351
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Gayathri L, Dhivya R, Dhanasekaran D, Periasamy VS, Alshatwi AA, Akbarsha MA. Hepatotoxic effect of ochratoxin A and citrinin, alone and in combination, and protective effect of vitamin E: In vitro study in HepG2 cell. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:151-63. [PMID: 26111808 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CTN) are the most commonly co-occurring mycotoxins in a wide variety of food and feed commodities. The major target organ of these toxins is kidney but liver could also be a target organ. The combined toxicity of these two toxins in kidney cells has been studied but not in liver cell. In this study HepG2 cells were exposed to OTA and CTN, alone and in combination, with a view to compare the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying OTA, CTN and OTA + CTN hepatotoxicity. OTA and CTN alone as well as in combination affected the viability of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. OTA + CTN, at a dose of 20% of IC50 of each, produced effect almost similar to that produced by either of the toxins at its IC50 concentration, indicating that the two toxins in combination act synergistically. The cytotoxicity of OTA + CTN on hepatocytes is mediated by increased level of intracellular ROS followed/accompanied by DNA strand breaks and mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis. Co-treatment of vitamin E (Vit E) with OTA, CTN and OTA + CTN reduced the levels of ROS and the cytotoxicity. But the genotoxic effect of OTA and OTA + CTN was not completely alleviated by Vit E treatment whereas the DNA damage as caused by CTN when treated alone was obviated, indicating that OTA induces DNA damage directly whereas CTN induces ROS-mediated DNA damage and OTA + CTN combination induces DNA damage not exclusively relying on but influenced by ROS generation. Taken together, these findings indicate that OTA and CTN in combination affect hepatocytes at very low concentrations and, thereby, pose a potential threat to public and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Gayathri
- Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Rajakumar Dhivya
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | | | - Vaiyapuri S Periasamy
- Nanobiotechnology and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Alshatwi
- Nanobiotechnology and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Akbarsha
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Nanobiotechnology and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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352
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Aflatoxin B1 degradation during co-cultivation of Aspergillus flavus and Pleurotus ostreatus strains on rice straw. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:279-284. [PMID: 28324293 PMCID: PMC4434417 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) produced by Aspergillus flavus is known to have carcinogenic and teratogenic effects on animal health. Accidental feeding of AFB1-contaminated rice straw may be detrimental to dairy cattle. White-rot basidiomycetous fungus Pleurotus ostreatus can grow on different agronomic wastes by synthesizing different ligninolytic enzymes. These extracellular enzymes are capable of degrading many environmentally hazardous compounds including AFB1. The present study examines the ability of different strains of P. ostreatus to degrade AFB1 in contaminated rice straw. Different strains of A. flavus were inoculated on rice straw for AFB1 production. The moldy straw was then subjected to co-cultivation by different strains of P. ostreatus. The extent of AFB1 degradation was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Results indicated the presence of AFB1 in the moldy straw samples at levels of 27.95 ± 0.23 and 21.26 ± 0.55 µg/g of dry substrate for A. flavus MTCC 2798 and A. flavus GHBF09, respectively. Co-cultivation of P. ostreatus strains on AFB1-contaminated rice straw revealed their ability to rapidly colonize the substrate by profuse hyphal ramification. Highest degradation of AFB1 (89.41 %) was recorded in the straw containing co-cultures of A. flavus MTCC 2798 and P. ostreatus GHBBF10. Natural isolate P. ostreatus GHBBF10 demonstrated higher AFB1-degradation potential than P.ostreatus MTCC 142. This basidiomycete strain can be further exploited to effectively degrade moderate concentrations of AFB1 in contaminated moldy rice straw.
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353
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Hegazy SM, Hassan WH, Shawki HM, El-Lateef Osman WA. Study on toxigenic fungi in ruminant feeds under desert conditions with special references to its biological control. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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354
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Qin X, Cao M, Lai F, Yang F, Ge W, Zhang X, Cheng S, Sun X, Qin G, Shen W, Li L. Oxidative stress induced by zearalenone in porcine granulosa cells and its rescue by curcumin in vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127551. [PMID: 26030649 PMCID: PMC4452521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS), as a signal of aberrant intracellular mechanisms, plays key roles in maintaining homeostasis for organisms. The occurrence of OS due to the disorder of normal cellular redox balance indicates the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or deficiency of antioxidants. Once the balance is broken down, repression of oxidative stress is one of the most effective ways to alleviate it. Ongoing studies provide remarkable evidence that oxidative stress is involved in reproductive toxicity induced by various stimuli, such as environmental toxicants and food toxicity. Zearalenone (ZEA), as a toxic compound existing in contaminated food products, is found to induce mycotoxicosis that has a significant impact on the reproduction of domestic animals, especially pigs. However, there is no information about how ROS and oxidative stress is involved in the influence of ZEA on porcine granulosa cells, or whether the stress can be rescued by curcumin. In this study, ZEA-induced effect on porcine granulosa cells was investigated at low concentrations (15 μM, 30 μM and 60 μM). In vitro ROS levels, the mRNA level and activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were obtained. The results showed that in comparison with negative control, ZEA increased oxidative stress with higher ROS levels, reduced the expression and activity of antioxidative enzymes, increased the intensity of fluorogenic probes 2', 7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate and dihydroethidium in flow cytometry assay and fluorescence microscopy. Meanwhile, the activity of glutathione (GSH) did not change obviously following 60 μM ZEA treatment. Furthermore, the underlying protective mechanisms of curcumin on the ZEA-treated porcine granulosa cells were investigated. The data revealed that curcumin pre-treatment significantly suppressed ZEA-induced oxidative stress. Collectively, porcine granulosa cells were sensitive to ZEA, which may induce oxidative stress. The findings from this study clearly demonstrate that curcumin is effective to reduce the dysregulation of cellular redox balance on porcine granulosa cells in vitro and should be further investigated for its protective role against ZEA in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunsi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Mingjun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fangnong Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shunfeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiaofeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Guoqing Qin
- EMF Nutrition Ltd, 715 Marion Street, Winnipeg, MB R2J 0K6, Canada
| | - Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- * E-mail:
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355
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Nivalenol induces oxidative stress and increases deoxynivalenol pro-oxidant effect in intestinal epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 285:118-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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356
