 1993 and 2016. JAMA 2017; 318:1610-1611. [PMID: 29067413 PMCID: PMC5818803 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.11726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Mills
- Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | | | - John Fagan
- Health Research Institute Laboratories, Fairfield, Iowa
| | | | - Gail A. Laughlin
- Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Elizabeth Barrett-Connor
- Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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359
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Sevrain CM, Berchel M, Couthon H, Jaffrès PA. Phosphonic acid: preparation and applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2186-2213. [PMID: 29114326 PMCID: PMC5669239 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphonic acid functional group, which is characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to three oxygen atoms (two hydroxy groups and one P=O double bond) and one carbon atom, is employed for many applications due to its structural analogy with the phosphate moiety or to its coordination or supramolecular properties. Phosphonic acids were used for their bioactive properties (drug, pro-drug), for bone targeting, for the design of supramolecular or hybrid materials, for the functionalization of surfaces, for analytical purposes, for medical imaging or as phosphoantigen. These applications are covering a large panel of research fields including chemistry, biology and physics thus making the synthesis of phosphonic acids a determinant question for numerous research projects. This review gives, first, an overview of the different fields of application of phosphonic acids that are illustrated with studies mainly selected over the last 20 years. Further, this review reports the different methods that can be used for the synthesis of phosphonic acids from dialkyl or diaryl phosphonate, from dichlorophosphine or dichlorophosphine oxide, from phosphonodiamide, or by oxidation of phosphinic acid. Direct methods that make use of phosphorous acid (H3PO3) and that produce a phosphonic acid functional group simultaneously to the formation of the P-C bond, are also surveyed. Among all these methods, the dealkylation of dialkyl phosphonates under either acidic conditions (HCl) or using the McKenna procedure (a two-step reaction that makes use of bromotrimethylsilane followed by methanolysis) constitute the best methods to prepare phosphonic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Sevrain
- CEMCA UMR CNRS 6521, Université de Brest, IBSAM. 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Mathieu Berchel
- CEMCA UMR CNRS 6521, Université de Brest, IBSAM. 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Hélène Couthon
- CEMCA UMR CNRS 6521, Université de Brest, IBSAM. 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Paul-Alain Jaffrès
- CEMCA UMR CNRS 6521, Université de Brest, IBSAM. 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
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360
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Tincher C, Long H, Behringer M, Walker N, Lynch M. The Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Roundup Does not Elevate Genome-Wide Mutagenesis of Escherichia coli. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2017; 7:3331-3335. [PMID: 28983068 PMCID: PMC5633383 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations induced by pollutants may promote pathogen evolution, for example by accelerating mutations conferring antibiotic resistance. Generally, evaluating the genome-wide mutagenic effects of long-term sublethal pollutant exposure at single-nucleotide resolution is extremely difficult. To overcome this technical barrier, we use the mutation accumulation/whole-genome sequencing (MA/WGS) method as a mutagenicity test, to quantitatively evaluate genome-wide mutagenesis of Escherichia coli after long-term exposure to a wide gradient of the glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) Roundup Concentrate Plus. The genome-wide mutation rate decreases as GBH concentration increases, suggesting that even long-term GBH exposure does not compromise the genome stability of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Tincher
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Hongan Long
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Megan Behringer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Noah Walker
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Michael Lynch
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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361
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Sarkar S, Das R. PVP capped silver nanocubes assisted removal of glyphosate from water-A photoluminescence study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 339:54-62. [PMID: 28622583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate [N-phosphono-methylglycine (PMG)] is the most used herbicide worldwide and it has been reported very recently that Glyphosate is very harmful and can produce lots of diseases such as alzheimer and parkinson's disease, depression, cancer, infertility including genotoxic effects. As it is mostly present in stable water body and ground water system, its detection and removal is very important. Here, we have shown a fluorescence technique for the removal of glyphosate from water using chemically synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) silver nanocrystals. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) study shows the average size of silver nanocrystals of 100nm approximately with a morphology of cubic shape. Glyphosate does not show absorption in the visible region. But both glyphosate and silver nanocrystals show strong fluorescence in the visible region. So, photoluminescence study has been successfully utilized to detect the glyphosate in water samples and on treating the glyphosate contaminated water sample with silver nanocrystals, the sample shows no emission peak of glyphosate at 458nm. Thus, this approach is a promising and very rapid method for the detection and removal of glyphosate from water samples on treatment with silver nanocubes. NMR spectra further confirms that the silver nanocrystals treated contaminated water samples are glyphosate free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sarkar
- Nano-Physics & Nanotechnology Research Lab, Department of Physics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, 799022, India
| | - Ratan Das
- Nano-Physics & Nanotechnology Research Lab, Department of Physics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, 799022, India.
