401
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Flanagan DJ, Phesse TJ, Barker N, Schwab RHM, Amin N, Malaterre J, Stange DE, Nowell CJ, Currie SA, Saw JTS, Beuchert E, Ramsay RG, Sansom OJ, Ernst M, Clevers H, Vincan E. Frizzled7 functions as a Wnt receptor in intestinal epithelial Lgr5(+) stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:759-67. [PMID: 25892522 PMCID: PMC4437483 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian adult small intestinal epithelium is a rapidly self-renewing tissue that is maintained by a pool of cycling stem cells intermingled with Paneth cells at the base of crypts. These crypt base stem cells exclusively express Lgr5 and require Wnt3 or, in its absence, Wnt2b. However, the Frizzled (Fzd) receptor that transmits these Wnt signals is unknown. We determined the expression profile of Fzd receptors in Lgr5(+) stem cells, their immediate daughter cells, and Paneth cells. Here we show Fzd7 is enriched in Lgr5(+) stem cells and binds Wnt3 and Wnt2b. Conditional deletion of the Fzd7 gene in adult intestinal epithelium leads to stem cell loss in vivo and organoid death in vitro. Crypts of conventional Fzd7 knockout mice show decreased basal Wnt signaling and impaired capacity to regenerate the epithelium following deleterious insult. These observations indicate that Fzd7 is required for robust Wnt-dependent processes in Lgr5(+) intestinal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Flanagan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Toby J Phesse
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Renate H M Schwab
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Nancy Amin
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jordane Malaterre
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel E Stange
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Scott A Currie
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jarel T S Saw
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Eva Beuchert
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Robert G Ramsay
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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402
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Qi Z, Chen YG. Regulation of intestinal stem cell fate specification. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:570-8. [PMID: 25951932 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable ability of rapid self-renewal makes the intestinal epithelium an ideal model for the study of adult stem cells. The intestinal epithelium is organized into villus and crypt, and a group of intestinal stem cells located at the base of crypt are responsible for this constant self-renewal throughout the life. Identification of the intestinal stem cell marker Lgr5, isolation and in vitro culture of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells and the use of transgenic mouse models have significantly facilitated the studies of intestinal stem cell homeostasis and differentiation, therefore greatly expanding our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the intestinal stem cell fate determination. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how signals of Wnt, BMP, Notch and EGF in the stem cell niche modulate the intestinal stem cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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403
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Sancho R, Cremona CA, Behrens A. Stem cell and progenitor fate in the mammalian intestine: Notch and lateral inhibition in homeostasis and disease. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:571-81. [PMID: 25855643 PMCID: PMC4428041 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of cell fate decisions is vital to build functional organs and maintain normal tissue homeostasis, and many pathways and processes cooperate to direct cells to an appropriate final identity. Because of its continuously renewing state and its carefully organised hierarchy, the mammalian intestine has become a powerful model to dissect these pathways in health and disease. One of the signalling pathways that is key to maintaining the balance between proliferation and differentiation in the intestinal epithelium is the Notch pathway, most famous for specifying distinct cell fates in adjacent cells via the evolutionarily conserved process of lateral inhibition. Here, we will review recent discoveries that advance our understanding of how cell fate in the mammalian intestine is decided by Notch and lateral inhibition, focusing on the molecular determinants that regulate protein turnover, transcriptional control and epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Sancho
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Catherine A Cremona
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Axel Behrens
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, UK School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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404
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Zhao CM, Hayakawa Y, Kodama Y, Muthupalani S, Westphalen CB, Andersen GT, Flatberg A, Johannessen H, Friedman RA, Renz BW, Sandvik AK, Beisvag V, Tomita H, Hara A, Quante M, Li Z, Gershon MD, Kaneko K, Fox JG, Wang TC, Chen D. Denervation suppresses gastric tumorigenesis. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:250ra115. [PMID: 25143365 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial homeostasis and has also been postulated to play a role in tumorigenesis. We provide evidence that proper innervation is critical at all stages of gastric tumorigenesis. In three separate mouse models of gastric cancer, surgical or pharmacological denervation of the stomach (bilateral or unilateral truncal vagotomy, or local injection of botulinum toxin type A) markedly reduced tumor incidence and progression, but only in the denervated portion of the stomach. Vagotomy or botulinum toxin type A treatment also enhanced the therapeutic effects of systemic chemotherapy and prolonged survival. Denervation-induced suppression of tumorigenesis was associated with inhibition of Wnt signaling and suppression of stem cell expansion. In gastric organoid cultures, neurons stimulated growth in a Wnt-mediated fashion through cholinergic signaling. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition or genetic knockout of the muscarinic acetylcholine M3 receptor suppressed gastric tumorigenesis. In gastric cancer patients, tumor stage correlated with neural density and activated Wnt signaling, whereas vagotomy reduced the risk of gastric cancer. Together, our findings suggest that vagal innervation contributes to gastric tumorigenesis via M3 receptor-mediated Wnt signaling in the stem cells, and that denervation might represent a feasible strategy for the control of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Zhao
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032-3802, USA
| | - Yosuke Kodama
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christoph B Westphalen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032-3802, USA.,Medizinische Klinik III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grobhadern, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Gøran T Andersen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Surgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim 7006, Norway
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Helene Johannessen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Richard A Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bernhard W Renz
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032-3802, USA
| | - Arne K Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim 7006, Norway
| | - Vidar Beisvag
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
| | - Michael Quante
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München 81675, Germany
| | - Zhishan Li
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032-3802, USA
| | - Duan Chen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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405
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Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an important role in development and disease. In this review we focus on the role of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in somatic stem cell biology and its critical role in tissue homeostasis. We present current knowledge how Wnt/β-catenin signaling affects tissue stem cell behavior in various organ systems, including the gut, mammary gland, the hematopoietic and nervous system. We discuss evidence that canonical Wnt signaling can both maintain potency and an undifferentiated state as well as cause differentiation in somatic stem cells, depending on the cellular and environmental context. Based on studies by our lab and others, we will attempt to explain the dichotomous behavior of this signaling pathway in determining cell fate decisions and put special emphasis on the interaction of β-catenin with two highly homologous co-activator proteins, CBP and p300, to shed light on the their differential role in the outcome of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, we review current knowledge regarding the aberrant regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer biology, particularly its pivotal role in the context of cancer stem cells. Finally, we discuss data demonstrating that small molecule modulators of the β-catenin/co-activator interaction can be used to shift the balance between undifferentiated proliferation and differentiation, which potentially presents a promising therapeutic approach to stem cell based disease mechanisms.