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Nácher-Mestre J, Serrano R, Beltrán E, Pérez-Sánchez J, Silva J, Karalazos V, Hernández F, Berntssen MHG. Occurrence and potential transfer of mycotoxins in gilthead sea bream and Atlantic salmon by use of novel alternative feed ingredients. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 128:314-320. [PMID: 25754010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant ingredients and processed animal proteins (PAP) are suitable alternative feedstuffs for fish feeds in aquaculture practice, although their use can introduce contaminants that are not previously associated with marine salmon and gilthead sea bream farming. Mycotoxins are well known natural contaminants in plant feed material, although they also could be present on PAPs after fungi growth during storage. The present study surveyed commercially available plant ingredients (19) and PAP (19) for a wide range of mycotoxins (18) according to the EU regulations. PAP showed only minor levels of ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 and the mycotoxin carry-over from feeds to fillets of farmed Atlantic salmon and gilthead sea bream (two main species of European aquaculture) was performed with plant ingredient based diets. Deoxynivalenol was the most prevalent mycotoxin in wheat, wheat gluten and corn gluten cereals with levels ranging from 17 to 814 and μg kg(-1), followed by fumonisins in corn products (range 11.1-4901 μg kg(-1) for fumonisin B1+B2+B3). Overall mycotoxin levels in fish feeds reflected the feed ingredient composition and the level of contaminant in each feed ingredient. In all cases the studied ingredients and feeds showed levels of mycotoxins below maximum residue limits established by the Commission Recommendation 2006/576/EC. Following these guidelines no mycotoxin carry-over was found from feeds to edible fillets of salmonids and a typically marine fish, such as gilthead sea bream. As far we know, this is the first report of mycotoxin surveillance in farmed fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Nácher-Mestre
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Roque Serrano
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Institute of Aquaculture of Torre la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | | | | | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Marc H G Berntssen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
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357
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Pietsch C, Katzenback BA, Garcia-Garcia E, Schulz C, Belosevic M, Burkhardt-Holm P. Acute and subchronic effects on immune responses of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after exposure to deoxynivalenol (DON) in feed. Mycotoxin Res 2015; 31:151-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-015-0226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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358
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De Mil T, Devreese M, Broekaert N, Fraeyman S, De Backer P, Croubels S. In Vitro Adsorption and in Vivo Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Doxycycline and Frequently Used Mycotoxin Binders in Broiler Chickens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4370-5. [PMID: 25876710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin binders are readily mixed in feeds to prevent uptake of mycotoxins by the animal. Concerns were raised for nonspecific binding with orally administered veterinary drugs by the European Food Safety Authority in 2010. This paper describes the screening for in vitro adsorption of doxycycline-a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic-to six different binders that were able to bind >75% of the doxycycline. Next, an in vivo pharmacokinetic interaction study of doxycycline with two of the binders, which demonstrated significant in vitro binding, was performed in broiler chickens using an oral bolus model. It was shown that two montmorillonite-based binders were able to lower the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of doxycycline by >60% compared to the control group. These results may indicate a possible risk for reduced efficacy of doxycycline when used concomitantly with montmorillonite-based mycotoxin binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas De Mil
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathan Broekaert
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Fraeyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Backer
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Ghent, Belgium
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359
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Azaiez I, Font G, Mañes J, Fernández-Franzón M. Survey of mycotoxins in dates and dried fruits from Tunisian and Spanish markets. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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360
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Sun DD, Gu X, Li JG, Yao T, Dong YC. Quality evaluation of five commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits for detecting aflatoxin b1 in feedstuffs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:691-6. [PMID: 25924961 PMCID: PMC4413000 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of five commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (A, B, C, D, and E) from different suppliers for detecting aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). AFB1-free corn samples supplemented with different levels of AFB1 (5, 10, and 20 μg/kg) were used as positive controls and 6 replicates of each control sample were tested to evaluate the accuracy and precision of these kits. In addition, we also evaluated the performance of these ELISA kits for AFB1 in 30 feed samples, including corn, distillers dried grains with soluble, wheat samples, soybean meal, and poultry feed, which were verified by high performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that the coefficients of variation ranged from 1.18% to 16.22% in intra-plate and 2.85% to 18.04% in inter-plate for the determination of AFB1. The half maximal inhibitory concentration for five kits ranged from 3.72 to 7.22 μg/kg. The quantitation limits of AFB1 were all under the legal limit in China but somewhat inconsistent with kit instructions. Although the recovery rate of four of the five kits were either less than 90% or more than 110%, all these values were acceptable in practice. Two kits had high false positive rates (C and E). In conclusion, our results revealed that the qualities of five tested ELISA kits were significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Sun
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xu Gu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun-Guo Li
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ting Yao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying-Chao Dong
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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361
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Oldenburg E, Ellner F. Distribution of disease symptoms and mycotoxins in maize ears infected by Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum. Mycotoxin Res 2015; 31:117-26. [PMID: 25904523 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-015-0222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Red ear rot an important disease of maize cultivated in Europe is caused by toxigenic Fusarium species like Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. To get detailed information on the time course of the infection process leading to the accumulation of Fusarium mycotoxins in maize ears, a field study was conducted over 2 years with two maize varieties, which were inoculated with F. culmorum or F. graminearum isolates at the stage of female flowering. Every fortnight after inoculation, infection and contamination progress in the ears was followed by visually evaluating disease signs and analysing Fusarium toxin concentrations in the infected ear tissues. In principle, infection and mycotoxin distribution were similar in respect of pathogens, varieties, and years. External infection symptoms showing some small pale or brown-marbled kernels with dark brown pedicels were mainly seen at the ear tip, whereas internal infection symptoms on the rachis were much more pronounced and spread in the upper half showing greyish brownish or pink discoloration of the pith. Well correlated with disease symptoms, a top-down gradient from high to low toxin levels within the ear with considerably higher concentrations in the rachis compared with the kernels was observed. It is suggested that both Fusarium pathogens primarily infect the rachis from the tip toward the bottom, whereas the kernels are subsequently infected via the rachillae connected to the rachis. A special focus on the pronounced disease symptoms visible in the rachis may be an approach to improve the evaluation of maize-genotype susceptibility against red ear rot pathogens. It has to be underlined that the accumulation of Fusarium mycotoxins in the rachis greatly accelerated 6 weeks after inoculation; therefore, highest contamination risk is indicated for feedstuffs containing large amounts of rachis (e.g., corn cob mix), especially when cut late in growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Oldenburg
- Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany,
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362
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Escrivá L, Font G, Manyes L. In vivo toxicity studies of fusarium mycotoxins in the last decade: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 78:185-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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363
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364
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Herron D, Wingfield M, Wingfield B, Rodas C, Marincowitz S, Steenkamp E. Novel taxa in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex from Pinus spp. Stud Mycol 2015; 80:131-50. [PMID: 26955193 PMCID: PMC4779798 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pitch canker pathogen Fusarium circinatum has caused devastation to Pinus spp. in natural forests and non-natives in commercially managed plantations. This has drawn attention to the potential importance of Fusarium species as pathogens of forest trees. In this study, we explored the diversity of Fusarium species associated with diseased Pinus patula, P. tecunumanii, P. kesiya and P. maximinoi in Colombian plantations and nurseries. Plants displaying symptoms associated with a F. circinatum-like infection (i.e., stem cankers and branch die-back on trees in plantations and root or collar rot of seedlings) were sampled. A total of 57 isolates were collected and characterised based on DNA sequence data for the translation elongation factor 1-α and β-tubulin gene regions. Phylogenetic analyses of these data allowed for the identification of more than 10 Fusarium species. These included F. circinatum, F. oxysporum, species within the Fusarium solani species complex and seven novel species in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (formerly the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex), five of which are described here as new. Selected isolates of the new species were tested for their pathogenicity on Pinus patula and compared with that of F. circinatum. Of these, F. marasasianum, F. parvisorum and F. sororula displayed levels of pathogenicity to P. patula that were comparable with that of F. circinatum. These apparently emerging pathogens thus pose a significant risk to forestry in Colombia and other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.A. Herron
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
| | - M.J. Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
| | - B.D. Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
| | - C.A. Rodas
- Smurfit Kappa Carton de Colombia, Investigación Forestal, Kilometro 15 Autopista Cali – Yumbo, Cali, Valle, Colombia
| | - S. Marincowitz
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
| | - E.T. Steenkamp
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
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365
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Antonissen G, Devreese M, Van Immerseel F, De Baere S, Hessenberger S, Martel A, Croubels S. Chronic exposure to deoxynivalenol has no influence on the oral bioavailability of fumonisin B1 in broiler chickens. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:560-71. [PMID: 25690690 PMCID: PMC4344641 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7020560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are common contaminants of feed. Fumonisins (FBs) in general have a very limited oral bioavailability in healthy animals. Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic exposure to DON impairs the intestinal barrier function and integrity, by affecting the intestinal surface area and function of the tight junctions. This might influence the oral bioavailability of FB1, and possibly lead to altered toxicity of this mycotoxin. A toxicokinetic study was performed with two groups of 6 broiler chickens, which were all administered an oral bolus of 2.5 mg FBs/kg BW after three-week exposure to either uncontaminated feed (group 1) or feed contaminated with 3.12 mg DON/kg feed (group 2). No significant differences in toxicokinetic parameters of FB1 could be demonstrated between the groups. Also, no increased or decreased body exposure to FB1 was observed, since the relative oral bioavailability of FB1 after chronic DON exposure was 92.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | | | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
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366
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Pfliegler WP, Pusztahelyi T, Pócsi I. Mycotoxins - prevention and decontamination by yeasts. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:805-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter P. Pfliegler
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
- Postdoctoral Fellowship Programme of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA); Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management; Central Laboratory; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
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367
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Vieweger A, Döring TF. Assessing health in agriculture--towards a common research framework for soils, plants, animals, humans and ecosystems. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:438-446. [PMID: 24777948 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In agriculture and food systems, health-related research includes a vast diversity of topics. Nutritional, toxicological, pharmacological, epidemiological, behavioural, sociological, economic and political methods are used to study health in the five domains of soils, plants, livestock, humans and ecosystems. An idea developed in the early founding days of organic agriculture stated that the health of all domains is one and indivisible. Here we show that recent research reveals the existence and complex nature of such health links among domains. However, studies of health aspects in agriculture are often separated by disciplinary boundaries. This restrains the understanding of health in agricultural systems. Therefore we explore the opportunities and limitations of bringing perspectives together from the different domains. We review current approaches to define and assess health in agricultural contexts, comparing the state of the art of commonly used approaches and bringing together the presently disconnected debates in soil science, plant science, veterinary science and human medicine. Based on a qualitative literature analysis, we suggest that many health criteria fall into two paradigms: (1) the Growth Paradigm, where terms are primarily oriented towards continued growth; (2) the Boundary Paradigm, where terms focus on maintaining or coming back to a status quo, recognising system boundaries. Scientific health assessments in agricultural and food systems need to be explicit in terms of their position on the continuum between Growth Paradigm and Boundary Paradigm. Finally, we identify areas and concepts for a future direction of health assessment and research in agricultural and food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Vieweger
- Organic Research Centre, Elm Farm, Hamstead Marshall, Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 0HR, UK
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368
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Gerez JR, Pinton P, Callu P, Grosjean F, Oswald IP, Bracarense APF. Deoxynivalenol alone or in combination with nivalenol and zearalenone induce systemic histological changes in pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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369
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370
