401
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Lee S, Kim M, Mendoza JS, McDonough IM. Addicted to cellphones: exploring the psychometric properties between the nomophobia questionnaire and obsessiveness in college students. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00895. [PMID: 30426100 PMCID: PMC6223106 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential new clinical disorder is arising due to the addiction to cellphones called nomophobia-or feelings of discomfort or anxiety experienced by individuals when they are unable to use their mobile phones or utilize the conveniences these devices provide. However, before being able to officially classify this disorder as clinically relevant, more research needs to be conducted to determine how nomophobia relates to existing disorders. In a sample of 397 undergraduate students, the present study examined the relationship between the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) and the Obsessiveness Content Scale (OBS) of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (the MMPI-2). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test whether the OBS Content Scale would be related to a one-factor NMP-Q solution (Fig. 1) or a four-factor NMP-Q solution (Fig. 2). Convergent and divergent validity were also investigated. The four-factor model was a better fit than the one-factor model as indicated by most fit indices. The findings showed that the OBS latent variable was correlated with all of the four NMP-Q latent variables. Mixed support was found for convergent validity, but high support was found for the divergent validity of the NMP-Q factors. This study contributes to a growing body of literature seeking to better understand the addictive nature of cellphones and takes a new perspective on addiction research and obsessiveness. These findings provide a better understanding between pre-existing assessments of personality disorders (e.g., obsessiveness) that are emerging from the overuse of mobile phones or the excessive fear of losing one's cell phone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyeon Lee
- The University of Arkansas at Monticello, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 562 University Drive, Monticello, Arkansas 71656, USA
| | - Minsung Kim
- Buros Center for Testing, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, 21 Teachers College Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0348, USA
| | - Jessica S. Mendoza
- The University of Alabama, Department of Psychology, 505 Hackberry Lane, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - Ian M. McDonough
- The University of Alabama, Department of Psychology, 505 Hackberry Lane, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
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402
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Highlighting Internet-Communication Disorder as Further Internet-Use Disorder When Considering Neuroimaging Studies. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-018-0164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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403
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Franchina V, Vanden Abeele M, van Rooij AJ, Lo Coco G, De Marez L. Fear of Missing Out as a Predictor of Problematic Social Media Use and Phubbing Behavior among Flemish Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102319. [PMID: 30360407 PMCID: PMC6211134 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fear-of-missing-out (FOMO) refers to feelings of anxiety that arise from the realization that you may be missing out on rewarding experiences that others are having. FOMO can be identified as an intra-personal trait that drives people to stay up to date of what other people are doing, among others on social media platforms. Drawing from the findings of a large-scale survey study among 2663 Flemish teenagers, this study explores the relationships between FOMO, social media use, problematic social media use (PSMU) and phubbing behavior. In line with our expectations, FOMO was a positive predictor of both how frequently teenagers use several social media platforms and of how many platforms they actively use. FOMO was a stronger predictor of the use of social media platforms that are more private (e.g., Facebook, Snapchat) than platforms that are more public in nature (e.g., Twitter, Youtube). FOMO predicted phubbing behavior both directly and indirectly via its relationship with PSMU. These findings support extant research that points towards FOMO as a factor explaining teenagers’ social media use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Franchina
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Mariek Vanden Abeele
- Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, Tilburg University, 5037AB Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Antonius J van Rooij
- imec-mict-UGent, Department of Communication Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Youth & Risky Behavior, Trimbos Institute, 3521 VS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Gianluca Lo Coco
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Lieven De Marez
- imec-mict-UGent, Department of Communication Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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404
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Simó-Sanz C, Ballestar-Tarín ML, Martínez-Sabater A. Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI): Translation, adaptation and validation of the tool in Spanish adult population. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205389. [PMID: 30332481 PMCID: PMC6192628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide functionality and the vast range of attributes offered by smartphones has led to a substantial increase in the average amount of time these devices are used per day. An excessive use of these tools has been shown to result in symptomatology similar to psychological disorders caused by substance addiction. In Spain, smartphone use has risen exponentially but the effects of this increase remain unclear. Therefore, an instrument is required to help determine the extent of smartphone addiction in the Spanish population. The Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) is a valid and reliable mean to identify and measure smartphone addiction and so, the aim of this research is the translation and adaptation of SPAI to Spanish, as well as the analysis of its psychometric properties in a Spanish adult population of 2,958 adults, at the University of Valencia. A multiphase-interactive model has been used, based on classical translation-back-translation methods to translate and adapt the SPAI. Moreover, a confirmatory factor analysis to verify that the inventory showed acceptable goodness of fit indices (χ2293 = 4795.909, Comparative Fit Index = 0.927, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.919, Root Mean Square Error of approximation = 0.072, and Standardised Root Mean square Residual = 0.051) has been carried out. Also good reliability has been found for the global inventory (Cronbach's alpha = 0.949), and each of its corresponding factors: compulsive behaviour, functional impairment, abstinence, and tolerance (Cronbach's alpha = 0.856, 0.888, 0.855, and 0.712, respectively). Hence, the SPAI has been adequately translated and adapted for its use in Spain and therefore it is a useful tool for evaluating the degree of smartphone addiction in the Spanish adult population.