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406
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Tian H, Biehs B, Chiu C, Siebel CW, Wu Y, Costa M, de Sauvage FJ, Klein OD. Opposing activities of Notch and Wnt signaling regulate intestinal stem cells and gut homeostasis. Cell Rep 2015; 11:33-42. [PMID: 25818302 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper organ homeostasis requires tight control of adult stem cells and differentiation through the integration of multiple inputs. In the mouse small intestine, Notch and Wnt signaling are required both for stem cell maintenance and for a proper balance of differentiation between secretory and absorptive cell lineages. In the absence of Notch signaling, stem cells preferentially generate secretory cells at the expense of absorptive cells. Here, we use function-blocking antibodies against Notch receptors to demonstrate that Notch blockade perturbs intestinal stem cell function by causing a derepression of the Wnt signaling pathway, leading to misexpression of prosecretory genes. Importantly, attenuation of the Wnt pathway rescued the phenotype associated with Notch blockade. These studies bring to light a negative regulatory mechanism that maintains stem cell activity and balanced differentiation, and we propose that the interaction between Wnt and Notch signaling described here represents a common theme in adult stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian
- Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, Institute of Human Genetics and Program in Craniofacial Biology, UCSF, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0442, USA
| | - Brian Biehs
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cecilia Chiu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christian W Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mike Costa
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Frederic J de Sauvage
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, Institute of Human Genetics and Program in Craniofacial Biology, UCSF, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0442, USA.
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407
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Horvay K, Jardé T, Casagranda F, Perreau VM, Haigh K, Nefzger CM, Akhtar R, Gridley T, Berx G, Haigh JJ, Barker N, Polo JM, Hime GR, Abud HE. Snai1 regulates cell lineage allocation and stem cell maintenance in the mouse intestinal epithelium. EMBO J 2015; 34:1319-35. [PMID: 25759216 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Snail family members regulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during invasion of intestinal tumours, but their role in normal intestinal homeostasis is unknown. Studies in breast and skin epithelia indicate that Snail proteins promote an undifferentiated state. Here, we demonstrate that conditional knockout of Snai1 in the intestinal epithelium results in apoptotic loss of crypt base columnar stem cells and bias towards differentiation of secretory lineages. In vitro organoid cultures derived from Snai1 conditional knockout mice also undergo apoptosis when Snai1 is deleted. Conversely, ectopic expression of Snai1 in the intestinal epithelium in vivo results in the expansion of the crypt base columnar cell pool and a decrease in secretory enteroendocrine and Paneth cells. Following conditional deletion of Snai1, the intestinal epithelium fails to produce a proliferative response following radiation-induced damage indicating a fundamental requirement for Snai1 in epithelial regeneration. These results demonstrate that Snai1 is required for regulation of lineage choice, maintenance of CBC stem cells and regeneration of the intestinal epithelium following damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Horvay
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Thierry Jardé
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Franca Casagranda
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Victoria M Perreau
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Katharina Haigh
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University & Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian M Nefzger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Reyhan Akhtar
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Thomas Gridley
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Geert Berx
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jody J Haigh
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University & Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nick Barker
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Jose M Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Gary R Hime
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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408
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Mahe MM, Sundaram N, Watson CL, Shroyer NF, Helmrath MA. Establishment of human epithelial enteroids and colonoids from whole tissue and biopsy. J Vis Exp 2015:52483. [PMID: 25866936 PMCID: PMC4401205 DOI: 10.3791/52483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is constantly renewed as it turns over. This process is triggered by the proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and progeny that progressively migrate and differentiate toward the tip of the villi. These processes, essential for gastrointestinal homeostasis, have been extensively studied using multiple approaches. Ex vivo technologies, especially primary cell cultures have proven to be promising for understanding intestinal epithelial functions. A long-term primary culture system for mouse intestinal crypts has been established to generate 3-dimensional epithelial organoids. These epithelial structures contain crypt- and villus-like domains reminiscent of normal gut epithelium. Commonly, termed "enteroids" when derived from small intestine and "colonoids" when derived from colon, they are different from organoids that also contain mesenchyme tissue. Additionally, these enteroids/colonoids continuously produce all cell types found normally within the intestinal epithelium. This in vitro organ-like culture system is rapidly becoming the new gold standard for investigation of intestinal stem cell biology and epithelial cell physiology. This technology has been recently transferred to the study of human gut. The establishment of human derived epithelial enteroids and colonoids from small intestine and colon has been possible through the utilization of specific culture media that allow their growth and maintenance over time. Here, we describe a method to establish a small intestinal and colon crypt-derived system from human whole tissue or biopsies. We emphasize the culture modalities that are essential for the successful growth and maintenance of human enteroids and colonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime M Mahe
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Nambirajan Sundaram
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Carey L Watson
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Noah F Shroyer
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center;
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409
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Matano M, Date S, Shimokawa M, Takano A, Fujii M, Ohta Y, Watanabe T, Kanai T, Sato T. Modeling colorectal cancer using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated engineering of human intestinal organoids. Nat Med 2015; 21:256-62. [PMID: 25706875 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 761] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human colorectal tumors bear recurrent mutations in genes encoding proteins operative in the WNT, MAPK, TGF-β, TP53 and PI3K pathways. Although these pathways influence intestinal stem cell niche signaling, the extent to which mutations in these pathways contribute to human colorectal carcinogenesis remains unclear. Here we use the CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing system to introduce multiple such mutations into organoids derived from normal human intestinal epithelium. By modulating the culture conditions to mimic that of the intestinal niche, we selected isogenic organoids harboring mutations in the tumor suppressor genes APC, SMAD4 and TP53, and in the oncogenes KRAS and/or PIK3CA. Organoids engineered to express all five mutations grew independently of niche factors in vitro, and they formed tumors after implantation under the kidney subcapsule in mice. Although they formed micrometastases containing dormant tumor-initiating cells after injection into the spleen of mice, they failed to colonize in the liver. In contrast, engineered organoids derived from chromosome-instable human adenomas formed macrometastatic colonies. These results suggest that 'driver' pathway mutations enable stem cell maintenance in the hostile tumor microenvironment, but that additional molecular lesions are required for invasive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Matano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichi Date