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Yao H, Hruska Z, Di Mavungu JD. Developments in detection and determination of aflatoxins. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, much research has focused on detecting the toxins in contaminated food and feedstuffs in the interest of public safety. Most traditional detection methods involved lengthy culturing and/or separation techniques or analytical instrumentation and complex, multistep procedures that required destruction of samples for accurate toxin determination. With more regulations for acceptable levels of aflatoxins in place, modern analytical methods have become quite sophisticated, capable of achieving results with very high precision and accuracy, suitable for regulatory laboratories and for post-harvest sample testing in developed countries. Unfortunately, many countries around the world that are affected by the aflatoxin problem do not have ready access to high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry instrumentation and require alternate, readily available and simple detection methods that may be used by small holdings farmers in developing countries. This paper presents an overview of the existing detection and/or determination methods for aflatoxins. The traditional, quantitative, chemically-based analytical strategies for detecting aflatoxins in maize and their evolution to the modern instrumentation routinely used in developed countries are reviewed. Additionally, novel, more streamlined, user-friendly and in some instances, non-destructive, methods that may be useful for semi-quantitative or qualitative, quick-screening of contaminated maize samples appropriate also for use in developing countries, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Yao
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, 1021 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA
| | - Z. Hruska
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, 1021 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA
| | - J. Diana Di Mavungu
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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371
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Mary VS, Valdehita A, Navas JM, Rubinstein HR, Fernández-Cruz ML. Effects of aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1 and their mixture on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and cytochrome P450 1A induction. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 75:104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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372
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Sun LH, Lei MY, Zhang NY, Gao X, Li C, Krumm CS, Qi DS. Individual and combined cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1 on BRL 3A rat liver cells. Toxicon 2014; 95:6-12. [PMID: 25549941 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to determine the individual and combined cytotoxic effects of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) on BRL 3A rat liver cells. After the mycotoxins treated the BRL 3A cells for 12, 24 and 48 h, cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. The cytotoxicity of individual mycotoxins on BRL 3A cell viability in decreasing order were DON > AFB1 > ZEA > FB1. The central composite design (CCD) was used to assess the toxicity of binary and ternary mixtures of these mycotoxins. The mixtures of AFB1+ZEA and AFB1+DON showed the synergetic toxic effects on BRL 3A cells. These toxins decreased the viability of cells by inducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and promoting apoptosis in the BRL 3A cells. This effect was mediated by an upregulation of the stress and apoptotic genes Hsp70, p53, Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-8, along with a downregulation of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2. In conclusion, our results suggested that the coexistence of AFB1 and ZEA or DON in agricultural products could be more hepatotoxic than individually, suggests that the toxicological interactions of these toxins need to be better understood to assess health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv-Hui Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ming-Yan Lei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ni-Ya Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | | | - De-Sheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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373
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Virdis S, Scarano C, Spanu V, Murittu G, Spanu C, Ibba I, De Santis EPL. A Survey on Aflatoxin M 1 Content in Sheep and Goat Milk Produced in Sardinia Region, Italy (2005-2013). Ital J Food Saf 2014; 3:4517. [PMID: 27800368 PMCID: PMC5076695 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2014.4517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work the results of a survey conducted in Sardinia Region on Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in milk of small ruminants from 2005 to 2013 are reported. A total of 517 sheep and 88 goat milk samples from bulk tank, tank trucks and silo tank milk were collected. Analyses were performed by the Regional Farmers Association laboratory using high-performance liquid chromatography following the ISO 14501:1998 standard. None of the sheep milk samples analysed during 2005-2012 showed AFM1 contamination. In sheep milk samples collected in 2013, 8 out of 172 (4.6%) were contaminated by AFM1 with a concentration (mean±SD) of 12.59±14.05 ng/L. In one bulk tank milk sample 58.82 ng/L AFM1 was detected, exceeding the EU limit. In none of goat milk samples analysed from 2010 to 2012 AFM1 was detected. In 2013, 9 out of 66 goat milk samples (13.6%) showed an AFM1 concentration of 47.21±19.58 ng/L. Two of these samples exceeded the EU limit, with concentrations of 62.09 and 138.6 ng/L. Higher contamination frequency and concentration rates were detected in bulk tank milk samples collected at farm than in bulk milk truck or silo samples, showing a dilution effect on AFM1 milk content along small ruminants supply chain. The rate and levels of AFM1 contamination in sheep and goat milk samples were lower than other countries. However, the small number of milk samples analysed for AFM1 in Sardinia Region in 2005-2013 give evidence that food business operators check programmes should be improved to ensure an adequate monitoring of AFM1 contamination in small ruminant dairy chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Virdis
- Consorzio per la tutela del Pecorino Romano DOP, Macomer (NU), Italy
| | - Christian Scarano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Thiesi (SS), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spanu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Thiesi (SS), Italy
| | - Gavino Murittu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Thiesi (SS), Italy
- F.lli Pinna SpA, Thiesi (SS), Italy
| | - Carlo Spanu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Thiesi (SS), Italy
| | - Ignazio Ibba
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori della Sardegna, Oristano, Italy
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374
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375
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Measurement of sterigmatocystin concentrations in urine for monitoring the contamination of cattle feed. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3117-28. [PMID: 25375815 PMCID: PMC4247257 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6113117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed (1) at determining the levels of the fungal toxin sterigmatocystin (STC) in the feed and urine of cattle and (2) at evaluating the effects of supplementing the feed with a mycotoxin adsorbent (MA) on STC concentrations in urine. Two herds of female Japanese Black cattle were used in this study. The cattle in each herd were fed a standard ration containing rice straw from different sources and a standard concentrate; two groups of cattle from each herd (n = six per group) received the commercial MA, mixed with the concentrate or given as top-dressing, whereas a third group received no supplement and served as control. Urine and feed samples were collected at various time points throughout the experiment. STC concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-TMS). STC concentrations in straw were higher in Herd 1 (range 0.15–0.24 mg/kg DM) than in Herd 2 (range <0.01–0.06 mg/kg DM). In Herd 1, STC concentrations in urine significantly declined 2 weeks after replacing the contaminated feed, whereas MA supplementation had no effect. In conclusion, mycotoxins in urine samples are useful biological markers for monitoring the systemic exposure of cattle to multiple mycotoxins, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of interventions.