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362
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Zyoud SH, Waring WS, Al-Jabi SW, Sweileh WM. Global research production in glyphosate intoxication from 1978 to 2015: A bibliometric analysis. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 36:997-1006. [PMID: 27837178 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116678299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) has been used as a broad-spectrum herbicide that has been widely used in the agricultural industry and also available for home use. The main aim of this study is to present a general overview of glyphosate intoxication-related publications from its introducing since the early 1970s using bibliometric technique. METHODS On June 23, 2016, a literature search of the Scopus database was performed. We then extracted and analyzed the data using well-established qualitative and quantitative bibliometric indices: Publication year, affiliation, document type, country name, subject category, journal name, publishing language, and collaboration and citation patterns. RESULTS We recognized a total of 3735 publications on glyphosate published between 1973 and 2015. There were 875 publications related to glyphosate intoxication in the Scopus database published between 1978 and 2015. Articles (757) comprised 86.5% of the total publications, followed by reviews (41; 4.7%). Most publications were published in English (87.9%), followed by Portuguese (6.6%). The number of publications related to glyphosate intoxication increased from 44 in 1978-1987 up to 152 in 1996-2005 and then quadrupled in 2006-2015. The United States was the leading country with 180 documents representing 20.6%, followed by Brazil (120; 13.7%), Canada (78; 8.9%), Argentina (61; 7.0%), and France (57; 6.5%). The 85.6% of the publications was cited, and the average of citation per document was 17.13 with h-index of 55. Furthermore, the United States achieved the highest h-index of 33. Most of the global international collaborations are made with researchers from the United States, who collaborated with 23 countries/territories in 44 publications. CONCLUSIONS The trends in global glyphosate-related research between 1978 and 2015 were evaluated by a bibliometric technique. Results showed that English was the leading publishing language, and the major publication type was original article. Findings showed that number of research publications related to glyphosate intoxication increased significantly in the last decade. The United States and Brazil are the two most productive countries in research on glyphosate intoxication. This study will be beneficial to policy makers by identifying areas that need greater investment and research funding to target appropriate agriculture sectors so as to improve glyphosate safety in a global setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Zyoud
- 1 Poison Control and Drug Information Center, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
- 2 Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - W S Waring
- 3 Acute Medical Unit, York Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, York, UK
| | - S W Al-Jabi
- 2 Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - W M Sweileh
- 4 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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363
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Froes Asmus CIR, Camara VM, Raggio R, Landrigan PJ, Claudio L. Positive correlation between pesticide sales and central nervous system and cardiovascular congenital abnormalities in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2017; 27:420-426. [PMID: 28877591 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2017.1373272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the association between pesticide exposure in Brazil (2005-2013) with rates of central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular system (CVS) congenital abnormalities in 2014. METHOD An exposure variable was established from data on production and sales of pesticides (kg) per crop area (ha) for 2012 and 2013 years. The Brazilian states were divided into three categories: high, medium, and low pesticide use and rate ratios were estimated for each group of states (CI: 95 %). RESULTS In 2013 and 2014, the high use group presented a 100 and a 75 % increase, and the medium group a 65 and 23 % increase, respectively, in the risk of CNS and CVS congenital abnormalities at birth, compared to the low use group. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that pesticide exposure could be associated with increased risk of congenital malformations at birth in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen I R Froes Asmus
- a Preventive Medicine Department , Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
- b Public Health Institute, School of Medicine , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Volney M Camara
- b Public Health Institute, School of Medicine , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Ronir Raggio
- b Public Health Institute, School of Medicine , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Philip J Landrigan
- a Preventive Medicine Department , Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
- c Arnhold Global Health Institute , Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - Luz Claudio
- a Preventive Medicine Department , Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
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364
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Corporate Concentration and Technological Change in the Global Seed Industry. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9091632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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365
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Tong M, Gao W, Jiao W, Zhou J, Li Y, He L, Hou R. Uptake, Translocation, Metabolism, and Distribution of Glyphosate in Nontarget Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7638-7646. [PMID: 28795804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The uptake, translocation, metabolism, and distribution behavior of glyphosate in nontarget tea plant were investigated. The negative effects appeared to grown tea saplings when the nutrient solution contained glyphosate above 200 mg L-1. Glyphosate was highest in the roots of the tea plant, where it was also metabolized to aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA). The glyphosate and AMPA in the roots were transported through the xylem or phloem to the stems and leaves. The amount of AMPA in the entire tea plant was less than 6.0% of the amount of glyphosate. The glyphosate level in fresh tea shoots was less than that in mature leaves at each day. These results indicated that free glyphosate in the soil can be continuously absorbed by, metabolized in, and transported from the roots of the tea tree into edible leaves, and therefore, free glyphosate residues in the soil should be controlled to produce teas free of glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemisty and Health Effects, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Wanjun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemisty and Health Effects, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Weiting Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemisty and Health Effects, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemisty and Health Effects, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Yeyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemisty and Health Effects, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Lili He
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ruyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemisty and Health Effects, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036, P. R. China
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366
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Maqueda C, Undabeytia T, Villaverde J, Morillo E. Behaviour of glyphosate in a reservoir and the surrounding agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 593-594:787-795. [PMID: 28364613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GPS) is an herbicide currently used on olive crops in Spain, and can be transported to the nearby reservoirs currently used for human consumption. The purpose of this work was to study the behaviour and environmental fate of GPS in water and sediments of the Vibora Reservoir, its tributary river, and the surrounding agricultural soils to assess the risk of water pollution of this reservoir. The adsorption of GPS by different matrices was as follows: heading of the reservoir sediment (Cabecera)>tail sediment (Cola)>soils>Vibora sediment. The highest amount of oxides (especially Fe oxides) was observed in sediments from Cabecera and Cola whereas the lowest values were recorded on Vibora sediment. Results indicate that the highest GPS adsorption is due to the amorphous oxides and the edge sites of the clay minerals. Glyphosate adsorption increased with decreasing pH from 8 to 7. The desorption percentage of GPS from the four soils studied ranged only from 0.40 to 1.22%. Desorption was almost irreversible for Cabecera and Cola sediments, with values between 0 and 1.1%. Conversely, Vibora sediment presented about 20% desorption, probably due to its coarse texture and lower levels of amorphous oxides. Hockey-stick first-order kinetics was the best descriptor for water glyphosate dissipation at the Cabecera and Cola locations, and simple first-order kinetic for the water from the tributary Vibora River. The half-lives (DT50) were between 6.3 and 11.0days. The rapid degradation of GPS in surface waters and its practically irreversible sorption on these soils and sediments implies that GPS use in similar agricultural areas is of very low environmental risk. This manuscript also outlines the importance of the presence of photo-sensitizers in waters in the degradation routes of GPS in reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maqueda
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes, 10. Seville, E-41012, Spain
| | - T Undabeytia
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes, 10. Seville, E-41012, Spain
| | - J Villaverde
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes, 10. Seville, E-41012, Spain
| | - E Morillo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes, 10. Seville, E-41012, Spain.
