401
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Pan H, Xue C, Auerbach BJ, Fan J, Bashore AC, Cui J, Yang DY, Trignano SB, Liu W, Shi J, Ihuegbu CO, Bush EC, Worley J, Vlahos L, Laise P, Solomon RA, Connolly ES, Califano A, Sims PA, Zhang H, Li M, Reilly MP. Single-Cell Genomics Reveals a Novel Cell State During Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Atherosclerosis in Mouse and Human. Circulation 2020; 142:2060-2075. [PMID: 32962412 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.048378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play significant roles in atherosclerosis via phenotypic switching, a pathological process in which SMC dedifferentiation, migration, and transdifferentiation into other cell types. Yet how SMCs contribute to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis remains elusive. METHODS To reveal the trajectories of SMC transdifferentiation during atherosclerosis and to identify molecular targets for disease therapy, we combined SMC fate mapping and single-cell RNA sequencing of both mouse and human atherosclerotic plaques. We also performed cell biology experiments on isolated SMC-derived cells, conducted integrative human genomics, and used pharmacological studies targeting SMC-derived cells both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS We found that SMCs transitioned to an intermediate cell state during atherosclerosis, which was also found in human atherosclerotic plaques of carotid and coronary arteries. SMC-derived intermediate cells, termed "SEM" cells (stem cell, endothelial cell, monocyte), were multipotent and could differentiate into macrophage-like and fibrochondrocyte-like cells, as well as return toward the SMC phenotype. Retinoic acid (RA) signaling was identified as a regulator of SMC to SEM cell transition, and RA signaling was dysregulated in symptomatic human atherosclerosis. Human genomics revealed enrichment of genome-wide association study signals for coronary artery disease in RA signaling target gene loci and correlation between coronary artery disease risk alleles and repressed expression of these genes. Activation of RA signaling by all-trans RA, an anticancer drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia, blocked SMC transition to SEM cells, reduced atherosclerotic burden, and promoted fibrous cap stability. CONCLUSIONS Integration of cell-specific fate mapping, single-cell genomics, and human genetics adds novel insights into the complexity of SMC biology and reveals regulatory pathways for therapeutic targeting of SMC transitions in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huize Pan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Chenyi Xue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Benjamin J Auerbach
- Graduate Group in Genomics and Computational Biology (B.J.A.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (J.F., M.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Alexander C Bashore
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Jian Cui
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Dina Y Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Sarah B Trignano
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Wen Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Jianting Shi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Chinyere O Ihuegbu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Erin C Bush
- Department of Systems Biology (E.C.B., J.W., L.V., P.L. A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Jeremy Worley
- Department of Systems Biology (E.C.B., J.W., L.V., P.L. A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Lukas Vlahos
- Department of Systems Biology (E.C.B., J.W., L.V., P.L. A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Pasquale Laise
- Department of Systems Biology (E.C.B., J.W., L.V., P.L. A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Robert A Solomon
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center (R.A.S., E.S.C.)
| | - Edward S Connolly
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center (R.A.S., E.S.C.)
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology (E.C.B., J.W., L.V., P.L. A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.,JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center (A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.,Department of Biomedical Informatics (A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology (E.C.B., J.W., L.V., P.L. A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (J.F., M.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.,Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (M.P.R.)
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402
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Pedroza AJ, Tashima Y, Shad R, Cheng P, Wirka R, Churovich S, Nakamura K, Yokoyama N, Cui JZ, Iosef C, Hiesinger W, Quertermous T, Fischbein MP. Single-Cell Transcriptomic Profiling of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Modulation in Marfan Syndrome Aortic Aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2195-2211. [PMID: 32698686 PMCID: PMC7484233 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate temporal and spatial dynamics of vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) transcriptomic changes during aortic aneurysm development in Marfan syndrome (MFS). Approach and Results: We performed single-cell RNA sequencing to study aortic root/ascending aneurysm tissue from Fbn1C1041G/+ (MFS) mice and healthy controls, identifying all aortic cell types. A distinct cluster of transcriptomically modulated SMCs (modSMCs) was identified in adult Fbn1C1041G/+ mouse aortic aneurysm tissue only. Comparison with atherosclerotic aortic data (ApoE-/- mice) revealed similar patterns of SMC modulation but identified an MFS-specific gene signature, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (Serpine1) and Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4). We identified 481 differentially expressed genes between modSMC and SMC subsets; functional annotation highlighted extracellular matrix modulation, collagen synthesis, adhesion, and proliferation. Pseudotime trajectory analysis of Fbn1C1041G/+ SMC/modSMC transcriptomes identified genes activated differentially throughout the course of phenotype modulation. While modSMCs were not present in young Fbn1C1041G/+ mouse aortas despite small aortic aneurysm, multiple early modSMCs marker genes were enriched, suggesting activation of phenotype modulation. modSMCs were not found in nondilated adult Fbn1C1041G/+ descending thoracic aortas. Single-cell RNA sequencing from human MFS aortic root aneurysm tissue confirmed analogous SMC modulation in clinical disease. Enhanced expression of TGF-β (transforming growth factor beta)-responsive genes correlated with SMC modulation in mouse and human data sets. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic SMC phenotype modulation promotes extracellular matrix substrate modulation and aortic aneurysm progression in MFS. We characterize the disease-specific signature of modSMCs and provide temporal, transcriptomic context to the current understanding of the role TGF-β plays in MFS aortopathy. Collectively, single-cell RNA sequencing implicates TGF-β signaling and Klf4 overexpression as potential upstream drivers of SMC modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J. Pedroza
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Yasushi Tashima
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Rohan Shad
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Paul Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Robert Wirka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Samantha Churovich
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Nobu Yokoyama
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Jason Z. Cui
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Cristiana Iosef
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - William Hiesinger
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Michael P. Fischbein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
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403
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Farrerol maintains the contractile phenotype of VSMCs via inactivating the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 475:249-260. [PMID: 32840737 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Farrerol, a dihydroflavone isolated from Rhododendron dauricum L., can inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and exert a protective effect on H2O2-induced vascular endothelial cells injury. In this study, we investigated the effects of farrerol on VSMC phenotypic modulation and balloon injury-induced vascular neointimal formation and explored the underlying mechanisms. Serum-starved rat thoracic aorta SMCs (RASMCs) were first pretreated with farrerol (3, 10, and 30 μM, respectively), U0126 (a MEK kinase inhibitor), and SB203580 (a p38 kinase inhibitor), and followed by treatment with serum (10% FBS). The expression of several VSMC-specific markers, including α-SMA, SM22α, and OPN, were analyzed by western blot. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was also investigated. Farrerol inhibited the serum-induced transition of RASMCs from the contractile to the synthetic phenotype, and this was associated with a decrease in α-SMA and SM22α expression, and an increase in OPN expression. Farrerol also inhibited serum-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38MAPK in RASMCs. Moreover, U0126 and SB203580 both inhibited the serum-induced phenotypic transition of RASMCs. These findings indicate that farrerol can maintain the contractile phenotype of VSMCs partly via inactivating the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Using a rat model of carotid artery balloon injury, inhibition of VSMC phenotypic transition and suppression of neointimal formation were confirmed in vivo following the perivascular application of farrerol. Our results suggested that farrerol could be a promising lead compound for the treatment of vascular proliferative diseases.