- 1] Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. [2] Fujii Memorial Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan
| | - Mariko Shimokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Takano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujii
- 1] Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. [2] Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Watanabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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410
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Gracz AD, Williamson IA, Roche KC, Johnston MJ, Wang F, Wang Y, Attayek PJ, Balowski J, Liu XF, Laurenza RJ, Gaynor LT, Sims CE, Galanko JA, Li L, Allbritton NL, Magness ST. A high-throughput platform for stem cell niche co-cultures and downstream gene expression analysis. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:340-9. [PMID: 25664616 PMCID: PMC4405128 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells reside in “niches”, where support cells provide signaling critical for tissue renewal. Culture methods mimic niche conditions and support the growth of stem cells in vitro. However, current functional assays preclude statistically meaningful studies of clonal stem cells, stem cell-niche interactions, and genetic analysis of single cells and their organoid progeny. Here, we describe a “microraft array” (MRA) that facilitates high-throughput clonogenic culture and computational identification of single intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and niche cells co-cultures. We use MRAs to demonstrate that Paneth cells, a known ISC niche component, enhance organoid formation in a contact-dependent manner. MRAs facilitate retrieval of early enteroids for qPCR to correlate functional properties, such as enteroid morphology, with differences in gene expression. MRAs have broad applicability to assaying stem cell-niche interactions and organoid development, and serve as a high-throughput culture platform to interrogate gene expression at early stages of stem cell fate choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Gracz
- 1] Department of Cell Biology &Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ian A Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Kyle C Roche
- Department of Cell Biology &Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Michael J Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Fengchao Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Peter J Attayek
- UNC/NC State Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Joseph Balowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Xiao Fu Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ryan J Laurenza
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Liam T Gaynor
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Christopher E Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Joseph A Galanko
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Linheng Li
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA [2] Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- 1] Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599, USA [2] UNC/NC State Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Scott T Magness
- 1] Department of Cell Biology &Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [3] UNC/NC State Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599, USA
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411
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Faller WJ, Jackson TJ, Knight JR, Ridgway RA, Jamieson T, Karim SA, Jones C, Radulescu S, Huels DJ, Myant KB, Dudek KM, Casey HA, Scopelliti A, Cordero JB, Vidal M, Pende M, Ryazanov AG, Sonenberg N, Meyuhas O, Hall MN, Bushell M, Willis AE, Sansom OJ. mTORC1-mediated translational elongation limits intestinal tumour initiation and growth. Nature 2015; 517:497-500. [PMID: 25383520 PMCID: PMC4304784 DOI: 10.1038/nature13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of APC is a strongly predisposing event in the development of colorectal cancer, prompting the search for vulnerabilities specific to cells that have lost APC function. Signalling through the mTOR pathway is known to be required for epithelial cell proliferation and tumour growth, and the current paradigm suggests that a critical function of mTOR activity is to upregulate translational initiation through phosphorylation of 4EBP1 (refs 6, 7). This model predicts that the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, which does not efficiently inhibit 4EBP1 (ref. 8), would be ineffective in limiting cancer progression in APC-deficient lesions. Here we show in mice that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity is absolutely required for the proliferation of Apc-deficient (but not wild-type) enterocytes, revealing an unexpected opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Although APC-deficient cells show the expected increases in protein synthesis, our study reveals that it is translation elongation, and not initiation, which is the rate-limiting component. Mechanistically, mTORC1-mediated inhibition of eEF2 kinase is required for the proliferation of APC-deficient cells. Importantly, treatment of established APC-deficient adenomas with rapamycin (which can target eEF2 through the mTORC1-S6K-eEF2K axis) causes tumour cells to undergo growth arrest and differentiation. Taken together, our data suggest that inhibition of translation elongation using existing, clinically approved drugs, such as the rapalogs, would provide clear therapeutic benefit for patients at high risk of developing colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J Jackson
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit; Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - John Rp Knight
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit; Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | | | | | - Saadia A Karim
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Carolyn Jones
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit; Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | | | - David J Huels
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kevin B Myant
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kate M Dudek
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit; Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Helen A Casey
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | | | | | - Marcos Vidal
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Mario Pende
- Inserm U845, Université Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alexey G Ryazanov
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Oded Meyuhas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Michael N Hall
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Bushell
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit; Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Anne E Willis
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit; Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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412
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Schuijers J, Junker JP, Mokry M, Hatzis P, Koo BK, Sasselli V, van der Flier LG, Cuppen E, van Oudenaarden A, Clevers H. Ascl2 acts as an R-spondin/Wnt-responsive switch to control stemness in intestinal crypts. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 16:158-70. [PMID: 25620640 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway controls stem cell identity in the intestinal epithelium and in many other adult organs. The transcription factor Ascl2 (a Wnt target gene) is a master regulator of intestinal stem cell identity. It is unclear how the continuous Wnt gradient along the crypt axis is translated into discrete expression of Ascl2 and discrete specification of stem cells at crypt bottoms. We show that (1) Ascl2 is regulated in a direct autoactivatory loop, leading to a distinct on/off expression pattern, and (2) Wnt/R-spondin can activate this regulatory loop. This mechanism interprets the Wnt levels in the intestinal crypt and translates the continuous Wnt signal into a discrete Ascl2 "on" or "off" decision. In turn, Ascl2, together with β-catenin/Tcf, activates the genes fundamental to the stem cell state. In this manner, Ascl2 forms a transcriptional switch that is both Wnt responsive and Wnt dependent to define stem cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurian Schuijers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomiCs.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Philipp Junker
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomiCs.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michal Mokry
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pantelis Hatzis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomiCs.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Valentina Sasselli
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomiCs.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laurens G van der Flier
