401
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Chen J, Lee SK, Abd-Elgaliel WR, Liang L, Galende EY, Hajjar RJ, Tung CH. Assessment of cardiovascular fibrosis using novel fluorescent probes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19097. [PMID: 21533060 PMCID: PMC3080412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular fibrosis resulted from pressure overload or ischemia could alter myocardial stiffness and lead to ventricular dysfunction. Fluorescently labeled collagen-binding protein CNA 35, derived from the surface component of Staphylococcus aureus, and a novel synthetic biphenylalanine containing peptide are applied to stain fibrosis associated collagen and myocytes, respectively. Detailed pathological characteristics of cardiovascular fibrosis could be identified clearly in 2 hours. This staining pair requires only simple staining and brief washing, generating less than 10 ml of waste. The image information collected by this novel fluorescent staining pair is compatible with it collected by the traditional Masson's Trichrome and Picrosirius Red staining which are widely used to stain cardiovascular fibrosis and isolated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqiu Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Seung Koo Lee
- Department of Radiology, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wael R. Abd-Elgaliel
- Department of Radiology, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lifan Liang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elisa-Yaniz Galende
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Roger J. Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJH); (CHT)
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Department of Radiology, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJH); (CHT)
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402
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Abstract
Our limited ability to improve the survival of patients with heart failure is attributable, in part, to the inability of the mammalian heart to meaningfully regenerate itself. The recent identification of distinct families of multipotent cardiovascular progenitor cells from endogenous, as well as exogenous, sources, such as embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, has raised much hope that therapeutic manipulation of these cells may lead to regression of many forms of cardiovascular disease. Although the exact source and cell type remains to be clarified, our greater understanding of the scientific underpinning behind developmental cardiovascular progenitor cell biology has helped to clarify the origin and properties of diverse cells with putative cardiogenic potential. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of cardiovascular progenitor cell biology from embryogenesis to adulthood and their implications for therapeutic cardiac regeneration. We believe that a detailed understanding of cardiogenesis will inform future applications of cardiovascular progenitor cells in heart failure therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Sturzu
- CPZN 3224 Simches Building, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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403
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Hixson JE, Shimmin LC, Montasser ME, Kim DK, Zhong Y, Ibarguen H, Follis J, Malcom G, Strong J, Howard T, Langefeld C, Liu Y, Rotter JI, Johnson C, Herrington D. Common variants in the periostin gene influence development of atherosclerosis in young persons. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1661-7. [PMID: 21474826 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.224352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the influence of genetic variants (rare and common) in the gene encoding periostin (POSTN) on atherosclerosis as measured in arterial specimens from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study. METHODS AND RESULTS A comprehensive survey of common POSTN variants (87 single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) in PDAY subjects (n = 2527) identified numerous SNPs associated with raised lesions in abdominal aorta and with fatty streaks in thoracic aorta. These SNPs belonged to a small number of correlation bins that spanned the entire locus. To examine effects of rare variants, we resequenced POSTN functional regions in PDAY cases with raised lesions (n = 291) and controls with no raised lesions (n = 294). However, we found no significant associations with case-control status for carriers of POSTN rare variants using the weighted-sum method for rare variant analysis. CONCLUSIONS We identified common variants in POSTN that are associated with arterial lesions in young persons from the PDAY study. This finding strongly supports a role for periostin in atherogenesis, as suggested by recent proteomics analysis that found abundant expression of periostin in atherosclerotic lesions. Genetic variation may influence atherosclerosis via periostin's known involvement in multiple relevant pathways, including angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and stimulation of migration and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Hixson
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA.
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404
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Forte E, Chimenti I, Barile L, Gaetani R, Angelini F, Ionta V, Messina E, Giacomello A. Cardiac Cell Therapy: The Next (Re)Generation. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:1018-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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405
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Willems E, Lanier M, Forte E, Lo F, Cashman J, Mercola M. A chemical biology approach to myocardial regeneration. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011; 4:340-50. [PMID: 21424858 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-011-9270-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is one of the major causes of death in the Western world because cardiac muscle loss is largely irreversible and can lead to a relentless decline in cardiac function. Novel therapies are needed since the only therapy to effectively replace lost myocytes today is transplantation of the entire heart. The advent of embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell (ESC/iPSC) technologies offers the unprecedented possibility of devising cell replacement therapies for numerous degenerative disorders. Not only are ESCs and iPSCs a plausible source of cardiomyocytes in vitro for transplantation, they are also useful tools to elucidate the biology of stem cells that reside in the adult heart and define signaling molecules that might enhance the limited regenerative capability of the adult human heart. Here, we review the extracellular factors that control stem cell cardiomyogenesis and describe new approaches that combine embryology with stem cell biology to discover drug-like small molecules that stimulate cardiogenesis and potentially contribute to the development of pharmaceutical strategies for heart muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Willems
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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406
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Lionetti V, Bianchi G, Recchia FA, Ventura C. Control of autocrine and paracrine myocardial signals: an emerging therapeutic strategy in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2011; 15:531-42. [PMID: 20364318 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-010-9165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, mediated by factors released by the resident cardiac cells, could play an essential role in the reparative process of the failing heart. Such signals may influence the function of cardiac stem cells via several mechanisms, among which the most extensively studied are cardiomyocyte survival and angiogenesis. Moreover, besides promoting cytoprotection and angiogenesis, paracrine factors released by resident cardiac cells may alter cardiac metabolism and extracellular matrix turnover, resulting in more favorable post-injury remodeling. It is reasonable to believe that critical intracellular signals are activated and modulated in a temporal and spatial manner exerting different effects, overall depending on the microenvironment changes present in the failing myocardium. The recent demonstration that chemically, mechanically or genetically activated cardiac cells may release peptides to protect tissue against ischemic injury provides a potential route to achieve the delivery of specific proteins produced by these cells for innovative pharmacological regenerative therapy of the heart. It is important to keep in mind that therapies currently used to treat heart failure (HF) and leading to improvement of cardiac function fail to induce tissue repair/regeneration. As a matter of facts, if specific autocrine/paracrine cell-derived factors that improve cardiac function will be identified, pharmacological-based therapy might be more easily translated into clinical benefits than cell-based therapy. This review will focus on the recent development of potential pharmacologic targets to promote and drive at molecular level the cardiac repair/regeneration in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lionetti
- Sector of Medicine, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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407
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Di Stefano V, Giacca M, Capogrossi MC, Crescenzi M, Martelli F. Knockdown of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors induces cardiomyocyte re-entry in the cell cycle. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8644-8654. [PMID: 21209082 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.184549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of mammalian cardiomyocytes stops rapidly after birth and injured hearts do not regenerate adequately. High cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) levels have been observed in cardiomyocytes, but their role in maintaining cardiomyocytes in a post-mitotic state is still unknown. In this report, it was investigated whether CKI knockdown by RNA interference induced cardiomyocyte proliferation. We found that triple transfection with p21(Waf1), p27(Kip1), and p57(Kip2) siRNAs induced both neonatal and adult cardiomyocyte to enter S phase and increased the nuclei/cardiomyocyte ratio; furthermore, a subpopulation of cardiomyocytes progressed beyond karyokynesis, as assessed by the detection of mid-body structures and by straight cardiomyocyte counting. Intriguingly, cardiomyocyte proliferation occurred in the absence of overt DNA damage and aberrant mitotic figures. Finally, CKI knockdown and DNA synthesis reactivation correlated with a dramatic change in adult cardiomyocyte morphology that may be a prerequisite for cell division. In conclusion, CKI expression plays an active role in maintaining cardiomyocyte withdrawal from the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Di Stefano
- From the Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio C Capogrossi
- Vascular Pathology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy, and
| | - Marco Crescenzi
- the Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Martelli
- Vascular Pathology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy, and.