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Sobjak TM, Romão S, do Nascimento CZ, Dos Santos AFP, Vogel L, Guimarães ATB. Assessment of the oxidative and neurotoxic effects of glyphosate pesticide on the larvae of Rhamdia quelen fish. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 182:267-275. [PMID: 28500971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of glyphosate on the antioxidant system, as well as the neurotoxic effects on the larvae of Rhamdia quelen. A completely randomized design was implemented with the eggs of silver catfish distributed in 48 containers with 300 mL of water, which were subdivided randomly into two groups: control and treated with 6.5 mg L of glyphosate. These groups were evaluated at four time points (12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h), each with six replications. The survival rate of eggs/larvae (%) was evaluated, and samples were collected for antioxidant system analysis (catalase - CAT, glutathione transferase - GST, glutathione reductase - GR, and lipoperoxidation - LPO), and neurotoxic evaluation (cholinesterase - ChE). Throughout the 72 h of experimentation, there was a higher survival rate among the animals treated with glyphosate. The highest value of integrated biomarkers response (IBR = 1.26) was at 12 h, presenting induction of the cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme and GR. At 24 h, the value of IBR was -2.56, with inhibition of ChE and induction of GR. At 48 h, the value was -0.76, with induction of LPO. The lowest value of IBR was at 72 h (-4.65), with induction of GST and inhibition of all other biomarkers. Finally, it was possible to detect an acute effect of glyphosate throughout the early development of R. quelen, with a decrease in the antioxidant system control and neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Maylin Sobjak
- Conservation and Management of Natural Resources Postgraduate Program, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 2069 - Jardim Universitário, Cascavel, PR, 85819-110, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Romão
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Laranjeiras do Sul, PR, Brazil
| | - Cristian Zwetzch do Nascimento
- Fishery Resources and Fish Engineering Postgraduate Program, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Toledo, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Vogel
- Fishery Resources and Fish Engineering Postgraduate Program, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Toledo, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Tereza Bittencourt Guimarães
- Conservation and Management of Natural Resources Postgraduate Program, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 2069 - Jardim Universitário, Cascavel, PR, 85819-110, Brazil; Biosciences and Health Postgraduate Program, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
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369
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Ait Bali Y, Ba-Mhamed S, Bennis M. Behavioral and Immunohistochemical Study of the Effects of Subchronic and Chronic Exposure to Glyphosate in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:146. [PMID: 28848410 PMCID: PMC5550406 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have described an adolescent-related psychiatric illness and sensorimotor deficits after Glyphosate based herbicide (GBH) exposure. GBH exposure in animal models of various ages suggests that it may be neurotoxic and could impact brain development and subsequently, behavior in adulthood. However, its neurotoxic effects on adolescent brain remain unclear and the results are limited. The present study was conducted to evaluate the neurobehavioral effects of GBH following acute, subchronic (6 weeks) and chronic (12 weeks) exposure (250 or 500 mg/kg/day) in mice treated from juvenile age until adulthood. Mice were subjected to behavioral testing with the open field (OF), the elevated plus maze, the tail suspension and Splash tests (STs). Their behaviors related to exploratory activity, anxiety and depression-like were recorded. After completion of the behavioral testing, adult mice were sacrificed and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and serotonin (5-HT) in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was evaluated using immunohistochemical procedure. Our results indicate that unlike acute exposure, both subchronic and chronic exposure to GBH induced a decrease in body weight gain and locomotor activity, and an increase of anxiety and depression-like behavior levels. In addition, the immunohistochemical findings showed that only the chronic treatment induced a reduction of TH-immunoreactivity. However, both subchronic and chronic exposure produced a reduction of 5-HT-immunoreactivity in the DRN, BLA and ventral mPFC. Taken together, our data suggest that exposure to GBH from juvenile age through adulthood in mice leads to neurobehavioral changes that stem from the impairment of neuronal developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Ait Bali
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Behavior (URAC-37), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad UniversityMarrakech, Morocco
| | - Saadia Ba-Mhamed
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Behavior (URAC-37), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad UniversityMarrakech, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bennis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Behavior (URAC-37), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad UniversityMarrakech, Morocco
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370
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Cattani D, Cesconetto PA, Tavares MK, Parisotto EB, De Oliveira PA, Rieg CEH, Leite MC, Prediger RDS, Wendt NC, Razzera G, Filho DW, Zamoner A. Developmental exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide and depressive-like behavior in adult offspring: Implication of glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. Toxicology 2017; 387:67-80. [PMID: 28627408 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that maternal exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) leads to glutamate excitotoxicity in 15-day-old rat hippocampus. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of subchronic exposure to GBH on some neurochemical and behavioral parameters in immature and adult offspring. Rats were exposed to 1% GBH in drinking water (corresponding to 0.36% of glyphosate) from gestational day 5 until postnatal day (PND)-15 or PND60. Results showed that GBH exposure during both prenatal and postnatal periods causes oxidative stress, affects cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in offspring hippocampus from immature and adult rats. The subchronic exposure to the pesticide decreased L-[14C]-glutamate uptake and increased 45Ca2+ influx in 60-day-old rat hippocampus, suggesting a persistent glutamate excitotoxicity from developmental period (PND15) to adulthood (PND60). Moreover, GBH exposure alters the serum levels of the astrocytic protein S100B. The effects of GBH exposure were associated with oxidative stress and depressive-like behavior in offspring on PND60, as demonstrated by the prolonged immobility time and decreased time of climbing observed in forced swimming test. The mechanisms underlying the GBH-induced neurotoxicity involve the NMDA receptor activation, impairment of cholinergic transmission, astrocyte dysfunction, ERK1/2 overactivation, decreased p65 NF-κB phosphorylation, which are associated with oxidative stress and glutamate excitotoxicity. These neurochemical events may contribute, at least in part, to the depressive-like behavior observed in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Cattani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Acordi Cesconetto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mauren Kruger Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Benedetti Parisotto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Alexandre De Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carla Elise Heinz Rieg