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomiCs.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; SomantiX B.V., Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomiCs.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomiCs.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomiCs.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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413
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Sun L, Miyoshi H, Origanti S, Nice TJ, Barger AC, Manieri NA, Fogel LA, French AR, Piwnica-Worms D, Piwnica-Worms H, Virgin HW, Lenschow DJ, Stappenbeck TS. Type I interferons link viral infection to enhanced epithelial turnover and repair. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:85-97. [PMID: 25482432 PMCID: PMC4297260 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The host immune system functions constantly to maintain chronic commensal and pathogenic organisms in check. The consequences of these immune responses on host physiology are as yet unexplored, and may have long-term implications in health and disease. We show that chronic viral infection increases epithelial turnover in multiple tissues, and the antiviral cytokines type I interferons (IFNs) mediate this response. Using a murine model with persistently elevated type I IFNs in the absence of exogenous viral infection, the Irgm1(-/-) mouse, we demonstrate that type I IFNs act through nonepithelial cells, including macrophages, to promote increased epithelial turnover and wound repair. Downstream of type I IFN signaling, the highly related IFN-stimulated genes Apolipoprotein L9a and b activate epithelial proliferation through ERK activation. Our findings demonstrate that the host immune response to chronic viral infection has systemic effects on epithelial turnover through a myeloid-epithelial circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Sun
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sofia Origanti
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexandra C Barger
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas A Manieri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Leslie A Fogel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anthony R French
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Helen Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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414
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Middendorp S, Schneeberger K, Wiegerinck CL, Mokry M, Akkerman RDL, van Wijngaarden S, Clevers H, Nieuwenhuis EES. Adult stem cells in the small intestine are intrinsically programmed with their location-specific function. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1083-91. [PMID: 24496776 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation and specialization of epithelial cells in the small intestine are regulated in two ways. First, there is differentiation along the crypt-villus axis of the intestinal stem cells into absorptive enterocytes, Paneth, goblet, tuft, enteroendocrine, or M cells, which is mainly regulated by WNT. Second, there is specialization along the cephalocaudal axis with different absorptive and digestive functions in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum that is controlled by several transcription factors such as GATA4. However, so far it is unknown whether location-specific functional properties are intrinsically programmed within stem cells or if continuous signaling from mesenchymal cells is necessary to maintain the location-specific identity of the small intestine. Using the pure epithelial organoid technique, we show that region-specific gene expression profiles are conserved throughout long-term cultures of both mouse and human intestinal stem cells and correlated with differential Gata4 expression. Furthermore, the human organoid culture system demonstrates that Gata4-regulated gene expression is only allowed in absence of WNT signaling. These data show that location-specific function is intrinsically programmed in the adult stem cells of the small intestine and that their differentiation fate is independent of location-specific extracellular signals. In light of the potential future clinical application of small intestine-derived organoids, our data imply that it is important to generate GATA4-positive and GATA4-negative cultures to regenerate all essential functions of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Middendorp
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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415
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Sukhotnik I, Geyer T, Pollak Y, Mogilner JG, Coran AG, Berkowitz D. The role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in enterocyte turnover during methotrexate-induced intestinal mucositis in a rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110675. [PMID: 25375224 PMCID: PMC4222808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Intestinal mucositis is a common side-effect in patients who receive aggressive chemotherapy. The Wnt signaling pathway is critical for establishing and maintaining the proliferative compartment of the intestine. In the present study, we tested whether Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in methotrexate (MTX)-induced intestinal damage in a rat model. Methods Non-pretreated and pretreated with MTX Caco-2 cells were evaluated for cell proliferation and apoptosis using FACS analysis. Adult rats were divided into three experimental groups: Control rats; MTX-2 animals were treated with a single dose of MTX given IP and were sacrificed on day 2, and MTX-4 rats were treated with MTX similar to group B and were sacrificed on day 4. Intestinal mucosal damage, mucosal structural changes, enterocyte proliferation, and enterocyte apoptosis were measured at sacrifice. Real Time PCR and Western blot was used to determine the level of Wnt/β-catenin related genes and protein expression. Results In the vitro experiment, treatment with MTX resulted in marked decrease in early cell proliferation rates following by a 17-fold increase in late cell proliferation rates compared to early proliferation. Treatment with MTX resulted in a significant increase in early and late apoptosis compared to Caco-2 untreated cells. In the vivo experiment, MTX-2 and MTX-4 rats demonstrated intestinal mucosal hypoplasia. MTX-2 rats demonstrated a significant decrease in FRZ-2, Wnt 3A Wnt 5A, β-catenin, c-myc mRNA expression and a significant decrease in β-catenin and Akt protein levels compared to control animals. Four days following MTX administration, rats demonstrated a trend toward a restoration of Wnt/β-catenin signaling especially in ileum. Conclusions Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in enterocyte turnover during MTX-induced intestinal mucositis in a rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Sukhotnik
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Laboratory of intestinal adaptation and recovery, Dept of Pediatric Surgery, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatiana Geyer
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Laboratory of intestinal adaptation and recovery, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yulia Pollak
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Laboratory of intestinal adaptation and recovery, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jorge G. Mogilner
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Pediatric Surgery, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arnold G. Coran
- Section of Pediatric Surgery C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Drora Berkowitz
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Dept of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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416
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Yu J, Virshup D. Updating the Wnt pathways. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:e00142. [PMID: 25208913 PMCID: PMC4201215 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the three decades since the discovery of the Wnt1 proto-oncogene in virus-induced mouse mammary tumours, our understanding of the signalling pathways that are regulated by the Wnt proteins has progressively expanded. Wnts are involved in an complex signalling network that governs multiple biological processes and cross-talk with multiple additional signalling cascades, including the Notch, FGF (fibroblast growth factor), SHH (Sonic hedgehog), EGF (epidermal growth factor) and Hippo pathways. The Wnt signalling pathway also illustrates the link between abnormal regulation of the developmental processes and disease manifestation. Here we provide an overview of Wnt-regulated signalling cascades and highlight recent advances. We focus on new findings regarding the dedicated Wnt production and secretion pathway with potential therapeutic targets that might be beneficial for patients with Wnt-related diseases.