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376
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Zhang K, Wong JW, Krynitsky AJ, Trucksess MW. Determining mycotoxins in baby foods and animal feeds using stable isotope dilution and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8935-43. [PMID: 25153173 DOI: 10.1021/jf503943r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We developed a stable isotope dilution assay with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine multiple mycotoxins in baby foods and animal feeds. Samples were fortified with [(13)C]-uniformly labeled mycotoxins as internal standards ([(13)C]-IS) and prepared by solvent extraction (50% acetonitrile in water) and filtration, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Mycotoxins in each sample were quantitated with the corresponding [(13)C]-IS. In general, recoveries of aflatoxins (2-100 ng/g), deoxynivalenol, fumonisins (50-2000 ng/g), ochratoxin A (20-1000 ng/kg), T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (40-2000 ng/g) in tested matrices (grain/rice/oatmeal-based formula, animal feed, dry cat/dog food) ranged from 70 to 120% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) <20%. The method provides sufficient selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility to screen for aflatoxins at ng/g concentrations and deoxynivalenol and fumonisins at low μg/g concentrations in baby foods and animal feeds, without using conventional standard addition or matrix-matched calibration standards to correct for matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , HFS-706, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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377
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Khan WA, Khan MZ, Khan A, Hassan ZU, Rafique S, Saleemi MK, Ahad A. Dietary vitamin E in White Leghorn layer breeder hens: a strategy to combat aflatoxin B1-induced damage. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:389-95. [PMID: 25011613 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.943691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are unavoidable contaminants of animal and human feed and food respectively. This study was designed to investigate the protective activity of vitamin E (Vit E) in White Leghorn breeder hens and their progeny against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced damage. The results indicated a significant decrease in egg production and quality in the groups exposed to dietary AFB1. A detectable amount of AFB1 residue appeared in the eggs during the first week of mycotoxin exposure at levels ≥ 2.5 mg kg(-1), which reached its peak (0.403 ± 0.04 ng/g [mean ± standard deviation]) during the second week of the experiment (in the group fed 10 mg kg(-1)). Feeding Vit E + AFB1 resulted in higher AFB1 residues (0.467 ± 0.03) when compared with the hens fed AFB1 alone. The resistance of red blood cells to oxidative damage was decreased, while embryonic mortalities and deformities were increased in the AFB1-fed groups. The protective effect of Vit E on these parameters was noted in the groups fed lower doses of AFB1. After the withdrawal of mycotoxin-contaminated feed, most of the parameters returned towards normal within 2 weeks, except AFB1 residues that were still detectable. From the findings of this study one can conclude that the addition of Vit E in the diet of hens provided only partial protection against AFB1-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Arshad Khan
- a Department of Pathology , University of Agriculture Faisalabad , Faisalabad , Pakistan
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378
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Pósa R, Stoev S, Kovács M, Donkó T, Repa I, Magyar T. A comparative pathological finding in pigs exposed to fumonisin B1 and/or Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:998-1012. [PMID: 25107460 DOI: 10.1177/0748233714543735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A more complicated pathology was observed in female pigs infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, when the same were exposed to 20 ppm dietary levels of fumonisin B1 (FB1) starting 14 days before infection for a period of 42 days as was assessed by gross pathology and pathomorphological examinations or computed tomography, and also manifested by the strong deterioration of the pneumonic process in two pigs and the subsequent euthanizing of one pig. Typical damages in FB1-fed pigs were a strong oedema in the lung and slight oedema in the other internal organs and mild degenerative changes in the kidneys, whereas the typical pathomorphological changes in M. hyopneumoniae-infected pigs corresponded to the morphologic pattern of a catarrhal bronchointerstitial pneumonia more pronounced in the cranial and middle lobes or in the cranial third of the caudal lobe of the lung. The pigs treated by both pathogens (toxic and infectious) revealed strong oedematous changes in the interstitium of lung in addition to deteriorated and extended bronchointerstitial pneumonic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Pósa
- Faculty of Animal Science, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Stoycho Stoev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Melinda Kovács
- Faculty of Animal Science, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary Research Group of 'Mycotoxins in the Food Chain' of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Kaposvár University, Hungary
| | - Tamás Donkó
- Faculty of Animal Science, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Imre Repa
- Faculty of Animal Science, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Tibor Magyar
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Budapest, Hungary
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379
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Alassane-Kpembi I, Puel O, Oswald IP. Toxicological interactions between the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and their acetylated derivatives in intestinal epithelial cells. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1337-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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380
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Zachariasova M, Dzuman Z, Veprikova Z, Hajkova K, Jiru M, Vaclavikova M, Zachariasova A, Pospichalova M, Florian M, Hajslova J. Occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in European feedingstuffs, assessment of dietary intake by farm animals. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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381
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Zhao Z, Rao Q, Song S, Liu N, Han Z, Hou J, Wu A. Simultaneous determination of major type B trichothecenes and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in animal feed and raw materials using improved DSPE combined with LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 963:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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382
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Riccio MB, Tapia MO, Martínez G, Aranguren SM, Dieguez SN, Soraci AL, Rodríguez E. Effect of the combination of crude extracts ofPenicillium griseofulvumandFusarium graminearumcontaining patulin and zearalenone on rumen microbial fermentation and on their metabolism in continuous culture fermenters. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 68:309-19. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.927709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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383
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Aprodu I, Banu I. Co-occurrence of fumonisins and T-2 toxins in milling maize fractions under industrial conditions. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2014.917702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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384
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Effects of two different blends of naturally mycotoxin-contaminated maize meal on growth and metabolic profile in replacement heifers. Animal 2014; 8:1667-76. [PMID: 24923532 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this trial was to assess the effects of the administration of different combinations of mycotoxins in naturally contaminated maize grains on dairy heifer growth, blood measurements and puberty onset. A total of 35 Friesian female heifers were randomly allotted to three experimental groups from 18-21 to 42-45 weeks of age. During the 24-week experimental period (EP), heifers were fed the same diet, but with maize meal derived from three differently contaminated lots: very low contamination, as control (C); medium-low aflatoxin-contaminated (A); and mixed aflatoxin-fumonisin contaminated (A-F). At the end of the EP, they returned to a common diet without contaminated maize, and they were monitored for an additional period of 12 weeks (post-experimental period, PEP). BW, wither height, hip height, body length and heart girth were measured every 4 weeks from the beginning of EP to the end of PEP. At the same time, body condition score was evaluated and blood samples were taken from the jugular vein to be analysed for haematological, serum protein and metabolic profiles. Age at puberty was assessed by measuring weekly plasma progesterone levels from 40 to 52 weeks of age. Body growth measurements were processed both by ANOVA of average daily gain of EP and PEP separately, and by the analysis of growth curve parameters. Haematological, serum protein and metabolic profile were evaluated using a mixed model, taking into account the repeated measurements in time on each animal. Heifers' growth was delayed both in A and A-F groups during EP, as evidenced by the different linear coefficients of the BW growth curve in the three groups. Differently contaminated diets did not affect the haematological profile, so that it can be concluded that these levels of mycotoxin contamination do not determine any specific effect on haematopoiesis and immunity in growing heifers. The main blood marker of mycotoxin chronic toxicity was the γ-glutamyl transferase activity level in plasma, which appeared to be altered even after the removal of mycotoxins. During EP, plasma glucose was lower in the groups fed contaminated diet compared with C. The joint actions of an altered nutritional status and a long-lasting liver damage were probably the causes of the delay in puberty attainment in A and, particularly, in the A-F group. The results from this trial evidenced that a chronic aflatoxin-fumonisin contamination in diets of dairy heifers can determine an important delay in the reproductive career of these animals.
