401
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Fujiwara H, Melenhorst JJ, El Ouriaghli F, Kajigaya S, Grube M, Sconocchia G, Rezvani K, Price DA, Hensel NF, Douek DC, Barrett AJ. In vitro induction of myeloid leukemia-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells by CD40 ligand-activated B cells gene modified to express primary granule proteins. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:4495-503. [PMID: 15958635 PMCID: PMC2366103 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary granule proteins (PGP) of myeloid cells are a source of multiple antigens with immunotherapeutic potential for myeloid leukemias. Therefore, we developed a method to induce T-cell responses to PGP protein sequences. We found that gene-transfected antigen-presenting cells efficiently expand functionally competent PGP-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. The system was optimized using T-cell responses to autologous CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B) transfected with a cytomegalovirus pp65-encoding expression vector. To generate leukemia-specific T cells, expression vectors encoding the PGP proteinase 3 (PR3), human neutrophil elastase, and cathepsin-G were transfected into CD40-B cells to stimulate post-allogeneic stem cell transplantation T cells from five patients with myeloid and three with lymphoid leukemias. T-cell responses to PGP proteinase 3 and human neutrophil elastase were observed in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells only in patients with myeloid leukemias. T-cell responses against cathepsin-G occurred in both myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemias. T cells from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and from a posttransplant CML patient, expanded against PGP, produced IFN-gamma or were cytotoxic to the patient's CML cells, demonstrating specific antileukemic efficacy. This study emphasizes the clinical potential of PGP for expansion and adoptive transfer of polyclonal leukemia antigen-specific T cells to treat leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cathepsin G
- Cathepsins/genetics
- Cathepsins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Leukocyte Elastase/genetics
- Leukocyte Elastase/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Myeloblastin
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Stem Cell Allotransplant Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - J. Joseph Melenhorst
- Stem Cell Allotransplant Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - Frank El Ouriaghli
- Stem Cell Allotransplant Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - Sachiko Kajigaya
- Stem Cell Allotransplant Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - Matthias Grube
- Stem Cell Allotransplant Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - Giuseppe Sconocchia
- Stem Cell Allotransplant Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Stem Cell Allotransplant Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - David A. Price
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nancy F. Hensel
- Stem Cell Allotransplant Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - A. John Barrett
- Stem Cell Allotransplant Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
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402
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Roth A, Rohrbach F, Weth R, Frisch B, Schuber F, Wels WS. Induction of effective and antigen-specific antitumour immunity by a liposomal ErbB2/HER2 peptide-based vaccination construct. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1421-9. [PMID: 15812545 PMCID: PMC2362007 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient delivery of tumour-associated antigens to appropriate cellular compartments of antigen-presenting cells is of prime importance for the induction of potent, cell-mediated antitumour immune responses. We have designed novel multivalent liposomal constructs that co-deliver the p63–71 cytotoxic T Lymphocyte epitope derived from human ErbB2 (HER2), and HA307–319, a T-helper (Th) epitope derived from influenza haemagglutinin. Both peptides were conjugated to the surface of liposomes via a Pam3CSS anchor, a synthetic lipopeptide with potent adjuvant activity. In a murine model system, vaccination with these constructs completely protected BALB/c mice from subsequent s.c. challenge with ErbB2-expressing, but not ErbB2-negative, murine renal carcinoma (Renca) cells, indicating the induction of potent, antigen-specific immune responses. I.v. re-challenge of tumour-free animals 2 months after the first tumour cell inoculation did not result in the formation of lung tumour nodules, suggesting that long-lasting, systemic immunity had been induced. While still protecting the majority of vaccinated mice, a liposomal construct lacking the Th epitope was less effective than the diepitope construct, also correlating with a lower number of CD8+ IFN-γ+ T-cells identified upon ex vivo peptide restimulation of splenocytes from vaccinated animals. Importantly, in a therapeutic setting treatment with the liposomal vaccines resulted in cures in the majority of tumour-bearing mice and delayed tumour growth in the remaining ones. Our results demonstrate that liposomal constructs which combine Tc and Th peptide antigens and lipopeptide adjuvants can induce efficient, antigen-specific antitumour immunity, and represent promising synthetic delivery systems for the design of specific antitumour vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Liposomes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptides/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roth
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique - UMR 7514 CNRS/ULP, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - F Rohrbach
- Chemotherapeutisches Forschungsinstitut Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - R Weth
- Chemotherapeutisches Forschungsinstitut Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - B Frisch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique - UMR 7514 CNRS/ULP, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - F Schuber
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique - UMR 7514 CNRS/ULP, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique - UMR 7514 CNRS/ULP, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France. E-mail:
| | - W S Wels
- Chemotherapeutisches Forschungsinstitut Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Chemotherapeutisches Forschungsinstitut Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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403
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Franco A. CTL-based cancer preventive/therapeutic vaccines for carcinomas: role of tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens. Scand J Immunol 2005; 61:391-7. [PMID: 15882430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we discuss the use of glycopeptides containing tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) as preventive vaccines for carcinomas. The results of our recent studies suggest that CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells are capable of recognizing small TACA in a conventional class I MHC-restricted fashion. TACA-specific T-cell receptors are highly degenerate and their fine specificity includes the glycosylated amino acid linker together with the sugar moiety. TF, a disaccharide and Tn, its immediate precursor, are TACA largely expressed in carcinomas that can be successfully used as vaccines when conjugated to designer peptide backbones with optimal binding affinity for class I MHC molecules.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/chemistry
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Cancer Vaccines/chemical synthesis
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Carcinoma/prevention & control
- Glycopeptides/chemistry
- Glycopeptides/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/chemistry
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- A Franco
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies; and University of California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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404
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Luo Y, Zhou H, Mizutani M, Mizutani N, Liu C, Xiang R, Reisfeld RA. A DNA vaccine targeting Fos-related antigen 1 enhanced by IL-18 induces long-lived T-cell memory against tumor recurrence. Cancer Res 2005; 65:3419-27. [PMID: 15833877 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel vaccination strategy induced specific CD8(+) T cell-mediated immunity that eradicated spontaneous and experimental pulmonary cancer metastases in syngeneic mice and was also effective in a therapeutic setting of established breast cancer metastases. This was achieved by targeting transcription factor Fos-related antigen 1(Fra-1), overexpressed by many tumor cells, with an ubiquitinated DNA vaccine against Fra-1, coexpressing secretory IL-18. Insight into the immunologic mechanisms involved was provided by adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes from successfully immunized BALB/c mice to syngeneic severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Specifically, long-lived T memory cells were maintained dormant in nonlymphoid tissues by IL-18 in the absence of tumor antigen. Importantly, a second tumor cell challenge of these SCID mice restored both, robust tumor-specific cytotoxicity and long-lived T-cell memory, capable of eradicating established pulmonary cancer metastases, suggesting that this vaccine could be effective against tumor recurrence.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/prevention & control
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/secondary
- Female
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Interleukin-8/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Luo
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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405
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Smorlesi A, Papalini F, Orlando F, Donnini A, Re F, Provinciali M. Imiquimod and S-27609 as adjuvants of DNA vaccination in a transgenic murine model of HER2/neu-positive mammary carcinoma. Gene Ther 2005; 12:1324-32. [PMID: 15944732 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccination against HER-2/neu is an effective way to induce an immune response able to oppose the spontaneous development of mammary tumours occurring in HER-2/neu transgenic mice. In this study, we have evaluated the potential of Imiquimod and the analogue S-27609 as adjuvants of DNA vaccination against HER-2/neu in transgenic mice. The association of a DNA vaccine encoding a portion of rat HER2/neu with either Imiquimod or S-27609 was found to delay the development of spontaneous mammary tumours and to reduce their incidence, in comparison with DNA vaccination alone. Almost 80 or 40% of tumour-free mice were found at the end of measurement time in mice vaccinated and supplemented with Imiquimod or S-27609, respectively. The antitumour preventive effect was associated with increased antibody and cell-mediated immune responsiveness against HER-2/neu. In mice vaccinated and supplemented with Imiquimod, a small but significant increase of rat p185neu-specific cytotoxicity and of IFN-gamma and IL-2-producing CD8T cells, together with a reduction of IL-4-producing CD4T cells, and a switch from an IgG1 towards a IgG2a phenotype of anti-p185neu antibodies, suggested a TH1 polarization of the immune response. The immunoregulatory efficacy of S-27609 was lower than that observed for Imiquimod. These data highlight the potential of Imiquimod, and, to a lower extent, of S-27609, as immunological adjuvants of therapeutic DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Smorlesi
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Immunology Center, INRCA Research Department, Ancona, Italy
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406