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Key Words
- adenomatous polyposis coli
- planar cell polarity (pcp)
- wnt
- apc, adenomatous polyposis coli
- bar, bin-amphiphysin-rvs
- cbp, creb (camp response element-binding)-binding protein
- cop, coat protein complex
- crd, cysteine-rich domain
- ctd, c-terminal domain
- ck1α, casein kinase 1 α
- er, endoplasmic reticulum fap, familial adenomatous polyposis
- fdh, focal dermal hypoplasia
- gsk3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- lef, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor
- lrp, lipoprotein receptor-related protein
- ntd, n-terminal domain
- pcp, planar cell polarity
- porcn, protein porcupine
- ror2, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2
- rspo, r-spondin
- sfrp, secreted frizzled-related protein
- snx-1, sorting nexin-1
- swim, wingless-interacting molecule
- tcf, t cell-specific factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu
- *Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - David M. Virshup
- *Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- †Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- §Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, U.S.A
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417
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Clevers H, Loh KM, Nusse R. Stem cell signaling. An integral program for tissue renewal and regeneration: Wnt signaling and stem cell control. Science 2014; 346:1248012. [PMID: 25278615 DOI: 10.1126/science.1248012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 944] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells fuel tissue development, renewal, and regeneration, and these activities are controlled by the local stem cell microenvironment, the "niche." Wnt signals emanating from the niche can act as self-renewal factors for stem cells in multiple mammalian tissues. Wnt proteins are lipid-modified, which constrains them to act as short-range cellular signals. The locality of Wnt signaling dictates that stem cells exiting the Wnt signaling domain differentiate, spatially delimiting the niche in certain tissues. In some instances, stem cells may act as or generate their own niche, enabling the self-organization of patterned tissues. In this Review, we discuss the various ways by which Wnt operates in stem cell control and, in doing so, identify an integral program for tissue renewal and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht and CancerGenomics.nl, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Roel Nusse
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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418
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Fukuda M, Mizutani T, Mochizuki W, Matsumoto T, Nozaki K, Sakamaki Y, Ichinose S, Okada Y, Tanaka T, Watanabe M, Nakamura T. Small intestinal stem cell identity is maintained with functional Paneth cells in heterotopically grafted epithelium onto the colon. Genes Dev 2014; 28:1752-7. [PMID: 25128495 PMCID: PMC4197962 DOI: 10.1101/gad.245233.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To develop stem cell therapy for small intestinal (SI) diseases, it is essential to determine whether SI stem cells in culture retain their tissue regeneration capabilities. By using a heterotopic transplantation approach, we show that cultured murine SI epithelial organoids are able to reconstitute self-renewing epithelia in the colon. When stably integrated, the SI-derived grafts show many features unique only to the SI but distinct from the colonic epithelium. Our study provides evidence that cultured adult SI stem cells could be a source for cell therapy of intestinal diseases, maintaining their identity along the gastrointestinal tract through an epithelium-intrinsic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Bioresource Research Center
| | - Toshihiro Tanaka
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Bioresource Research Center
| | | | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 113-8519 Tokyo, Japan
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419
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Germann M, Xu H, Malaterre J, Sampurno S, Huyghe M, Cheasley D, Fre S, Ramsay RG. Tripartite interactions between Wnt signaling, Notch and Myb for stem/progenitor cell functions during intestinal tumorigenesis. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:355-66. [PMID: 25290188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion studies confirm Wnt, Notch and Myb transcriptional pathway engagement in intestinal tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, their contrasting and combined roles when activated have not been elucidated. This is important as these pathways are not ablated but rather are aberrantly activated during carcinogenesis. Using ApcMin/+ mice as a source of organoids we documented their transition, on a clone-by-clone basis, to cyst-like spheres with constitutively activated Wnt pathway, increased self-renewal and growth and reduced differentiation. We then looked at this transition when Myb and/or Notch1 are activated. Activated Notch promoted cyst-like organoids. Conversely growth and propagation of cyst-like, but not normal organoids were Notch-independent. Activated Myb promoted normal, but not cyst-like organoids. Interestingly the Wnt, Notch and Myb pathways were all involved in regulating the expression of the intestinal stem cell (ISC) gene Lgr5 in organoids, while ISC gene and Notch target Olfm4 was dominantly repressed by Wnt. These findings parallel mouse intestinal adenoma formation where Notch promoted the initiation, but not growth, of Wnt-driven Olfm4-repressed colon tumors. Also Myb was essential for colon tumor initiation and collateral mouse pathologies. These data reveal the complex interplay and hierarchy of transcriptional networks that operate in ISCs and uncover a shift in pathway-dependencies during tumor initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Germann
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Huiling Xu
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Cancer Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jordane Malaterre
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Cancer Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shienny Sampurno
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Cancer Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mathilde Huyghe
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, Cedex 05, France
| | - Dane Cheasley
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Cancer Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Silvia Fre
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, Cedex 05, France
| | - Robert G Ramsay
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Cancer Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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420
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Stange DE, Clevers H. Concise review: the yin and yang of intestinal (cancer) stem cells and their progenitors. Stem Cells 2014; 31:2287-95. [PMID: 23836510 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intestine has developed over the last few years into a prime model system for adult stem cell research. Intestinal cells have an average lifetime of 5 days, moving within this time from the bottom of intestinal crypts to the top of villi. This rapid self-renewal capacity combined with an easy to follow (mostly) unidirectional movement of cells offers an ideal site to conduct adult stem cell research. The delineation of the active pathways in the intestinal epithelium together with the development of molecular techniques to prove stemness laid the grounds for the identification of the intestinal stem cell. In vitro systems and transgenic mouse models broaden our knowledge on the role of the stem cell niche and those cells that reestablish homeostasis after perturbation of the system. These insights expedited also research on the role of normal adult stem cells in cancer initiation and the factors influencing the maintenance of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Stange