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385
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Peters J, Cardall A, Haasnoot W, Nielen MWF. 6-Plex microsphere immunoassay with imaging planar array detection for mycotoxins in barley. Analyst 2014; 139:3968-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00368c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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386
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Trevisani M, Farkas Z, Serraino A, Zambrini AV, Pizzamiglio V, Giacometti F, Ámbrus A. Analysis of industry-generated data. Part 1: a baseline for the development of a tool to assist the milk industry in designing sampling plans for controlling aflatoxin M1 in milk. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1246-56. [PMID: 24846792 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.925587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk was assessed in Italy in the framework of designing a monitoring plan actuated by the milk industry in the period 2005-10. Overall, 21,969 samples were taken from tankers collecting milk from 690 dairy farms. The milk samples were representative of the consignments of co-mingled milk received from multiple (two to six) farms. Systematic, biweekly sampling of consignments involved each of the 121 districts (70 in the North, 17 in the Central and 34 in the South regions of Italy). AFM1 concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunoassay method (validated within the range of 5-100 ng kg(-1)) whereas an HPLC method was used for the quantification of levels in the samples that had concentrations higher than 100 ng kg(-1). Process control charts using data collected in three processing plants illustrate, as an example, the seasonal variation of the contamination. The mean concentration of AFM1 was in the range between 11 and 19 ng kg(-1). The 90th and 99th percentile values were 19-34 and 41-91 ng kg(-1), respectively, and values as high as 280 ng kg(-1) were reached in 2008. The number of non-compliant consignments (those with an AFM1 concentration above the statutory limit of 50 ng kg(-1)) varied between 0.3% and 3.1% per year, with peaks in September, after the maize harvest season. The variability between different regions was not significant. The results show that controlling the aflatoxins in feed at farm level was inadequate, consequently screening of raw milk prior to processing was needed. The evaluation of the AFM1 contamination level observed during a long-term period can provide useful data for defining the frequency of sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Trevisani
- a Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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387
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El-Naggar MA, Thabit TM. Evaluation of β-D-glucan biopolymer as a novel mycotoxin binder for fumonisin and deoxynivalenol in soybean feed. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:433-8. [PMID: 24660841 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The walls of yeast cells, which contain β-D-glucan biopolymers, have an active role in reducing mycotoxins in animal feed. This study aimed to evaluate the β-D-glucan biopolymers as a mycotoxin binder for fumonisin (FUM) and deoxynivalenol (DON) toxins as well as their effect on the nutritional value of soybean, which is considered one of the important feed row materials. The evaluation was carried out using some toxigenic Fusarium isolates (Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, and F. verticillioides) in vitro and in vivo. The FUM and DON levels were determined by immune affinity column. The F. verticillioides was the most toxigenic, followed by F. oxysporum and lastly F. solani, while secretion of DON toxin was determined to be greater than FUM with all the tested fungi. The effectiveness of β-D-glucan biopolymers on FUM and DON absorption was greater than clay and calcium propionate. In vivo, treating soybean seeds with β-D-glucan biopolymers led to reduction in the level of FUM and DON toxins in seeds artificially inoculated by F. verticillioides. β-D-glucan treatment also has a low effect on nutritional components of the seeds compared to untreated ones. In conclusion, this study found a new approach to reduce Fusarium mycotoxins in feed to an allowable safe limit and at the same time maintaining the nutritional value of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medhat A El-Naggar
- 1 Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center , Giza, Egypt
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388
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Assessing the effect of food mycotoxins on aromatase by using a cell-based system. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:640-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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389
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Pinton P, Oswald IP. Effect of deoxynivalenol and other Type B trichothecenes on the intestine: a review. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1615-43. [PMID: 24859243 PMCID: PMC4052256 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6051615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural food contaminants, mycotoxins, are regarded as an important risk factor for human and animal health, as up to 25% of the world's crop production may be contaminated. The Fusarium genus produces large quantities of fusariotoxins, among which the trichothecenes are considered as a ubiquitous problem worldwide. The gastrointestinal tract is the first physiological barrier against food contaminants, as well as the first target for these toxicants. An increasing number of studies suggest that intestinal epithelial cells are targets for deoxynivalenol (DON) and other Type B trichothecenes (TCTB). In humans, various adverse digestive symptoms are observed on acute exposure, and in animals, these toxins induce pathological lesions, including necrosis of the intestinal epithelium. They affect the integrity of the intestinal epithelium through alterations in cell morphology and differentiation and in the barrier function. Moreover, DON and TCTB modulate the activity of intestinal epithelium in its role in immune responsiveness. TCTB affect cytokine production by intestinal or immune cells and are supposed to interfere with the cross-talk between epithelial cells and other intestinal immune cells. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the effects of DON and other TCTB on the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Pinton
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse F-31027, France.
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse F-31027, France.
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390
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Das A, Bhattacharya S, Palaniswamy M, Angayarkanni J. Biodegradation of aflatoxin B1 in contaminated rice straw by Pleurotus ostreatus MTCC 142 and Pleurotus ostreatus GHBBF10 in the presence of metal salts and surfactants. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2315-24. [PMID: 24770873 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a highly toxic fungal metabolite having carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects on human and animal health. Accidental feeding of aflatoxin-contaminated rice straw may be detrimental for ruminant livestock and can lead to transmission of this toxin or its metabolites into the milk of dairy cattle. White-rot basidiomycetous fungus Pleurotus ostreatus produces ligninolytic enzymes like laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP). These extracellular enzymes have been reported to degrade many environmentally hazardous compounds. The present study examines the ability of P. ostreatus strains to degrade AFB1 in rice straw in the presence of metal salts and surfactants. Laccase and MnP activities were determined spectrophotometrically. The efficiency of AFB1 degradation was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography. Highest degradation was recorded for both P. ostreatus MTCC 142 (89.14 %) and P. ostreatus GHBBF10 (91.76 %) at 0.5 µg mL(-1) initial concentration of AFB1. Enhanced degradation was noted for P. ostreatus MTCC 142 in the presence of Cu(2+) and Triton X-100, at toxin concentration of 5 µg mL(-1). P. ostreatus GHBBF10 showed highest degradation in the presence of Zn(2+) and Tween 80. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis revealed the formation of hydrated, decarbonylated and O-dealkylated products. The present findings suggested that supplementation of AFB1-contaminated rice straw by certain metal salts and surfactants can improve the enzymatic degradation of this mycotoxin by P. ostreatus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Das
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, 641021, Tamil Nadu, India,
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391
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392
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Analysis of individual and combined effects of ochratoxin A and zearalenone on HepG2 and KK-1 cells with mathematical models. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1177-92. [PMID: 24674935 PMCID: PMC4014727 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6041177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Zearalenone (ZEA) are widespread mycotoxins that contaminate foodstuffs simultaneously, but sufficient data regarding their mixed toxicities are lacking. This study aims to analyze the style of combined effects of OTA and ZEA on cells of their target organs. For this purpose, cytotoxicity was determined in HepG2 and KK-1 cells treated with single and combined forms of OTA and ZEA. Furthermore, we have analyzed the data using two mathematical models based on the concepts of concentration addition (CA) and independent addition (IA). By analyzing data with nonlinear regression, toxins applied singly showed classic sigmoid dose-response curves in HepG2 cells whereas in KK-1 cells hormetic responses were observed. Exposure to equieffective mixtures of OTA and ZEA showed additive effects, irrespective of different nonlinear regression models used. Our results demonstrate that IA is an appropriate concept to account for mixture effects of OTA and ZEA. The results in ROS generation indicate a departure from additivity to antagonism or synergism at different concentrations, probably due to potential interaction during ROS production. This study shows that a risk assessment of mycotoxins should account for mixture effects, and prediction models are valuable tools for mixture assessment.