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404
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Liu H, Gai S, Wang X, Zeng J, Sun C, Zhao Y, Zheng Z. Single-cell analysis of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and spike protein priming expression of proteases in the human heart. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:1733-1741. [PMID: 32638018 PMCID: PMC7454369 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly binds to ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) to facilitate cellular entry. Compared with the lung or respiratory tract, the human heart exhibits greater ACE2 expression. However, little substantial damage was found in the heart tissue, and no viral particles were observed in the cardiac myocytes. This study aims to analyse ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein proteases at the single-cell level, to explore the cardiac involvement in COVID-19 and improve our understanding of the potential cardiovascular implications of COVID-19. METHODS AND RESULTS With meta-analysis, the prevalence of cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients varies from 2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0-5%, I2 = 0%] in non-ICU patients to 59% (95% CI 48-71%, I2 = 85%) in non-survivors. With public single-cell sequence data analysis, ACE2 expression in the adult human heart is higher than that in the lung (adjusted P < 0.0001). Inversely, the most important S protein cleavage protease TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease serine protease-2) in the heart exhibits an extremely lower expression than that in the lung (adjusted P < 0.0001), which may restrict entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cardiac cells. Furthermore, we discovered that other S protein proteases, CTSL (cathepsin L) and FURIN (furin, paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme), were expressed in the adult heart at a similar level to that in the lung, which may compensate for TMPRSS2, mediating cardiac involvement in COVID-19. CONCLUSION Compared with the lung, ACE2 is relatively more highly expressed in the human heart, while the key S protein priming protease, TMPRSS2, is rarely expressed. The low percentage of ACE2+/TMPRSS2+ cells reduced heart vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 to some degree. CTSL and FURIN may compensate for S protein priming to mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanning Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shujie Gai
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Juntong Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yan Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Zhengzhou, PR China
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405
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Jakab M, Augustin HG. Understanding angiodiversity: insights from single cell biology. Development 2020; 147:147/15/dev146621. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.146621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Blood vessels have long been considered as passive conduits for delivering blood. However, in recent years, cells of the vessel wall (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and pericytes) have emerged as active, highly dynamic components that orchestrate crosstalk between the circulation and organs. Encompassing the whole body and being specialized to the needs of distinct organs, it is not surprising that vessel lining cells come in different flavours. There is calibre-specific specialization (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins), but also organ-specific heterogeneity in different microvascular beds (continuous, discontinuous, sinusoidal). Recent technical advances in the field of single cell biology have enabled the profiling of thousands of single cells and, hence, have allowed for the molecular dissection of such angiodiversity, yielding a hitherto unparalleled level of spatial and functional resolution. Here, we review how these approaches have contributed to our understanding of angiodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Jakab
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hellmut G. Augustin
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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406
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Paik DT, Cho S, Tian L, Chang HY, Wu JC. Single-cell RNA sequencing in cardiovascular development, disease and medicine. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:457-473. [PMID: 32231331 PMCID: PMC7528042 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-0359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies in the past 10 years have had a transformative effect on biomedical research, enabling the profiling and analysis of the transcriptomes of single cells at unprecedented resolution and throughput. Specifically, scRNA-seq has facilitated the identification of novel or rare cell types, the analysis of single-cell trajectory construction and stem or progenitor cell differentiation, and the comparison of healthy and disease-related tissues at single-cell resolution. These applications have been critical in advances in cardiovascular research in the past decade as evidenced by the generation of cell atlases of mammalian heart and blood vessels and the elucidation of mechanisms involved in cardiovascular development and stem or progenitor cell differentiation. In this Review, we summarize the currently available scRNA-seq technologies and analytical tools and discuss the latest findings using scRNA-seq that have substantially improved our knowledge on the development of the cardiovascular system and the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, we examine emerging strategies that integrate multimodal single-cell platforms, focusing on future applications in cardiovascular precision medicine that use single-cell omics approaches to characterize cell-specific responses to drugs or environmental stimuli and to develop effective patient-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Paik
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Sangkyun Cho
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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407
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Cai J, Deng J, Gu W, Ni Z, Liu Y, Kamra Y, Saxena A, Hu Y, Yuan H, Xiao Q, Lu Y, Xu Q. Impact of Local Alloimmunity and Recipient Cells in Transplant Arteriosclerosis. Circ Res 2020; 127:974-993. [PMID: 32689904 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Transplant arteriosclerosis is the major limitation to long-term survival of solid organ transplantation. Although both immune and nonimmune cells have been suggested to contribute to this process, the complex cellular heterogeneity within the grafts, and the underlying mechanisms regulating the disease progression remain largely uncharacterized. OBJECTIVE We aimed to delineate the cellular heterogeneity within the allografts, and to explore possible mechanisms underlying this process. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we reported the transcriptional profiling of 11 868 cells in a mouse model of transplant arteriosclerosis by single-cell RNA sequencing. Unbiased clustering analyses identified 21 cell clusters at different stages of diseases, and focused analysis revealed several previously unknown subpopulations enriched in the allografts. Interestingly, we found evidence of the local formation of tertiary lymphoid tissues and suggested a possible local modulation of alloimmune responses within the grafts. Intercellular communication analyses uncovered a potential role of several ligands and receptors, including Ccl21a and Cxcr3, in regulating lymphatic endothelial cell-induced early chemotaxis and infiltration of immune cells. In vivo mouse experiments confirmed the therapeutic potential of CCL21 and CXCR3 neutralizing antibodies in transplant arteriosclerosis. Combinational use of genetic lineage tracing and single-cell techniques further indicate the infiltration of host-derived c-Kit+ stem cells as heterogeneous populations in the allografts. Finally, we compared the immune response between mouse allograft and atherosclerosis models in single-cell RNA-seq analysis. By analyzing susceptibility genes of disease traits, we also identified several cell clusters expressing genes associated with disease risk. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a transcriptional and cellular landscape of transplant arteriosclerosis, which could be fundamental to understanding the initiation and progression of this disease. CCL21/CXCR3 was also identified as important regulators of immune response and may serve as potential therapeutic targets in disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cai
- From the Center of Pharmacology (J.C., Y.L., H.Y., Y.L.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiacheng Deng
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (J.D., W.G., Y.H., Q.X.).,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (J.D., W.G., Z.N.)
| | - Wenduo Gu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (J.D., W.G., Y.H., Q.X.).,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (J.D., W.G., Z.N.)
| | - Zhichao Ni
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (J.D., W.G., Z.N.)