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of General, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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421
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McElroy SJ, Castle SL, Bernard JK, Almohazey D, Hunter CJ, Bell BA, Al Alam D, Wang L, Ford HR, Frey MR. The ErbB4 ligand neuregulin-4 protects against experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2768-78. [PMID: 25216938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) affects up to 10% of premature infants, has a mortality of 30%, and can leave surviving patients with significant morbidity. Neuregulin-4 (NRG4) is an ErbB4-specific ligand that promotes epithelial cell survival. Thus, this pathway could be protective in diseases such as NEC, in which epithelial cell death is a major pathologic feature. We sought to determine whether NRG4-ErbB4 signaling is protective in experimental NEC. NRG4 was used i) in the newborn rat formula feeding/hypoxia model; ii) in a recently developed model in which 14- to 16-day-old mice are injected with dithizone to induce Paneth cell loss, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae infection to induce intestinal injury; and iii) in bacterially infected IEC-6 cells in vitro. NRG4 reduced NEC incidence and severity in the formula feed/hypoxia rat model. It also reduced Paneth cell ablation-induced NEC and prevented dithizone-induced Paneth cell loss in mice. In vitro, cultured ErbB4(-/-) ileal epithelial enteroids had reduced Paneth cell markers and were highly sensitive to inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, NRG4 blocked, through a Src-dependent pathway, Cronobacter muytjensii-induced IEC-6 cell apoptosis. The potential clinical relevance of these findings was demonstrated by the observation that NRG4 and its receptor ErbB4 are present in human breast milk and developing human intestine, respectively. Thus, NRG4-ErbB4 signaling may be a novel pathway for therapeutic intervention or prevention in NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J McElroy
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Shannon L Castle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jessica K Bernard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and The Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dana Almohazey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and The Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine J Hunter
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brandon A Bell
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Larry Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Henri R Ford
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark R Frey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and The Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
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422
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Farin HF, Karthaus WR, Kujala P, Rakhshandehroo M, Schwank G, Vries RGJ, Kalkhoven E, Nieuwenhuis EES, Clevers H. Paneth cell extrusion and release of antimicrobial products is directly controlled by immune cell-derived IFN-γ. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1393-405. [PMID: 24980747 PMCID: PMC4076587 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) are terminally differentiated, highly specialized secretory cells located at the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn in the small intestine. Besides their antimicrobial function, PCs serve as a component of the intestinal stem cell niche. By secreting granules containing bactericidal proteins like defensins/cryptdins and lysozyme, PCs regulate the microbiome of the gut. Here we study the control of PC degranulation in primary epithelial organoids in culture. We show that PC degranulation does not directly occur upon stimulation with microbial antigens or bacteria. In contrast, the pro-inflammatory cytokine Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) induces rapid and complete loss of granules. Using live cell imaging, we show that degranulation is coupled to luminal extrusion and death of PCs. Transfer of supernatants from in vitro stimulated iNKT cells recapitulates degranulation in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Furthermore, endogenous IFN-γ secretion induced by anti-CD3 antibody injection causes Paneth loss and release of goblet cell mucus. The identification of IFN-γ as a trigger for degranulation and extrusion of PCs establishes a novel effector mechanism by which immune responses may regulate epithelial status and the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henner F Farin
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter R Karthaus
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pekka Kujala
- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maryam Rakhshandehroo
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerald Schwank
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robert G J Vries
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands Netherlands Metabolomics Center, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Edward E S Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
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423
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Serio RN. Wnt of the Two Horizons: Putting Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Cell Fate Determination into Context. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1975-90. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N. Serio
- Graduate School of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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424
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Transgenic expression of oncogenic BRAF induces loss of stem cells in the mouse intestine, which is antagonized by β-catenin activity. Oncogene 2014; 34:3164-75. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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425
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Sakamori R, Yu S, Zhang X, Hoffman A, Sun J, Das S, Vedula P, Li G, Fu J, Walker F, Yang CS, Yi Z, Hsu W, Yu DH, Shen L, Rodriguez AJ, Taketo MM, Bonder EM, Verzi MP, Gao N. CDC42 inhibition suppresses progression of incipient intestinal tumors. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5480-92. [PMID: 25113996 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the APC or β-catenin genes are well-established initiators of colorectal cancer, yet modifiers that facilitate the survival and progression of nascent tumor cells are not well defined. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches in mouse colorectal cancer and human colorectal cancer xenograft models, we show that incipient intestinal tumor cells activate CDC42, an APC-interacting small GTPase, as a crucial step in malignant progression. In the mouse, Cdc42 ablation attenuated the tumorigenicity of mutant intestinal cells carrying single APC or β-catenin mutations. Similarly, human colorectal cancer with relatively higher levels of CDC42 activity was particularly sensitive to CDC42 blockade. Mechanistic studies suggested that Cdc42 may be activated at different levels, including at the level of transcriptional activation of the stem cell-enriched Rho family exchange factor Arhgef4. Our results indicate that early-stage mutant intestinal epithelial cells must recruit the pleiotropic functions of Cdc42 for malignant progression, suggesting its relevance as a biomarker and therapeutic target for selective colorectal cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Andrew Hoffman