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405
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Problematic smartphone use among Lebanese adults aged 18–65 years using MPPUS-10. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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406
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The association between problematic smartphone use, depression and anxiety symptom severity, and objectively measured smartphone use over one week. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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407
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Depression and emotion regulation predict objective smartphone use measured over one week. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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408
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Rothen S, Briefer JF, Deleuze J, Karila L, Andreassen CS, Achab S, Thorens G, Khazaal Y, Zullino D, Billieux J. Disentangling the role of users' preferences and impulsivity traits in problematic Facebook use. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201971. [PMID: 30183698 PMCID: PMC6124717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of social network sites (SNSs) has grown dramatically. Numerous studies have shown that SNS users may suffer from excessive use, associated with addictive-like symptoms. With a focus on the popular SNS Facebook (FB), our aims in the current study were twofold: First, to explore the heterogeneity of FB usage and determine which kind of FB activity predicts problematic usage; second, to test whether specific impulsivity facets predict problematic use of FB. To this end, a sample of FB users (N = 676) completed an online survey assessing usage preferences (e.g., types of activities performed), symptoms of problematic FB use and impulsivity traits. Results indicated that specific usage preferences (updating one’s status, gaming via FB, and using notifications) and impulsive traits (positive and negative urgency, lack of perseverance) are associated to problematic FB use. This study underscores that labels such as FB “addiction” are misleading and that focusing on the actual activities performed on SNSs is crucial when considering dysfunctional usage. Furthermore, this study clarified the role of impulsivity in problematic FB use by building on a theoretically driven model of impulsivity that assumes its multidimensional nature. The current findings have identifiable theoretical and public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Rothen
- Addiction Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Research Center for Statistics, Geneva School of Economics and Management, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Briefer
- Addiction Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jory Deleuze
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Laurent Karila
- Service d'Addictologie, Hôpital Universitaire Paul Brousse, AP-HP, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1000, Villejuif France
| | | | - Sophia Achab
- Addiction Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Thorens
- Addiction Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yasser Khazaal
- Addiction Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Zullino
- Addiction Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joel Billieux
- Addiction Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab (ACB-Lab), Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- * E-mail:
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409
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Mitchell L, Hussain Z. Predictors of Problematic Smartphone Use: An Examination of the Integrative Pathways Model and the Role of Age, Gender, Impulsiveness, Excessive Reassurance Seeking, Extraversion, and Depression. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:bs8080074. [PMID: 30110898 PMCID: PMC6115828 DOI: 10.3390/bs8080074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The progression of mobile phone technology has led to the development of multi-functional smartphones providing access to features such as social media, e-mail, and videos alongside the basic functions of a mobile phone. Increasing amounts of research has explored the potential addictive nature of smartphones to develop a theoretical framework that describes personality factors related to problematic use. The present study examined the Integrative Pathways Model and the effect of age, gender, impulsiveness, excessive reassurance seeking, extraversion, and depression on problematic smartphone use. Method: A total of 147 smartphone users (mean age = 30.96, SD = 12.97, 69.4% female) completed an online survey comprising of measures of problematic smartphone use, excessive reassurance seeking, extraversion, depression, and impulsiveness. Results: Age, impulsiveness, excessive reassurance seeking, and depression were all significantly related to problematic smartphone use, however extraversion was not significantly related. Furthermore, age and impulsiveness were significant independent predictors of problematic smartphone use. No gender differences were found. Conclusions: The findings presented several factors that predict problematic smartphone use, implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Mitchell
- College of Life and Natural Sciences, School of Human Sciences, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK.
| | - Zaheer Hussain
- College of Life and Natural Sciences, School of Human Sciences, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK.
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410
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Eide TA, Aarestad SH, Andreassen CS, Bilder RM, Pallesen S. Smartphone Restriction and Its Effect on Subjective Withdrawal Related Scores. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1444. [PMID: 30150959 PMCID: PMC6099124 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive smartphone use has been associated with a number of negative consequences for the individual and the environment. Some similarities can be observed between excessive smartphone usage and several behavioural addictions, and continual usage constitutes one of several characteristics included in addiction. In the extreme high end of the distribution of smartphone usage, smartphone restriction might be expected to elicit negative effects for individuals. These negative effects may be regarded as withdrawal symptoms traditionally associated with substance-related addictions. To address this timely issue, the present study examined scores on the Smartphone Withdrawal Scale (SWS), the Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMOS) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) during 72 h of smartphone restriction. A sample of 127 participants (72.4% women), aged 18–48 years (M = 25.0, SD = 4.5), were randomly assigned into one of two conditions: a restricted condition (experimental group, n = 67) or a control condition (control group, n = 60). During the restriction period participants completed the aforementioned scales three times a day. The results revealed significantly higher scores on the SWS and FoMOS for participants allocated to the restricted condition than those assigned to the control condition. Overall the results suggest that smartphone restriction could cause withdrawal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine A Eide
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sarah H Aarestad
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cecilie S Andreassen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert M Bilder
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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411
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Collective Play Versus Excessive Use: an Insight into Family-Focused Design Intervention for Mobile Phone Overuse. Int J Ment Health Addict 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-9966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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412
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Compulsive smartphone usage and users' ill-being among young Indians: Does personality matter? TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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413
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Balta S, Emirtekin E, Kircaburun K, Griffiths MD. Neuroticism, Trait Fear of Missing Out, and Phubbing: The Mediating Role of State Fear of Missing Out and Problematic Instagram Use. Int J Ment Health Addict 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-9959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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414
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An Exploration of Problematic Smartphone Use among Chinese University Students: Associations with Academic Anxiety, Academic Procrastination, Self-Regulation and Subjective Wellbeing. Int J Ment Health Addict 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-9961-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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415
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Elhai JD, Levine JC, O’Brien KD, Armour C. Distress tolerance and mindfulness mediate relations between depression and anxiety sensitivity with problematic smartphone use. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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416