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408
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Shiojima I, Komuro I. Molecular and cellular basis for cardiac regeneration. Inflamm Regen 2011. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.31.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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409
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410
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Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. This is partially attributed to the inability of cardiomyocytes to divide in a significant manner, and therefore the heart responds to injury through scar formation. One of the challenges of modern medicine is to develop novel therapeutic strategies to facilitate regeneration of cardiac muscle in the diseased heart. Numerous methods have been studied and a wide variety of cell types have been considered. To date, bone marrow stem cells, endogenous populations of cardiac stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells have been investigated for their ability to regenerate infarcted myocardium, although stem cell transplantation has produced ambiguous results in human clinical trials. Several studies support another approach that seems very appealing: enhancing the limited endogenous regenerative capacity of the heart. The recent advances in stem cell and regenerative biology are giving rise to the view that cardiac regeneration, although not quite ready for clinical treatment, may translate into therapeutic reality in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bolli
- Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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411
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Kajstura J, Gurusamy N, Ogórek B, Goichberg P, Clavo-Rondon C, Hosoda T, D'Amario D, Bardelli S, Beltrami AP, Cesselli D, Bussani R, del Monte F, Quaini F, Rota M, Beltrami CA, Buchholz BA, Leri A, Anversa P. Myocyte turnover in the aging human heart. Circ Res 2010; 107:1374-86. [PMID: 21088285 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.231498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The turnover of cardiomyocytes in the aging female and male heart is currently unknown, emphasizing the need to define human myocardial biology. OBJECTIVE The effects of age and gender on the magnitude of myocyte regeneration and the origin of newly formed cardiomyocytes were determined. METHODS AND RESULTS The interaction of myocyte replacement, cellular senescence, growth inhibition, and apoptosis was measured in normal female (n=32) and male (n=42) human hearts collected from patients 19 to 104 years of age who died from causes other than cardiovascular diseases. A progressive loss of telomeric DNA in human cardiac stem cells (hCSCs) occurs with aging and the newly formed cardiomyocytes inherit short telomeres and rapidly reach the senescent phenotype. Our data provide novel information on the superior ability of the female heart to sustain the multiple variables associated with the development of the senescent myopathy. At all ages, the female heart is equipped with a larger pool of functionally competent hCSCs and younger myocytes than the male myocardium. The replicative potential is higher and telomeres are longer in female hCSCs than in male hCSCs. In the female heart, myocyte turnover occurs at a rate of 10%, 14%, and 40% per year at 20, 60, and 100 years of age, respectively. Corresponding values in the male heart are 7%, 12%, and 32% per year, documenting that cardiomyogenesis involves a large and progressively increasing number of parenchymal cells with aging. From 20 to 100 years of age, the myocyte compartment is replaced 15 times in women and 11 times in men. CONCLUSIONS The human heart is a highly dynamic organ regulated by a pool of resident hCSCs that modulate cardiac homeostasis and condition organ aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kajstura
- Department of Anesthesia and Medicine and Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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412
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skNAC, a Smyd1-interacting transcription factor, is involved in cardiac development and skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:20750-5. [PMID: 21071677 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1013493107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac and skeletal muscle development and maintenance require complex interactions between DNA-binding proteins and chromatin remodeling factors. We previously reported that Smyd1, a muscle-restricted histone methyltransferase, is essential for cardiogenesis and functions with a network of cardiac regulatory proteins. Here we show that the muscle-specific transcription factor skNAC is the major binding partner for Smyd1 in the developing heart. Targeted deletion of skNAC in mice resulted in partial embryonic lethality by embryonic day 12.5, with ventricular hypoplasia and decreased cardiomyocyte proliferation that were similar but less severe than in Smyd1 mutants. Expression of Irx4, a ventricle-specific transcription factor down-regulated in hearts lacking Smyd1, also depended on the presence of skNAC. Viable skNAC(-/-) adult mice had reduced postnatal skeletal muscle growth and impaired regenerative capacity after cardiotoxin-induced injury. Satellite cells isolated from skNAC(-/-) mice had impaired survival compared with wild-type littermate satellite cells. Our results indicate that skNAC plays a critical role in ventricular cardiomyocyte expansion and regulates postnatal skeletal muscle growth and regeneration in mice.
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413
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Kitase Y, Yamashiro K, Fu K, Richman JM, Shuler CF. Spatiotemporal localization of periostin and its potential role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition during palatal fusion. Cells Tissues Organs 2010; 193:53-63. [PMID: 21051860 DOI: 10.1159/000320178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial epithelial seam (MES) between the palatal shelves degrades during palatal fusion to achieve the confluence of palatal mesenchyme. Cellular mechanisms underlying the degradation of MES have been proposed, such as apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration of medial edge epithelia (MEE). Extracellular matrix components have been shown to play an important role in EMT in many model systems. Periostin (also known as osteoblast-specific factor-2) is a secreted mesenchymal extracellular matrix component that affects the ability of cells to migrate and/or facilitates EMT during both embryonic development and pathologic conditions. In this study, we evaluated the spatiotemporal expression patterns of periostin during mouse palatal fusion by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence. Periostin mRNA and protein were present in the palatal mesenchyme, the protein being distributed in a fine fibrillar network and in the basement membrane, but absent from the epithelium. During MES degradation, the protein was strongly expressed in the basement membrane underlying the MES and in some select MEE. Confocal microscopic analysis using an EMT marker, twist1, and an epithelial marker, cytokeratin 14, provided evidence that select MEE were undergoing EMT in association with periostin. Moreover, the major extracellular matrix molecules in basement membrane, laminin and collagen type IV were degraded earlier than periostin. The result is that select MEE establish interactions with periostin in the mesenchymal extracellular matrix, and these new cell-matrix interactions may regulate MEE transdifferentiation during palatal fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kitase
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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414
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Cardiac regeneration: still a 21st century challenge in search for cardiac progenitors from stem cells and embryos. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 56:16-21. [PMID: 20631550 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181d8bc6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of the heart after a stroke would be the best biologic response to restore its function. However, although this phenomenon occurs in primitive organisms, the regenerative potential is lost in mammals. Thus, the search for an appropriate cardiac progenitor with the potential to differentiate into a functional cardiomyocyte in vitro and in vivo has been the subject of intensive investigation. We summarize the cardiogenic transcriptional pathway that constitutes the molecular scaffold to drive pluripotent stem cells toward a cardiac progenitor fate. Then we overview the literature on derivation of cardiac progenitors from both embryos and stem cells.