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Walker SR, Aboka A, Ogagan PD, Barksdale EM. Murine neuroblastoma attenuates dendritic cell cysteine cysteine receptor 7 (CCR7) expression. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40:983-7. [PMID: 15991182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Dendritic cell (DC) migration from tumors to T-cell priming sites is critical in developing antitumor cytotoxicity. Cysteine cysteine receptor 7 (CCR7), a promigratory chemokine receptor, regulates DC recruitment to secondary lymphoid organs. Tumors may inhibit CCR7 expression to evade immunodetection. Previous work implicates impaired DC migration as a critical defect in immunity to neuroblastoma (NB). However, the mechanism has yet to be defined. We hypothesize that NB abrogates DC CCR7 expression and signaling, leading to decreased antitumor immunity. METHODS A/J mice (N = 36) were injected with saline (control) or murine NB (TBJ) and bone marrow-derived DC were isolated at 7, 14, and 28 days. CCR7 expression was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and flow cytometry. Cytometry data were analyzed using the paired Student's t test. RESULTS Dendritic cells isolated from mice with NB had a 60% increase in CCR7 protein expression by flow cytometry compared with control mice at day 7. However, there was a 43% downregulation of CCR7 expression by DC from tumor-bearing mice compared with controls 2 weeks postinoculation (P < .005). These observations were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. CONCLUSION Neuroblastoma initially upregulates CCR7 expression by DC. However, with tumor progression, this chemokine is downregulated, likely leading to impaired DC migration. Immunotherapeutic strategies to bypass or augment CCR7-dependent DC trafficking may improve survival for patients with aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya R Walker
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2583, USA
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407
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Astolfi A, Rolla S, Nanni P, Quaglino E, De Giovanni C, Iezzi M, Musiani P, Forni G, Lollini PL, Cavallo F, Calogero RA. Immune prevention of mammary carcinogenesis in HER-2/neu transgenic mice: a microarray scenario. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:599-610. [PMID: 15690207 PMCID: PMC11034326 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic transformation is a multistep process in which gene products of specific regulatory pathways are involved at each stage. Identification of these overexpressed or mutated gene products provides an unprecedented opportunity to address the immune system against defined antigens and eliminate transformed cells. Mice transgenic for these oncogenes (e.g. HER-2/neu, a prototype of deregulated oncogenic protein kinase membrane receptors) are ideal experimental models for assessing the potential of active immunization. The demonstration that vaccines can cure HER-2/neu transplantable tumors, prevent their onset and delay the progression of preneoplastic lesions in mice at risk suggests that efficient immunological inhibition of HER-2/neu carcinogenesis can be achieved by specific vaccination. To further explore this issue, halting of tumor progression in the mammary glands of BALB-neuT mice with two immunization protocols in two laboratories has been studied independently by DNA microarray analysis. Combination of the two sets of results revealed a clear correlation between them when the tumor mass was titrated by transcription profiling. It was also clear that both protocols induced a strong, polyclonal antibody response and halted tumor growth at a condition very similar to that at which the vaccination began. Differences in the expression profiles were mainly related to the expression levels of a few chemokines and T-cell-specific genes that may be in some way correlated with the efficacy of the vaccination. Last, combination of the expression data with the protection results indicated that chronic vaccination is needed to maintain an active IFN-gamma-mediated response in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Astolfi
- Cancer Research Section, Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126 Italy
| | - Simona Rolla
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Italy
| | - Patrizia Nanni
- Cancer Research Section, Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126 Italy
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Italy
| | - Carla De Giovanni
- Cancer Research Section, Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126 Italy
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- Aging Research Center, CeSi, G. D’Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, 66013 Italy
| | - Piero Musiani
- Aging Research Center, CeSi, G. D’Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, 66013 Italy
| | - Guido Forni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Cancer Research Section, Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126 Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Italy
| | - Raffaele A. Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Italy
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408
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Reimer TA, Anagnostopoulos I, Erdmann B, Lehmann I, Stein H, Daniel P, Dörken B, Rehm A. Reevaluation of the 22-1-1 antibody and its putative antigen, EBAG9/RCAS1, as a tumor marker. BMC Cancer 2005; 5:47. [PMID: 15904507 PMCID: PMC1164403 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-5-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-associated antigens are appreciated as diagnostic markers, but they have also prompted tremendous efforts to develop tumor-specific immunotherapy. A previously cloned tumor-associated antigen, EBAG9, was initially defined by reactivity with the monoclonal antibody 22-1-1. Functionally, the EBAG9-encoded gene-product was believed to induce apoptosis in activated immune cells. However, using a cell-biological approach we identified EBAG9 as a Golgi-resident modulator of O-linked glycan expression, the latter product was then recognized by the 22-1-1 antibody. Secondly, EBAG9 expression was found physiologically in all murine tissues examined. This raised the question if EBAG9 is tumor-specific and mediates apoptosis itself or through O-linked glycans generated, among them the cognate 22-1-1 antigen Tn. Methods We have used immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of 22-1-1 and EBAG9 in various tissues. Correlation between expression of both antigens in cell lines was analysed by immunoblot and flow cytometry. Apoptosis was studied by using flow cytometry and Caspase-Glo™ 3/7 assay kit. Cellular distribution of EBAG9 was analysed by electron and confocal microscopy. Results Here, we compared expression of the 22-1-1 and EBAG9-defined antigens in normal and neoplastic tissues in situ. In contrast to 22-1-1 staining, EBAG9 is a ubiquitously expressed antigen in all normal and cancerous tissues. Functional studies on the role of 22-1-1 reactive material did not support any evidence for apoptosis induction. Employing electron and confocal microscopy, a refined subcellular localization of EBAG9 at the Golgi was obtained. Conclusion We suggest that the estrogen-inducible EBAG9 gene-product and the 22-1-1 defined antigen are structurally and functionally separate antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Brefeldin A/pharmacology
- Carcinoma/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Caspase 3
- Caspase 7
- Caspases/biosynthesis
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Golgi Apparatus/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Male
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Nocodazole/pharmacology
- Polysaccharides/chemistry
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Subcellular Fractions
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Reimer
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ioannis Anagnostopoulos
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Department of Pathology, Germany
| | - Bettina Erdmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Electronmicroscopy, Germany
| | - Insa Lehmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Stein
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Department of Pathology, Germany
| | - Peter Daniel
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Berlin, Germany
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Klinik, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Germany
| | - Bernd Dörken
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Berlin, Germany
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Klinik, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Germany
| | - Armin Rehm
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Berlin, Germany
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Klinik, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Germany
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409
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Astolfi A, Landuzzi L, Nicoletti G, De Giovanni C, Croci S, Palladini A, Ferrini S, Iezzi M, Musiani P, Cavallo F, Forni G, Nanni P, Lollini PL. Gene expression analysis of immune-mediated arrest of tumorigenesis in a transgenic mouse model of HER-2/neu-positive basal-like mammary carcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:1205-16. [PMID: 15793299 PMCID: PMC1602398 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that a vaccine combining interleukin 12 and allogeneic p185(neu)-positive mammary carcinoma cells completely prevented multifocal mammary carcinogenesis in HER-2/neu transgenic mice. To identify the molecular events responsible for effective tumor prevention and to define the tumor gene expression signature, we used microarrays to analyze the expression profile of mammary tissue of untreated transgenic mice and of vaccine-treated, tumor-free mice at different time points. Mammary tissue from vaccinated mice displayed a gene expression profile different from that of untreated, tumor-bearing mice but similar to that of normal/hyperplastic mammary gland. Comparison of treated and untreated mice at 15 weeks of age revealed up-regulation of genes encoding antibodies, chemokines, gamma-interferon-induced genes and inflammatory molecules, and down-regulation of early genes induced by tumor development. The gene expression signature of HER-2/neu-transformed tumor cells showed modulation of genes promoting proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and metastasis and inhibiting apoptosis and immune response. Meta-analysis of microarray data on human breast cancer showed that the signature of tumors arising in murine HER-2/neu transgenic model correctly classified human HER-2/neu-expressing tumors and normal breast tissue. Moreover murine and human HER-2/neu-positive tumors share the signature of basal-like breast cancers. This gene expression analysis reveals the immune events associated with prevention of tumor development and shows that HER-2/neu transgenic mice represent a good model of a poor-prognosis group of human breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Astolfi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Research Section, University of Bologna, viale Filopanti 22, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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410
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Abstract
Mouse studies have shown that the immune system can reject tumours, and the identification of tumour antigens that can be recognized by human T cells has facilitated the development of immunotherapy protocols. Vaccines against cancer aim to induce tumour-specific effector T cells that can reduce the tumour mass, as well as tumour-specific memory T cells that can control tumour relapse. Owing to their capacity to regulate T-cell immunity, dendritic cells are increasingly used as adjuvants for vaccination, and the immunogenicity of antigens delivered by dendritic cells has now been shown in patients with cancer. A better understanding of how dendritic cells regulate immune responses will allow us to better exploit these cells to induce effective antitumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Banchereau
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak, Dallas, Texas 75204, USA.