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Roggeveen S, van Os J, Bemelmans K, van Poll M, Lousberg R. Investigating Associations Between Changes in Mobile Phone Use and Emotions Using the Experience Sampling Method: Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res 2018; 2:e12. [PMID: 30684428 PMCID: PMC6334687 DOI: 10.2196/formative.8499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of mobile phones has become, especially for young people, an integrated part of everyday life. Using the experience sampling method (ESM) may provide further insight on the association between mobile phone use and mental health. Objective The objective of this study was to examine associations between mobile phone use and subtle changes in mental state. Methods The ESM-based PsyMate app was installed on the mobile phones of 2 healthy 20-year-old participants. Over a period of 3 months, participants rated their mental states at 10 semirandom moments in the flow of daily life. Each assessment included present state emotions, environmental circumstances, and phone use. Results Multilevel regression analyses indicated that an increase in mobile phone use was associated with a small increase in negative affect (particularly feeling bored and feeling lonely; P<.001) and small decreases in positive affect (P=.002) and concentration (P=.001). Treating the data as 2 separate N=1 studies revealed that the association with negative affect was present in both participants, whereas the associations with positive affect and concentration were evident in only 1 of the 2 participants. Conclusions This pilot study suggests that mobile phone use may be associated with person-specific and group-level changes in emotional state. A larger study is required to study these associations, possible causality, and factors driving underlying heterogeneity in the pattern of associations. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03221985; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03221985 (archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6zJnp61Wj)
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Roggeveen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Bemelmans
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mikal van Poll
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Richel Lousberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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417
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Lopez-Fernandez O, Kuss DJ, Pontes HM, Griffiths MD, Dawes C, Justice LV, Männikkö N, Kääriäinen M, Rumpf HJ, Bischof A, Gässler AK, Romo L, Kern L, Morvan Y, Rousseau A, Graziani P, Demetrovics Z, Király O, Schimmenti A, Passanisi A, Lelonek-Kuleta B, Chwaszcz J, Chóliz M, Zacarés JJ, Serra E, Dufour M, Rochat L, Zullino D, Achab S, Landrø NI, Suryani E, Hormes JM, Terashima JP, Billieux J. Measurement Invariance of the Short Version of the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPUQ-SV) across Eight Languages. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1213. [PMID: 29890709 PMCID: PMC6025621 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of mobile phone use across the world has increased greatly over the past two decades. Problematic Mobile Phone Use (PMPU) has been studied in relation to public health and comprises various behaviours, including dangerous, prohibited, and dependent use. These types of problematic mobile phone behaviours are typically assessed with the short version of the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPUQ⁻SV). However, to date, no study has ever examined the degree to which the PMPU scale assesses the same construct across different languages. The aims of the present study were to (i) determine an optimal factor structure for the PMPUQ⁻SV among university populations using eight versions of the scale (i.e., French, German, Hungarian, English, Finnish, Italian, Polish, and Spanish); and (ii) simultaneously examine the measurement invariance (MI) of the PMPUQ⁻SV across all languages. The whole study sample comprised 3038 participants. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were extracted from the demographic and PMPUQ-SV items. Individual and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses alongside MI analyses were conducted. Results showed a similar pattern of PMPU across the translated scales. A three-factor model of the PMPUQ-SV fitted the data well and presented with good psychometric properties. Six languages were validated independently, and five were compared via measurement invariance for future cross-cultural comparisons. The present paper contributes to the assessment of problematic mobile phone use because it is the first study to provide a cross-cultural psychometric analysis of the PMPUQ-SV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Lopez-Fernandez
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Daria J Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Halley M Pontes
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Christopher Dawes
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Lucy V Justice
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Niko Männikkö
- Department of Social Services and Rehabilitation, Oulu University of Applied Sciences, 90220 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Maria Kääriäinen
- Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Hans-Jürgen Rumpf
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Anja Bischof
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Ann-Kathrin Gässler
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Lucia Romo
- EA 4430 Clinique Psychanalyse Développement (CLIPSYD), Université Paris Nanterre, France.
| | - Laurence Kern
- EA 2931, Centre de Recherches sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CESRM), Université Paris Nanterre, 92000 Nanterre, France.
| | - Yannick Morvan
- EA 4430 Clinique Psychanalyse Développement (CLIPSYD), Université Paris Nanterre, France.
| | - Amélie Rousseau
- Psychology Department, PSITEC EA 4074, Université Lille Nord de France, 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Pierluigi Graziani
- LPS EA 849, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France.
- University of Nîmes, 30000 Nîmes, France.
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1064 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1064 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE-Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy.
| | - Alessia Passanisi
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE-Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy.
| | - Bernadeta Lelonek-Kuleta
- Department of Family Science and Social Work, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Joanna Chwaszcz
- Department of Psychology, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Mariano Chóliz
- Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan José Zacarés
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Emilia Serra
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Magali Dufour
- Service de Toxicomanie, Faculte de medicine Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Qc, J4K 0A8, Canada.
| | - Lucien Rochat
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Daniele Zullino
- Department of Psychiatry-Research Unit Addictive Disorders, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry-Addiction Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Sophia Achab
- Department of Psychiatry-Research Unit Addictive Disorders, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry-Addiction Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nils Inge Landrø
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Eva Suryani
- Department Psychiatry and Behavior, School of Medicine and Health Science, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta 14440, Indonesia.
| | - Julia M Hormes
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Javier Ponce Terashima
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Joël Billieux
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry-Addiction Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab (ACB-lab), Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, 4366 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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418
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Abstract
Aims In light of the rise in research on technological addictions and smartphone addiction in particular, the aim of this paper was to review the relevant literature on the topic of smartphone addiction and determine whether this disorder exists or if it does not adequately satisfy the criteria for addiction. Methods We reviewed quantitative and qualitative studies on smartphone addiction and analyzed their methods and conclusions to make a determination on the suitability of the diagnosis "addiction" to excessive and problematic smartphone use. Results Although the majority of research in the field declares that smartphones are addictive or takes the existence of smartphone addiction as granted, we did not find sufficient support from the addiction perspective to confirm the existence of smartphone addiction at this time. The behaviors observed in the research could be better labeled as problematic or maladaptive smartphone use and their consequences do not meet the severity levels of those caused by addiction. Discussion and conclusions Addiction is a disorder with severe effects on physical and psychological health. A behavior may have a similar presentation as addiction in terms of excessive use, impulse control problems, and negative consequences, but that does not mean that it should be considered an addiction. We propose moving away from the addiction framework when studying technological behaviors and using other terms such as "problematic use" to describe them. We recommend that problematic technology use is to be studied in its sociocultural context with an increased focus on its compensatory functions, motivations, and gratifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayana Panova
- The Department of Psychology, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain,Corresponding author: Tayana Panova; The Department of Psychology, Ramon Llull University, Passeig de Sant Gervasi, 47, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; E-mail:
| | - Xavier Carbonell
- The Department of Psychology, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
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419
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Schilhab TSS, Stevenson MP, Bentsen P. Contrasting Screen-Time and Green-Time: A Case for Using Smart Technology and Nature to Optimize Learning Processes. Front Psychol 2018; 9:773. [PMID: 29910749 PMCID: PMC5992484 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa S. S. Schilhab
- Future Technology, Culture and Learning, Danish School of Education, University of Aarhus, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matt P. Stevenson
- Center for Outdoor Recreation and Education, The Forest and Landscape College, University of Copenhagen, Fredensborg, Denmark
| | - Peter Bentsen
- Center for Outdoor Recreation and Education, The Forest and Landscape College, University of Copenhagen, Fredensborg, Denmark
- Steno Health Promotion Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Capital Region, Gentofte, Denmark
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420
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Trumello C, Babore A, Candelori C, Morelli M, Bianchi D. Relationship with Parents, Emotion Regulation, and Callous-Unemotional Traits in Adolescents' Internet Addiction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7914261. [PMID: 29951544 PMCID: PMC5989287 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7914261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of relationship with parents, emotion regulation, and callous-unemotional traits with Internet addiction in a community sample of adolescents. Self-report measures of relationship with parents (both mothers and fathers), emotion regulation (in its two dimensions: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression), callous- unemotional traits (in its three dimensions: callousness, uncaring, and unemotional), and Internet addiction were completed by 743 adolescents aged 10 to 21 years. Results showed that a low perceived maternal availability, high cognitive reappraisal, and high callousness appeared to be predictors of Internet addiction. The implications of these findings are then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Trumello
- Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Babore
- Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carla Candelori
- Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mara Morelli
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Université de la Vallée d'Aoste, Italy
| | - Dora Bianchi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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421
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Wilcockson TDW, Ellis DA, Shaw H. Determining Typical Smartphone Usage: What Data Do We Need? CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2018; 21:395-398. [PMID: 29781716 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2017.0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Problematic smartphone use is an emerging issue in behavioral addiction research. At the same time, measuring smartphone use with mobile apps has become increasingly common. However, understanding how much data are necessary requires careful consideration if the field is to move forward. Here, we examine how much time should be spent measuring mobile phone operation to reliably infer general patterns of usage and repetitive checking behaviors. In a second analysis, we consider whether a self-report measure of problematic smartphone use is associated with real-time patterns of use. Results suggest that smartphone usage collected for a minimum of 5 days will reflect typical weekly usage (in hours), but habitual checking behaviors (uses lasting <15 seconds) can be reliably inferred within 2 days. These measurements did not reliably correlate with a self-reported measure. We conclude that patterns of smartphone use are repetitive and our results suggest that checking behavior is a particularly consistent and efficient measure when quantifying typical and problematic smartphone usage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Ellis
- 1 Department of Psychology, Lancaster University , Lancaster, United Kingdom .,2 School of Psychology, University of Lincoln , Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Shaw
- 2 School of Psychology, University of Lincoln , Lincoln, United Kingdom
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422
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Gül H, Fırat S, Sertçelik M, Gül A, Gürel Y, Kılıç BG. Cyberbullying among a clinical adolescent sample in Turkey: effects of problematic smartphone use, psychiatric symptoms, and emotion regulation difficulties. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1472923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hesna Gül
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gulhane Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sümeyra Fırat
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Şırnak State Hospital, Merkez/Şırnak, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sertçelik
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hitit University School of Medicine Hospital, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gül
- Department of Psychiatry, Ufuk University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Gürel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Birim Günay Kılıç
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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423
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Liese BS, Benau EM, Atchley P, Reed D, Becirevic A, Kaplan B. The Self-perception of Text-message Dependency Scale (STDS): Psychometric update based on a United States sample. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2018; 45:42-50. [PMID: 29757688 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2018.1465572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some have suggested that text messaging is an addictive behavior. However, this characterization is uncertain, partly due to lack of well-validated measures of text messaging attitudes and behaviors. One standard instrument for measuring text messaging attitudes and behaviors is the Self-perception of Text-message Dependency Scale (STDS), though the psychometric properties of this scale have only been examined with a sample of Japanese youth. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the STDS in the United States to determine its utility as a measure of text messaging dependence. We were interested in examining the factor structure and determining the extent to which this scale would correlate with two important outcome measures: motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) and moving violations. METHODS We analyzed data from 468 adults (age 18-74; 274 women) recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (mTurk) service. Participants completed the STDS and provided information about their driving-related incidents in the past year. RESULTS First we performed a confirmatory factor analysis, which supported the instrument's original factor structure. Then we tested the relationship between scores on the STDS and two important variables, MVAs and moving violations. We found that the STDS significantly correlated with both MVAs and moving violations. CONCLUSION The present study confirms that the STDS is a potentially useful instrument for studying texting dependence in the United States and with adults of all ages. The instrument may be particularly useful in predicting motor vehicle outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Liese
- a Department of Psychology , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - Erik M Benau
- a Department of Psychology , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - Paul Atchley
- a Department of Psychology , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - Derek Reed
- b Department of Applied Behavioral Science , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - Amel Becirevic
- b Department of Applied Behavioral Science , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - Brent Kaplan
- b Department of Applied Behavioral Science , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
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424
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Fransson A, Chóliz M, Håkansson A. Addiction-Like Mobile Phone Behavior - Validation and Association With Problem Gambling. Front Psychol 2018; 9:655. [PMID: 29780345 PMCID: PMC5945881 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile phone use and its potential addiction has become a point of interest within the research community. The aim of the study was to translate and validate the Test of Mobile Dependence (TMD), and to investigate if there are any associations between mobile phone use and problem gambling. This was a cross-sectional study on a Swedish general population. A questionnaire consisting of a translated version of the TMD, three problem gambling questions (NODS-CLiP) together with two questions concerning previous addiction treatment was published online. Exploratory factor analysis based on polychoric correlations was performed on the TMD. Independent samples T-tests, Mann-Whitney test, logistic regression analyses and ANOVA were performed to examine mean differences between subjects based on TMD test score, gambling and previous addiction treatment. A total of 1,515 people (38.3% men) answered the questionnaire. The TMD showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.905), and significant correlation with subjective dependence on one's mobile phone. Women scored higher on the TMD and 15-18 year olds had the highest mean test score. The TMD test score was significantly associated with problem gambling, but only when controlling for age and sex. Various separated items related to mobile phone use were associated with problem gambling. The TMD had acceptable internal consistency and correlates with subjective dependence, while future confirmatory factor analysis is recommended. An association between mobile phone use and problem gambling may be possible, but requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fransson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mariano Chóliz