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- From the Center of Pharmacology (J.C., Y.L., H.Y., Y.L.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yogesh Kamra
- Genomics Research Platform, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (Y.K., A.S.)
| | - Alka Saxena
- Genomics Research Platform, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (Y.K., A.S.)
| | - Yanhua Hu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (J.D., W.G., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Hong Yuan
- From the Center of Pharmacology (J.C., Y.L., H.Y., Y.L.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cardiology (H.Y.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (J.D., W.G., Y.H., Q.X.).,Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Q. Xiao, Q. Xu)
| | - Yao Lu
- From the Center of Pharmacology (J.C., Y.L., H.Y., Y.L.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Q. Xiao, Q. Xu)
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408
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Zernecke A, Winkels H, Cochain C, Williams JW, Wolf D, Soehnlein O, Robbins CS, Monaco C, Park I, McNamara CA, Binder CJ, Cybulsky MI, Scipione CA, Hedrick CC, Galkina EV, Kyaw T, Ghosheh Y, Dinh HQ, Ley K. Meta-Analysis of Leukocyte Diversity in Atherosclerotic Mouse Aortas. Circ Res 2020; 127:402-426. [PMID: 32673538 PMCID: PMC7371244 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.316903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The diverse leukocyte infiltrate in atherosclerotic mouse aortas was recently analyzed in 9 single-cell RNA sequencing and 2 mass cytometry studies. In a comprehensive meta-analysis, we confirm 4 known macrophage subsets-resident, inflammatory, interferon-inducible cell, and Trem2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2) foamy macrophages-and identify a new macrophage subset resembling cavity macrophages. We also find that monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells-2, and CD (cluster of differentiation)-8 T cells form prominent and separate immune cell populations in atherosclerotic aortas. Many CD4 T cells express IL (interleukin)-17 and the chemokine receptor CXCR (C-X-C chemokine receptor)-6. A small number of regulatory T cells and T helper 1 cells is also identified. Immature and naive T cells are present in both healthy and atherosclerotic aortas. Our meta-analysis overcomes limitations of individual studies that, because of their experimental approach, over- or underrepresent certain cell populations. Mass cytometry studies demonstrate that cell surface phenotype provides valuable information beyond the cell transcriptomes. The present analysis helps resolve some long-standing controversies in the field. First, Trem2+ foamy macrophages are not proinflammatory but interferon-inducible cell and inflammatory macrophages are. Second, about half of all foam cells are smooth muscle cell-derived, retaining smooth muscle cell transcripts rather than transdifferentiating to macrophages. Third, Pf4, which had been considered specific for platelets and megakaryocytes, is also prominently expressed in the main population of resident vascular macrophages. Fourth, a new type of resident macrophage shares transcripts with cavity macrophages. Finally, the discovery of a prominent innate lymphoid cell-2 cluster links the single-cell RNA sequencing work to recent flow cytometry data suggesting a strong atheroprotective role of innate lymphoid cells-2. This resolves apparent discrepancies regarding the role of T helper 2 cells in atherosclerosis based on studies that predated the discovery of innate lymphoid cells-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Winkels
- Heart Center, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Clinic III for Internal Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Clément Cochain
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Wüzburg, Germany
| | - Jesse W. Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clint S. Robbins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A1, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A1, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Claudia Monaco
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Inhye Park
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Coleen A. McNamara
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
- Division of Cardioascular Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Myron I. Cybulsky
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corey A. Scipione
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elena V. Galkina
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA USA
| | - Tin Kyaw
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Huy Q. Dinh
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
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409
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Transcription factor 21 expression in injured podocytes of glomerular diseases. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11516. [PMID: 32661376 PMCID: PMC7359327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor 21 (TCF21) is one of the essential transcription factors in kidney development. To elucidate its influence on glomerular disease, we have investigated TCF21 expression in human and rat kidney tissue, and its urinary concentration. Immunohistological analysis suggested the highest TCF21 expression in nephrotic syndrome along with the urinary protein level. Urinary TCF21 concentration in human showed a positive correlation with its podocyte expression level. In nephrotic rat models, TCF21 expression in podocytes increased along with the severity of nephrotic syndrome. Next, in vitro experiments using Tcf21-expressing murine podocyte cell line, we could observe some Tcf21-dependent effects, related with actin cytoskeleton dysregulation and apoptosis. Our study illustrated TCF21 expression changes in vivo and its in vitro-functional significance injured podocytes.
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410
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Wang Y, Nanda V, Direnzo D, Ye J, Xiao S, Kojima Y, Howe KL, Jarr KU, Flores AM, Tsantilas P, Tsao N, Rao A, Newman AAC, Eberhard AV, Priest JR, Ruusalepp A, Pasterkamp G, Maegdefessel L, Miller CL, Lind L, Koplev S, Björkegren JLM, Owens GK, Ingelsson E, Weissman IL, Leeper NJ. Clonally expanding smooth muscle cells promote atherosclerosis by escaping efferocytosis and activating the complement cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15818-15826. [PMID: 32541024 PMCID: PMC7354942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006348117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the process underlying heart attack and stroke. Despite decades of research, its pathogenesis remains unclear. Dogma suggests that atherosclerotic plaques expand primarily via the accumulation of cholesterol and inflammatory cells. However, recent evidence suggests that a substantial portion of the plaque may arise from a subset of "dedifferentiated" vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) which proliferate in a clonal fashion. Herein we use multicolor lineage-tracing models to confirm that the mature SMC can give rise to a hyperproliferative cell which appears to promote inflammation via elaboration of complement-dependent anaphylatoxins. Despite being extensively opsonized with prophagocytic complement fragments, we find that this cell also escapes immune surveillance by neighboring macrophages, thereby exacerbating its relative survival advantage. Mechanistic studies indicate this phenomenon results from a generalized opsonin-sensing defect acquired by macrophages during polarization. This defect coincides with the noncanonical up-regulation of so-called don't eat me molecules on inflamed phagocytes, which reduces their capacity for programmed cell removal (PrCR). Knockdown or knockout of the key antiphagocytic molecule CD47 restores the ability of macrophages to sense and clear opsonized targets in vitro, allowing for potent and targeted suppression of clonal SMC expansion in the plaque in vivo. Because integrated clinical and genomic analyses indicate that similar pathways are active in humans with cardiovascular disease, these studies suggest that the clonally expanding SMC may represent a translational target for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Vivek Nanda
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Daniel Direnzo
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jianqin Ye
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sophia Xiao
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yoko Kojima
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kathryn L Howe
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kai-Uwe Jarr
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Alyssa M Flores
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Pavlos Tsantilas
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Noah Tsao
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Abhiram Rao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Alexandra A C Newman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Anne V Eberhard
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - James R Priest
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Arno Ruusalepp
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia 50406
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK partner site), 10785 Munich, Germany
| | - Clint L Miller