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393
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Gaigé S, Djelloul M, Tardivel C, Airault C, Félix B, Jean A, Lebrun B, Troadec JD, Dallaporta M. Modification of energy balance induced by the food contaminant T-2 toxin: a multimodal gut-to-brain connection. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 37:54-72. [PMID: 24355099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic Fusarium-derived trichothecenes found on cereals and constitutes a widespread contaminant of agricultural commodities as well as commercial foods. Low doses toxicity is characterized by reduced weight gain. To date, the mechanisms by which this mycotoxin profoundly modifies feeding behavior remain poorly understood and more broadly the effects of T-2 toxin on the central nervous system (CNS) have received limited attention. Through an extensive characterization of sickness-like behavior induced by T-2 toxin, we showed that its per os (p.o.) administration affects not only feeding behavior but also energy expenditure, glycaemia, body temperature and locomotor activity. Using c-Fos expression mapping, we identified the neuronal structures activated in response to T-2 toxin and observed that the pattern of neuronal populations activated by this toxin resembled that induced by inflammatory signals. Interestingly, part of neuronal pathways activated by the toxin were NUCB-2/nesfatin-1 expressing neurons. Unexpectedly, while T-2 toxin induced a strong peripheral inflammation, the brain exhibited limited inflammatory response at a time point when anorexia was ongoing. Unilateral vagotomy partly reduced T-2 toxin-induced brainstem neuronal activation. On the other hand, intracerebroventricular (icv) T-2 toxin injection resulted in a rapid (<1h) reduction in food intake. Thus, we hypothesized that T-2 toxin could signal to the brain through neuronal and/or humoral pathways. The present work provides the first demonstration that T-2 toxin modifies feeding behavior by interfering with central neuronal networks devoted to central energy balance. Our results, with a particular attention to peripheral inflammation, strongly suggest that inflammatory mediators partake in the T-2 toxin-induced anorexia and other symptoms. In view of the broad human and breeding animal exposure to T-2 toxin, this new mechanism may lead to reconsider the impact of the consumption of this toxin on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Gaigé
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Mehdi Djelloul
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Tardivel
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France; INRA U1189, Département AlimH, 63122 St Genés Champenelle, France
| | - Coraline Airault
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Bernadette Félix
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France; INRA U1189, Département AlimH, 63122 St Genés Champenelle, France
| | - André Jean
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Lebrun
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Denis Troadec
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France.
| | - Michel Dallaporta
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France.
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394
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Ghareeb K, Awad WA, Sid-Ahmed OE, Böhm J. Insights on the host stress, fear and growth responses to the deoxynivalenol feed contaminant in broiler chickens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87727. [PMID: 24498179 PMCID: PMC3907497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins pose an important danger to human and animal health. Poultry feeds are frequently contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin. It is thus of great importance to evaluate the effects of DON on the welfare related parameters in poultry industry. In the present study, the effects of contamination of broiler diet with 10 mg DON/kg feed on plasma corticosterone and heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio as indicators of stress, tonic immobility duration as an index for fear response and growth performance of broiler chickens were studied. In addition, the effect of a microbial feed additive either alone or in combination with DON contamination on these different aspects was also evaluated. The results showed that DON feeding significantly affected the welfare related parameters of broiler chickens. The feeding of DON contaminated diet resulted in an elevation of plasma corticosterone, higher H/L ratio and increased the fear levels as indicated by longer duration of tonic immobility reaction. Furthermore, DON reduced the body weight and body weight gain during the starter phase definitely at the second and third week. However, during grower phase, feeding of DON decreased the body weight at the fourth week and reduced the body gain at the fifth week. Addition of the microbial feed additive, a commercial antidote for DON mycotoxin, was able to overcome DON effects on stress index (H/L ratio), fearfulness and growth parameters of broilers. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that the DON feeding increased the underlying fearfulness and physiological stress responses of broilers and resulted in a reduction in the welfare status as indicated by higher plasma corticosterone, higher H/L ratio and higher fearfulness. Additionally, feeding the microbial feed additive was effective in reducing the adverse effects of DON on the bird's welfare and can improve the performance of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Ghareeb
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Behaviour and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Wageha A. Awad
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Behaviour and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Omer E. Sid-Ahmed
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Böhm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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395
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Dzuman Z, Zachariasova M, Lacina O, Veprikova Z, Slavikova P, Hajslova J. A rugged high-throughput analytical approach for the determination and quantification of multiple mycotoxins in complex feed matrices. Talanta 2014; 121:263-72. [PMID: 24607137 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed and optimized high throughput method for reliable detection and quantification of 56 Fusarium, Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Claviceps mycotoxins in a wide range of animal feed samples represented by cereals, complex compound feeds, extracted oilcakes, fermented silages, malt sprouts or dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS). From three tested extraction approaches (acetonitrile, acetonitrile/water, and QuEChERS), the QuEChERS-based method (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) was selected as the best in terms of analytes recoveries and low matrix effects. For separation and detection of target mycotoxins, method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with sensitive tandem mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-MS/MS) was employed. With regards to a high complexity of most of investigated feed samples, optimization of extraction/purification process was needed in the first phase to keep the method as rugged as possible. A special attention was paid to the pH of extraction solvents, especially with regard to the pH-sensitive silages. Additionally, purification of the acetonitrile extract by dispersive solid phase clean-up was assessed. Significant elimination of lipidic compounds was observed when using C18 silica sorbent. Matrix co-extracts were characterized by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-HRMS). Large variability of matrix effects depending on the nature of examined feed was demonstrated in depth on a broad set of samples. Simple and unbiased strategies for their compensation were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbynek Dzuman
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Zachariasova
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Lacina
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Veprikova
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Slavikova
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
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396
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Kim DH, Lee IH, Do WH, Nam WS, Li H, Jang HS, Lee C. Incidence and levels of deoxynivalenol, fumonisins and zearalenone contaminants in animal feeds used in Korea in 2012. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 6:20-32. [PMID: 24366207 PMCID: PMC3920247 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and levels of deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins B1 and B2 (FBs), and zearalenone (ZEN) contaminants in animal feeds used in Korea in 2012. Contamination with DON was observed in 91.33% and 53.33% in compound feeds and feed ingredients, respectively. Among compound feeds, poultry layer feed (laying) exhibited the highest contaminant level of 1.492 mg/kg. FBs contaminants were present in compound feeds and feed ingredients at 93.33% and 83.33%, respectively. Most poultry broiler (early) feeds were highly contaminated with FBs, and one of these feeds detected the level as 12.823 mg/kg as the highest level. The levels of ZEN in compound feeds and feed ingredients were 71.33% and 47%, respectively. Ninety-eight percent of compound feeds for cattle were contaminated with ZEN, and the highest contamination level of 0.405 mg/kg was observed in cattle fatting feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Kim
- National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, Seoul 150-804, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - In-Hye Lee
- School of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si 456-756, Korea; E-Mails: (I.-H.L.); (W.-H.D.); (W.-S.N.); (H.L.); (H.-S.J.)