- Psychology of Addictions, Psychology School, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anders Håkansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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425
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Elhai JD, Contractor AA. Examining latent classes of smartphone users: Relations with psychopathology and problematic smartphone use. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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426
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Wegmann E, Ostendorf S, Brand M. Is it beneficial to use Internet-communication for escaping from boredom? Boredom proneness interacts with cue-induced craving and avoidance expectancies in explaining symptoms of Internet-communication disorder. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195742. [PMID: 29672574 PMCID: PMC5908169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of online-communication applications including messengers (e.g. WhatsApp) or social networking services (e.g. Facebook) on the smartphone has turned into daily practice for billions of people, for example during waiting times. An increasing number of individuals show diminished control over their usage of these applications despite negative consequences in everyday life. This can be referred to as Internet-communication disorder (ICD). The current study investigated the effect of boredom proneness on symptoms of an ICD. It further examined the mediating role of cognitive and affective mechanisms, namely expectancies to avoid negative feelings online and cue-induced craving. The results of a structural equation model (N = 148) illustrate that boredom proneness is a risk factor for the development and maintenance of an ICD as it had a significant direct effect on ICD symptoms. Furthermore, boredom proneness predicted avoidance expectancies as well as cue-induced craving. Both in turn enhanced the risk of developing ICD tendencies. Moreover, both variables mediated the effect of boredom proneness on ICD and interacted among each other. In summary, the results demonstrate that people who have a higher susceptibility to experience boredom show higher expectancies to avoid negative emotions online, which promotes higher craving reactions when being confronted with specific cues (e.g. an incoming message), and could result in ICD tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Wegmann
- Department of General Psychology, Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sina Ostendorf
- Department of General Psychology, Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology, Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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427
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Wolniewicz CA, Tiamiyu MF, Weeks JW, Elhai JD. Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation. Psychiatry Res 2018; 262:618-623. [PMID: 28982630 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For many individuals, excessive smartphone use interferes with everyday life. In the present study, we recruited a non-clinical sample of 296 participants for a cross-sectional survey of problematic smartphone use, social and non-social smartphone use, and psychopathology-related constructs including negative affect, fear of negative and positive evaluation, and fear of missing out (FoMO). Results demonstrated that FoMO was most strongly related to both problematic smartphone use and social smartphone use relative to negative affect and fears of negative and positive evaluation, and these relations held when controlling for age and gender. Furthermore, FoMO (cross-sectionally) mediated relations between both fear of negative and positive evaluation with both problematic and social smartphone use. Theoretical implications are considered with regard to developing problematic smartphone use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin W Weeks
- Department of Psychology, Nebraska Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jon D Elhai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA; Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. http://www.jon-elhai.com
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428
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Balakrishnan J, Griffiths MD. Perceived Addictiveness of Smartphone Games: A Content Analysis of Game Reviews by Players. Int J Ment Health Addict 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-9897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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429
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Problematic Use of the Internet and Smartphones in University Students: 2006-2017. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018. [PMID: 29518050 PMCID: PMC5877020 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than a decade since a concern about the addictive use of the Internet and mobile phones was first expressed, and its possible inclusion into the lists of mental disorders has recently become a popular topic of scientific discussion. Thus, it seems to be a fitting moment to investigate the prevalence of this issue over time. The aim of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of the perception of problematic Internet and smartphone use in young people over the period 2006–2017. To this end, a questionnaire on Internet use habits and two questionnaires on the negative consequences of Internet and smartphone use were administered to a sample of 792 university students. The scores were then compared with the results of former studies that had used these questionnaires. The perception of problematic Internet and mobile phone use has increased over the last decade, social networks are considered responsible for this increase, and females are perceived to be more affected than males. The current study shows how strong smartphone and Internet addiction and social media overlap. Participants from 2017 report higher negative consequences of both Internet and mobile phone use than those from 2006, but long-term observations show a decrease in problematic use after a sharp increase in 2013. We conclude that the diagnosis of technological addictions is influenced by both time and social and culture changes.
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430
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Elhai JD, Hall BJ, Erwin MC. Emotion regulation's relationships with depression, anxiety and stress due to imagined smartphone and social media loss. Psychiatry Res 2018; 261:28-34. [PMID: 29276991 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A sample of 359 students participated in a web survey, administered the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) as a pre-test. We subsequently randomly assigned subjects to either 1) a smart phone loss group or 2) social media accounts loss group. We asked them to imagine losing two days' access to the technology in their respective group, and rate associated symptoms using the DASS-21. Compared to subjects in the smartphone loss group, social media loss subjects evidenced stronger relations between suppressive emotion regulation with depression, anxiety and stress from imagined loss. Controlling for age and gender, social media loss subjects' increased use of suppression, and decreased use of cognitive reappraisal in emotion regulation, were related to depression, stress and (for suppression only) anxiety due to imagined lost social media. Emotion regulation was not related to psychopathology for subjects in the smartphone loss scenario. Results suggest that emotion dysregulation may be associated with psychopathology from social media loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Elhai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Mail Stop 948, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Brian J Hall
- University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China; Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Meredith Claycomb Erwin
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Mail Stop 948, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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431
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Abstract
Background Smartphone use has increased greatly at a time when concerns about society's disconnection from nature have also markedly increased. Recent research has also indicated that smartphone use can be problematic for a small minority of individuals. Methods In this study, associations between problematic smartphone use (PSU), nature connectedness, and anxiety were investigated using a cross-sectional design (n = 244). Results Associations between PSU and both nature connectedness and anxiety were confirmed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify threshold values on the Problematic Smartphone Use Scale (PSUS) at which strong associations with anxiety and nature connectedness occur. The area under the curve was calculated and positive likelihood ratios used as a diagnostic parameter to identify optimal cut-off for PSU. These provided good diagnostic ability for nature connectedness, but poor and non-significant results for anxiety. ROC analysis showed the optimal PSUS threshold for high nature connectedness to be 15.5 (sensitivity: 58.3%; specificity: 78.6%) in response to an LR+ of 2.88. Conclusions The results demonstrate the potential utility for the PSUS as a diagnostic tool, with a level of smartphone use that users may perceive as non-problematic being a significant cut-off in terms of achieving beneficial levels of nature connectedness. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Richardson