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jiaxin Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Soumyashree Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Pavan Vedula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Guangxun Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jiang Fu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey. Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Zheng Yi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Wei Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Da-Hai Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lanlan Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Alexis J Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Makoto M Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey. Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey. Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
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426
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Basak O, van de Born M, Korving J, Beumer J, van der Elst S, van Es JH, Clevers H. Mapping early fate determination in Lgr5+ crypt stem cells using a novel Ki67-RFP allele. EMBO J 2014; 33:2057-68. [PMID: 25092767 PMCID: PMC4195772 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cycling Lgr5+ stem cells fuel the rapid turnover of the adult intestinal epithelium. The existence of quiescent Lgr5+ cells has been reported, while an alternative quiescent stem cell population is believed to reside at crypt position +4. Here, we generated a novel Ki67RFP knock-in allele that identifies dividing cells. Using Lgr5-GFP;Ki67RFP mice, we isolated crypt stem and progenitor cells with distinct Wnt signaling levels and cell cycle features and generated their molecular signature using microarrays. Stem cell potential of these populations was further characterized using the intestinal organoid culture. We found that Lgr5high stem cells are continuously in cell cycle, while a fraction of Lgr5low progenitors that reside predominantly at +4 position exit the cell cycle. Unlike fast dividing CBCs, Lgr5low Ki67− cells have lost their ability to initiate organoid cultures, are enriched in secretory differentiation factors, and resemble the Dll1 secretory precursors and the label-retaining cells of Winton and colleagues. Our findings support the cycling stem cell hypothesis and highlight the cell cycle heterogeneity of early progenitors during lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Basak
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike van de Born
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Korving
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan van der Elst
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan H van Es
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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427
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Koo BK, Clevers H. Stem cells marked by the R-spondin receptor LGR5. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:289-302. [PMID: 24859206 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of LGR5 as a marker of intestinal stem cells, the field has developed explosively and led to many new avenues of research. The inner workings of the intestinal crypt stem cell niche are now well understood. The study of stem cell-enriched genes has uncovered some previously unknown aspects of the Wnt signaling pathway, the major driver of crypt dynamics. LGR5(+) stem cells can now be cultured over long periods in vitro as epithelial organoids or "mini-guts." This technology opens new possibilities of using cultured adult stem cells for drug development, disease modeling, gene therapy, and regenerative medicine. This review describes the rediscovery of crypt base columnar cells as LGR5(+) adult stem cells and summarizes subsequent progress, promises, unresolved issues, and challenges of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute/KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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428
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Abstract
Limited pools of resident adult stem cells are critical effectors of epithelial renewal in the intestine throughout life. Recently, significant progress has been made regarding the isolation and in vitro propagation of fetal and adult intestinal stem cells in mammals. It is now possible to generate ever-expanding, three-dimensional epithelial structures in culture that closely parallel the in vivo epithelium of the intestine. Growing such organotypic epithelium ex vivo facilitates a detailed description of endogenous niche factors or stem-cell characteristics, as they can be monitored in real time. Accordingly, this technology has already greatly contributed to our understanding of intestinal adult stem-cell renewal and differentiation. Transplanted organoids have also been proven to readily integrate into, and effect the long-term repair of, mouse colonic epithelia in vivo, establishing the organoid culture as a promising tool for adult stem cell/gene therapy. In another exciting development, novel genome-editing techniques have been successfully employed to functionally repair disease loci in cultured intestinal stem cells from human patients with a hereditary defect. It is anticipated that this technology will be instrumental in exploiting the regenerative medicine potential of human intestinal stem cells for treating human disorders in the intestinal tract and for creating near-physiological ex vivo models of human gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Barker
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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429
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Gracz AD, Magness ST. Defining hierarchies of stemness in the intestine: evidence from biomarkers and regulatory pathways. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G260-73. [PMID: 24924746 PMCID: PMC4121637 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00066.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the rapid proliferation and well-defined cellular lineages of the small intestinal epithelium have driven an interest in the biology of the intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and progenitors that produce the functional cells of the epithelium. Recent and significant advances in ISC biomarker discovery have established the small intestinal epithelium as a powerful model system for studying general paradigms in somatic stem cell biology and facilitated elegant genetic and functional studies of stemness in the intestine. However, this newfound wealth of ISC biomarkers raises important questions of marker specificity. Furthermore, the ISC field must now begin to reconcile biomarker status with functional stemness, a challenge that is made more complex by emerging evidence that cellular hierarchies in the intestinal epithelium are more plastic than previously imagined, with some progenitor populations capable of dedifferentiating and functioning as ISCs following damage. In this review, we discuss the state of the ISC field in terms of biomarkers, tissue dynamics, and cellular hierarchies, and how these processes might be informed by earlier studies into signaling networks in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Gracz
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - S. T. Magness