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simon Koplev
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574
| | - Gary K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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411
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Bondareva O, Sheikh BN. Vascular Homeostasis and Inflammation in Health and Disease-Lessons from Single Cell Technologies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4688. [PMID: 32630148 PMCID: PMC7369864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular system is critical infrastructure that transports oxygen and nutrients around the body, and dynamically adapts its function to an array of environmental changes. To fulfil the demands of diverse organs, each with unique functions and requirements, the vascular system displays vast regional heterogeneity as well as specialized cell types. Our understanding of the heterogeneity of vascular cells and the molecular mechanisms that regulate their function is beginning to benefit greatly from the rapid development of single cell technologies. Recent studies have started to analyze and map vascular beds in a range of organs in healthy and diseased states at single cell resolution. The current review focuses on recent biological insights on the vascular system garnered from single cell analyses. We cover the themes of vascular heterogeneity, phenotypic plasticity of vascular cells in pathologies such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, as well as the contribution of defective microvasculature to the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Further adaptation of single cell technologies to study the vascular system will be pivotal in uncovering the mechanisms that drive the array of diseases underpinned by vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bondareva
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bilal N. Sheikh
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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412
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Hu H, Lin S, Wang S, Chen X. The Role of Transcription Factor 21 in Epicardial Cell Differentiation and the Development of Coronary Heart Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:457. [PMID: 32582717 PMCID: PMC7290112 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor 21 (TCF21) is specific for mesoderm and is expressed in the embryos' mesenchymal derived tissues, such as the epicardium. It plays a vital role in regulating cell differentiation and cell fate specificity through epithelial-mesenchymal transformation during cardiac development. For instance, TCF21 could promote cardiac fibroblast development and inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) differentiation of epicardial cells. Recent large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified a mass of loci associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). There is mounting evidence that TCF21 polymorphism might confer genetic susceptibility to CHD. However, the molecular mechanisms of TCF21 in heart development and CHD remain fundamentally problematic. In this review, we are committed to providing a detailed introduction of the biological roles of TCF21 in epicardial fate determination and the development of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochang Hu
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Cardiology, Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Shaoyi Lin
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Cardiology, Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | | | - Xiaomin Chen
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Cardiology, Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo, China
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413
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Kim JB, Zhao Q, Nguyen T, Pjanic M, Cheng P, Wirka R, Travisano S, Nagao M, Kundu R, Quertermous T. Environment-Sensing Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Inhibits the Chondrogenic Fate of Modulated Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerotic Lesions. Circulation 2020; 142:575-590. [PMID: 32441123 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.045981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smooth muscle cells (SMC) play a critical role in atherosclerosis. The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an environment-sensing transcription factor that contributes to vascular development, and has been implicated in coronary artery disease risk. We hypothesized that AHR can affect atherosclerosis by regulating phenotypic modulation of SMC. METHODS We combined RNA-sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing, and in vitro assays in human coronary artery SMCs, with single-cell RNA-sequencing, histology, and RNAscope in an SMC-specific lineage-tracing Ahr knockout mouse model of atherosclerosis to better understand the role of AHR in vascular disease. RESULTS Genomic studies coupled with functional assays in cultured human coronary artery SMCs revealed that AHR modulates the human coronary artery SMC phenotype and suppresses ossification in these cells. Lineage-tracing and activity-tracing studies in the mouse aortic sinus showed that the Ahr pathway is active in modulated SMCs in the atherosclerotic lesion cap. Furthermore, single-cell RNA-sequencing studies of the SMC-specific Ahr knockout mice showed a significant increase in the proportion of modulated SMCs expressing chondrocyte markers such as Col2a1 and Alpl, which localized to the lesion neointima. These cells, which we term "chondromyocytes," were also identified in the neointima of human coronary arteries. In histological analyses, these changes manifested as larger lesion size, increased lineage-traced SMC participation in the lesion, decreased lineage-traced SMCs in the lesion cap, and increased alkaline phosphatase activity in lesions in the Ahr knockout in comparison with wild-type mice. We propose that AHR is likely protective based on these data and inference from human genetic analyses. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we conclude that AHR promotes the maintenance of lesion cap integrity and diminishes the disease-related SMC-to-chondromyocyte transition in atherosclerotic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyong Brian Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.,Cardiovascular Institute (J.B.K., P.C., R.W., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Quanyi Zhao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Milos Pjanic
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Paul Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.,Cardiovascular Institute (J.B.K., P.C., R.W., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Robert Wirka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.,Cardiovascular Institute (J.B.K., P.C., R.W., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Stanislao Travisano
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Manabu Nagao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Ramendra Kundu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.,Cardiovascular Institute (J.B.K., P.C., R.W., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
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414
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Behrmann A, Zhong D, Li L, Cheng SL, Mead M, Ramachandran B, Sabaeifard P, Goodarzi M, Lemoff A, Kronenberg HM, Towler DA. PTH/PTHrP Receptor Signaling Restricts Arterial Fibrosis in Diabetic LDLR -/- Mice by Inhibiting Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor Relays. Circ Res 2020; 126:1363-1378. [PMID: 32160132 PMCID: PMC7524585 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The PTH1R (PTH [parathyroid hormone]/PTHrP [PTH-related protein] receptor) is expressed in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) and increased VSM PTH1R signaling mitigates diet-induced arteriosclerosis in LDLR-/- mice. OBJECTIVE To study the impact of VSM PTH1R deficiency, we generated mice SM22-Cre:PTH1R(fl/fl);LDLR-/- mice (PTH1R-VKO) and Cre-negative controls. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunofluorescence and Western blot confirmed PTH1R expression in arterial VSM that was reduced by Cre-mediated knockout. PTH1R-VKO cohorts exhibited increased aortic collagen accumulation in vivo, and VSM cultures from PTH1R-VKO mice elaborated more collagen (2.5-fold; P=0.01) with elevated Col3a1 and Col1a1 expression. To better understand these profibrotic responses, we performed mass spectrometry on nuclear proteins extracted from Cre-negative controls and PTH1R-VKO VSM. PTH1R deficiency reduced Gata6 but upregulated the MADS (MCM1, Agamous, Deficiens, and Srf DNA-binding domain)-box transcriptional co-regulator, Mkl-1 (megakaryoblastic leukemia [translocation] 1). Co-transfection assays (Col3a1 promoter-luciferase reporter) confirmed PTH1R-mediated inhibition and Mkl-1-mediated activation of Col3a1 transcription. Regulation mapped to a conserved hybrid CT(A/T)6GG MADS-box cognate in the Col3a1 promoter. Mutations of C/G in this motif markedly reduced Col3a1 transcriptional regulation by PTH1R and Mkl-1. Upregulation of Col3a1 and Col1a1 in PTH1R-VKO VSM was inhibited by small interfering RNA targeting Mkl1 and by treatment with the Mkl-1 antagonist CCG1423 or the Rock (Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase)-2 inhibitor KD025. Chromatin precipitation demonstrated that VSM PTH1R deficiency increased Mkl-1 binding to Col3a1 and Col1a1, but not TNF, promoters. Proteomic studies of plasma extracellular vesicles and VSM from PTH1R-VKO mice identified C1r (complement component 1, r) and C1s (complement component 1, s), complement proteins involved in vascular collagen metabolism, as potential biomarkers. VSM C1r protein and C1r message were increased with PTH1R deficiency, mediated by Mkl-1-dependent transcription and inhibited by CCG1423 or KD025. CONCLUSIONS PTH1R signaling restricts collagen production in the VSM lineage, in part, via Mkl-1 regulatory circuits that control collagen gene transcription. Strategies that maintain homeostatic VSM PTH1R signaling, as reflected in extracellular vesicle biomarkers of VSM PTH1R/Mkl-1 action, may help mitigate arteriosclerosis and vascular fibrosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen Type I/genetics