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marina Concli Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rui Daniel Schröder Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nestor Cubas Wendt
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Razzera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Danilo Wilhelm Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ariane Zamoner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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371
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Habs M, Binder K, Krauss S, Müller K, Ernst B, Valentini L, Koller M. A Balanced Risk-Benefit Analysis to Determine Human Risks Associated with Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PA)-The Case of Tea and Herbal Infusions. Nutrients 2017; 9:E717. [PMID: 28686224 PMCID: PMC5537832 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) through different sources, mainly from contaminated foodstuff. Teas and herbal infusions (T&HI) can be contaminated by PA producing weed. PA can possess toxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic properties. Thus, possible health risks for the general population are under debate. There is a strong safety record for T&HI and additionally epidemiological evidence for the preventive effects of regular tea consumption on cardiovascular events and certain types of cancer. There is no epidemiological evidence, however, for human risks of regular low dose PA exposure. Recommended regulatory PA-threshold values are based on experimental data only, accepting big uncertainties. If a general risk exists through PA contaminated T&HI, it must be small compared to other frequently accepted risks of daily living and the proven health effects of T&HI. Decision making should be based on a balanced riskbenefit analysis. Based on analyses of the scientific data currently available, it is concluded that the benefits of drinking T&HI clearly outweigh the negligible health risk of possible PA contamination. At the same time, manufacturers must continue their efforts to secure good product quality and to be transparent on their measures of quality control and risk communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Habs
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU-University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Karin Binder
- Didactics of Mathematics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Didactics of Mathematics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Karolina Müller
- Centre for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Brigitte Ernst
- General Medicine Unit, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Luzia Valentini
- Institute of Evidence-based Dietetics, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Koller
- Centre for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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de Brito Rodrigues L, de Oliveira R, Abe FR, Brito LB, Moura DS, Valadares MC, Grisolia CK, de Oliveira DP, de Oliveira GAR. Ecotoxicological assessment of glyphosate-based herbicides: Effects on different organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1755-1763. [PMID: 27517480 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides are the most commonly used worldwide because they are effective and relatively nontoxic to nontarget species. Unlimited and uncontrolled use of such pesticides can have serious consequences for human health and ecological balance. The present study evaluated the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of 2 glyphosate-based formulations, Roundup Original (Roundup) and Glyphosate AKB 480 (AKB), on different organisms: cucumber (Cucumis sativus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seeds, and microcrustacean Artemia salina and zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages. For the germination endpoint, only L. esculentum presented significant sensitivity to AKB and L. sativa to Roundup, whereas both formulations significantly inhibited the root growth of all species tested. Both AKB and Roundup induced significant toxicity to A. salina; both are classified as category 3, which indicates a hazard for the aquatic environment, according to criteria of the Globally Harmonized Classification System. However, Roundup was more toxic than AKB, with 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50) values of 14.19 mg/L and 37.53 mg/L, respectively. For the embryo-larval toxicity test, Roundup proved more toxic than AKB for the mortality endpoint (96-h LC50 values of 10.17 mg/L and 27.13 mg/L, respectively), whereas for the hatching parameter, AKB was more toxic than Roundup. No significant genotoxicity to zebrafish larvae was found. We concluded that AKB and Roundup glyphosate-based formulations are phytotoxic and induce toxic effects in nontarget organisms such as A. salina and zebrafish early life stages. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1755-1763. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhaul de Oliveira
- Biological Sciences Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Flávia Renata Abe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara Barroso Brito
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Diego Sousa Moura
- Biological Sciences Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Cesar Koppe Grisolia
- Biological Sciences Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Danielle Palma de Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nandini B, Hariprasad P, Shankara HN, Prakash HS, Geetha N. Total crude protein extract of Trichoderma spp. induces systemic resistance in pearl millet against the downy mildew pathogen. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:183. [PMID: 28664370 PMCID: PMC5491437 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0816-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several proteins and peptides of microbial origin are reported for their elicitor properties, which play a vital role in the development of local and systemic resistances in plants. In this study, the efficacy of total crude proteins (TCP) extracted from six different Trichoderma spp. (T. asperellum, T. harzianum, T. atroviride, T. virens, T. longibrachiatum, and T. brevicompactum) was evaluated for their ability to elicit defense responses in pearl millet against downy mildew disease. Priming of pearl millet seeds (with or without mannitol) with different concentrations of TCP from Trichoderma spp. does not affect the seed germination and seedling vigor significantly. Under greenhouse conditions, a varied level of disease protection was recorded with TCP of different Trichoderma spp., and furthermore, its efficacy was found increased when treated with mannitol. Total crude protein extracts of T. atroviride (75 µg/ml) with mannitol recorded significantly higher disease protection of 53.6% in comparison with respective controls. Furthermore, this observation was supported by elevated levels of peroxidase (7.7 U @ 36 h after inoculation) and lipoxygenase (29.5 U @ 48 h after inoculation) and hypersensitive necrotic spots (56% @ 24 h after inoculation). The present study illustrated the capability of TCP extracted from different Trichoderma spp. to elicit the disease resistance mechanism in pearl millet seedlings against Sclerospora graminicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boregowda Nandini
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India
| | - Puttaswamy Hariprasad
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | | | | | - Nagaraja Geetha
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India.