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK,Corresponding author: Dr. Miles Richardson; Department of Life Sciences, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK; Phone: +44 1332 593056; Fax: +44 1332 597747; E-mail:
| | - Zaheer Hussain
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK
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432
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Lopez-Fernandez O, Männikkö N, Kääriäinen M, Griffiths MD, Kuss DJ. Mobile gaming and problematic smartphone use: A comparative study between Belgium and Finland. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:88-99. [PMID: 29313732 PMCID: PMC6035026 DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Gaming applications have become one of the main entertainment features on smartphones, and this could be potentially problematic in terms of dangerous, prohibited, and dependent use among a minority of individuals. A cross-national study was conducted in Belgium and Finland. The aim was to examine the relationship between gaming on smartphones and self-perceived problematic smartphone use via an online survey to ascertain potential predictors. Methods The Short Version of the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPUQ-SV) was administered to a sample comprising 899 participants (30% male; age range: 18-67 years). Results Good validity and adequate reliability were confirmed regarding the PMPUQ-SV, especially the dependence subscale, but low prevalence rates were reported in both countries using the scale. Regression analysis showed that downloading, using Facebook, and being stressed contributed to problematic smartphone use. Anxiety emerged as predictor for dependence. Mobile games were used by one-third of the respective populations, but their use did not predict problematic smartphone use. Very few cross-cultural differences were found in relation to gaming through smartphones. Conclusion Findings suggest mobile gaming does not appear to be problematic in Belgium and Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Lopez-Fernandez
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK,Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Institut de recherche en sciences psychologiques, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium,Corresponding author: Olatz Lopez-Fernandez, PhD; Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Université catholique de Louvain, 10 Place du Cardinal Mercier, Louvain-La-Neuve 1348, Belgium; Phone: +44 115 848 2977; E-mails: ;
| | - Niko Männikkö
- Department of Social Services and Rehabilitation, Oulu University of Applied Sciences, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maria Kääriäinen
- Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daria J. Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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433
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Clarifying a Construct: An Integrative Functional Model of Reassurance-Seeking Behaviors. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-018-0291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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434
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Veissière SPL, Stendel M. Hypernatural Monitoring: A Social Rehearsal Account of Smartphone Addiction. Front Psychol 2018; 9:141. [PMID: 29515480 PMCID: PMC5826267 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a deflationary account of smartphone addiction by situating this purportedly antisocial phenomenon within the fundamentally social dispositions of our species. While we agree with contemporary critics that the hyper-connectedness and unpredictable rewards of mobile technology can modulate negative affect, we propose to place the locus of addiction on an evolutionarily older mechanism: the human need to monitor and be monitored by others. Drawing from key findings in evolutionary anthropology and the cognitive science of religion, we articulate a hypernatural monitoring model of smartphone addiction grounded in a general social rehearsal theory of human cognition. Building on recent predictive-processing views of perception and addiction in cognitive neuroscience, we describe the role of social reward anticipation and prediction errors in mediating dysfunctional smartphone use. We conclude with insights from contemplative philosophies and harm-reduction models on finding the right rituals for honoring social connections and setting intentional protocols for the consumption of social information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. L. Veissière
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Raz Lab in Cognitive Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Culture, Mind, and Brain Program, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Moriah Stendel
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Raz Lab in Cognitive Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Culture, Mind, and Brain Program, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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435
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Kuss DJ, Harkin L, Kanjo E, Billieux J. Problematic Smartphone Use: Investigating Contemporary Experiences Using a Convergent Design. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15010142. [PMID: 29337883 PMCID: PMC5800241 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Internet-enabled smartphones are increasingly ubiquitous in the Western world. Research suggests a number of problems can result from mobile phone overuse, including dependence, dangerous and prohibited use. For over a decade, this has been measured by the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPU-Q). Given the rapid developments in mobile technologies, changes of use patterns and possible problematic and addictive use, the aim of the present study was to investigate and validate an updated contemporary version of the PMPU-Q (PMPU-Q-R). A mixed methods convergent design was employed, including a psychometric survey (N = 512) alongside qualitative focus groups (N = 21), to elicit experiences and perceptions of problematic smartphone use. The results suggest the PMPU-Q-R factor structure can be updated to include smartphone dependence, dangerous driving, and antisocial smartphone use factors. Theories of problematic mobile phone use require consideration of the ubiquity and indispensability of smartphones in the present day and age, particularly regarding use whilst driving and in social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria J Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Lydia Harkin
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Eiman Kanjo
- Computing and Technology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Joel Billieux
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviour Lab., Institute for Health and Behaviour, Integrative Research Unit on Social and Individual Development (INSIDE), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4365 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
- Addiction Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, 44041 Geneva, Switzerland.
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436
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Rozgonjuk D, Saal K, Täht K. Problematic Smartphone Use, Deep and Surface Approaches to Learning, and Social Media Use in Lectures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15010092. [PMID: 29316697 PMCID: PMC5800191 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that problematic smartphone use (PSU) is related to detrimental outcomes, such as worse psychological well-being, higher cognitive distraction, and poorer academic outcomes. In addition, many studies have shown that PSU is strongly related to social media use. Despite this, the relationships between PSU, as well as the frequency of social media use in lectures, and different approaches to learning have not been previously studied. In our study, we hypothesized that both PSU and the frequency of social media use in lectures are negatively correlated with a deep approach to learning (defined as learning for understanding) and positively correlated with a surface approach to learning (defined as superficial learning). The study participants were 415 Estonian university students aged 19-46 years (78.8% females; age M = 23.37, SD = 4.19); the effective sample comprised 405 participants aged 19-46 years (79.0% females; age M = 23.33, SD = 4.21). In addition to basic socio-demographics, participants were asked about the frequency of their social media use in lectures, and they filled out the Estonian Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale and the Estonian Revised Study Process Questionnaire. Bivariate correlation analysis showed that PSU and the frequency of social media use in lectures were negatively correlated with a deep approach to learning and positively correlated with a surface approach to learning. Mediation analysis showed that social media use in lectures completely mediates the relationship between PSU and approaches to learning. These results indicate that the frequency of social media use in lectures might explain the relationships between poorer academic outcomes and PSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Rozgonjuk
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50409, Estonia.
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
| | - Kristiina Saal
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50409, Estonia.
| | - Karin Täht
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50409, Estonia.