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411
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Abstract
One of the recent, significant advances in cancer immunotherapy is the identification of molecules as targets which regulate cell growth by induction of proliferation and survival signalling pathways. Among them, epidermal growth factor receptor and Her2 have been effectively targeted by monoclonal antibodies. Currently, the treatment of cancer has limitations and most cancer deaths result from the local invasion and distant metastasis of tumour cells. An important insight for the understanding of tumour invasion and metastasis came from the recent discovery that the phenotypic changes of increased motility and invasiveness of cancer cells are reminiscent of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that occurs during embryonic development. The human Cripto, a member of the epidermal growth factor-Cripto, Frl1, and Cryptic (EGF-CFC) protein family and a signalling protein during early embryonic development, plays an important role in cancers. Cripto is attached to the cell membrane through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol motif, and is upregulated in a wide range of epithelial cancers. In this paper the authors review the role of Cripto expression in tumourigenesis and in EMT to promote tumour invasion, with emphasis that the unique EGF-like region of Cripto plays a critical role in Cripto signalling-mediated tumour growth and EMT. Therefore, the region should be regarded as a therapeutic point for interruption of the oncogenic and metastatic potential of Cripto for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Feng Hu
- Austin Research Institute, Kronheimer Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
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412
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Rohrbach F, Weth R, Kursar M, Sloots A, Mittrücker HW, Wels WS. Targeted Delivery of the ErbB2/HER2 Tumor Antigen to Professional APCs Results in Effective Antitumor Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5481-9. [PMID: 15843546 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.9.5481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of T cells by professional APCs that present peptide epitopes of tumor-associated Ags is critical for the induction of cell-mediated immunity against tumors. To facilitate targeted delivery of the ErbB2 (HER2, neu) tumor Ag to APCs in vivo, we have generated chimeric proteins that contain the extracellular domain of CTLA-4 for binding to B7 molecules on the APC surface, which is genetically fused to a human ErbB2 fragment as an antigenic determinant. Bacterially expressed CTLA-4-ErbB2 fusion protein and a similar molecule harboring in addition the translocation domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin A as an endosome escape function displayed specific binding to B7-expressing cells, followed by protein internalization and intracellular degradation. Vaccination of BALB/c mice with the fusion proteins resulted in the induction of ErbB2-specific CD8(+) T cells and CTL-dependent protection from subsequent challenge with ErbB2-expressing but not ErbB2-negative murine renal carcinoma cells. In a therapeutic setting, injection of CTLA-4-ErbB2 protein vaccines caused rejection of established ErbB2-expressing tumors. Thereby, immunological memory was induced, leading to long-term systemic immunity and protection against rechallenge several months later. Our results demonstrate that these chimeric protein vaccines are effective tools for the induction of ErbB2-specific, T cell-mediated immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Gene Targeting/methods
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/administration & dosage
- Receptor, ErbB-2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rohrbach
- Chemotherapeutisches Forschungsinstitut Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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413
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Bronte V, Kasic T, Gri G, Gallana K, Borsellino G, Marigo I, Battistini L, Iafrate M, Prayer-Galetti T, Pagano F, Viola A. Boosting antitumor responses of T lymphocytes infiltrating human prostate cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:1257-68. [PMID: 15824085 PMCID: PMC2213151 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20042028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy may provide valid alternative therapy for patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. However, if the tumor environment exerts a suppressive action on antigen-specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), immunotherapy will achieve little, if any, success. In this study, we analyzed the modulation of TIL responses by the tumor environment using collagen gel matrix–supported organ cultures of human prostate carcinomas. Our results indicate that human prostatic adenocarcinomas are infiltrated by terminally differentiated cytotoxic T lymphocytes that are, however, in an unresponsive status. We demonstrate the presence of high levels of nitrotyrosines in prostatic TIL, suggesting a local production of peroxynitrites. By inhibiting the activity of arginase and nitric oxide synthase, key enzymes of L-arginine metabolism that are highly expressed in malignant but not in normal prostates, reduced tyrosine nitration and restoration of TIL responsiveness to tumor were achieved. The metabolic control exerted by the tumor on TIL function was confirmed in a transgenic mouse prostate model, which exhibits similarities with human prostate cancer. These results identify a novel and dominant mechanism by which cancers induce immunosuppression in situ and suggest novel strategies for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Bronte
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
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414
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Raykov Z, Savelyeva L, Balboni G, Giese T, Rommelaere J, Giese NA. B1 lymphocytes and myeloid dendritic cells in lymphoid organs are preferential extratumoral sites of parvovirus minute virus of mice prototype strain expression. J Virol 2005; 79:3517-24. [PMID: 15731246 PMCID: PMC1075710 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.6.3517-3524.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their oncolytic properties and apathogenicity, autonomous parvoviruses have attracted significant interest as possible anticancer agents. Recent preclinical studies provided evidence of the therapeutic potential of minute virus of mice prototype strain (MVMp) and its recombinant derivatives. In a murine model of hemangiosarcoma, positive therapeutic outcome correlated with high intratumoral expression of MVMp-encoded genes in tumors and lymphoid organs, especially in tumor-draining lymph nodes. The source and relevance of this extratumoral expression, which came as a surprise because of the known fibrotropism of MVMp, remained unclear. In the present study, we investigated (i) whether the observed expression pattern occurs in different tumor models, (ii) which cell population is targeted by the virus, and (iii) the immunological consequences of this infection. Significant MVMp gene expression was detected in lymphoid tissues from infected tumor-free as well as melanoma-, lymphoma-, and hemangiosarcoma-bearing mice. This expression was especially marked in lymph nodes draining virus-injected tumors. Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis, multicolor fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed that MVMp was expressed in rare subpopulations of CD11b (Mac1)-positive cells displaying CD11c+ (myeloid dendritic cells [MDC]) or CD45B (B220+ [B1 lymphocytes]) markers. Apart from the late deletion of cytotoxic memory cells (CD8+ CD44+ CD62L-), this infection did not lead to significant alteration of the immunological profile of cells populating lymphoid organs. However, subtle changes were detected in the production of specific proinflammatory cytokines in lymph nodes from virus-treated animals. Considering the role of B1 lymphocytes and MDC in cancer and immunological surveillance, the specific ability of these cell types to sustain parvovirus-driven gene expression may be exploited in gene therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahari Raykov
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Heidelberg, INF 116, 60120 Heidelberg, Germany
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415
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Abstract
It is well known that many tumours are potentially immunogenic, as corroborated by the presence of tumour-specific immune responses in vivo. Nonetheless, spontaneous clearance of established tumours by endogenous immune mechanisms is rare. Therefore, the focus of most cancer immunotherapies is to supplement essential immunogenic elements to boost tumour-specific immunity. Why then has tumour immunotherapy resulted in a generally poor clinical efficiency? The reason might lie in the increasingly documented fact that tumours develop diverse strategies that escape tumour-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Zou
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-2699, USA.
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416
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Abstract
The vaccines developed over the first two hundred years since Jenner's lifetime have accomplished striking reductions of infection and disease wherever applied. Pasteur's early approaches to vaccine development, attenuation and inactivation, are even now the two poles of vaccine technology. Today, purification of microbial elements, genetic engineering and improved knowledge of immune protection allow direct creation of attenuated mutants, expression of vaccine proteins in live vectors, purification and even synthesis of microbial antigens, and induction of a variety of immune responses through manipulation of DNA, RNA, proteins and polysaccharides. Both noninfectious and infectious diseases are now within the realm of vaccinology. The profusion of new vaccines enables new populations to be targeted for vaccination, and requires the development of routes of administration additional to injection. With all this come new problems in the production, regulation and distribution of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley A Plotkin
- Sanofi Pasteur and the University of Pennsylvania, 4650 Wismer Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18901, USA.