- Collagen Type I/metabolism
- Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain
- Collagen Type III/genetics
- Collagen Type III/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibrosis
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Parathyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1/deficiency
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Vascular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Behrmann
- Internal Medicine – Endocrine Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Dalian Zhong
- Internal Medicine – Endocrine Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Li Li
- Internal Medicine – Endocrine Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Su-Li Cheng
- Internal Medicine – Endocrine Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Megan Mead
- Internal Medicine – Endocrine Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Bindu Ramachandran
- Internal Medicine – Endocrine Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Parastoo Sabaeifard
- Internal Medicine – Endocrine Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | - Andrew Lemoff
- Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Henry M. Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Dwight A. Towler
- Internal Medicine – Endocrine Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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415
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat M Gupta
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vivian S Lee-Kim
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Libby
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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416
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Abstract
Technological advances in characterizing molecular heterogeneity at the single cell level have ushered in a deeper understanding of the biological diversity of cells present in tissues including atherosclerotic plaques. New subsets of cells have been discovered among cell types previously considered homogenous. The commercial availability of systems to obtain transcriptomes and matching surface phenotypes from thousands of single cells is rapidly changing our understanding of cell types and lineage identity. Emerging methods to infer cellular functions are beginning to shed new light on the interplay of components involved in multifaceted disease responses, like atherosclerosis. Here, we provide a technical guide for design, implementation, assembly, and interpretations of current single cell transcriptomics approaches from the perspective of employing these tools for advancing cardiovascular disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W. Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Holger Winkels
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Christopher P. Durant
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Konstantin Zaitsev
- Computer Technologies Department, Information Technologies, Mechanics, and Optics University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yanal Ghosheh
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
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Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts and fibrosis contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure, a prevalent cause of mortality. Therefore, a majority of the existing information regarding cardiac fibroblasts is focused on their function and behavior after heart injury. Less is understood about the signaling and transcriptional networks required for the development and homeostatic roles of these cells. This review is devoted to describing our current understanding of cardiac fibroblast development. I detail cardiac fibroblast formation during embryogenesis including the discovery of a second embryonic origin for cardiac fibroblasts. Additional information is provided regarding the roles of the genes essential for cardiac fibroblast development. It should be noted that many questions remain regarding the cell-fate specification of these fibroblast progenitors, and it is hoped that this review will provide a basis for future studies regarding this topic.
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418
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Zhao TX, Newland SA, Mallat Z. 2019 ATVB Plenary Lecture: Interleukin-2 Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease: The Potential to Regulate Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:853-864. [PMID: 32078364 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells and type-2 innate lymphoid cells represent 2 subsets of immune cells, which have been shown in preclinical models to be important in atherosclerosis and myocardial repair. Regulatory T cells play a crucial role in immune homeostasis and tolerance via their interactions with effector T cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes/macrophages. They also utilize and secrete inhibitory cytokines, including interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor β, to regulate or suppress pathogenic immune responses. Type-2 innate lymphoid cells have an important role in type-2 immune responses and tissue repair through secreting interleukins 5 and 13, as well as a variety of biological mediators and growth factors. Intriguingly, interleukin-2 has emerged as a common cytokine, which can be harnessed to upregulate both cell types, and also has important translational consequences as clinical trials are ongoing for its use in cardiovascular disease. Here, we briefly review the biology of these regulatory immune cell types, discuss the preclinical and clinical evidence for their functions in cardiovascular disease, examine the prospects for clinical translation and current ongoing trials, and finally, postulate how overlap in the mechanisms of upregulation may be leveraged in future treatments for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian X Zhao
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (T.X.Z., S.A.N., Z.M.)
| | - Stephen A Newland
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (T.X.Z., S.A.N., Z.M.)
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (T.X.Z., S.A.N., Z.M.)
- Paris-Descartes Université, Inserm U970, France (Z.M.)
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419
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Willemsen L, de Winther MPJ. Macrophage subsets in atherosclerosis as defined by single-cell technologies. J Pathol 2020; 250:705-714. [PMID: 32003464 PMCID: PMC7217201 DOI: 10.1002/path.5392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Many studies have shone light on the different phenotypes and functions that macrophages can acquire upon exposure to local cues. The microenvironment of the atherosclerotic plaque contains a plethora of macrophage-controlling factors, such as cytokines, oxidised low-density lipoproteins and cell debris. Previous research has determined macrophage function within the plaque mainly by using immunohistochemistry and bulk analysis. The recent development and rapid progress of single-cell technologies, such as cytometry by time of flight and single-cell RNA sequencing, now enable comprehensive mapping of the wide range of cell types and their phenotypes present in atherosclerotic plaques. In this review we discuss recent advances applying these technologies in defining macrophage subsets residing in the atherosclerotic arterial wall of mice and men. Resulting from these studies, we describe three main macrophage subsets: resident-like, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory foamy TREM2hi macrophages, which are found in both mouse and human atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, we discuss macrophage subset-specific markers and functions. More insights into the characteristics and phenotype of immune cells within the atherosclerotic plaque may guide future clinical approaches to treat disease. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Willemsen
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Menno PJ de Winther
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK)Ludwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
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420