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415
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Contié S, Voorzanger-Rousselot N, Litvin J, Clézardin P, Garnero P. Increased expression and serum levels of the stromal cell-secreted protein periostin in breast cancer bone metastases. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:352-60. [PMID: 20715172 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Periostin, a matricellular protein, is overexpressed in the stroma of several cancers. The aim of our study was to investigate more specifically whether periostin expression is associated with bone metastases from breast cancer and to determine its source in the affected bone. Nude mice were inoculated with human MDA-B02 breast cancer cells. Bone metastases-bearing mice were treated with zoledronic acid-an antiresorptive drug-or vehicle. Bone metastases were examined for tumor- and stroma-derived periostin expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction with human- and mouse-specific primers and immunohistochemistry. Serum periostin and conventional bone turnover markers were also measured. MDA-B02 cells did not express periostin both in vitro and in vivo. However, mouse-derived periostin was markedly overexpressed (eightfold) in metastatic legs compared to noninoculated mice. Serum periostin levels were also markedly increased in metastatic mice and correlated with in situ expression levels. Immunostaining showed that periostin derived from the environing stromal cells of bone metastasis. Bone turnover blockade by zoledronic acid markedly decreased osteolytic lesions but only slightly modulated serum periostin levels. Bone metastases from breast cancer induce overexpression of periostin by surrounding stromal cells. Periostin could be a biochemical marker of the early stromal response associated to breast cancer bone metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Contié
- Research Unit 664, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lyon, France
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416
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Krenning G, Zeisberg EM, Kalluri R. The origin of fibroblasts and mechanism of cardiac fibrosis. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:631-7. [PMID: 20635395 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are at the heart of cardiac function and are the principal determinants of cardiac fibrosis. Nevertheless, cardiac fibroblasts remain poorly characterized in molecular terms. Evidence is evolving that the cardiac fibroblast is a highly heterogenic cell population, and that such heterogeneity is caused by the distinct origins of fibroblasts in the heart. Cardiac fibroblasts can derive either from resident fibroblasts, from endothelial cells via an endothelial-mesenchynmal transition or from bone marrow-derived circulating progenitor cells, monocytes and fibrocytes. Here, we review the function and origin of fibroblasts in cardiac fibrosis.NB. The information given is correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Krenning
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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417
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Kuhn EN, Wu SM. Origin of cardiac progenitor cells in the developing and postnatal heart. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:321-5. [PMID: 20568226 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian heart lacks the capacity to replace the large numbers of cardiomyocytes lost due to cardiac injury. Several different cell-based routes to myocardial regeneration have been explored, including transplantation of cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes into injured myocardium. As seen with cell-based therapies in other solid organ systems, inherent limitations, such as host immune response, cell death and long-term graft instability have hampered meaningful cardiac regeneration. An understanding of the cell biology of cardiac progenitors, including their developmental origin, lineage markers, renewal pathways, differentiation triggers, microenvironmental niche, and mechanisms of homing and migration to the site of injury, will enable further refinement of therapeutic strategies to enhance clinically meaningful cardiac repair.
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418
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Forrester JS, White AJ, Matsushita S, Chakravarty T, Makkar RR. New paradigms of myocardial regeneration post-infarction: tissue preservation, cell environment, and pluripotent cell sources. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 2:1-8. [PMID: 19463391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analyses of intracoronary autologous bone marrow cell infusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction establish the procedure as safe. Nonetheless, the typical small increase in ejection fraction is of uncertain clinical significance, with little if any evidence of myocardial regeneration. In this paper, we describe 3 new paradigms of myocardial preservation and regeneration that provide reasonable hope that the goal of myocardial rejuvenation can be achieved. The first paradigm is that substantial preservation of myocardium is possible even during the period of coronary occlusion and immediate reperfusion, before interventions aimed at myocardial regeneration. The factors that induce myocardial preservation may also create an environment more receptive to subsequent myocardial regeneration. The second paradigm is that the local environment may regulate the behavior of cells in the ischemic/infarct region. For instance, adult cells may be induced to re-enter the cell cycle and proliferate with appropriate environmental modification. The final paradigm is that autologous cardiac stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells can create new myocytes and myocardium. Taken together, these new ideas, each still to be proven, suggest that the goal of regenerating functioning new myocardium can still be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Forrester
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
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419
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Rani S, Barbe MF, Barr AE, Litivn J. Role of TNF alpha and PLF in bone remodeling in a rat model of repetitive reaching and grasping. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:152-67. [PMID: 20458732 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have previously developed a voluntary rat model of highly repetitive reaching that provides an opportunity to study effects of non-weight bearing muscular loads on bone and mechanisms of naturally occurring inflammation on upper limb tissues in vivo. In this study, we investigated the relationship between inflammatory cytokines and matricellular proteins (Periostin-like-factor, PLF, and connective tissue growth factor, CTGF) using our model. We also examined the relationship between inflammatory cytokines, PLF and bone formation processes. Rats underwent initial training for 5 weeks, and then performed a high repetition high force (HRHF) task (12 reaches/min, 60% maximum grip force, 2 h/day, 3 days/week) for 6 weeks. We then examined the effect of training or task performance with or without treatment with a rat specific TNFalpha antibody on inflammatory cytokines, osteocalcin (a bone formation marker), PLF, CTGF, and behavioral indicators of pain or discomfort. The HRHF task decreased grip strength and induced forepaw mechanical hypersensitivity in both trained control and 6-week HRHF animals. Two weeks of anti-TNFalpha treatment improved grip strength in both groups, but did not ameliorate forepaw hypersensitivity. Moreover, anti-TNFalpha treatment attenuated task-induced increases in inflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-1alpha, and MIP2 in serum; TNFalpha in forelimb bone and muscles) and serum osteocalcin in 6-week HRHF animals. PLF levels in forelimb bones and flexor digitorum muscles increased significantly in 6-week HRHF animals, increases attenuated by anti-TNFalpha treatment. CTGF levels were unaffected by task performance or anti-TNFalpha treatment in 6-week HRHF muscles. In primary osteoblast cultures, TNFalpha, MIP2 and MIP3a treatment increased PLF levels in a dose dependent manner. Also in primary osteoblast cultures, increased PLF promoted proliferation and differentiation, the latter assessed by measuring Runx2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin mRNA levels; ALP activity; as well as calcium deposition and mineralization. Increased PLF also promoted cell adhesion in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cell cultures. Thus, tissue loading in vivo resulted in increased TNFalpha, which increased PLF, which then induced anabolic bone formation, the latter results confirmed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Rani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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420
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Teekakirikul P, Eminaga S, Toka O, Alcalai R, Wang L, Wakimoto H, Nayor M, Konno T, Gorham JM, Wolf CM, Kim JB, Schmitt JP, Molkentin JD, Norris RA, Tager AM, Hoffman SR, Markwald RR, Seidman CE, Seidman JG. Cardiac fibrosis in mice with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is mediated by non-myocyte proliferation and requires Tgf-β. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:3520-9. [PMID: 20811150 DOI: 10.1172/jci42028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in sarcomere protein genes can cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a disorder characterized by myocyte enlargement, fibrosis, and impaired ventricular relaxation. Here, we demonstrate that sarcomere protein gene mutations activate proliferative and profibrotic signals in non-myocyte cells to produce pathologic remodeling in HCM. Gene expression analyses of non-myocyte cells isolated from HCM mouse hearts showed increased levels of RNAs encoding cell-cycle proteins, Tgf-β, periostin, and other profibrotic proteins. Markedly increased BrdU labeling, Ki67 antigen expression, and periostin immunohistochemistry in the fibrotic regions of HCM hearts confirmed the transcriptional profiling data. Genetic ablation of periostin in HCM mice reduced but did not extinguish non-myocyte proliferation and fibrosis. In contrast, administration of Tgf-β-neutralizing antibodies abrogated non-myocyte proliferation and fibrosis. Chronic administration of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan to mutation-positive, hypertrophy-negative (prehypertrophic) mice prevented the emergence of hypertrophy, non-myocyte proliferation, and fibrosis. Losartan treatment did not reverse pathologic remodeling of established HCM but did reduce non-myocyte proliferation. These data define non-myocyte activation of Tgf-β signaling as a pivotal mechanism for increased fibrosis in HCM and a potentially important factor contributing to diastolic dysfunction and heart failure. Preemptive pharmacologic inhibition of Tgf-β signals warrants study in human patients with sarcomere gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polakit Teekakirikul
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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421