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437
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Kuss DJ, Kanjo E, Crook-Rumsey M, Kibowski F, Wang GY, Sumich A. Problematic Mobile Phone Use and Addiction Across Generations: the Roles of Psychopathological Symptoms and Smartphone Use. JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2018; 3:141-149. [PMID: 30238057 PMCID: PMC6133055 DOI: 10.1007/s41347-017-0041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary technological advances have led to a significant increase in using mobile technologies. Recent research has pointed to potential problems as a consequence of mobile overuse, including addiction, financial problems, dangerous use (i.e. whilst driving) and prohibited use (i.e. use in forbidden areas). The aim of this study is to extend previous findings regarding the predictive power of psychopathological symptoms (depression, anxiety and stress), mobile phone use (i.e. calls, SMS, time spent on the phone, as well as the engagement in specific smartphone activities) across Generations X and Y on problematic mobile phone use in a sample of 273 adults. Findings revealed prohibited use and dependence were predicted by calls/day, time on the phone and using social media. Only for dependent mobile phone use (rather than prohibited), stress appeared as significant. Using social media and anxiety significantly predicted belonging to Generation Y, with calls per day predicted belonging to Generation X. This finding suggests Generation Y are more likely to use asynchronous social media-based communication, whereas Generation X engage more in synchronous communication. The findings have implications for prevention and awareness-raising efforts of possibly problematic mobile phone use for educators, parents and individuals, particularly including dependence and prohibited use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria J. Kuss
- Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Eiman Kanjo
- Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Mark Crook-Rumsey
- Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Fraenze Kibowski
- Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Grace Y. Wang
- Auckland University of Technology, North Shore Campus Northcote, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Alex Sumich
- Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK
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438
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Sojević M, Pećanac D, Latas M. Connection of depression, anxiety and impulsivity with the way of using modern mobile phones among students. MEDICINSKI PODMLADAK 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/mp69-17929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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439
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Alienation as Mediator and Moderator of the Relationship Between Virtues and Smartphone Addiction Among Chinese University Students. Int J Ment Health Addict 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-017-9842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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440
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Stead H, Bibby PA. Personality, fear of missing out and problematic internet use and their relationship to subjective well-being. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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441
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Lee EJ, Kim YK, Lim SJ. Factors Influencing Smartphone Addiction in Adolescents. CHILD HEALTH NURSING RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2017.23.4.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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442
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Contractor AA, Weiss NH, Tull MT, Elhai JD. PTSD's relation with problematic smartphone use: Mediating role of impulsivity. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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443
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Kardefelt-Winther D, Heeren A, Schimmenti A, van Rooij A, Maurage P, Carras M, Edman J, Blaszczynski A, Khazaal Y, Billieux J. How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours? Addiction 2017; 112:1709-1715. [PMID: 28198052 PMCID: PMC5557689 DOI: 10.1111/add.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Following the recent changes to the diagnostic category for addictive disorders in DSM-5, it is urgent to clarify what constitutes behavioural addiction to have a clear direction for future research and classification. However, in the years following the release of DSM-5, an expanding body of research has increasingly classified engagement in a wide range of common behaviours and leisure activities as possible behavioural addiction. If this expansion does not end, both the relevance and the credibility of the field of addictive disorders might be questioned, which may prompt a dismissive appraisal of the new DSM-5 subcategory for behavioural addiction. We propose an operational definition of behavioural addiction together with a number of exclusion criteria, to avoid pathologizing common behaviours and provide a common ground for further research. The definition and its exclusion criteria are clarified and justified by illustrating how these address a number of theoretical and methodological shortcomings that result from existing conceptualizations. We invite other researchers to extend our definition under an Open Science Foundation framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antonius van Rooij
- Department of Communication Sciences, imec-MICT-Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Michelle Carras
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
| | - Johan Edman
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | | | - Yasser Khazaal
- Geneva University Hospital, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joël Billieux
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
- Institute for Health and Behavior. Integrative Research Unit on Social and Individual Development (INSIDE), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Internet and gambling disorders Clinic, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Belgium
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444
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Chun JW, Choi J, Kim JY, Cho H, Ahn KJ, Nam JH, Choi JS, Kim DJ. Altered brain activity and the effect of personality traits in excessive smartphone use during facial emotion processing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12156. [PMID: 28939856 PMCID: PMC5610339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08824-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive smartphone use is a phenomenon related to maladaptive smartphone use, leading to negative consequences. This study set out with the aim of assessing the effects of excessive smartphone use on behavioral and neural responses during facial emotional processing. We examined 25 excessive smartphone users and 27 normal control users using functional MRI during facial emotion processing and investigated Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS). The excessive smartphone use group (SP) showed neural deactivation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) during the presentation of an angry face and emotional transition compared to that of the normal control group (NC). Additionally, the SP revealed neural deactivation of the superior temporal sulcus and temporo-parietal junction related to social interaction during emotional transition compared to the NC. We found that BAS-Reward Responsiveness level was correlated with behavioral responses during repeated happy faces related to emotional reward in SP compared to NC. It can thus be suggested that excessive smartphone use is likely to fail on cognitive control during emotional processing, and this impairment might be influenced on emotional processing related to social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Chun
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook-Jin Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Nam
- Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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445
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Hussain Z, Griffiths MD, Sheffield D. An investigation into problematic smartphone use: The role of narcissism, anxiety, and personality factors. J Behav Addict 2017; 6:378-386. [PMID: 28849667 PMCID: PMC5700726 DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Over the last decade, worldwide smartphone usage has greatly increased. Alongside this growth, research on the influence of smartphones on human behavior has also increased. However, a growing number of studies have shown that excessive use of smartphones can lead to detrimental consequences in a minority of individuals. This study examines the psychological aspects of smartphone use particularly in relation to problematic use, narcissism, anxiety, and personality factors. Methods A sample of 640 smartphone users ranging from 13 to 69 years of age (mean = 24.89 years, SD = 8.54) provided complete responses to an online survey including modified DSM-5 criteria of Internet Gaming Disorder to assess problematic smartphone use, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory. Results The results demonstrated significant relationships between problematic smartphone use and anxiety, conscientiousness, openness, emotional stability, the amount of time spent on smartphones, and age. The results also demonstrated that conscientiousness, emotional stability, and age were independent predictors of problematic smartphone use. Conclusion The findings demonstrate that problematic smartphone use is associated with various personality factors and contributes to further understanding the psychology of smartphone behavior and associations with excessive use of smartphones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer Hussain