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374
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Vandenberg LN, Blumberg B, Antoniou MN, Benbrook CM, Carroll L, Colborn T, Everett LG, Hansen M, Landrigan PJ, Lanphear BP, Mesnage R, vom Saal FS, Welshons WV, Myers JP. Is it time to reassess current safety standards for glyphosate-based herbicides? J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:613-618. [PMID: 28320775 PMCID: PMC5484035 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) increased ∼100-fold from 1974 to 2014. Additional increases are expected due to widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds, increased application of GBHs, and preharvest uses of GBHs as desiccants. Current safety assessments rely heavily on studies conducted over 30 years ago. We have considered information on GBH use, exposures, mechanisms of action, toxicity and epidemiology. Human exposures to glyphosate are rising, and a number of in vitro and in vivo studies challenge the basis for the current safety assessment of glyphosate and GBHs. We conclude that current safety standards for GBHs are outdated and may fail to protect public health or the environment. To improve safety standards, the following are urgently needed: (1) human biomonitoring for glyphosate and its metabolites; (2) prioritisation of glyphosate and GBHs for hazard assessments, including toxicological studies that use state-of-the-art approaches; (3) epidemiological studies, especially of occupationally exposed agricultural workers, pregnant women and their children and (4) evaluations of GBHs in commercially used formulations, recognising that herbicide mixtures likely have effects that are not predicted by studying glyphosate alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Michael N Antoniou
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Charles M Benbrook
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
- Benbrook Consulting Services, Enterprise, Oregon, USA
| | - Lynn Carroll
- TEDX, The Endocrine Disruption Exchange, Paonia, Colorado, USA
| | - Theo Colborn
- TEDX, The Endocrine Disruption Exchange, Paonia, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Philip J Landrigan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frederick S vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Wade V Welshons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - John Peterson Myers
- Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Varayoud J, Durando M, Ramos JG, Milesi MM, Ingaramo PI, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Luque EH. Effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on the uterus of adult ovariectomized rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1191-1201. [PMID: 27463640 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient of several herbicide formulations. Different reports suggest that glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) may act as endocrine disruptors. We evaluated the potential estrogenic effects of a GBH formulation using the uterotrophic assay. Adult ovariectomized rats were sc injected for 3 consecutive days with: saline solution (vehicle control), 2.10-5 g E2 /kg/day (uterotrophic dose; UE2 ), 2.10-7 g E2 /kg/day (nonuterotrophic dose; NUE2 ), or 0.5, 5, or 50 mg GBH/kg/day of the. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, the uterus was removed and weighed and processed for histopathology and mRNA extraction. Epithelial cell proliferation and height and expression of estrogen-responsive genes were evaluated (estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ; progesterone receptor, PR; complement 3, C3). Uterine weight and epithelial proliferation were not affected by GBH. However, the luminal epithelial cell height increased at GBH0.5. ERα mRNA was downregulated by all GBH doses and E2 groups, whereas PR and C3 mRNA were diminished by GBH0.5. GBH5-, GBH50-, and UE2 -treated rats showed downregulated ERα protein expression in luminal epithelial cells, while the receptor was upregulated in the stroma. GBH upregulated ERβ (GBH0.5-50) and PR (GBH5) expressions in glandular epithelial cells, similar effect to that of NUE2 group. These results indicate that, although the uterine weight was not affected, GBH modulates the expression of estrogen-sensitive genes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1191-1201, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgelina Varayoud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Milena Durando
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorge G Ramos
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María M Milesi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Paola I Ingaramo
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Enrique H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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376
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de Souza JS, Kizys MML, da Conceição RR, Glebocki G, Romano RM, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Giannocco G, da Silva IDCG, Dias da Silva MR, Romano MA, Chiamolera MI. Perinatal exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide alters the thyrotrophic axis and causes thyroid hormone homeostasis imbalance in male rats. Toxicology 2017; 377:25-37. [PMID: 27916585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are widely used in agriculture. Recently, several animal and epidemiological studies have been conducted to understand the effects of these chemicals as an endocrine disruptor for the gonadal system. The aim of the present study was to determine whether GBHs could also disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Female pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to a solution containing GBH Roundup®Transorb (Monsanto). The animals were divided into three groups (control, 5mg/kg/day or 50mg/kg/day) and exposed from gestation day 18 (GD18) to post-natal day 5 (PND5). Male offspring were euthanized at PND 90, and blood and tissues samples from the hypothalamus, pituitary, liver and heart were collected for hormonal evaluation (TSH-Thyroid stimulating hormone, T3-triiodothyronine and T4-thyroxine), metabolomic and mRNA analyses of genes related to thyroid hormone metabolism and function. The hormonal profiles showed decreased concentrations of TSH in the exposed groups, with no variation in the levels of the thyroid hormones (THs) T3 and T4 between the groups. Hypothalamus gene expression analysis of the exposed groups revealed a reduction in the expression of genes encoding deiodinases 2 (Dio2) and 3 (Dio3) and TH transporters Slco1c1 (former Oatp1c1) and Slc16a2 (former Mct8). In the pituitary, Dio2, thyroid hormone receptor genes (Thra1 and Thrb1), and Slc16a2 showed higher expression levels in the exposed groups than in the control group. Interestingly, Tshb gene expression did not show any difference in expression profile between the control and exposed groups. Liver Thra1 and Thrb1 showed increased mRNA expression in both GBH-exposed groups, and in the heart, Dio2, Mb, Myh6 (former Mhca) and Slc2a4 (former Glut4) showed higher mRNA expression in the exposed groups. Additionally, correlation analysis between gene expression and metabolomic data showed similar alterations as detected in hypothyroid rats. Perinatal exposure to GBH in male rats modified the HPT set point, with lower levels of TSH likely reflecting post-translational events. Several genes regulated by TH or involved in TH metabolism and transport presented varying degrees of gene expression alteration that were probably programmed during intrauterine exposure to GBHs and reflects in peripheral metabolism. In conclusion, the role of GBH exposure in HPT axis disruption should be considered in populations exposed to this herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Sena de Souza
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Malta Letro Kizys
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rodrigues da Conceição
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Glebocki
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Marino Romano
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Departamento de Farmácia, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Translacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisele Giannocco
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Magnus Regios Dias da Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Romano
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Departamento de Farmácia, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel Chiamolera
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil.