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Segers VFM, Lee RT. Protein therapeutics for cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2010; 3:469-77. [PMID: 20607468 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-010-9207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although most medicines have historically been small molecules, many newly approved drugs are derived from proteins. Protein therapies have been developed for treatment of diseases in almost every organ system, including the heart. Great excitement has now arisen in the field of regenerative medicine, particularly for cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction. Every year, millions of people suffer from acute myocardial infarction, but the adult mammalian myocardium has limited regeneration potential. Regeneration of the heart after myocardium infarction is therefore an exciting target for protein therapeutics. In this review, we discuss different classes of proteins that have therapeutic potential to regenerate the heart after myocardial infarction. Protein candidates have been described that induce angiogenesis, including fibroblast growth factors and vascular endothelial growth factors, although thus far clinical development has been disappointing. Chemotactic factors that attract stem cells, e.g., hepatocyte growth factor and stromal cell-derived factor-1, may also be useful. Finally, neuregulins and periostin are proteins that induce cell-cycle reentry of cardiomyocytes, and growth factors like IGF-1 can induce growth and differentiation of stem cells. As our knowledge of the biology of regenerative processes and the role of specific proteins in these processes increases, the use of proteins as regenerative drugs could develop as a cardiac therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F M Segers
- Provasculon Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Building 1, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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422
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Simper D, Mayr U, Urbich C, Zampetaki A, Prokopi M, Didangelos A, Saje A, Mueller M, Benbow U, Newby AC, Apweiler R, Rahman S, Dimmeler S, Xu Q, Mayr M. Comparative Proteomics Profiling Reveals Role of Smooth Muscle Progenitors in Extracellular Matrix Production. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1325-32. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.204651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Simper
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
| | - Ursula Mayr
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
| | - Carmen Urbich
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
| | - Anna Zampetaki
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
| | - Marianna Prokopi
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
| | - Athanasios Didangelos
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
| | - Angelika Saje
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
| | - Michael Mueller
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
| | - Ulrike Benbow
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
| | - Andrew C. Newby
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
| | - Rolf Apweiler
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
| | - Salman Rahman
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
| | - Manuel Mayr
- From the Department of Cardiology (D.S.), Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Ariz; the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (D.S.), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe; King’s British Heart Foundation Centre (U.M., A.Z., M.P., A.D., A.S., S.R., Q.X., and M.M.), King’s College London, London, England; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III (C.U. and S.D.), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; European Molecular Biology
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423
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The paracrine effect: pivotal mechanism in cell-based cardiac repair. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2010; 3:652-62. [PMID: 20559770 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-010-9198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac cell therapy has emerged as a controversial yet promising therapeutic strategy. Both experimental data and clinical applications in this field have shown modest but tangible benefits on cardiac structure and function and underscore that transplanted stem-progenitor cells can attenuate the postinfarct microenvironment. The paracrine factors secreted by these cells represent a pivotal mechanism underlying the benefits of cell-mediated cardiac repair. This article reviews key studies behind the paracrine effect related to the cardiac reparative effects of cardiac cell therapy.
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424
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Dobrin JS, Lebeche D. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: signaling defects and therapeutic approaches. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 8:373-91. [PMID: 20222816 DOI: 10.1586/erc.10.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the world's fastest growing disease with high morbidity and mortality rates, predominantly as a result of heart failure. A significant number of diabetic patients exhibit diabetic cardiomyopathy; that is, left ventricular dysfunction independent of coronary artery disease or hypertension. The pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy is complex, and is characterized by dysregulated lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction and disturbances in adipokine secretion and signaling. These abnormalities lead to impaired calcium homeostasis, ultimately resulting in lusitropic and inotropic defects. This article discusses the impact of these hallmark factors in diabetic cardiomyopathy, and concludes with a survey of available and emerging therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Dobrin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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425
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Ellis KL, Pilbrow AP, Frampton CM, Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Ellis CJ, Palmer BR, Skelton L, Yandle TG, Palmer SC, Troughton RW, Richards AM, Cameron VA. A Common Variant at Chromosome 9P21.3 Is Associated With Age of Onset of Coronary Disease but Not Subsequent Mortality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 3:286-93. [PMID: 20400779 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.109.917443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Chromosome 9p21.3 (chr9p21.3) recently was identified by several genome-wide association studies as the genomic region most strongly associated with the risk of coronary artery disease. Within the chr9p21.3 locus, the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1333049 has been demonstrated to be most strongly associated with susceptibility to developing coronary artery disease. However, the effect of rs1333049 on clinical outcomes in patients with established coronary disease has yet to be determined.
Methods and Results—
Coronary Disease Cohort Study (CDCS) (n=1054) and Post-Myocardial Infarction (PMI) (n=816) study participants were genotyped for rs1333049. Clinical history, circulating lipids, neurohormones, cardiac function, and discharge medications were documented. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospital readmissions were recorded over a median follow-up period of 4.0 years for the CDCS cohort and 9.1 years for the PMI cohort. The CDCS patients homozygous for the high-risk C allele had an age of onset 2 to 5 years earlier for coronary disease (
P
=.005), angina (
P
=.025), myocardial infarction (
P
=.022), and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (
P
=.009). Patients with the CC genotype also had higher levels of total cholesterol (
P
=.033) and triglycerides (
P
=.003). The PMI participants with the CC genotype were 3 years younger on admission (
P
=.009). Cox proportional hazards analysis adjusting for established predictors of increased risk showed no significant association between rs1333049 genotype and mortality in either the CDCS (
P
=.214) or the PMI (
P
=.696) cohorts.
Conclusions—
The chr9p21.3 polymorphism rs1333049 was associated with an earlier age of disease onset in 2 coronary disease cohorts but not with poorer clinical outcome in either cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L. Ellis
- From the Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group (K.L.E., A.P.P., C.M.F., B.R.P., L.S., T.G.Y., S.C.P., R.W.T., A.M.R., V.A.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and Department of Medicine (R.N.D., G.A.W., C.J.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna P. Pilbrow
- From the Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group (K.L.E., A.P.P., C.M.F., B.R.P., L.S., T.G.Y., S.C.P., R.W.T., A.M.R., V.A.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and Department of Medicine (R.N.D., G.A.W., C.J.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris M. Frampton
- From the Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group (K.L.E., A.P.P., C.M.F., B.R.P., L.S., T.G.Y., S.C.P., R.W.T., A.M.R., V.A.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and Department of Medicine (R.N.D., G.A.W., C.J.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rob N. Doughty
- From the Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group (K.L.E., A.P.P., C.M.F., B.R.P., L.S., T.G.Y., S.C.P., R.W.T., A.M.R., V.A.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and Department of Medicine (R.N.D., G.A.W., C.J.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gillian A. Whalley
- From the Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group (K.L.E., A.P.P., C.M.F., B.R.P., L.S., T.G.Y., S.C.P., R.W.T., A.M.R., V.A.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and Department of Medicine (R.N.D., G.A.W., C.J.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris J. Ellis
- From the Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group (K.L.E., A.P.P., C.M.F., B.R.P., L.S., T.G.Y., S.C.P., R.W.T., A.M.R., V.A.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and Department of Medicine (R.N.D., G.A.W., C.J.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Barry R. Palmer
- From the Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group (K.L.E., A.P.P., C.M.F., B.R.P., L.S., T.G.Y., S.C.P., R.W.T., A.M.R., V.A.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and Department of Medicine (R.N.D., G.A.W., C.J.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lorraine Skelton
- From the Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group (K.L.E., A.P.P., C.M.F., B.R.P., L.S., T.G.Y., S.C.P., R.W.T., A.M.R., V.A.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and Department of Medicine (R.N.D., G.A.W., C.J.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tim G. Yandle
- From the Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group (K.L.E., A.P.P., C.M.F., B.R.P., L.S., T.G.Y., S.C.P., R.W.T., A.M.R., V.A.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and Department of Medicine (R.N.D., G.A.W., C.J.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Suetonia C. Palmer
- From the Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group (K.L.E., A.P.P., C.M.F., B.R.P., L.S., T.G.Y., S.C.P., R.W.T., A.M.R., V.A.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and Department of Medicine (R.N.D., G.A.W., C.J.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard W. Troughton
- From the Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group (K.L.E., A.P.P., C.M.F., B.R.P., L.S., T.G.Y., S.C.P., R.W.T., A.M.R., V.A.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and Department of Medicine (R.N.D., G.A.W., C.J.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A. Mark Richards