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Pi S, Mao L, Chen J, Shi H, Liu Y, Guo X, Li Y, Zhou L, He H, Yu C, Liu J, Dang Y, Xia Y, He Q, Jin H, Li Y, Hu Y, Miao Y, Yue Z, Hu B. The P2RY12 receptor promotes VSMC-derived foam cell formation by inhibiting autophagy in advanced atherosclerosis. Autophagy 2020; 17:980-1000. [PMID: 32160082 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1741202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are an important source of foam cells in atherosclerosis. The mechanism for VSMC-derived foam cell formation is, however, poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the P2RY12/P2Y12 receptor is important in regulating macroautophagy/autophagy and VSMC-derived foam cell formation in advanced atherosclerosis. Inhibition of the P2RY12 receptor ameliorated lipid accumulation and VSMC-derived foam cell formation in high-fat diet-fed apoe-/- mice (atherosclerosis model) independent of LDL-c levels. Activation of the P2RY12 receptor blocked cholesterol efflux via PI3K-AKT, while genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of the P2RY12 receptor inhibited this effect in VSMCs. Phosphoproteomic analysis showed that the P2RY12 receptor regulated the autophagy pathway in VSMCs. Additionally, activation of the P2RY12 receptor inhibited MAP1LC3/LC3 maturation, SQSTM1 degradation, and autophagosome formation in VSMCs. Genetic knockdown of the essential autophagy gene Atg5 significantly attenuated P2RY12 receptor inhibitor-induced cholesterol efflux in VSMCs. Furthermore, activation of the P2RY12 receptor led to the activation of MTOR through PI3K-AKT in VSMCs, whereas blocking MTOR activity (rapamycin) or reducing MTOR expression reversed the inhibition of cholesterol efflux mediated by the P2RY12 receptor in VSMCs. In vivo, inhibition of the P2RY12 receptor promoted autophagy of VSMCs through PI3K-AKT-MTOR in advanced atherosclerosis in apoe-/- mice, which could be impeded by an autophagy inhibitor (chloroquine). Therefore, we conclude that activation of the P2RY12 receptor decreases cholesterol efflux and promotes VSMC-derived foam cell formation by blocking autophagy in advanced atherosclerosis. Our study thus suggests that the P2RY12 receptor is a therapeutic target for treating atherosclerosis.Abbreviations: 2-MeSAMP: 2-methylthioadenosine 5'-monophosphate; 8-CPT-cAMP: 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate; ABCA1: ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1; ABCG1: ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 1; ACTB: actin beta; ADPβs: adenosine 5'-(alpha, beta-methylene) diphosphate; ALs: autolysosomes; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; APOA1: apolipoprotein A1; APs: autophagosomes; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATV: atorvastatin; AVs: autophagic vacuoles; CD: chow diet; CDL: clopidogrel; CQ: chloroquine; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; dbcAMP: dibutyryl-cAMP; DIL-oxLDL: dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylin docarbocyanine-oxLDL; EIF4EBP1/4E-BP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; EVG: elastic van gieson; HE: hematoxylin-eosin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HFD: high-fat diet; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDs: lipid droplets; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; Masson: masson trichrome; MCPT: maximal carotid plaque thickness; MK2206: MK-2206 2HCL; NBD-cholesterol: 22-(N-[7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl] amino)-23,24-bisnor-5-cholen-3β-ol; OLR1/LOX-1: oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1; ORO: oil Red O; ox-LDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TIC: ticagrelor; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VSMCs: vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Pi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiefang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanqing Shi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lian Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiping Dang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quanwei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huijuan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiliang Miao
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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421
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Mathai C, Jourd'heuil FL, Lopez-Soler RI, Jourd'heuil D. Emerging perspectives on cytoglobin, beyond NO dioxygenase and peroxidase. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101468. [PMID: 32087552 PMCID: PMC7033357 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoglobin is an evolutionary ancient hemoglobin with poor functional annotation. Rather than constrained to penta coordination, cytoglobin's heme iron may exist either as a penta or hexacoordinated arrangement when exposed to different intracellular environments. Two cysteine residues at the surface of the protein form an intramolecular disulfide bond that regulates iron coordination, ligand binding, and peroxidase activity. Overall, biochemical results do not support a role for cytoglobin as a direct antioxidant enzyme that scavenges hydrogen peroxide because the rate of the reaction of cytoglobin with hydrogen peroxide is several orders of magnitude slower than metal and thiol-based peroxidases. Thus, alternative substrates such as fatty acids have been suggested and regulation of nitric oxide bioavailability through nitric oxide dioxygenase and nitrite reductase activities has received experimental support. Cytoglobin is broadly expressed in connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. Rational for differential cellular distribution is poorly understood but inducibility in response to hypoxia is one of the most established features of cytoglobin expression with regulation through the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Phenotypic characterization of cytoglobin deletion in the mouse have indicated broad changes that include a heightened inflammatory response and fibrosis, increase tumor burden, cardiovascular dysfunction, and hallmarks of senescence. Some of these changes might be reversed upon inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. However, subcellular and molecular interactions have been seldom characterized. In addition, specific molecular mechanisms of action are still lacking. We speculate that cytoglobin functionality will extend beyond nitric oxide handling and will have to encompass indirect regulatory antioxidant and redox sensing functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Mathai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Frances L Jourd'heuil
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - David Jourd'heuil
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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422
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xie
- From the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kathleen A Martin
- From the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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423
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Röhl S, Rykaczewska U, Seime T, Suur BE, Diez MG, Gådin JR, Gainullina A, Sergushichev AA, Wirka R, Lengquist M, Kronqvist M, Bergman O, Odeberg J, Lindeman JHN, Quertermous T, Hamsten A, Eriksson P, Hedin U, Razuvaev A, Matic LP. Transcriptomic profiling of experimental arterial injury reveals new mechanisms and temporal dynamics in vascular healing response. JVS Vasc Sci 2020; 1:13-27. [PMID: 34617037 PMCID: PMC8489224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Endovascular interventions cause arterial injury and induce a healing response to restore vessel wall homeostasis. Complications of defective or excessive healing are common and result in increased morbidity and repeated interventions. Experimental models of intimal hyperplasia are vital for understanding the vascular healing mechanisms and resolving the clinical problems of restenosis, vein graft stenosis, and dialysis access failure. Our aim was to systematically investigate the transcriptional, histologic, and systemic reaction to vascular injury during a prolonged time. Methods Balloon injury of the left common carotid artery was performed in male rats. Animals (n = 69) were euthanized before or after injury, either directly or after 2 hours, 20 hours, 2 days, 5 days, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Both injured and contralateral arteries were subjected to microarray profiling, followed by bioinformatic exploration, histologic characterization of the biopsy specimens, and plasma lipid analyses. Results Immune activation and coagulation were key mechanisms in the early response, followed by cytokine release, tissue remodeling, and smooth muscle cell modulation several days after injury, with reacquisition of contractile features in later phases. Novel pathways related to clonal expansion, inflammatory transformation, and chondro-osteogenic differentiation were identified and immunolocalized to neointimal smooth muscle cells. Analysis of uninjured arteries revealed a systemic component of the reaction after local injury, underlined by altered endothelial signaling, changes in overall tissue bioenergy metabolism, and plasma high-density lipoprotein levels. Conclusions We demonstrate that vascular injury induces dynamic transcriptional landscape and metabolic changes identifiable as early, intermediate, and late response phases, reaching homeostasis after several weeks. This study provides a temporal “roadmap” of vascular healing as a publicly available resource for the research community. Endovascular intervention causes an injury to the arterial wall that subsequently induces a healing response to restore the vessel wall homeostasis. Complications after vascular interventions related to defective or excessive healing response, such as thrombosis or restenosis, are common and result in increased morbidity, suffering of the patient, need for repeated interventions, and possibly death. Thus, there is a need for better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms during vascular injury and healing response to identify and to assess the risk of complications in patients. Using an experimental model of vascular injury, this study demonstrates the full landscape of dynamic transcriptional changes in the resolution of vascular injury, accompanied also by systemic variations in plasma lipid levels and reaching homeostasis several weeks after injury. These results can guide the development of new strategies and molecular targets for modulation of the intimal response on endovascular interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Röhl