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417
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Johnston D, Bystryn JC. Heterogeneous antibody response to polyvalent melanoma vaccines in syngeneic mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:345-50. [PMID: 15692845 PMCID: PMC11032912 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a human melanoma vaccine induced antibody responses in mice that varied significantly from animal to animal. BALB/c mice were immunized to a xenogenic human polyvalent melanoma vaccine that has been used in phase II clinical trials in over 600 patients. Mice were bled biweekly for up to 6 weeks to measure antibody responses. IgG antibody responses to the melanoma vaccine components were detectable within 2 weeks but were much stronger at 4 and 6 weeks. When the pooled sera were further analyzed by Western blot, a complex pattern of antigens was detected. When individual sera from identically immunized mice were assayed by Western blot, a consistent, reproducible pattern of antigen recognition was not seen. Rather, we found significantly different antibody responses among the mice. Both the intensity of antibody responses and the pattern of antigens recognized varied from animal to animal. Although there appeared to be immunodominant antigens that produced antibody responses in most mice, no single antigen induced antibody responses in all mice. These results demonstrate that polyvalent vaccines induce heterogeneous antibody responses in mice treated identically. Analysis of the response of selected melanoma patients immunized to the same vaccine revealed similar antibody responses to the antigens in the melanoma vaccine. Heterogeneity may hamper interpretation of vaccine immunogenicity and relevant tumor antigens in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Johnston
- Hunter College School of Health Sciences, 425 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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418
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Smyth JWP, Fleeton MN, Sheahan BJ, Atkins GJ. Treatment of rapidly growing K-BALB and CT26 mouse tumours using Semliki Forest virus and its derived vector. Gene Ther 2005; 12:147-59. [PMID: 15372069 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To assess the potential of immune stimulation in combination with apoptosis induction by Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and its derived vector for tumour treatment, we have utilized the poorly immunogenic and rapidly growing K-BALB and CT26 murine tumour models. Both cell lines underwent apoptosis and expressed viral antigen when infected with the SFV4 strain of SFV, or recombinant SFV (rSFV) virus-like particles (VLPs) encoding the p62-6k viral structural proteins. VLPs were used to immunize groups of BALB/c and BALB/c nu/nu mice prior to subcutaneous tumour induction and treatment. Direct intratumoral injection of VLPs or SFV4 resulted in an immediate and intense inflammatory reaction in immunized groups that was not observed in naive groups until day 5 of treatment, and was not observed in nu/nu groups. A significantly higher level of tumour growth inhibition was observed in immunocompetent groups than in athymic mice. For K-BALB tumours, SFV4 treated groups showed greater inhibition than that observed in VLP-treated groups, with immunization prior to treatment enhancing the overall antitumour effect and immune response. No significant difference was observed in CT26 tumours between VLP and SFV4-treated groups, but prior immunization considerably enhanced the antitumoural response. It is concluded that use of the inherent apoptosis-inducing capability of SFV or its vector, by perfusion in combination with immune stimulation, may have potential for the treatment of rapidly growing tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W P Smyth
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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419
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Yang L, Baltimore D. Long-term in vivo provision of antigen-specific T cell immunity by programming hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4518-23. [PMID: 15758071 PMCID: PMC553287 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500600102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A method to genetically program mouse hematopoietic stem cells to develop into functional CD8 or CD4 T cells of defined specificity in vivo is described. For this purpose, a bicistronic retroviral vector was engineered that efficiently delivers genes for both alpha and beta chains of T cell receptor (TCR) to hematopoietic stem cells. When modified cell populations were used to reconstruct the hematopoietic lineages of recipient mice, significant percentages of antigen-specific CD8 or CD4 T cells were observed. These cells expressed normal surface markers and responded to peptide antigen stimulation by proliferation and cytokine production. Moreover, they could mature into memory cells after peptide stimulation. Using TCRs specific for a model tumor antigen, we found that the recipient mice were able to partially resist a challenge with tumor cells carrying the antigen. By combining cells modified with CD8- and CD4-specific TCRs, and boosting with dendritic cells pulsed with cognate peptides, complete suppression of tumor could be achieved and even tumors that had become established would regress and be eliminated after dendritic cell/peptide immunization. This methodology of "instructive immunotherapy" could be developed for controlling the growth of human tumors and attacking established pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chickens
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Female
- Genes, RAG-1
- Genetic Vectors
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunotherapy
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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420
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Casati A, Zimmermann VS, Benigni F, Bertilaccio MTS, Bellone M, Mondino A. The Immunogenicity of Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccines Is Not Hampered by Doxorubicin and Melphalan Administration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3317-25. [PMID: 15749863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Immunization of cancer patients is most effective in tumor-free conditions or in the presence of minimal residual disease. In the attempt to develop new strategies able to control tumor recurrence while allowing the development of protective immunity, we have investigated the immunogenic potential of two distinct vaccine formulations when provided alone or upon single and repeated treatment with chemotherapeutics drugs. Vaccine-induced T cell responses were first investigated by tracing Ag-specific T cell responses in mice bearing detectable frequencies of Ag-specific TCR transgenic CD4 and CD8 T cells. These studies indicated that immunization with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells and soluble Ag plus adjuvant elicited a comparable expansion and differentiation of CD4 and CD8 effector cells in the peripheral lymphoid tissues when provided alone or shortly after Doxorubicin or Melphalan administration. We also analyzed the potency of the combined vaccination in transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate mice, which develop spontaneous prostate cancer. Dendritic cell-based vaccination elicited potent tumor-specific cytotoxic responses in mice bearing prostate intraepithelial neoplasia both in the absence and in the presence of Doxorubicin. Together our results indicate that Doxorubicin- or Melphalan-based chemotherapy and Ag-specific vaccination can be combined for adjuvant treatments of cancer patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/toxicity
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/toxicity
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Doxorubicin/toxicity
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Lymphocyte Count
- Melphalan/administration & dosage
- Melphalan/toxicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Casati
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milan, Italy
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421
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Sinha P, Clements VK, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Reduction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and induction of M1 macrophages facilitate the rejection of established metastatic disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:636-45. [PMID: 15634881 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
More than 60% of STAT6(-/-) mice immunologically reject spontaneous metastatic mammary carcinoma and survive indefinitely if their primary tumors are removed, whereas 95% of STAT6-competent BALB/c mice succumb to metastatic disease. BALB/c and STAT6-deficient mice with primary tumors have elevated levels of Gr1(+)CD11b(+) myeloid suppressor cells (MSCs), which inhibit T cell activation. After removal of primary tumor, MSC levels revert to baseline in STAT6-deficient mice, but remain elevated in BALB/c mice. The decrease is IFN-gamma dependent, as is the reduction in metastatic disease. Neither BALB/c nor STAT6-deficient MSCs produce inducible NO synthase; however, both produce arginase and reactive oxygen species. STAT6-deficient mice produce M1 macrophages, which contain high levels of NO and are tumoricidal, whereas BALB/c mice produce M2 macrophages, which make arginase and are not tumoricidal. Immunity in STAT6-deficient mice requires the activation of NO-producing M1 macrophages that are tumoricidal, the reduction in MSC levels to baseline after surgical removal of primary tumor, and the activation of tumor-specific T cells. These mechanisms occur in STAT6(-/-) mice because STAT6 deficiency prevents signaling through the type 2 IL-4Ralpha, thereby blocking the production of arginase and promoting the synthesis of NO.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arginase/biosynthesis
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Macrophage Activation/genetics
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/surgery
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myeloid Cells/enzymology
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Phenotype
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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422
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Frankenburg S, Elias O, Gelbart Y, Drize O, Lotem M, Ingber A, Peretz T, Pitcovski J. Recombinant hydrophilic human gp100: uptake by dendritic cells and stimulation of autologous CD8+ lymphocytes from melanoma patients. Immunol Lett 2005; 94:253-9. [PMID: 15275974 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Revised: 05/23/2004] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Native gp100, a glycoprotein highly expressed in the majority of melanomas, contains several immunogenic peptides that are recognized by cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of dendritic cells (DCs) from melanoma patients to take up gp100 protein and stimulate specific autologous CTL. The gp100 used in this study was a recombinant molecule with diminished hydrophobicity, HR-gp100, produced in Escherichia coli bacteria and in Pichia pastoris yeast. Stimulation of CD8+ T cells from melanoma patients with HR-gp100-loaded DC was visualized by confocal microscopy using stained target cells, and was quantitatively measured by the production of IFN-gamma using an ELISPOT assay. The results showed that HR-gp100 protein, produced either in bacteria or in yeast, when loaded on DC from melanoma patients, stimulated autologous CD8+ lymphocytes. By direct visualization, these lymphocytes were found in close contact with dead melanoma cells, and to contain membrane material transferred from stained melanoma cells; in cultures containing control lymphocytes stimulated with unloaded DC, no melanoma cell killing was observed. In ELISPOT assays, increased number of IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T lymphocytes from patients, but not from healthy controls, were measured upon stimulation with HR-gp100-loaded DC. HR-gp100 could represent a useful tool to load DC with multiple immunogenic epitopes/antigen-derived epitopes for the immunotherapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Frankenburg
- Department of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Organization, P.O. Box 12 000, Jerusalem 91 120, Israel.