| | - Woo-Hyun Do
- School of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si 456-756, Korea; E-Mails: (I.-H.L.); (W.-H.D.); (W.-S.N.); (H.L.); (H.-S.J.)
| | - Woo-Seon Nam
- School of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si 456-756, Korea; E-Mails: (I.-H.L.); (W.-H.D.); (W.-S.N.); (H.L.); (H.-S.J.)
| | - Hua Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si 456-756, Korea; E-Mails: (I.-H.L.); (W.-H.D.); (W.-S.N.); (H.L.); (H.-S.J.)
| | - Han-Sub Jang
- School of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si 456-756, Korea; E-Mails: (I.-H.L.); (W.-H.D.); (W.-S.N.); (H.L.); (H.-S.J.)
| | - Chan Lee
- School of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si 456-756, Korea; E-Mails: (I.-H.L.); (W.-H.D.); (W.-S.N.); (H.L.); (H.-S.J.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-31-670-4588; Fax: +82-31-676-8865
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397
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Cooccurrence of mycotoxins in maize and poultry feeds from Brazil by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:427369. [PMID: 24348157 PMCID: PMC3848270 DOI: 10.1155/2013/427369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate mycotoxins in samples of maize and poultry feed produced in Brazil. A multimycotoxin method based on HPLC-MS/MS was applied to investigate the occurrence of toxical fungal metabolites in 119 samples collected from poultry feed factory integrated poultry farms: maize grain (74), poultry feed (36), and feed factory residue (9). Twenty of 101 fungal metabolites investigated were detected and quantified in the samples: aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, fumonisins B1, B2, and B3, hydrolyzed fumonisin B1, zearalenone, agroclavine, chanoclavine, deoxynivalenol, and nivalenol, and enniatin A, A1, B, B1, beauvericin, kojic acid, and moniliformin. Most samples were contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. All samples were contaminated with fumonisins, with medians values of 1,840 μg/kg, 239 μg/kg, and 23,676 μg/kg for maize, feed, and factory residue samples, respectively. Surprisingly, beauvericin was detected in more than 90% of samples. The median contaminations of aflatoxin and trichothecenes were low, near LOD values. The factory residue presented highest contamination levels for all mycotoxins. This is the first study dealing with agroclavine, chanoclavine, enniatin A, A1, B, B1, beauvericin, and kojic acid contamination of maize and poultry feeds from Brazil.
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398
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Fumonisin and T-2 toxin production of Fusarium spp. isolated from complete feed and individual agricultural commodities used in shrimp farming. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 30:9-16. [PMID: 24222067 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-013-0182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium spp. are plant pathogens producing fumonisins and trichothecenes that both affect human and animal health. In the present study, 40 fungal strains were isolated and species identified from 35 shrimp feed samples and from 61 agricultural raw materials. F. verticillioides was the predominant species (85 %) mostly found in corn and soybean meal, while no Fusarium contamination was detected in shrimp feed. Levels of 10 % of F. oxysporum were isolated from peanut and 5 % of F. equiseti contamination in corn and peanut. To determine the ability of toxin production, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, polymerase chain reaction, and ultra-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were performed. All but four of the fumonisin-producing strains contained the FUM1 gene. No Fusarium synthesized T-2 toxin nor contained the Tri5 gene. This survey brings more data on mycotoxin contamination in the food chain of animal feed production, and leads to the awareness of the use of contaminated raw materials in shrimp farming.
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399
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Klarić MŠ, Rašić D, Peraica M. Deleterious effects of mycotoxin combinations involving ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1965-87. [PMID: 24189375 PMCID: PMC3847710 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5111965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin with carcinogenic properties. Its presence was detected in various foodstuffs all over the world but with significantly higher frequency and concentrations in areas with endemic nephropathy (EN). Even though food is often contaminated with more than one mycotoxin, earlier studies focused on the occurrence and toxicology of only OTA. Only a limited number of surveys showed that OTA co-occurs in food with mycotoxins (citrinin-CIT, penicilic acid, fumonisin B1-FB1, aflatoxins-AF) which exert nephrotoxic, carcinogenic or carcinogen-promoting activity. This review summarises the findings on OTA and its co-occurrence with the mentioned mycotoxins in food as well as experimental data on their combined toxicity. Most of the tested mycotoxin mixtures involving OTA produced additive or synergistic effects in experimental models suggesting that these combinations represent a significant health hazard. Special attention should be given to mixtures that include carcinogenic and cancer-promoting mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Šegvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Rašić
- Unit of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mails: (D.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Maja Peraica
- Unit of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mails: (D.R.); (M.P.)
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400
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New insights into mycotoxin mixtures: The toxicity of low doses of Type B trichothecenes on intestinal epithelial cells is synergistic. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:191-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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