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Urszula Rykaczewska
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Till Seime
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bianca E Suur
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Jesper R Gådin
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | - Robert Wirka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Malin Kronqvist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Otto Bergman
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jacob Odeberg
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden and the Department of Haematology, Coagulation Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anton Razuvaev
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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424
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Tyrrell DJ, Blin MG, Song J, Wood S, Zhang M, Beard D, Goldstein DR. Age-Associated Mitochondrial Dysfunction Accelerates Atherogenesis. Circ Res 2020; 126:298-314. [PMID: 31818196 PMCID: PMC7006722 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rationale: Aging is one of the strongest risk factors for atherosclerosis. Yet whether aging increases the risk of atherosclerosis independently of chronic hyperlipidemia is not known. Objective: To determine if vascular aging before the induction of hyperlipidemia enhances atherogenesis. Methods and Results: We analyzed the aortas of young and aged normolipidemic wild type, disease-free mice and found that aging led to elevated IL (interleukin)-6 levels and mitochondrial dysfunction, associated with increased mitophagy and the associated protein Parkin. In aortic tissue culture, we found evidence that with aging mitochondrial dysfunction and IL-6 exist in a positive feedback loop. We triggered acute hyperlipidemia in aged and young mice by inducing liver-specific degradation of the LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor combined with a 10-week western diet and found that atherogenesis was enhanced in aged wild-type mice. Hyperlipidemia further reduced mitochondrial function and increased the levels of Parkin in the aortas of aged mice but not young mice. Genetic disruption of autophagy in smooth muscle cells of young mice exposed to hyperlipidemia led to increased aortic Parkin and IL-6 levels, impaired mitochondrial function, and enhanced atherogenesis. Importantly, enhancing mitophagy in aged, hyperlipidemic mice via oral administration of spermidine prevented the increase in aortic IL-6 and Parkin, attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduced atherogenesis. Conclusions: Before hyperlipidemia, aging elevates IL-6 and impairs mitochondrial function within the aorta, associated with enhanced mitophagy and increased Parkin levels. These age-associated changes prime the vasculature to exacerbate atherogenesis upon acute hyperlipidemia. Our work implies that novel therapeutics aimed at improving vascular mitochondrial bioenergetics or reducing inflammation before hyperlipidemia may reduce age-related atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Tyrrell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Muriel G. Blin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianrui Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sherri Wood
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Beard
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel R. Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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425
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Abstract
Neutrophils have traditionally been viewed as bystanders or biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. However, studies in the past decade have demonstrated the important functions of neutrophils during cardiovascular inflammation and repair. In this Review, we discuss the influence of traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors on neutrophil production and function. We then appraise the current knowledge of the contribution of neutrophils to the different stages of atherosclerosis, including atherogenesis, plaque destabilization and plaque erosion. In the context of cardiovascular complications of atherosclerosis, we highlight the dichotomous role of neutrophils in pathogenic and repair processes in stroke, heart failure, myocardial infarction and neointima formation. Finally, we emphasize how detailed knowledge of neutrophil functions in cardiovascular homeostasis and disease can be used to generate therapeutic strategies to target neutrophil numbers, functional status and effector mechanisms.
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426
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Fairman G, Robichaud S, Ouimet M. Metabolic Regulators of Vascular Inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:e22-e30. [PMID: 31967905 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Fairman
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; and the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sabrina Robichaud
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; and the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mireille Ouimet
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; and the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
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427
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Rykaczewska U, Suur BE, Röhl S, Razuvaev A, Lengquist M, Sabater-Lleal M, van der Laan SW, Miller CL, Wirka RC, Kronqvist M, Gonzalez Diez M, Vesterlund M, Gillgren P, Odeberg J, Lindeman JH, Veglia F, Humphries SE, de Faire U, Baldassarre D, Tremoli E, Lehtiö J, Hansson GK, Paulsson-Berne G, Pasterkamp G, Quertermous T, Hamsten A, Eriksson P, Hedin U, Matic L. PCSK6 Is a Key Protease in the Control of Smooth Muscle Cell Function in Vascular Remodeling. Circ Res 2020; 126:571-585. [PMID: 31893970 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE PCSKs (Proprotein convertase subtilisins/kexins) are a protease family with unknown functions in vasculature. Previously, we demonstrated PCSK6 upregulation in human atherosclerotic plaques associated with smooth muscle cells (SMCs), inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and mitogens. OBJECTIVE Here, we applied a systems biology approach to gain deeper insights into the PCSK6 role in normal and diseased vessel wall. METHODS AND RESULTS Genetic analyses revealed association of intronic PCSK6 variant rs1531817 with maximum internal carotid intima-media thickness progression in high-cardiovascular risk subjects. This variant was linked with PCSK6 mRNA expression in healthy aortas and plaques but also with overall plaque SMA+ cell content and pericyte fraction. Increased PCSK6 expression was found in several independent human cohorts comparing atherosclerotic lesions versus healthy arteries, using transcriptomic and proteomic datasets. By immunohistochemistry, PCSK6 was localized to fibrous cap SMA+ cells and neovessels in plaques. In human, rat, and mouse intimal hyperplasia, PCSK6 was expressed by proliferating SMA+ cells and upregulated after 5 days in rat carotid balloon injury model, with positive correlation to PDGFB (platelet-derived growth factor subunit B) and MMP (matrix metalloprotease) 2/MMP14. Here, PCSK6 was shown to colocalize and cointeract with MMP2/MMP14 by in situ proximity ligation assay. Microarrays of carotid arteries from Pcsk6-/- versus control mice revealed suppression of contractile SMC markers, extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes, and cytokines/receptors. Pcsk6-/- mice showed reduced intimal hyperplasia response upon carotid ligation in vivo, accompanied by decreased MMP14 activation and impaired SMC outgrowth from aortic rings ex vivo. PCSK6 silencing in human SMCs in vitro leads to downregulation of contractile markers and increase in MMP2 expression. Conversely, PCSK6 overexpression increased PDGFBB (platelet-derived growth factor BB)-induced cell proliferation and particularly migration. CONCLUSIONS PCSK6 is a novel protease that induces SMC migration in response to PDGFB, mechanistically via modulation of contractile markers and MMP14 activation. This study establishes PCSK6 as a key regulator of SMC function in vascular remodeling. Visual Overview: An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Rykaczewska
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
| | - Bianca E Suur
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
| | - Samuel Röhl
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
| | - Anton Razuvaev
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.-L., M.G.D., G.P.-B., G.K.H., A.H., P.E., J.O.).,Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Institut de Recerca Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain (M.S.-L.)