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423
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Paczesny S, Shi H, Saito H, Mannoni P, Fay J, Banchereau J, Palucka AK. Measuring Melanoma-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Elicited by Dendritic Cell Vaccines with a Tumor Inhibition Assay In Vitro. J Immunother 2005; 28:148-57. [PMID: 15725959 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000154247.97254.ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Improving cancer vaccines depends on assays measuring elicited tumor-specific T-cell immunity. Cytotoxic effector cells are essential for tumor clearance and are commonly evaluated using 51Cr release from labeled target cells after a short (4 hours) incubation with T cells. The authors used a tumor inhibition assay (TIA) that assesses the capacity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to control the survival/growth of EGFP-labeled tumor cell lines. TIA was validated using CD8+ T cells primed in vitro against melanoma and breast cancer cells. TIA was then used to assess the CTL function of cultured CD8+ T cells isolated from patients with metastatic melanoma who underwent vaccination with peptide-pulsed CD34+ HPCs-derived DCs. After the DC vaccination, T cells from six of eight patients yielded CTLs that could inhibit the survival/growth of melanoma cells. The results of TIA correlated with killing of tumor cells in a standard 4-hour 51Cr release assay, yet TIA allowed detection of CTL activities that appeared marginal in the 51Cr release assay. Thus, TIA might prove valuable for measuring spontaneous and induced antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Paczesny
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75204, USA
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424
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Abstract
Cancer vaccines - a dream or a reality? There is no doubt that a time will come when this new approach to cancer treatment will provide opportunities that will be both complementary and synergistic with existing treatments. Novelty is often linked to risk, and if there is a given medical field that desperately needs therapeutic improvement, cancer is it. Recent advances on the understanding of the functioning and manipulation of the immune system and on the host-tumour relationship, and on tumour escape, will soon pay off. However, the development of cancer vaccines is not an easy undertaking and the multitude of obstacles are presented and reviewed in this article. The cancer vaccine 'detractors' that are arguing negatively on the chances of success are, to this date, correct. Nevertheless, a parallel could be drawn from the monoclonal antibodies, which have suffered from a long and difficult history, to hold promise in man. Recent technological progress has once again demonstrated that one can eventually bypass the commonly accepted barriers, as there are now monoclonal-based products currently helping patients. The entire oncology community is eagerly awaiting the next chapter in the cancer vaccine story.
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425
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Provinciali M, Smorlesi A. Immunoprevention and immunotherapy of cancer in ageing. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:93-106. [PMID: 15558281 PMCID: PMC11032815 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years there has been a growing interest in geriatric oncology, mainly because of the evidence that advanced age is the greatest risk factor for the development of cancer and that, since the elderly population is rapidly expanding, so too will the number of cancer patients. This forecast necessitates the development of new and more specific strategies for the prevention and cure of cancer in the elderly and as a result an ever-increasing need for oncologists, geriatricians and researchers to work closely together. The increased incidence of cancer in elderly people has been related to the age-associated changes occurring in the immune system, the so-called immunosenescence. This phenomenon is best characterised by a remodelling of the immune system, which appears early on and progresses throughout a person's life and mainly involves a decrease in cellular functions. This review aims to provide a rationale for the development of specific immunotherapeutic and immunopreventive regimens for the elderly. We also include a discussion on the influence that immunosenescence has on the growth of tumours and the effectiveness of immunogene therapy and cancer vaccination following a brief analysis of the age-related alterations of the cell populations involved in antitumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Provinciali
- INRCA Research Department, Laboratory of Tumour Immunology, Via Birarelli 8, 60121, Ancona, Italy.
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426
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Pupa SM, Iezzi M, Di Carlo E, Invernizzi A, Cavallo F, Meazza R, Comes A, Ferrini S, Musiani P, Ménard S. Inhibition of Mammary Carcinoma Development in HER-2/ neu Transgenic Mice through Induction of Autoimmunity by Xenogeneic DNA Vaccination. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.1071.65.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Plasmid DNA vectors encoding the full-length (VR1012/HER-2-FL) or only the extracellular and transmembrane domains (VR1012/HER-2-ECD-TM) of human (h) HER-2/neu proto-oncogene were used to vaccinate HER-2/neu transgenic mice (N202) engineered to overexpress the rat (r) neu proto-oncogene product (r-p185neu). Both the full-length and the deleted vaccines were significantly (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.06, respectively) more active than the empty vector (VR1012/EV) in preventing and delaying HER-2/neu-driven mammary carcinogenesis. A low-level intratumoral infiltrate of dendritic cells, macrophages, CD8 T cells and polymorphonuclear granulocytes in association with low-level cytokine production was observed, which was not detected in tumors from control mice. Morphologic analyses showed that vaccination with VR1012/HER-2-FL or ECD-TM also efficiently hampered the development of terminal ductal lobular units (TDLU). Analyses of sera from vaccinated mice revealed high titers of antihuman HER-2/neu antibodies, which correlated with the delayed time of tumor onset (P = 0.002). These antibodies did not cross-react with r-p185neu. Nontransgenic mice treated with the vaccines produced autoreactive antibodies targeting mouse (m)-p185neu and showed impaired function of the lactating mammary gland and accelerated involution of the gland after weaning. Together, these data indicate that xenogeneic DNA immunization breaks tolerance against the endogenous m-p185neu, impairing the development of mammary TDLU in which m-p185neu expression is concentrated. The reduction in the number of TDLU decreases the number of glandular structures available for r-p185neu-dependent mammary carcinogenesis, resulting in a significant inhibition of mammary carcinoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serenella M. Pupa
- 1Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- 2Aging Research Center, CeSi, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation
- 3Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, “G. D'Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Emma Di Carlo
- 2Aging Research Center, CeSi, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation
- 3Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, “G. D'Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - AnnaMaria Invernizzi
- 1Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- 4Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy; and
| | | | - Alberto Comes
- 6Immuno-pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvano Ferrini
- 6Immuno-pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Musiani
- 2Aging Research Center, CeSi, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation
- 3Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, “G. D'Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sylvie Ménard
- 1Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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427
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A DNA Vaccine Targeting Survivin Combines Apoptosis with Suppression of Angiogenesis in Lung Tumor Eradication. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.553.65.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A novel strategy achieved the eradication of lung tumor metastases by joint suppression of angiogenesis in the tumor neovasculature and induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This was accomplished by CTLs induced by a DNA vaccine encoding secretory chemokine CCL21 and the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin, overexpressed by both proliferating endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature and tumor cells. Oral delivery of this DNA vaccine by doubly attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (dam− and AroA−) to such secondary lymphoid organs as Peyer's patches in the small intestine, elicited marked activation of antigen-presenting dendritic cells, and an effective CD8+T cell immune response against the survivin self-antigen. This resulted in eradication or suppression of pulmonary metastases of non–small cell lung carcinoma in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings in C57BL/6J mice. Moreover, the suppression of angiogenesis induced by the vaccine did not impair wound healing or fertility of treated mice. It is anticipated that such novel DNA vaccines will aid in the rational design of future strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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428
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Kabelitz D, Wesch D, Pitters E, Zöller M. Characterization of tumor reactivity of human V gamma 9V delta 2 gamma delta T cells in vitro and in SCID mice in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 173:6767-76. [PMID: 15557170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.6767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human Vgamma9Vdelta2 gammadelta T cells are selectively activated by bacterial phosphoantigens and aminobisphosphonates and exert potent cytotoxicity toward various tumor cells. In this study we have characterized the cytotoxic reactivity of gammadelta T cell lines established from healthy donors by stimulation with aminobisphosphonate alendronate toward melanoma MeWo and pancreatic adenocarcinomas Colo357 and PancTu1 lines in vitro and in vivo upon adoptive transfer into SCID mice. Lysis of all tumor cells was enhanced when gammadelta effector cells were preactivated with phosphoantigens. Recognition of MeWo was TCR dependent, as shown by anti-TCR Ab blockade, whereas only the phosphoantigen-mediated increased, but not the basal, lysis of Colo357 and PancTu1 was inhibited by anti-TCR Ab. Furthermore, lysis of Colo357, but not that of MeWo or PancTu1, was completely inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD, indicating different recognition and effector mechanisms involved in the gammadelta T cell/tumor cell interactions. Upon transfer into SCID mice, alendronate-activated gammadelta T cells given together with IL-2 and alendronate significantly prolonged the survival of SCID mice inoculated with human tumor cells. The best results were thus obtained when gammadelta T cells were repetitively given five times over a period of 30 days. With this protocol, human gammadelta T cells prolonged the mean survival of mice inoculated with MeWo melanoma from 28.5 to 87.3 days (p < 0.0001) and in the case of PancTu1 adenocarcinoma from 23.0 to 48.4 days (p < 0.0001). We conclude that an effective gammadelta T cell-based immunotherapy might require activation of endogenous gammadelta T cells with aminobisphosphonate (or phosphoantigen) and IL-2, followed by adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded gammadelta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Germany.