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377
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Shaw W. Elevated Urinary Glyphosate and Clostridia Metabolites With Altered Dopamine Metabolism in Triplets With Autistic Spectrum Disorder or Suspected Seizure Disorder: A Case Study. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2017; 16:50-57. [PMID: 28223908 PMCID: PMC5312745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder for which a number of genetic, environmental, and nutritional causes have been proposed. Glyphosate is used widely as a crop desiccant and as an herbicide in fields of genetically modified foods that are glyphosate resistant. Several researchers have proposed that it may be a cause of autism, based on epidemiological data that correlates increased usage of glyphosate with an increased autism rate. OBJECTIVE The current study was intended to determine if excessive glyphosate was present in the triplets and their parents and to evaluate biochemical findings for the family to determine the potential effects of its presence. DESIGN The author performed a case study with the cooperation of the parents and the attending physician. SETTING The study took place at The Great Plains Laboratory, Inc (Lenexa, KS, USA). PARTICIPANTS Participants were triplets, 2 male children and 1 female, and their parents. The 2 male children had autism, whereas the female had a possible seizure disorder. All 3 had elevated urinary glyphosate, and all of the triplets and their mother had elevated values of succinic acid or tiglylglycine, which are indicators of mitochondrial dysfunction. INTERVENTION The participants received a diet of organic food only. OUTCOME MEASURES The study performed organic acids, glyphosate, toxic chemicals and tiglylglycine, and creatinine testing of the participants' urine. RESULTS The 2 male triplets with autism had abnormalities on at least 1 organic acids test, including elevated phenolic compounds such as 4-cresol, 3-[3-hydroxyphenyl]-3-hydroxypropionic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, which have been previously associated with Clostridia bacteria and autism. The female, who was suspected of having a seizure disorder but not autism, did not have elevated phenolic compounds but did have a significantly elevated value of the metabolite tiglylglycine, a marker for mitochondrial dysfunction and/or mutations. One male triplet was retested postintervention and was found to have a markedly lower amount of glyphosate in his urine. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of metabolites in the urine samples of the males with autism are consistent with a recent theory of autism that connects widespread glyphosate use with alteration of animal and human gastrointestinal flora. That theory is that the normally beneficial bacteria species that are sensitive to glyphosate are diminished and harmful bacteria species, such as Clostridia, that are insensitive to glyphosate, are increased following exposure to glyphosate. Excessive dopamine, caused by inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by Clostridia metabolites, in turn, produces oxidative species that damage neuronal Krebs cycle enzymes, neuronal mitochondria, and neuronal structural elements such as the neurofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Shaw
- Corresponding author: William Shaw, phd, E-mail address:
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378
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Guerrero Schimpf M, Milesi MM, Ingaramo PI, Luque EH, Varayoud J. Neonatal exposure to a glyphosate based herbicide alters the development of the rat uterus. Toxicology 2017; 376:2-14. [PMID: 27287056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are extensively used to control weeds on both cropland and non-cropland areas. No reports are available regarding the effects of GBHs exposure on uterine development. We evaluated if neonatal exposure to a GBH affects uterine morphology, proliferation and expression of proteins that regulate uterine organogenetic differentiation in rats. Female Wistar pups received saline solution (control, C) or a commercial formulation of glyphosate (GBH, 2mg/kg) by sc injection every 48h from postnatal day (PND) 1 to PND7. Rats were sacrificed on PND8 (neonatal period) and PND21 (prepubertal period) to evaluate acute and short-term effects, respectively. The uterine morphology was evaluated in hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. The epithelial and stromal immunophenotypes were established by assessing the expression of luminal epithelial protein (cytokeratin 8; CK8), basal epithelial proteins (p63 and pan cytokeratin CK1, 5, 10 and 14); and vimentin by immunohistochemistry (IHC). To investigate changes on proteins that regulate uterine organogenetic differentiation we evaluated the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), Hoxa10 and Wnt7a by IHC. The GBH-exposed uteri showed morphological changes, characterized by an increase in the incidence of luminal epithelial hyperplasia (LEH) and an increase in the stromal and myometrial thickness. The epithelial cells showed a positive immunostaining for CK8, while the stromal cells for vimentin. GBH treatment increased cell proliferation in the luminal and stromal compartment on PND8, without changes on PND21. GBH treatment also altered the expression of proteins involved in uterine organogenetic differentiation. PR and Hoxa10 were deregulated both immediately and two weeks after the exposure. ERα was induced in the stromal compartment on PND8, and was downregulated in the luminal epithelial cells of gyphosate-exposed animals on PND21. GBH treatment also increased the expression of Wnt7a in the stromal and glandular epithelial cells on PND21. Neonatal exposure to GBH disrupts the postnatal uterine development at the neonatal and prepubertal period. All these changes may alter the functional differentiation of the uterus, affecting the female fertility and/or promoting the development of neoplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlise Guerrero Schimpf
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María M Milesi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Paola I Ingaramo
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Enrique H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Varayoud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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379