- From the Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group (K.L.E., A.P.P., C.M.F., B.R.P., L.S., T.G.Y., S.C.P., R.W.T., A.M.R., V.A.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and Department of Medicine (R.N.D., G.A.W., C.J.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vicky A. Cameron
- From the Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group (K.L.E., A.P.P., C.M.F., B.R.P., L.S., T.G.Y., S.C.P., R.W.T., A.M.R., V.A.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and Department of Medicine (R.N.D., G.A.W., C.J.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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426
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Krane M, Wernet O, Wu SM. Promises and pitfalls in cell replacement therapy for heart failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 7:e109-e115. [PMID: 21180399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Symptomatic heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome with a poor prognosis. Many efforts have been made to develop new therapeutic strategies to improve prognosis associated with heart failure. In this context, different stem cell populations for cardiac regenerative therapy have been examined recently. Here we discuss the potential strategies for using stem cells in cardiac regenerative therapy and the barriers that remain before an effective cell-based cardiac regenerative therapy can be employed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Krane
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Center, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, 02214 MA, USA
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427
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Poller W, Hajjar R, Schultheiss HP, Fechner H. Cardiac-targeted delivery of regulatory RNA molecules and genes for the treatment of heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 86:353-64. [PMID: 20176815 PMCID: PMC2868179 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) in its many facets of structure and function is becoming more fully understood, and, therefore, it is possible to design and use RNAs as valuable tools in molecular biology and medicine. Understanding of the role of RNAs within the cell has changed dramatically during the past few years. Therapeutic strategies based on non-coding regulatory RNAs include RNA interference (RNAi) for the silencing of specific genes, and microRNA (miRNA) modulations to alter complex gene expression patterns. Recent progress has allowed the targeting of therapeutic RNAi to the heart for the treatment of heart failure, and we discuss current strategies in this field. Owing to the peculiar biochemical properties of small RNA molecules, the actual therapeutic translation of findings in vitro or in cell cultures is more demanding than with small molecule drugs or proteins. The critical requirement for animal studies after pre-testing of RNAi tools in vitro likewise applies for miRNA modulations, which also have complex consequences for the recipient that are dependent on stability and distribution of the RNA tools. Problems in the field that are not yet fully solved are the prediction of targets and specificity of the RNA tools as well as their tissue-specific and regulatable expression. We discuss analogies and differences between regulatory RNA therapy and classical gene therapy, since recent breakthroughs in vector technology are of importance for both. Recent years have witnessed parallel progress in the fields of gene-based and regulatory RNA-based therapies that are likely to significantly expand the cardiovascular therapeutic repertoire within the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Poller
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité Centrum 11, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, D-12200 Berlin, Germany.
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428
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Zhou HM, Wang J, Elliott C, Wen W, Hamilton DW, Conway SJ. Spatiotemporal expression of periostin during skin development and incisional wound healing: lessons for human fibrotic scar formation. J Cell Commun Signal 2010; 4:99-107. [PMID: 20531985 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-010-0090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and collagen fibrillogenesis are two processes essential for normal cutaneous development and repair, but their misregulation also underlies skin-associated fibrosis. Periostin is a matricellular protein normally expressed in adult skin, but its role in skin organogenesis, incisional wound healing and skin pathology has yet to be investigated in any depth. Using C57/BL6 mouse skin as model, we first investigated periostin protein and mRNA spatiotemporal expression and distribution during development and after incisional wounding. Secondarily we assessed whether periostin is expressed in human skin pathologies, including keloid and hypertrophic scars, psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. During development, periostin is expressed in the dermis, basement membrane and hair follicles from embryonic through neonatal stages and in the dermis and hair follicle only in adult. In situ hybridization demonstrated that dermal fibroblasts and basal keratinocytes express periostin mRNA. After incisional wounding, periostin becomes re-expressed in the basement membrane within the dermal-epidermal junction at the wound edge re-establishing the embryonic deposition pattern present in the adult. Analysis of periostin expression in human pathologies demonstrated that it is over-expressed in keloid and hypertrophic scars, atopic dermatitis, but is largely absent from sites of inflammation and inflammatory conditions such as psoriasis. Furthermore, in vitro we demonstrated that periostin is a transforming growth factor beta 1 inducible gene in human dermal fibroblasts. We conclude that periostin is an important ECM component during development, in wound healing and is strongly associated with pathological skin remodeling. SUMMARY Periostin is a fibrogenic protein that mediates fibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix synthesis. Here, we show that periostin is dynamically and temporally expressed during skin development, is induced by TGF-beta1 in vitro and is significantly upregulated during wound repair as well as cutaneous pathologies.
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429
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Sleep E, Boué S, Jopling C, Raya M, Raya A, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Transcriptomics approach to investigate zebrafish heart regeneration. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2010; 11:369-80. [PMID: 20179605 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283375900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, after a myocardial infarction episode, the damaged myocardium is replaced by scar tissue with negligible cardiomyocyte proliferation. Zebrafish, in contrast, display an extensive regenerative capacity, as they are able to restore completely lost cardiac tissue after partial ventricular amputation. Although questions about the early signals that drive the regenerative response and the relative role of each cardiac cell type in this process still need to be answered, the zebrafish is emerging as a very valuable tool to understand heart regeneration and to devise strategies that may be of potential value to treat human cardiac disease. Here, we performed a genome-wide transcriptome profile analysis focusing on the early time points of zebrafish heart regeneration and compared our results with those of previously published data. Our analyses confirmed the differential expression of several transcripts and identified additional genes whose expression is differentially regulated during zebrafish heart regeneration. We validated the microarray data by conventional and/or quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For a subset of these genes, their expression pattern was analyzed by in-situ hybridization and shown to be upregulated in the regenerating area of the heart. Our results offer new insights into the biology of heart regeneration in the zebrafish and, together with future experiments in mammals, may be of potential interest for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Sleep
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
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430
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Kikuchi K, Holdway JE, Werdich AA, Anderson RM, Fang Y, Egnaczyk GF, Evans T, Macrae CA, Stainier DYR, Poss KD. Primary contribution to zebrafish heart regeneration by gata4(+) cardiomyocytes. Nature 2010; 464:601-5. [PMID: 20336144 DOI: 10.1038/nature08804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 790] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that mammals, including humans, maintain some capacity to renew cardiomyocytes throughout postnatal life. Yet, there is little or no significant cardiac muscle regeneration after an injury such as acute myocardial infarction. By contrast, zebrafish efficiently regenerate lost cardiac muscle, providing a model for understanding how natural heart regeneration may be blocked or enhanced. In the absence of lineage-tracing technology applicable to adult zebrafish, the cellular origins of newly regenerated cardiac muscle have remained unclear. Using new genetic fate-mapping approaches, here we identify a population of cardiomyocytes that become activated after resection of the ventricular apex and contribute prominently to cardiac muscle regeneration. Through the use of a transgenic reporter strain, we found that cardiomyocytes throughout the subepicardial ventricular layer trigger expression of the embryonic cardiogenesis gene gata4 within a week of trauma, before expression localizes to proliferating cardiomyocytes surrounding and within the injury site. Cre-recombinase-based lineage-tracing of cells expressing gata4 before evident regeneration, or of cells expressing the contractile gene cmlc2 before injury, each labelled most cardiac muscle in the ensuing regenerate. By optical voltage mapping of surface myocardium in whole ventricles, we found that electrical conduction is re-established between existing and regenerated cardiomyocytes between 2 and 4 weeks post-injury. After injury and prolonged fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibition to arrest cardiac regeneration and enable scar formation, experimental release of the signalling block led to gata4 expression and morphological improvement of the injured ventricular wall without loss of scar tissue. Our results indicate that electrically coupled cardiac muscle regenerates after resection injury, primarily through activation and expansion of cardiomyocyte populations. These findings have implications for promoting regeneration of the injured human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazu Kikuchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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431