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429
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Pupa SM, Tagliabue E, Ménard S, Anichini A. HER-2: A biomarker at the crossroads of breast cancer immunotherapy and molecular medicine. J Cell Physiol 2005; 205:10-8. [PMID: 15887236 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The oncoprotein encoded by the HER-2 oncogene is a member of the HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases and is actually the first successfully exploited target molecule in new biomolecular therapies of solid tumors. The association of HER-2 overexpression with human tumors, its extracellular accessibility, as well as its involvement in tumor aggressiveness are all factors that make this receptor an appropriate target for tumor-specific therapy. In addition, HER-2 overexpression fosters its immunogenicity, as shown by the frequency of B and T cell-mediated responses against this oncoprotein in cancer patients, and it is being investigated as a promising molecule for either passive and active immunotherapy strategies. This review summarizes a number of immune intervention approaches that target HER-2 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serenella M Pupa
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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430
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Mennuni C, Calvaruso F, Facciabene A, Aurisicchio L, Storto M, Scarselli E, Ciliberto G, La Monica N. Efficient induction of T-cell responses to carcinoembryonic antigen by a heterologous prime-boost regimen using DNA and adenovirus vectors carrying a codon usage optimized cDNA. Int J Cancer 2005; 117:444-55. [PMID: 15906358 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenic properties of plasmid DNA and recombinant adenovirus (Ad) encoding the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were examined in mice by measuring both the amplitude and type of immune response, and the immunogenicity of codon usage optimized cDNA encoding CEA (CEAopt) was assessed both in C57Bl/6 and CEA transgenic mice. Vectors were injected into quadriceps muscle either alone or in combination, and plasmid DNA was electroporated to enhance gene expression efficiency and immunogenicity. Injection of plasmid pVIJ/CEA followed by Ad-CEA boost elicited the highest amplitude of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell response to the target antigen, measured by both IFNgamma-ELIspot assay and intracellular staining. Vectors carrying cDNA of CEAopt expressed a greater amount of the CEA protein than their wild-type counterparts, and this enhanced expression was associated with greater immunogenicity. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes were mapped in the C-terminal portion of the protein. In CEA transgenic mice, only immunization based on repeated injections of pVIJ/CEAopt followed by Ad-CEAopt was able to elicit a CEA-specific CD8+ T-cell response, whereas the wild-type vectors did not break tolerance to this target antigen. MC38-CEA tumor cells injected s.c. in CEA transgenic mice vaccinated with CEAopt vectors exhibited delayed growth kinetics. These studies demonstrate that this type of genetic vaccine is highly immunogenic and can break tolerance to CEA tumor antigen in CEA transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Mennuni
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare (IRBM), Pomezia, Italy
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431
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Abstract
The history of vaccine development can be divided into 5 waves, produced by revolutions in technology. They are attenuation, inactivation, cell culture of viruses, genetic engineering and methods to induce cellular immune responses. This division is somewhat artificial, and all of the past strategies continue to be useful. I discuss the candidates for the sixth revolution, which include combination vaccines, new adjuvants, proteomics, reverse vaccinology and vaccines for noninfectious diseases, among others. I propose new delivery systems as the most likely to succeed, although humbly admitting that prediction is always subject to error.
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432
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Park JM, Terabe M, van den Broeke LT, Donaldson DD, Berzofsky JA. Unmasking immunosurveillance against a syngeneic colon cancer by elimination of CD4+ NKT regulatory cells and IL-13. Int J Cancer 2005; 114:80-7. [PMID: 15523692 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have previously observed a novel role of natural killer T (NKT) cells in negative regulation of antitumor immune responses against an immunogenic regressor tumor expressing a transfected viral antigen. Here, we investigated whether hidden spontaneous antitumor immunosurveillance, in the absence of a vaccine, could be revealed by disruption of this negative regulatory pathway involving CD4+ NKT cells and interleukin-13 (IL-13), in a murine pulmonary metastasis model of a nontransfected, nonregressor, syngeneic tumor, the CT26 colon carcinoma. Lung metastases of CT26 were decreased in CD4+ T cell-depleted BALB/c mice, suggesting that CD4+ T cells were involved in negative regulation of antitumor responses. CD1-knock out (CD1-KO) mice, which have conventional CD4+ T cells and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells but lack CD1-restricted CD4+ NKT cells, were significantly resistant to lung metastasis of CT26. The metastases were not further decreased in CD4+ T cell-depleted CD1-KO mice, implying that CD4+ NKT cells might be the primary negative regulator of antitumor immune responses in BALB/c mice. CD8+ T cells were found to act as effectors in antitumor immune responses, since the inhibition of lung metastases observed in naive CD1-KO or CD4+ T cell-depleted mice was abrogated by depletion of CD8+ T cells. Lung metastases were significantly decreased by treatment of mice with an IL-13 inhibitor, but not by deficiency or inhibition of IL-4. Thus, even for a nonregressor tumor, immunosurveillance exists but is negatively regulated via CD4+ NKT cells possibly mediated by IL-13, and can be unmasked by removal of these negative regulatory components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Myun Park
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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433
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Mocellin S, Semenzato G, Mandruzzato S, Rossi CR. Part II: Vaccines for haematological malignant disorders. Lancet Oncol 2004; 5:727-37. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(04)01649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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434
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Garnett CT, Palena C, Chakraborty M, Chakarborty M, Tsang KY, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Sublethal irradiation of human tumor cells modulates phenotype resulting in enhanced killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7985-94. [PMID: 15520206 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Local radiation of tumor masses is an established modality for the therapy of a range of human tumors. It has recently been recognized that doses of radiation, lower than or equal to those that cause direct cytolysis, may alter the phenotype of target tissue by up-regulating gene products that may make tumor cells more susceptible to T-cell-mediated immune attack. Previously, we demonstrated that radiation increased Fas (CD95) gene expression in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-expressing murine tumor cells, which consequently enhanced their susceptibility to CEA-specific CTL-mediated killing. The present study was designed to determine whether these phenomena also occur with human tumor cells. Here, 23 human carcinoma cell lines (12 colon, 7 lung, and 4 prostate) were examined for their response to nonlytic doses of radiation (10 or 20 Gy). Seventy-two hours postirradiation, changes in surface expression of Fas (CD95), as well as expression of other surface molecules involved in T-cell-mediated immune attack such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1, mucin-1, CEA, and MHC class I, were examined. Twenty-one of the 23 (91%) cell lines up-regulated one or more of these surface molecules postirradiation. Furthermore, five of five irradiated CEA(+)/A2(+) colon tumor cells lines demonstrated significantly enhanced killing by CEA-specific HLA-A2-restricted CD8(+) CTLs compared with nonirradiated counterparts. We then used microarray analysis to broaden the scope of observed changes in gene expression after radiation and found that many additional genes had been modulated. These up-regulated gene products may additionally enhance the tumor cells' susceptibility to T-cell-mediated immune attack or serve as additional targets for immunotherapy. Overall, the results of this study suggest that nonlethal doses of radiation can be used to make human tumors more amenable to immune system recognition and attack and form the rational basis for the combinatorial use of cancer vaccines and local tumor irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie T Garnett
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1750, USA
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435
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436
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Lustgarten J, Dominguez AL, Thoman M. Aged mice develop protective antitumor immune responses with appropriate costimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4510-5. [PMID: 15383582 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.7.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a clear decrease in CD8(+) T cell effector function with aging, a loss once thought to be intrinsic to the CD8(+) T cells. Recent studies suggest, however, that this decline may be a consequence of altered stimulatory signals within the aged lymphoid microenvironment. In this study, we compared the immune responses of young and old mice against the BM-185 pre-B cell lymphoma expressing enhanced GFP (EGFP) as a surrogate tumor Ag. Young animals develop protective immune responses when immunized with BM-185-EGFP, but aged mice do not and ultimately succumb to the tumor. However, expression of CD80 (B7.1) on the BM-185-EGFP (BM-185-EGFP-CD80) results in rejection of the tumor by both young and old animals. Additionally, injection of BM-185-EGFP-CD80 cells in young mice promotes the development of long-lasting memory responses capable of rejecting BM-185 wild-type tumors. Aged animals similarly injected did not develop antitumor memory responses. Interestingly, old animals immunized with the BM-185-EGFP-CD80 cells plus injections of the agonist anti-OX40 mAb did develop long-lasting memory responses capable of rejecting the BM-185 wild-type tumors with the same vigor as the young animals. We show that old mice have the capacity to develop strong antitumor responses and protective memory responses as long as they are provided with efficient costimulation. These results have important implications for the development of vaccination strategies in the elderly, indicating that the aged T cell repertoire can be exploited for the induction of tumor immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- B7-1 Antigen/administration & dosage
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/physiopathology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Immunologic Memory
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Luminescent Proteins/administration & dosage
- Luminescent Proteins/immunology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Transplantation/immunology
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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437
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Abstract
In light of their preeminent role in cellular immunity, there is considerable interest in targeting of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes to cancer. This review summarises the active and passive immunotherapeutic approaches under development to achieve this goal, emphasising how recent advances in tumour immunology and gene transfer have impacted upon this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maher
- Cancer Research UK Breast Cancer Biology Group, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's King's and St Thomas's School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology, King's College Hospital, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
- Cancer Research UK Breast Cancer Biology Group, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's King's and St Thomas's School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK. E-mail:
| | - E T Davies
- Department of Clinical Immunology, King's College Hospital, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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438