- Centre for Psychological Research, University of Derby, Derby, UK,Corresponding author: Dr. Zaheer Hussain; University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK; Phone: +44 1332 591082; E-mail:
| | | | - David Sheffield
- Centre for Psychological Research, University of Derby, Derby, UK
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446
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Csibi S, Griffiths MD, Cook B, Demetrovics Z, Szabo A. The Psychometric Properties of the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS). Int J Ment Health Addict 2017; 16:393-403. [PMID: 29670500 PMCID: PMC5897481 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-017-9787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the study was to validate the English version of the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS; Csibi et al. 2016), which is a short and easy-to-use tool for screening the risk of smartphone application-based addiction. Another aim was to identify the most frequently used smartphone applications and their perceived importance by the participants. Data were collected online from 240 English-speaking volunteers, aged 18 to 69 years. The instruments used were the SABAS, the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS), the Deprivation Sensation Scale (DSS), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Participants also ranked the importance of their most frequently used smartphone applications. The six items of the SABAS yielded one component, which accounted for 52.38% of the total variance. The internal reliability of the scale was good (Cronbach's alpha 0.81). NMP-Q was a significant predictor of SABAS, explaining 17.6% of the total variance. The regression analysis, with SABAS score as the dependent variable and NMP-Q, DSS, PHQ-9, and BSSS scores as predictors, indicated that approximately 47% of the variance in SABAS was accounted for by the predictors (R2 = 0.47). The English version of the SABAS appears to be a valid and reliable ultra-brief tool for a quick and easy assessment of smartphone application-based addiction symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Csibi
- Department of Ethics and Social Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Brian Cook
- Kinesiology Department, California State University, Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA USA
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Szabo
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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447
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Lee SY, Lee HK, Choo H. Typology of Internet gaming disorder and its clinical implications. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:479-491. [PMID: 27649380 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Various perspectives exist regarding Internet gaming disorder. While the concept of behavioral addiction is gaining recognition, some view the phenomenon as merely excessive indulgence in online pastimes. Still, in recent years, complaints from patients or their family members about problems related to Internet use, particularly Internet gaming, have become more common. However, the clinical picture of Internet gaming disorder could be obscured by its heterogeneous manifestations with other intertwined factors, such as psychiatric comorbidities, neurodevelopmental factors, sociocultural factors, and game-related factors, which may influence the pathogenesis as well as the clinical course. To mitigate such problems, clinicians should be able to consider diverse aspects related to Internet gaming disorder. Classifying such a heterogeneous problem into subtypes that share a similar etiology or phenomenology may provide additional clues in the diagnostic process and allow us to designate available clinical resources for particularly vulnerable factors. In this review paper, we suggest a typology of 'impulsive/aggressive,' 'emotionally vulnerable,' 'socially conditioned,' and 'not otherwise specified' as subtypes of the heterogeneous phenomena of pathological Internet gaming. The implications of these subtypes for assessment and treatment planning will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yup Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Kook Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyekyung Choo
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Social Work, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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448
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Foerster M, Röösli M. A latent class analysis on adolescents media use and associations with health related quality of life. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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449
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Lopez-Fernandez O, Kuss DJ, Romo L, Morvan Y, Kern L, Graziani P, Rousseau A, Rumpf HJ, Bischof A, Gässler AK, Schimmenti A, Passanisi A, Männikkö N, Kääriänen M, Demetrovics Z, Király O, Chóliz M, Zacarés JJ, Serra E, Griffiths MD, Pontes HM, Lelonek-Kuleta B, Chwaszcz J, Zullino D, Rochat L, Achab S, Billieux J. Self-reported dependence on mobile phones in young adults: A European cross-cultural empirical survey. J Behav Addict 2017; 6:168-177. [PMID: 28425777 PMCID: PMC5520117 DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Despite many positive benefits, mobile phone use can be associated with harmful and detrimental behaviors. The aim of this study was twofold: to examine (a) cross-cultural patterns of perceived dependence on mobile phones in ten European countries, first, grouped in four different regions (North: Finland and UK; South: Spain and Italy; East: Hungary and Poland; West: France, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland), and second by country, and (b) how socio-demographics, geographic differences, mobile phone usage patterns, and associated activities predicted this perceived dependence. Methods A sample of 2,775 young adults (aged 18-29 years) were recruited in different European Universities who participated in an online survey. Measures included socio-demographic variables, patterns of mobile phone use, and the dependence subscale of a short version of the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPUQ; Billieux, Van der Linden, & Rochat, 2008). Results The young adults from the Northern and Southern regions reported the heaviest use of mobile phones, whereas perceived dependence was less prevalent in the Eastern region. However, the proportion of highly dependent mobile phone users was more elevated in Belgium, UK, and France. Regression analysis identified several risk factors for increased scores on the PMPUQ dependence subscale, namely using mobile phones daily, being female, engaging in social networking, playing video games, shopping and viewing TV shows through the Internet, chatting and messaging, and using mobile phones for downloading-related activities. Discussion and conclusions Self-reported dependence on mobile phone use is influenced by frequency and specific application usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Lopez-Fernandez
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Daria J. Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lucia Romo
- CLIPSYD Lab, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre, France
| | - Yannick Morvan
- CLIPSYD Lab, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre, France
| | - Laurence Kern
- CLIPSYD Lab, UFR STAPS, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre, France
| | - Pierluigi Graziani
- LPS EA 849, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- University of Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Amélie Rousseau
- Psychology Department, PSITEC EA 4074, Université Lille Nord de France, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Hans-Jürgen Rumpf
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lüebeck, Lüebeck, Germany
| | - Anja Bischof
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lüebeck, Lüebeck, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Gässler
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lüebeck, Lüebeck, Germany
| | - Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE – Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Alessia Passanisi
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE – Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Niko Männikkö
- RDI Services, Oulu University of Applied Sciences, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maria Kääriänen
- Department of Nursing – Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Király
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mariano Chóliz
- Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan José Zacarés
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilia Serra
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Halley M. Pontes
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bernadeta Lelonek-Kuleta
- Department of Family Science and Social Work, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Chwaszcz
- Department of Psychology, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, Lublin, Poland
| | - Daniele Zullino
- Department of Psychiatry – Research Unit Addictive Disorders, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry – Addiction Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lucien Rochat
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Achab
- Department of Psychiatry – Research Unit Addictive Disorders, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry – Addiction Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joël Billieux
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Institute for Health and Behavior, Integrative Research Unit on Social and Individual Development (INSIDE), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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450
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