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Hoersch S, Andrade-Navarro MA. Periostin shows increased evolutionary plasticity in its alternatively spliced region. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:30. [PMID: 20109226 PMCID: PMC2824660 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periostin (POSTN) is a secreted extracellular matrix protein of poorly defined function that has been related to bone and heart development as well as to cancer. In human and mouse, it is known to undergo alternative splicing in its C-terminal region, which is devoid of known protein domains. Differential expression of periostin, sometimes of specific splicing isoforms, is observed in a broad range of human cancers, including breast, pancreatic, and colon cancer. Here, we combine genomic and transcriptomic sequence data from vertebrate organisms to study the evolution of periostin and particularly of its C-terminal region. Results We found that the C-terminal part of periostin is markedly more variable among vertebrates than the rest of periostin in terms of exon count, length, and splicing pattern, which we interpret as a consequence of neofunctionalization after the split between periostin and its paralog transforming growth factor, beta-induced (TGFBI). We also defined periostin's sequential 13-amino acid repeat units - well conserved in teleost fish, but more obscure in higher vertebrates - whose secondary structure is predicted to be consecutive beta strands. We suggest that these beta strands may mediate binding interactions with other proteins through an extended beta-zipper in a manner similar to the way repeat units in bacterial cell wall proteins have been reported to bind human fibronectin. Conclusions Our results, obtained with the help of the increasingly large collection of complete vertebrate genomes, document the evolutionary plasticity of periostin's C-terminal region, and for the first time suggest a basis for its functional role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hoersch
- Bioinformatics and Computing Core, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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432
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Yi BA, Wernet O, Chien KR. Pregenerative medicine: developmental paradigms in the biology of cardiovascular regeneration. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:20-8. [PMID: 20051633 DOI: 10.1172/jci40820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to create new functional cardiomyocytes is the holy grail of cardiac regenerative medicine. From studies using model organisms, new insights into the fundamental pathways that drive heart muscle regeneration have begun to arise as well as a growing knowledge of the distinct families of multipotent cardiovascular progenitors that generate diverse lineages during heart development. In this Review, we highlight this intersection of the "pregenerative" biology of heart progenitor cells and heart regeneration and discuss the longer term challenges and opportunities in moving toward a therapeutic goal of regenerative cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alexander Yi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charles River Plaza/CPZN 3200, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114-2790, USA
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433
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Ventura C. Cardiomyocyte proliferation: paving the way for cardiac regenerative medicine without stem cell transplantation. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 85:643-4. [PMID: 20051386 PMCID: PMC2819838 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ventura
- Corresponding author. Tel: +39 051 340339; Fax: +39 051 340339, or
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434
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LaFramboise WA, Petrosko P, Krill-Burger JM, Morris DR, McCoy AR, Scalise D, Malehorn DE, Guthrie RD, Becich MJ, Dhir R. Proteins secreted by embryonic stem cells activate cardiomyocytes through ligand binding pathways. J Proteomics 2010; 73:992-1003. [PMID: 20045494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) underlie embryogenesis but paracrine signals associated with the process are unknown. This study was designed to 1) profile native proteins secreted by undifferentiated hESC and 2) determine their biological effects on primary neonatal cardiomyocytes. We utilized multi-analyte, immunochemical assays to characterize media conditioned by undifferentiated hESC versus unconditioned media. Expression profiling was performed on cardiomyocytes subjected to these different media conditions and altered transcripts were mapped to critical pathways. Thirty-two of 109 proteins were significantly elevated in conditioned media ranging in concentration from thrombospondin (57.2+/-5.0 ng/ml) to nerve growth factor (7.4+/-1.2pg/ml) and comprising chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and proteins involved in cell adhesion and extracellular matrix remodeling. Conditioned media induced karyokinesis, cytokinesis and proliferation in mono- and binucleate cardiomyocytes. Pathway analysis revealed comprehensive activation of the ROCK 1 and 2 G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway associated with cytokinesis, and the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and JAK/STAT-cytokine pathway involved in cell cycle progression. These results provide a partial database of proteins secreted by pluripotent hESC that potentiate cell division in cardiomyocytes via a paracrine mechanism suggesting a potential role for these stem cell factors in cardiogenesis and cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A LaFramboise
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Shadyside Hospital, 5230 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, United States.
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435
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Kratsios P, Catela C, Salimova E, Huth M, Berno V, Rosenthal N, Mourkioti F. Distinct roles for cell-autonomous Notch signaling in cardiomyocytes of the embryonic and adult heart. Circ Res 2009; 106:559-72. [PMID: 20007915 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.203034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The Notch signaling pathway is important for cell-cell communication that controls tissue formation and homeostasis during embryonic and adult life, but the precise cell targets of Notch signaling in the mammalian heart remain poorly defined. OBJECTIVE To investigate the functional role of Notch signaling in the cardiomyocyte compartment of the embryonic and adult heart. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we report that either conditional overexpression of Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD1) or selective silencing of Notch signaling in the embryonic cardiomyocyte compartment results in developmental defects and perinatal lethality. In contrast, augmentation of endogenous Notch reactivation after myocardial infarction in the adult, either by inducing cardiomyocyte-specific Notch1 transgene expression or by intramyocardial delivery of a Notch1 pseudoligand, increases survival rate, improves cardiac functional performance, and minimizes fibrosis, promoting antiapoptotic and angiogenic mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal a strict requirement for cell-autonomous modulation of Notch signaling during heart morphogenesis, and illustrate how the same signaling pathway that promotes congenital heart defects when perturbed in the embryo can be therapeutically redeployed for the treatment of adult myocardial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschalis Kratsios
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Campus A. Buzzati-Traverso, Rome, Italy
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436
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Dixon IMC. Invited commentary. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88:1921-2. [PMID: 19932263 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M C Dixon
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Room 3038, SBGH Research Centre, 351 Tache Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6 Canada.
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437
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Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the most populous nonmyocyte cell type within the mature heart and are required for extracellular matrix synthesis and deposition, generation of the cardiac skeleton, and to electrically insulate the atria from the ventricles. Significantly, cardiac fibroblasts have also been shown to play an important role in cardiomyocyte growth and expansion of the ventricular chambers during heart development. Although there are currently no cardiac fibroblast-restricted molecular markers, it is generally envisaged that the majority of the cardiac fibroblasts are derived from the proepicardium via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation. However, still relatively little is known about when and where the cardiac fibroblasts cells are generated, the lineage of each cell, and how cardiac fibroblasts move to reside in their final position throughout all four cardiac chambers. In this review, we summarize the present understanding regarding the function of Periostin, a useful marker of the noncardiomyocyte lineages, and its role during cardiac morphogenesis. Characterization of the cardiac fibroblast lineage and identification of the signals that maintain, expand and regulate their differentiation will be required to improve our understanding of cardiac function in both normal and pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohamad Azhar
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | | | - Simon J. Conway
- Address for correspondence: Simon J. Conway, 1044 West Walnut Street, Room R4 W379, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. phone: (317) 278-8781; fax: (317) 278-5413;
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438
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Wang Y, Zhang D, Ashraf M, Zhao T, Huang W, Ashraf A, Balasubramaniam A. Combining neuropeptide Y and mesenchymal stem cells reverses remodeling after myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 298:H275-86. [PMID: 19897711 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00765.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) induced reentry of differentiated rat neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes into the cell cycle. NPY also induced differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into cardiomyocytes following transplantation into infarcted myocardium. Rat neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes were treated in vitro with vehicle, NPY, fibroblast growth factor (FGF; 100 ng/ml), or FGF plus NPY. DNA synthesis, mitosis, and cytokinesis were determined by immunocytochemistry. NPY-induced MSC gene expression, cell migration, tube formation, and endothelial cell differentiation were analyzed. Male rat green fluorescent protein-MSC (2 x 10(6)), pretreated with either vehicle or NPY (10(-8) M) for 72 h, were injected into the border zone of the female myocardium following left anterior descending artery ligation. On day 30, heart function was assessed, and hearts were harvested for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. NPY increased 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine incorporation and promoted both cytokinesis and mitosis in rat neonatal and adult myocytes. NPY also upregulated several genes required for mitosis in MSC, including aurora B kinase, FGF-2, cycline A2, eukaryotic initiation factor 4 E, and stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha. NPY directly induced neonatal and adult cardiomyocyte cell-cycle reentry and enhanced the number of differentiated cardiomyocytes from MSC in the infarcted myocardium, which corresponded to improved cardiac function, reduced fibrosis, ventricular remodeling, and increased angiomyogenesis. It is concluded that a combined treatment of NPY with MSC is a novel approach for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA.