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Mesnage R, Renney G, Séralini GE, Ward M, Antoniou MN. Multiomics reveal non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats following chronic exposure to an ultra-low dose of Roundup herbicide. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39328. [PMID: 28067231 PMCID: PMC5220358 DOI: 10.1038/srep39328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The impairment of liver function by low environmentally relevant doses of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) is still a debatable and unresolved matter. Previously we have shown that rats administered for 2 years with 0.1 ppb (50 ng/L glyphosate equivalent dilution; 4 ng/kg body weight/day daily intake) of a Roundup GBH formulation showed signs of enhanced liver injury as indicated by anatomorphological, blood/urine biochemical changes and transcriptome profiling. Here we present a multiomic study combining metabolome and proteome liver analyses to obtain further insight into the Roundup-induced pathology. Proteins significantly disturbed (214 out of 1906 detected, q < 0.05) were involved in organonitrogen metabolism and fatty acid β-oxidation. Proteome disturbances reflected peroxisomal proliferation, steatosis and necrosis. The metabolome analysis (55 metabolites altered out of 673 detected, p < 0.05) confirmed lipotoxic conditions and oxidative stress by showing an activation of glutathione and ascorbate free radical scavenger systems. Additionally, we found metabolite alterations associated with hallmarks of hepatotoxicity such as γ-glutamyl dipeptides, acylcarnitines, and proline derivatives. Overall, metabolome and proteome disturbances showed a substantial overlap with biomarkers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its progression to steatohepatosis and thus confirm liver functional dysfunction resulting from chronic ultra-low dose GBH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Mesnage
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - George Renney
- Proteomics Facility, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Gilles-Eric Séralini
- University of Caen, Institute of Biology, EA 2608 and Risk Pole, MRSH-CNRS, Esplanade de la Paix, University of Caen, Caen 14032, Cedex, France
| | - Malcolm Ward
- Proteomics Facility, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N. Antoniou
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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380
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Conrad A, Schröter-Kermani C, Hoppe HW, Rüther M, Pieper S, Kolossa-Gehring M. Glyphosate in German adults - Time trend (2001 to 2015) of human exposure to a widely used herbicide. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:8-16. [PMID: 27838355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The broadband herbicide glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl]-glycine) and its main metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) were analyzed by GC-MS-MS in 24h-urine samples cryo-archived by the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). Samples collected in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015 were chosen for this retrospective analysis. All urine samples had been provided by 20 to 29 years old individuals living in Greifswald, a city in north-eastern Germany. Out of the 399 analyzed urine samples, 127 (=31.8%) contained glyphosate concentrations at or above the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.1μg/L. For AMPA this was the case for 160 (=40.1%) samples. The fraction of glyphosate levels at or above LOQ peaked in 2012 (57.5%) and 2013 (56.4%) after having discontinuously increased from 10.0% in 2001. Quantification rates were lower again in 2014 and 2015 with 32.5% and 40.0%, respectively. The overall trend for quantifiable AMPA levels was similar. Glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in urine were statistically significantly correlated (spearman rank correlation coefficient=0.506, p≤0.001). Urinary glyphosate and AMPA levels tended to be higher in males. The possible reduction in exposure since 2013 indicated by ESB data may be due to changes in glyphosate application in agricultural practice. The ESB will continue monitoring internal exposures to glyphosate and AMPA for following up the time trend, elucidating inter-individual differences, and contributing to the ongoing debate on the further regulation of glyphosate-based pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Conrad
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Berlin/Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | | | | | - Maria Rüther
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Berlin/Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Silvia Pieper
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Berlin/Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
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381
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Mesnage R, Arno M, Séralini GE, Antoniou MN. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of liver and kidneys of rats chronically fed NK603 Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2017; 29:6. [PMID: 28239534 PMCID: PMC5306156 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-017-0105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous 2-year rat feeding trial assessing potential toxicity of NK603 Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize revealed blood and urine biochemical changes indicative of liver and kidney pathology. In an effort to obtain deeper insight into these findings, molecular profiling of the liver and kidneys from the same animals was undertaken. RESULTS Transcriptomics showed no segregation of NK603 maize and control feed groups with false discovery rates ranging from 43 to 83% at a cut-off p value of 1%. Changes in gene expression were not reflective of liver and kidney toxic effects. Metabolomics identified 692 and 673 metabolites in kidney and liver, respectively. None of the statistically significant disturbances detected (12-56 for different test groups) survived a false discovery rate analysis. Differences in these metabolites between individual animals within a group were greater than the effect of test diets, which prevents a definitive conclusion on either pathology or safety. CONCLUSIONS Even if the biological relevance of the statistical differences presented in this study is unclear, our results are made available for scrutiny by the scientific community and for comparison in future studies investigating potential toxicological properties of the NK603 corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Mesnage
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Matthew Arno
- Genomics Centre, King’s College London, Waterloo Campus, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Gilles-Eric Séralini
- Institute of Biology, EA 2608 and Risk Pole, MRSH-CNRS, University of Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Michael N. Antoniou
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
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382