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Afjehi-Sadat L, Shin JH, Felizardo M, Lee K, Slavc I, Lubec G. Detection of hypothetical proteins in 10 individual human tumor cell lines. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1747:67-80. [PMID: 15680240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The search for new structures in tumors by genomics and proteomics methods is a major goal in tumor biology and may lead to the detection of markers or antigens for the generation of tumor vaccines. The aim of this study was to identify proteins that have been predicted so far based upon their nucleic acid sequence only or show poor identity to known proteins in tumor cell lines. Cell lines of neuroblastoma, colorectal, cervix carcinoma, adenocarcinoma of the ovary, lung and breast cancer, promyelocytic leukaemia, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma and malignant melanoma were used. Cell lysates were run on 2D gel electrophoresis with subsequent in-gel digestion and MALDI-TOF-TOF analysis. A series of 10 hypothetical proteins (HPs) were observed and three of these proteins, hypothetical protein (Q9BTE6), CGI-83 protein (Q9Y392) and similar to CG11334 (Q9BV20), were so far described in tumors exclusively. The other seven proteins were already detected at the transcriptional level in normal and tumor cell lines or tissues. In conclusion, the three HPs observed in lung cancer and malignant melanoma may be candidates for development of tumor markers and generation of tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Afjehi-Sadat
- Medical University of Vienna, Division of Basic Science, Department of Pediatrics, Währinger Gürtel 18, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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439
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Lizée G, Gonzales MI, Topalian SL. Lentivirus vector-mediated expression of tumor-associated epitopes by human antigen presenting cells. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 15:393-404. [PMID: 15053864 DOI: 10.1089/104303404322959542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Directing the human immune system to recognize and eliminate tumor cells is the ultimate goal of cancer immunotherapy. Vaccinating patients with autologous antigen presenting cells (APC) expressing tumor-associated antigens (TAA) represents a promising approach for activating tumor-reactive T cells in vivo. In addition, APC expressing TAA provide a means of generating tumor-specific T cells in vitro, for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Lentiviral vectors are attractive vehicles for introducing TAA-encoding genes into APC. In this study, lentiviral vectors expressing the reporter gene GFP or the melanoma-associated antigen tyrosinase were used to transduce three different kinds of human APC: monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC), CD40L-activated B lymphocytes, and Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B lymphocytes. Using optimized transduction conditions for each cell type, tyrosinase was expressed at levels sufficient to stimulate antigen-specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted T cells from melanoma patients. While transduced EBV-B cells demonstrated the highest level of transgene expression, optimal T-cell recognition was achieved with transduced DC. Substituting the CAG promoter for PGK in lentiviral constructs enhanced transgene expression in DC and EBV-B cells, amplifying T cell recognition. Lentiviruses inducing sustained transgene expression with relatively low cellular toxicity and background viral gene expression may be ideal vectors for immunotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lizée
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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440
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Gelinas DS, DaSilva K, Fenili D, St George-Hyslop P, McLaurin J. Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101 Suppl 2:14657-62. [PMID: 15297619 PMCID: PMC521991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404866101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of vaccine strategies to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) may still hold promise. Both active and passive immunization strategies reduced AD-like pathology and restored cognitive deficits in transgenic mice. These results were initially met with considerable optimism; however, phase IIa clinical trials were halted because of a small but significant occurrence of meningoencephalitis. Knowledge gained from studies on amyloid-beta peptide (A beta) immunotherapy will allow optimization of new-generation vaccines, targeting highly specific epitopes while reducing undesired side effects. In harnessing and steering the immune system, an effective response can be generated against A beta. If this proves successful, A beta vaccination could provide the first definitive treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Gelinas
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 6 Queen's Park Crescent West, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
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441
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Bonifaz LC, Bonnyay DP, Charalambous A, Darguste DI, Fujii SI, Soares H, Brimnes MK, Moltedo B, Moran TM, Steinman RM. In vivo targeting of antigens to maturing dendritic cells via the DEC-205 receptor improves T cell vaccination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:815-24. [PMID: 15024047 PMCID: PMC2212731 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20032220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 705] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The prevention and treatment of prevalent infectious diseases and tumors should benefit from improvements in the induction of antigen-specific T cell immunity. To assess the potential of antigen targeting to dendritic cells to improve immunity, we incorporated ovalbumin protein into a monoclonal antibody to the DEC-205 receptor, an endocytic receptor that is abundant on these cells in lymphoid tissues. Simultaneously, we injected agonistic α-CD40 antibody to mature the dendritic cells. We found that a single low dose of antibody-conjugated ovalbumin initiated immunity from the naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell repertoire. Unexpectedly, the αDEC-205 antigen conjugates, given s.c., targeted to dendritic cells systemically and for long periods, and ovalbumin peptide was presented on MHC class I for 2 weeks. This was associated with stronger CD8+ T cell–mediated immunity relative to other forms of antigen delivery, even when the latter was given at a thousand times higher doses. In parallel, the mice showed enhanced resistance to an established rapidly growing tumor and to viral infection at a mucosal site. By better harnessing the immunizing functions of maturing dendritic cells, antibody-mediated antigen targeting via the DEC-205 receptor increases the efficiency of vaccination for T cell immunity, including systemic and mucosal resistance in disease models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Bonifaz
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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442
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Ren J, Zheng L, Chen Q, Li H, Zhang L, Zhu H. Co-administration of a DNA vaccine encoding the prostate specific membrane antigen and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides suppresses tumor growth. J Transl Med 2004; 2:29. [PMID: 15357867 PMCID: PMC517950 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a well characterized prostate-specific tumor associated antigen. Its expression is elevated in prostate carcinoma, particularly in metastatic and recurrent lesions. These observations suggest that PSMA can be used as immune target to induce tumor cell-specific recognition by the host and, consequently tumor rejection. We utilized a DNA-based vaccine to specifically enhance PSMA expression. An immune modulator, such as CpG oligodeoxynucleotides which promote Th1-type immune responses was combined to increase the efficacy of tumor recognition and elimination. Methods A eukaryotic expression plasmid pCDNA3.1-PSMA encoding full-length PSMA was constructed. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with endotoxin-free pCDNA3.1-PSMA alone or in combination with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides by intramuscular injection. After 4 immunizations, PSMA specific antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocyte reactivity were measured. Immunized C57BL/6 mice were also challenged subcutaneously with B16 cells transfected with PSMA to evaluate suppression of tumor growth. Results Vaccine-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes reactive with B16 cells expressing PSMA could be induced with this treatment schedule. Immune protection was observed in vaccinated mice as indicated by increased tumor growth in the control group (100%) compared with the groups vaccinated with DNA alone (66.7%) or DNA plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (50%) respectively. Average tumor volume was smaller in vaccinated groups and tumor-free survival time was prolonged by the vaccination. Conclusion The current findings suggest that specific anti-tumor immune response can be induced by DNA vaccines expressing PSMA. In addition, the suppression of in vivo growth of tumor cells expressing PSMA was augmented by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. This strategy may provide a new venue for the treatment of carcinoma of prostate after failure of standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Ren
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Yixueyuan Road 138, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Yixueyuan Road 138, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Yixueyuan Road 138, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Yixueyuan Road 138, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Yixueyuan Road 138, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongguang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Yixueyuan Road 138, Shanghai, China
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443
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Schneeberger A, Wagner C, Zemann A, Lührs P, Kutil R, Goos M, Stingl G, Wagner SN. CpG motifs are efficient adjuvants for DNA cancer vaccines. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:371-9. [PMID: 15245438 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines can induce impressive specific cellular immune response (IR) when taking advantage of their recognition as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) through Toll-like receptors (TLR) expressed on/in cells of the innate immune system. Among the many types of PAMP, immunostimulatory DNA, so-called CpG motifs, was shown to interact specifically with TLR9, which is expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), a key regulatory cell for the activation of innate and adaptive IR. We now report that CpG motifs, when introduced into the backbone, are a useful adjuvant for plasmid-based DNA (pDNA) vaccines to induce melanoma antigen-specific protective T cell responses in the Cloudman M3/DBA/2 model. The CpG-enriched pDNA vaccine induced protection against subsequent challenge with melanoma cells at significantly higher levels than its parental unmodified vector. Preferential induction of an antigen-specific, protective T cell response could be demonstrated by (i) induction of antigen-dependent tumor cell protection, (ii) complete loss of protection by in vivo CD4+/CD8+T cell- but not NK cell-depletion, and (iii) the detection of antigen-specific T cell responses but not of relevant NK cell activity in vitro. These results demonstrate that employing PAMP in pDNA vaccines improves the induction of protective, antigen-specific, T cell-mediated IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Schneeberger
- Division of Immnunology, Allergy, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
The field of immunotherapy holds clear promise not only for the development of new approaches to cancer and other diseases, but also for providing fundamental insight into the human immune response. In order for this promise to be realized, however, the scientific community must overcome an array of challenges. These challenges reflect not only the difficulties inherent in conducting investigations in human patients, but also difficulties created by the culture and practice of our own institutions, reward structure, and funding mechanisms. We suggest steps to be taken to reinvigorate basic research in human subjects as part of the mainstream of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph M Steinman
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA.