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439
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Novoyatleva T, Diehl F, van Amerongen MJ, Patra C, Ferrazzi F, Bellazzi R, Engel FB. TWEAK is a positive regulator of cardiomyocyte proliferation. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 85:681-90. [PMID: 19887380 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Proliferation of mammalian cardiomyocytes stops during the first weeks after birth, preventing the heart from regenerating after injury. Recently, several studies have indicated that induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation can be utilized to regenerate the mammalian heart. Thus, it is important to identify novel factors that can induce proliferation of cardiomyocytes. Here, we determine the effect of TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) on cardiomyocytes, a cytokine known to regulate proliferation in several other cell types. METHODS AND RESULTS Stimulation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with TWEAK resulted in increased DNA synthesis, increased expression of the proliferative markers Cyclin D2 and Ki67, and downregulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p27KIP1. Importantly, TWEAK stimulation resulted also in mitosis (H3P), cytokinesis (Aurora B), and increased cardiomyocyte numbers. Loss of function experiments revealed that re-induction of proliferation was dependent on tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 12A (FN14) signalling. Downstream signalling was mediated through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase as well as inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. In contrast to neonatal cardiomyocytes, TWEAK had no effect on adult rat cardiomyocytes due to developmental downregulation of its receptor FN14. However, adenoviral expression of FN14 enabled efficient induction of cell cycle re-entry in adult cardiomyocytes after TWEAK stimulation. CONCLUSION Our data establish TWEAK as a positive regulator of cardiomyocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Novoyatleva
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
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440
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Swinnen M, Vanhoutte D, Van Almen GC, Hamdani N, Schellings MWM, D'hooge J, Van der Velden J, Weaver MS, Sage EH, Bornstein P, Verheyen FK, VandenDriessche T, Chuah MK, Westermann D, Paulus WJ, Van de Werf F, Schroen B, Carmeliet P, Pinto YM, Heymans S. Absence of thrombospondin-2 causes age-related dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2009; 120:1585-97. [PMID: 19805649 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.863266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progressive shift from a young to an aged heart is characterized by alterations in the cardiac matrix. The present study investigated whether the matricellular protein thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) may affect cardiac dimensions and function with physiological aging of the heart. METHODS AND RESULTS TSP-2 knockout (KO) and wild-type mice were followed up to an age of 60 weeks. Survival rate, cardiac function, and morphology did not differ at a young age in TSP-2 KO compared with wild-type mice. However, >55% of the TSP-2 KO mice died between 24 and 60 weeks of age, whereas <10% of the wild-type mice died. In the absence of TSP-2, older mice displayed a severe dilated cardiomyopathy with impaired systolic function, increased cardiac dilatation, and fibrosis. Ultrastructural analysis revealed progressive myocyte stress and death, accompanied by an inflammatory response and replacement fibrosis, in aging TSP-2 KO animals, whereas capillary or coronary morphology or density was not affected. Importantly, adeno-associated virus-9 gene-mediated transfer of TSP-2 in 7-week-old TSP-2 KO mice normalized their survival and prevented dilated cardiomyopathy. In TSP-2 KO animals, age-related cardiomyopathy was accompanied by increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 and decreased tissue transglutaminase-2 activity, together with impaired collagen cross-linking. At the cardiomyocyte level, TSP-2 deficiency in vivo and its knockdown in vitro decreased the activation of the Akt survival pathway in cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS TSP-2 expression in the heart protects against age-dependent dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Swinnen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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441
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Norris RA, Moreno-Rodriguez R, Hoffman S, Markwald RR. The many facets of the matricelluar protein periostin during cardiac development, remodeling, and pathophysiology. J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 3:275-86. [PMID: 19798597 PMCID: PMC2778583 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periostin is a member of a growing family of matricellular proteins, defined by their ability to interact with components of the extracellular milieu, and with receptors at the cell surface. Through these interactions, periostin has been shown to play a crucial role as a profibrogenic molecule during tissue morphogenesis. Tissues destined to become fibrous structures are dependent on cooperative interactions between periostin and its binding partners, whereas in its absence, these structures either totally or partially fail to become mature fibrous entities. Within the heart, fibrogenic differentiation is required for normal tissue maturation, remodeling and function, as well as in response to a pathological myocardial insult. In this review, aspects related to the function of periostin during cardiac morphogenesis, remodeling and pathology are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell A Norris
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB Suite 601, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
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442
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Abstract
From bone marrow transplants 5 decades ago to the most recent stem cell-derived organ transplants, regenerative medicine is increasingly recognized as an emerging core component of modern practice. In cardiovascular medicine, innovation in stem cell biology has created curative solutions for the treatment of both ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Multiple cell-based platforms have been developed, harnessing the regenerative potential of various natural and bioengineered sources. Clinical experience from the first 1000 patients (approximately) who have received stem cell therapy worldwide indicates a favorable safety profile with modest improvement in cardiac function and structural remodeling in the setting of acute myocardial infarction or chronic heart failure. Further investigation is required before early adoption and is ongoing. Broader application in practice will require continuous scientific advances to match each patient with the most effective reparative phenotype, while ensuring optimal cell delivery, dosing, and timing of intervention. An interdisciplinary effort across the scientific and clinical community within academia, biotechnology, and government will drive the successful realization of this next generation of therapeutic agents for the "broken" heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Gersh
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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443
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Abstract
From bone marrow transplants 5 decades ago to the most recent stem cell-derived organ transplants, regenerative medicine is increasingly recognized as an emerging core component of modern practice. In cardiovascular medicine, innovation in stem cell biology has created curative solutions for the treatment of both ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Multiple cell-based platforms have been developed, harnessing the regenerative potential of various natural and bioengineered sources. Clinical experience from the first 1000 patients (approximately) who have received stem cell therapy worldwide indicates a favorable safety profile with modest improvement in cardiac function and structural remodeling in the setting of acute myocardial infarction or chronic heart failure. Further investigation is required before early adoption and is ongoing. Broader application in practice will require continuous scientific advances to match each patient with the most effective reparative phenotype, while ensuring optimal cell delivery, dosing, and timing of intervention. An interdisciplinary effort across the scientific and clinical community within academia, biotechnology, and government will drive the successful realization of this next generation of therapeutic agents for the "broken" heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Gersh
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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444
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Gene-expression signatures of nasal polyps associated with chronic rhinosinusitis and aspirin-sensitive asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9:23-8. [PMID: 19532090 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32831d8170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances in gene-expression profiling of nasal polyps in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and aspirin-sensitive asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Gene-expression profiling has allowed simultaneous interrogation of thousands of genes, including the entire genome, to better understand distinct biological and clinical phenotypes associated with nasal polyps. The genes with altered expression in nasal polyps are involved in many cellular processes, including growth and development, immune functions, and signal transduction. The wide-ranging and typically nonoverlapping results reported in the published studies reflect methodological and demographic differences. The identified genes present possible novel therapeutic targets for nasal polyps associated with chronic rhinosinusitis and aspirin-sensitive asthma. SUMMARY Gene-expression profiling is a powerful technology that allows definition of expression signatures to characterize patient subgroups, predict response to treatment, and offer novel therapies. Although the ability to interpret the meaning of the individual gene in these signatures remains a challenge, integrated analysis of a large number of these signatures with other genome-scale data sets and more traditional targeted approaches has a potential to revolutionarize understanding and treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis and aspirin-sensitive asthma.