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.v.d.L.)
| | - Clint L Miller
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (C.L.M.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (C.L.M., R.C.W., T.Q.)
| | - Robert C Wirka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (C.L.M., R.C.W., T.Q.)
| | - Malin Kronqvist
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
| | - Maria Gonzalez Diez
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.-L., M.G.D., G.P.-B., G.K.H., A.H., P.E., J.O.)
| | - Mattias Vesterlund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Sweden (M.V., J.L.)
| | - Peter Gillgren
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Vascular Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden (P.G.)
| | - Jacob Odeberg
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.-L., M.G.D., G.P.-B., G.K.H., A.H., P.E., J.O.).,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Proteomics, School of Chemistry Biotechnology and Health (CBH), KTH, Stockholm, Sweden (J.O.)
| | - Jan H Lindeman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.H.N.L.)
| | - Fabrizio Veglia
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (F.V., D.B., E.T.)
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute Cardiovascular Science, University College of London, Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, United Kingdom (S.E.H.)
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (H.d.F.)
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (F.V., D.B., E.T.).,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy (D.B.)
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (F.V., D.B., E.T.)
| | | | - Janne Lehtiö
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Sweden (M.V., J.L.)
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.-L., M.G.D., G.P.-B., G.K.H., A.H., P.E., J.O.)
| | - Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.-L., M.G.D., G.P.-B., G.K.H., A.H., P.E., J.O.)
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (G.P.)
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (C.L.M., R.C.W., T.Q.)
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.-L., M.G.D., G.P.-B., G.K.H., A.H., P.E., J.O.)
| | - Per Eriksson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.-L., M.G.D., G.P.-B., G.K.H., A.H., P.E., J.O.)
| | - Ulf Hedin
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
| | - Ljubica Matic
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
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428
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Nurnberg ST, Guerraty MA, Wirka RC, Rao HS, Pjanic M, Norton S, Serrano F, Perisic L, Elwyn S, Pluta J, Zhao W, Testa S, Park Y, Nguyen T, Ko YA, Wang T, Hedin U, Sinha S, Barash Y, Brown CD, Quertermous T, Rader DJ. Genomic profiling of human vascular cells identifies TWIST1 as a causal gene for common vascular diseases. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008538. [PMID: 31917787 PMCID: PMC6975560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple novel genomic loci associated with vascular diseases. Many of these loci are common non-coding variants that affect the expression of disease-relevant genes within coronary vascular cells. To identify such genes on a genome-wide level, we performed deep transcriptomic analysis of genotyped primary human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs) and coronary endothelial cells (HCAECs) from the same subjects, including splicing Quantitative Trait Loci (sQTL), allele-specific expression (ASE), and colocalization analyses. We identified sQTLs for TARS2, YAP1, CFDP1, and STAT6 in HCASMCs and HCAECs, and 233 ASE genes, a subset of which are also GTEx eGenes in arterial tissues. Colocalization of GWAS association signals for coronary artery disease (CAD), migraine, stroke and abdominal aortic aneurysm with GTEx eGenes in aorta, coronary artery and tibial artery discovered novel candidate risk genes for these diseases. At the CAD and stroke locus tagged by rs2107595 we demonstrate colocalization with expression of the proximal gene TWIST1. We show that disrupting the rs2107595 locus alters TWIST1 expression and that the risk allele has increased binding of the NOTCH signaling protein RBPJ. Finally, we provide data that TWIST1 expression influences vascular SMC phenotypes, including proliferation and calcification, as a potential mechanism supporting a role for TWIST1 in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia T. Nurnberg
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marie A. Guerraty
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Wirka
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - H. Shanker Rao
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Milos Pjanic
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Scott Norton
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Felipe Serrano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ljubica Perisic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Susannah Elwyn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John Pluta
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Testa
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - YoSon Park
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yoseph Barash
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Brown
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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429
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Gupta RM, Libby P, Barton M. Linking regulation of nitric oxide to endothelin-1: The Yin and Yang of vascular tone in the atherosclerotic plaque. Atherosclerosis 2020; 292:201-203. [PMID: 31810569 PMCID: PMC7447109 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajat M Gupta
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland; Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland.
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430
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Chaudhry F, Isherwood J, Bawa T, Patel D, Gurdziel K, Lanfear DE, Ruden DM, Levy PD. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of the Cardiovascular System: New Looks for Old Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:173. [PMID: 31921894 PMCID: PMC6914766 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease encompasses a wide range of conditions, resulting in the highest number of deaths worldwide. The underlying pathologies surrounding cardiovascular disease include a vast and complicated network of both cellular and molecular mechanisms. Unique phenotypic alterations in specific cell types, visualized as varying RNA expression-levels (both coding and non-coding), have been identified as crucial factors in the pathology underlying conditions such as heart failure and atherosclerosis. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have elucidated a new realm of cell subpopulations and transcriptional variations that are associated with normal and pathological physiology in a wide variety of diseases. This breakthrough in the phenotypical understanding of our cells has brought novel insight into cardiovascular basic science. scRNA-seq allows for separation of widely distinct cell subpopulations which were, until recently, simply averaged together with bulk-tissue RNA-seq. scRNA-seq has been used to identify novel cell types in the heart and vasculature that could be implicated in a variety of disease pathologies. Furthermore, scRNA-seq has been able to identify significant heterogeneity of phenotypes within individual cell subtype populations. The ability to characterize single cells based on transcriptional phenotypes allows researchers the ability to map development of cells and identify changes in specific subpopulations due to diseases at a very high throughput. This review looks at recent scRNA-seq studies of various aspects of the cardiovascular system and discusses their potential value to our understanding of the cardiovascular system and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Chaudhry
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jenna Isherwood
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Tejeshwar Bawa
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Dhruvil Patel
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Katherine Gurdziel
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - David E Lanfear
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Douglas M Ruden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Phillip D Levy
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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431
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Wang D, Yang X, Chen T. Letter by Wang et al Regarding Article, "Targeting Filamin A Reduces Macrophage Activity and Atherosclerosis". Circulation 2019; 140:e812-e813. [PMID: 31765256 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.043075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China (D.W., X.Y.)
| | - Xinquan Yang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China (D.W., X.Y.).,Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (X.Y.)
| | - Tian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China (T.C.)
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432
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Du H, Zhao Q, Zang H, Chang C, Li X. Artemisinin attenuates the development of atherosclerotic lesions by the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switching. Life Sci 2019; 237:116943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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433
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Lutgens E. Epigenetic Quenching of VSMC Inflammation in CVD: H3K9me2 in Control. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2199-2200. [PMID: 31644350 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lutgens
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University (LMU), Munich, Germany
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434
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Fernández-Ruiz I. SMC switch to fibromyocytes is atheroprotective. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 16:578. [PMID: 31399714 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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435
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Abstract
TCF21 , a gene associated with coronary heart disease, promotes plaque stability and reduces clinical events by enhancing smooth muscle cell phenotype modulation into “fibromyocytes” in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huize Pan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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