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445
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O'Neill DW, Adams S, Bhardwaj N. Manipulating dendritic cell biology for the active immunotherapy of cancer. Blood 2004; 104:2235-46. [PMID: 15231572 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-12-4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that have an unequaled capacity to initiate primary immune responses, including tolerogenic responses. Because of the importance of DCs in the induction and control of immunity, an understanding of their biology is central to the development of potent immunotherapies for cancer, chronic infections, autoimmune disease, and induction of transplantation tolerance. This review discusses recent advances in DC research and the application of this knowledge toward new strategies for the clinical manipulation of DCs for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W O'Neill
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 1st Ave, MSB 507, New York, NY 10016, USA
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446
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Paczesny S, Banchereau J, Wittkowski KM, Saracino G, Fay J, Palucka AK. Expansion of melanoma-specific cytolytic CD8+ T cell precursors in patients with metastatic melanoma vaccinated with CD34+ progenitor-derived dendritic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:1503-11. [PMID: 15173207 PMCID: PMC2211788 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20032118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines aim at inducing (a) tumor-specific effector T cells able to reduce/eliminate the tumor mass, and (b) long-lasting tumor-specific memory T cells able to control tumor relapse. We have shown earlier, in 18 human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201 patients with metastatic melanoma, that vaccination with peptide-loaded CD34-dendritic cells (DCs) leads to expansion of melanoma-specific interferon gamma-producing CD8+ T cells in the blood. Here, we show in 9 out of 12 analyzed patients the expansion of cytolytic CD8+ T cell precursors specific for melanoma differentiation antigens. These precursors yield, upon single restimulation with melanoma peptide-pulsed DCs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) able to kill melanoma cells. Melanoma-specific CTLs can be grown in vitro and can be detected in three assays: (a) melanoma tetramer binding, (b) killing of melanoma peptide-pulsed T2 cells, and (c) killing of HLA-A*0201 melanoma cells. The cytolytic activity of expanded CTLs correlates with the frequency of melanoma tetramer binding CD8+ T cells. Thus, CD34-DC vaccines can expand melanoma-specific CTL precursors that can kill melanoma antigen-expressing targets. These results justify the design of larger follow-up studies to assess the immunological and clinical response to peptide-pulsed CD34-DC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Paczesny
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
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447
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De Giovanni C, Nicoletti G, Landuzzi L, Astolfi A, Croci S, Comes A, Ferrini S, Meazza R, Iezzi M, Di Carlo E, Musiani P, Cavallo F, Nanni P, Lollini PL. Immunoprevention of HER-2/neu Transgenic Mammary Carcinoma through an Interleukin 12-Engineered Allogeneic Cell Vaccine. Cancer Res 2004; 64:4001-9. [PMID: 15173014 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the ability of cytokine-engineered allogeneic (H-2(q)) HER-2/neu-positive cells to prevent tumor development in mammary cancer-prone virgin female BALB/c (H-2(d)) mice transgenic for the transforming rat HER-2/neu oncogene (BALB-neuT mice). Repeated vaccinations with cells engineered to release interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-15, or IFN-gamma showed that IL-12-engineered cell vaccines had the most powerful immunopreventive activity, with >80% of 1-year-old BALB-neuT mice free of tumors. On the contrary all of the untreated mice and all of the mice vaccinated with IL-12-engineered cells lacking either HER-2/neu or allogeneic antigens developed mammary carcinomas within 22 or 33 weeks, respectively. Whole mount, histology, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression profile analysis showed that vaccination with IL-12-engineered cells maintained 26-week mammary glands free of neoplastic growth, with a gene expression profile that clustered with that of untreated preneoplastic glands. The IL-12-engineered cell vaccine elicited a high production of IFN-gamma and IL-4 and a strong anti-HER-2/neu antibody response. Immune protection was lost or markedly impaired in BALB-neuT mice lacking IFN-gamma or antibody production, respectively. The protection afforded by the IL-12-engineered cell vaccine was equal to that provided by the systemic administration of recombinant IL-12 in combination with HER-2/neu H-2(q) cell vaccine. However, IL-12-engineered cell vaccine induced much lower circulating IL-12 and IFN-gamma, and therefore lower potential side effects and systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla De Giovanni
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna.
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448
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Basak SK, Kiertscher SM, Harui A, Roth MD. Modifying Adenoviral Vectors for Use as Gene-Based Cancer Vaccines. Viral Immunol 2004; 17:182-96. [PMID: 15279698 DOI: 10.1089/0882824041310603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has produced significant advances in our understanding of antigen-presenting cells, tumor antigens, and other components of the immune response to cancer. Gene-based vaccination is emerging as one of the more promising approaches for loading dendritic cells (DC) with tumor-associated antigens. In this respect, it is proposed that adenoviral (AdV) vectors can deliver high antigen concentrations, promote effective processing and MHC expression, and stimulate potent cell-mediated immunity. While AdV vectors have performed well in pre-clinical vaccine models, their application to patient care has limitations. The in vivo administration of AdV vectors is associated with both innate and adaptive host responses that result in tissue inflammation and injury, viral neutralization, and premature clearance of AdV-transduced cells. A variety of strategies have been developed to address these limitations. The ideal vaccine would avoid vector-related immune responses, have relative specificity for transducing DC, and induce high levels of transgene expression. This review describes the range of host responses to AdV vaccines, identifies strategies to reduce viral recognition and enhance transgene antigen expression, and suggests future approaches to vector development and administration. There is every reason to believe that safer and more effective forms of AdV-based vaccines can be developed and applied to patient therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K Basak
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1690, USA
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449
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Disis ML, Schiffman K, Guthrie K, Salazar LG, Knutson KL, Goodell V, dela Rosa C, Cheever MA. Effect of Dose on Immune Response in Patients Vaccinated With an HER-2/neu Intracellular Domain Protein—Based Vaccine. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:1916-25. [PMID: 15143085 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the safety of an HER-2/neu intracellular domain (ICD) protein vaccine and to estimate whether vaccine dose impacts immunogenicity. Patients and Methods Twenty-nine patients with HER-2/neu—overexpressing breast or ovarian cancer and with no evidence of disease after standard therapy received a low- (25 μg), intermediate- (150 μg), or high-dose (900 μg) HER-2/neu ICD protein vaccine. The vaccine was administered intradermally, monthly for 6 months, with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as an adjuvant. Toxicity and both cellular and humoral HER-2/neu—specific immunity was evaluated. Results The vaccine was well tolerated. The majority of patients (89%) developed HER-2/neu ICD-specific T-cell immunity. The dose of vaccine did not predict the magnitude of the T-cell response. The majority of patients (82%) also developed HER-2/neu—specific immunoglobulin G antibody immunity. Vaccine dose did not predict magnitude or avidity of the HER-2/neu—specific humoral immune response. Time to development of detectable HER-2/neu—specific immunity, however, was significantly earlier for the high- versus low-dose vaccine group (P = .003). Over half the patients retained HER-2/neu—specific T-cell immunity 9 to 12 months after immunizations had ended. Conclusion The HER-2/neu ICD protein vaccine was well tolerated and effective in eliciting HER-2/neu—specific T-cell and antibody immunity in the majority of breast and ovarian cancer patients who completed the vaccine regimen. Although the dose of vaccine did not impact the magnitude of T-cell or antibody immunity elicited, patients receiving the highest dose developed HER-2/neu—specific immunity more rapidly than those who received the lowest dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6527, USA.
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450
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Kaufman HL, Disis ML. Immune system versus tumor: shifting the balance in favor of DCs and effective immunity. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:664-7. [PMID: 14991063 PMCID: PMC351327 DOI: 10.1172/jci21148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the initial excitement over cancer vaccines, the clinical effectiveness of immunotherapy has been disappointing. The suppressive milieu present within established tumors inhibits effective immune responses, although new strategies are emerging to manipulate the local tumor microenvironment and shift the balance back to a proinflammatory environment, promote DC activation, and enhance tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Kaufman
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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