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445
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Bowers SLK, Banerjee I, Baudino TA. The extracellular matrix: at the center of it all. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 48:474-82. [PMID: 19729019 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is not only a scaffold that provides support for cells, but it is also involved in cell-cell interactions, proliferation and migration. The intricate relationships among the cellular and acellular components of the heart drive proper heart development, homeostasis and recovery following pathological injury. Cardiac myocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells differentially express and respond to particular extracellular matrix factors that contribute to cell communication and overall cardiac function. In addition, turnover and synthesis of ECM components play an important role in cardiac function. Therefore, a better understanding of these factors and their regulation would lend insight into cardiac development and pathology, and would open doors to novel targeted pharmacologic therapies. This review highlights the importance of contributions of particular cardiac cell populations and extracellular matrix factors that are critical to the development and regulation of heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L K Bowers
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, 1901 South 1st Street, Building 205, Room 1R24, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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446
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Köcher T, Pichler P, Schutzbier M, Stingl C, Kaul A, Teucher N, Hasenfuss G, Penninger JM, Mechtler K. High Precision Quantitative Proteomics Using iTRAQ on an LTQ Orbitrap: A New Mass Spectrometric Method Combining the Benefits of All. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:4743-52. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900451u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Köcher
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Proteome Analysis, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-Universität, Germany, and Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Pichler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Proteome Analysis, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-Universität, Germany, and Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schutzbier
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Proteome Analysis, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-Universität, Germany, and Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Stingl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Proteome Analysis, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-Universität, Germany, and Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Kaul
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Proteome Analysis, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-Universität, Germany, and Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Nils Teucher
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Proteome Analysis, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-Universität, Germany, and Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd Hasenfuss
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Proteome Analysis, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-Universität, Germany, and Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M. Penninger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Proteome Analysis, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-Universität, Germany, and Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Proteome Analysis, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-Universität, Germany, and Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
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447
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Bersell K, Arab S, Haring B, Kühn B. Neuregulin1/ErbB4 signaling induces cardiomyocyte proliferation and repair of heart injury. Cell 2009; 138:257-70. [PMID: 19632177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many organs rely on undifferentiated stem and progenitor cells for tissue regeneration. Whether differentiated cells themselves can contribute to cell replacement and tissue regeneration is a controversial question. Here, we show that differentiated heart muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, can be induced to proliferate and regenerate. We identify an underlying molecular mechanism for controlling this process that involves the growth factor neuregulin1 (NRG1) and its tyrosine kinase receptor, ErbB4. NRG1 induces mononucleated, but not binucleated, cardiomyocytes to divide. In vivo, genetic inactivation of ErbB4 reduces cardiomyocyte proliferation, whereas increasing ErbB4 expression enhances it. Injecting NRG1 in adult mice induces cardiomyocyte cell-cycle activity and promotes myocardial regeneration, leading to improved function after myocardial infarction. Undifferentiated progenitor cells did not contribute to NRG1-induced cardiomyocyte proliferation. Thus, increasing the activity of the NRG1/ErbB4 signaling pathway may provide a molecular strategy to promote myocardial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bersell
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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448
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Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome that involves multiple cellular mechanisms leading to a common phenotype of reduced ventricular contraction and cardiac chamber dilation. To clarify the mechanisms, a number of microarray analyses of the failing myocardium have been conducted. Gene expression profiles are usually compared between opposing pairs of samples, such as non-failing vs failing hearts, ischemic vs non-ischemic hearts, male vs female failing hearts or atria vs ventricles of failing hearts. Apart from these conventional methods, a different novel approach identified cardiac myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) as a HF-related gene by the comprehensive search for the genes that had an expression level that strongly correlated with the severity of HF; further investigations proved the important role of cardiac MLCK in HF. Moreover, a robust gene expression signature composed of 27 genes was revealed on analysis of 4 independent microarray data sets from the failing myocardium of dilated cardiomyopathy. The authors newly demonstrate 107 HF-related genes that were listed in 2 or more of 7 microarray data sets previously reported. Among these genes, many were observed to be involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative phosphorylation and 3 extracellular molecules, including periostin, pleiotrophin, and SERPINA3, which might become novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for HF. These novel strategies warrant the new identification of specific genes that are linked to the pathophysiology of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Asakura
- Department of Research and Development of Clinical Research, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
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449
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Identification of secreted proteins associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes in Psammomys obesus. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33:1153-65. [PMID: 19636319 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skeletal muscle produces a variety of secreted proteins that have important roles in intercellular communication and affects processes such as glucose homoeostasis. The objective of this study was to develop a novel Signal Sequence Trap (SST) in conjunction with cDNA microarray technology to identify proteins secreted from skeletal muscle of Psammomys obesus that were associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). DESIGN Secreted proteins that were differentially expressed between lean, normal glucose tolerant (NGT), overweight and impaired glucose tolerant (IGT) and obese, T2D P. obesus were isolated using SST in conjunction with cDNA microarray technology. Subsequent gene expression was measured in tissues from P. obesus by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS The SST yielded 1600 positive clones, which were screened for differential expression. A total of 91 (approximately 6%) clones were identified by microarray to be differentially expressed between NGT, IGT and T2D P. obesus. These clones were sequenced to identify 51 genes, of which only 27 were previously known to encode secreted proteins. Three candidate genes not previously associated with obesity or type 2 diabetes, sushi domain containing 2, collagen and calcium-binding EGF domains 1 and periostin (Postn), as well as one gene known to be associated, complement component 1, were shown by RT-PCR to be differentially expressed in skeletal muscle of P. obesus. Further characterization of the secreted protein Postn revealed it to be predominantly expressed in adipose tissue, with higher expression in visceral compared with subcutaneous adipose depots. CONCLUSION SST in conjunction with cDNA microarray technology is a powerful tool to identify differentially expressed secreted proteins involved in complex diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, a number of candidate genes were identified, in particular, Postn, which may have a role in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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450
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Takayama I, Kii I, Kudo A. Expression, purification and characterization of soluble recombinant periostin protein produced by Escherichia coli. J Biochem 2009; 146:713-23. [PMID: 19633058 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periostin is a matricellular protein participating in the tissue remodelling of damaged cardiac tissue after acute myocardial infarction and of the periodontal ligament in mice. However, further studies on the periostin protein have been limited by the intrinsic difficulty of purifying this protein produced in Escherichia coli due to its insolubility. Here, we demonstrate the expression of recombinant periostin protein with high solubility and monodispersity in E. coli. Periostin is composed of an amino-terminal EMI domain, a tandem repeat of 4 fas1 domains (RD1-4), and a carboxyl-terminal region (CTR). We expressed the RD4-CTR region tagged with GST at amino-terminal and 6x Histidine at carboxyl-terminal end in E. coli. The recombinant protein was purified by using GSH-Sepharose and nickel chelation affinity chromatography, followed by gel filtration chromatography. The RD4-CTR protein exhibited high solubility and monodispersity. On average, 9.1 mg of purified RD4-CTR was routinely obtained from 1 L of culture media. Furthermore, the RD4-CTR was biochemically active, because it bound to the RD1-4, the same as intact periostin protein that had been purified from mammalian cells. Our results should enable us to produce the periostin recombinant protein in large quantities and facilitate future studies on functional and structural analyses of periostin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Takayama
- Department of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Midori-ku, Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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