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Schütte G, Eckerstorfer M, Rastelli V, Reichenbecher W, Restrepo-Vassalli S, Ruohonen-Lehto M, Saucy AGW, Mertens M. Herbicide resistance and biodiversity: agronomic and environmental aspects of genetically modified herbicide-resistant plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2017; 29:5. [PMID: 28163993 PMCID: PMC5250645 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-016-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Farmland biodiversity is an important characteristic when assessing sustainability of agricultural practices and is of major international concern. Scientific data indicate that agricultural intensification and pesticide use are among the main drivers of biodiversity loss. The analysed data and experiences do not support statements that herbicide-resistant crops provide consistently better yields than conventional crops or reduce herbicide amounts. They rather show that the adoption of herbicide-resistant crops impacts agronomy, agricultural practice, and weed management and contributes to biodiversity loss in several ways: (i) many studies show that glyphosate-based herbicides, which were commonly regarded as less harmful, are toxic to a range of aquatic organisms and adversely affect the soil and intestinal microflora and plant disease resistance; the increased use of 2,4-D or dicamba, linked to new herbicide-resistant crops, causes special concerns. (ii) The adoption of herbicide-resistant crops has reduced crop rotation and favoured weed management that is solely based on the use of herbicides. (iii) Continuous herbicide resistance cropping and the intensive use of glyphosate over the last 20 years have led to the appearance of at least 34 glyphosate-resistant weed species worldwide. Although recommended for many years, farmers did not counter resistance development in weeds by integrated weed management, but continued to rely on herbicides as sole measure. Despite occurrence of widespread resistance in weeds to other herbicides, industry rather develops transgenic crops with additional herbicide resistance genes. (iv) Agricultural management based on broad-spectrum herbicides as in herbicide-resistant crops further decreases diversity and abundance of wild plants and impacts arthropod fauna and other farmland animals. Taken together, adverse impacts of herbicide-resistant crops on biodiversity, when widely adopted, should be expected and are indeed very hard to avoid. For that reason, and in order to comply with international agreements to protect and enhance biodiversity, agriculture needs to focus on practices that are more environmentally friendly, including an overall reduction in pesticide use. (Pesticides are used for agricultural as well non-agricultural purposes. Most commonly they are used as plant protection products and regarded as a synonym for it and so also in this text.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Schütte
- FSP BIOGUM Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Eckerstorfer
- Umweltbundesamt GmbH/Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Rastelli
- Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfram Reichenbecher
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Marja Ruohonen-Lehto
- Natural Environment Centre, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Martha Mertens
- Institut für Biodiversität–Netzwerk e.V. (ibn), Nußbergerstr. 6a, 93059 Regensburg, Germany
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383
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Machado AA, Valyi K, Rillig MC. Potential Environmental Impacts of an “Underground Revolution”: A Response to Bender et al. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:8-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Saska P, Skuhrovec J, Lukáš J, Chi H, Tuan SJ, Honěk A. Treatment by glyphosate-based herbicide alters life history parameters of the rose-grain aphid Metopolophium dirhodum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27801. [PMID: 27302015 PMCID: PMC4908594 DOI: 10.1038/srep27801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is the number one herbicide in the world. We investigated the sub-lethal effects of this herbicide on the aphid Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), using an age-stage, two-sex life table approach. Three concentrations of the herbicide (low - 33.5, medium - 66.9 and high - 133.8 mmol dm(-3) of active ingredient) and distilled water as the control were used. The LC50 of the IPA salt of glyphosate on M. dirhodum was equivalent to 174.9 mmol dm(-3) of the active ingredient (CI95: 153.0, 199.0). The population parameters were significantly negatively affected by herbicide application, and this negative effect was progressive with the increasing concentration of the herbicide. A difference of two orders of magnitude existed in the predicted population development of M. dirhodum between the high concentration of the herbicide and the control. This is the first study that comprehensively documents such a negative effect on the population of an herbivorous insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Saska
- Crop Research Institute, Group Functional Diversity of Invertebrates and Plants in Agro-Ecosystems, Drnovská 507, Prague 6 - Ruzyně, 161 06 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Skuhrovec
- Crop Research Institute, Group Functional Diversity of Invertebrates and Plants in Agro-Ecosystems, Drnovská 507, Prague 6 - Ruzyně, 161 06 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lukáš
- Crop Research Institute, Group Functional Diversity of Invertebrates and Plants in Agro-Ecosystems, Drnovská 507, Prague 6 - Ruzyně, 161 06 Czech Republic
| | - Hsin Chi
- National Chung Hsing University, Department of Entomology, 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Jen Tuan
- National Chung Hsing University, Department of Entomology, 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Alois Honěk
- Crop Research Institute, Group Functional Diversity of Invertebrates and Plants in Agro-Ecosystems, Drnovská 507, Prague 6 - Ruzyně, 161 06 Czech Republic
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Benbrook CM. Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2016; 28:3. [PMID: 27752438 PMCID: PMC5044953 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-016-0070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 820] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. METHODS Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974-2014 in the United States, and from 1994-2014 globally. RESULTS Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called "Roundup Ready," genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. CONCLUSIONS Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.
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