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and ,3Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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430
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Kim YM, Kahn M. The role of the Wnt signaling pathway in cancer stem cells: prospects for drug development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:1-12. [PMID: 26566491 PMCID: PMC4640466 DOI: 10.2147/rrbc.s53823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor initiating cells are now considered to be the root cause of most if not all cancers, evading treatment and giving rise to disease relapse. They have become a central focus in new drug development. Prospective identification, understanding the key pathways that maintain CSCs, and being able to target CSCs, particularly if the normal stem cell population could be spared, could offer an incredible therapeutic advantage. The Wnt signaling cascade is critically important in stem cell biology, both in homeostatic maintenance of tissues and organs through their respective somatic stem cells and in the CSC/tumor initiating cell population. Aberrant Wnt signaling is associated with a wide array of tumor types. Therefore, the ability to safely target the Wnt signaling pathway offers enormous promise to target CSCs. However, just like the sword of Damocles, significant risks and concerns regarding targeting such a critical pathway in normal stem cell maintenance and tissue homeostasis remain ever present. With this in mind, we review recent efforts in modulating the Wnt signaling cascade and critically analyze therapeutic approaches at various stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mi Kim
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Pathology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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431
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Ader M, Tanaka EM. Modeling human development in 3D culture. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 31:23-8. [PMID: 25033469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently human embryonic stem cell research has taken on a new dimension - the third dimension. Capitalizing on increasing knowledge on directing pluripotent cells along different lineages, combined with ECM supported three-dimensional culture conditions, it has become possible to generate highly organized tissues of the central nervous system, gut, liver and kidney. Each system has been used to study different aspects of organogenesis and function including physical forces underlying optic cup morphogenesis, the function of disease related genes in progenitor cell control, as well as interaction of the generated tissues with host tissue upon transplantation. Pluripotent stem cell derived organoids represent powerful systems for the study of how cells self-organize to generate tissues with a given shape, pattern and form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Ader
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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432
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Kabiri Z, Greicius G, Madan B, Biechele S, Zhong Z, Zaribafzadeh H, Aliyev J, Wu Y, Bunte R, Williams BO, Rossant J, Virshup DM. Stroma provides an intestinal stem cell niche in the absence of epithelial Wnts. Development 2014; 141:2206-15. [PMID: 24821987 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling supports intestinal homeostasis by regulating proliferation in the crypt. Multiple Wnts are expressed in Paneth cells as well as other intestinal epithelial and stromal cells. Ex vivo, Wnts secreted by Paneth cells can support intestinal stem cells when Wnt signaling is enhanced with supplemental R-Spondin 1 (RSPO1). However, in vivo, the source of Wnts in the stem cell niche is less clear. Genetic ablation of Porcn, an endoplasmic reticulum resident O-acyltransferase that is essential for the secretion and activity of all vertebrate Wnts, confirmed the role of intestinal epithelial Wnts in ex vivo culture. Unexpectedly, mice lacking epithelial Wnt activity (Porcn(Del)/Villin-Cre mice) had normal intestinal proliferation and differentiation, as well as successful regeneration after radiation injury, indicating that epithelial Wnts are dispensable for these processes. Consistent with a key role for stroma in the crypt niche, intestinal stromal cells endogenously expressing Wnts and Rspo3 support the growth of Porcn(Del) organoids ex vivo without RSPO1 supplementation. Conversely, increasing pharmacologic PORCN inhibition, affecting both stroma and epithelium, reduced Lgr5 intestinal stem cells, inhibited recovery from radiation injury, and at the highest dose fully blocked intestinal proliferation. We conclude that epithelial Wnts are dispensable and that stromal production of Wnts can fully support normal murine intestinal homeostasis.
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433
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Ortiz-Masiá D, Cosín-Roger J, Calatayud S, Hernández C, Alós R, Hinojosa J, Apostolova N, Alvarez A, Barrachina MD. Hypoxic macrophages impair autophagy in epithelial cells through Wnt1: relevance in IBD. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:929-38. [PMID: 24301659 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A defective induction of epithelial autophagy may have a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. This process is regulated mainly by extracellular factors such as nutrients and growth factors and is highly induced by diverse situations of stress. We hypothesized that epithelial autophagy is regulated by the immune response that in turn is modulated by local hypoxia and inflammatory signals present in the inflamed mucosa. Our results reveal that HIF-1α and Wnt1 were co-localized with CD68 in cells of the mucosa of IBD patients. We have observed increased protein levels of β-catenin, phosphorylated mTOR, and p62 and decreased expression of LC3II in colonic epithelial crypts from damaged mucosa in which β-catenin positively correlated with phosphorylated mTOR and negatively correlated with autophagic protein markers. In cultured macrophages, HIF-1 mediated the increase in Wnt1 expression induced by hypoxia, which enhanced protein levels of β-catenin, activated mTOR, and decreased autophagy in epithelial cells in co-culture. Our results demonstrate a HIF-1-dependent induction of Wnt1 in hypoxic macrophages that undermines autophagy in epithelial cells and suggest a role for Wnt signaling and mTOR pathways in the impaired epithelial autophagy observed in the mucosa of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Cosín-Roger
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Calatayud
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - R Alós
- Hospital de Manises, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - A Alvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M D Barrachina
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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434
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De Mey JR, Freund JN. Understanding epithelial homeostasis in the intestine: An old battlefield of ideas, recent breakthroughs and remaining controversies. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e24965. [PMID: 24665395 PMCID: PMC3879175 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.24965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium constitutes the barrier between the gut lumen and the rest of the body and a very actively renewing cell population. The crypt/villus and crypt/cuff units of the mouse small intestine and colon are its basic functional units. The field is confronted with competing concepts with regard to the nature of the cells that are responsible for all the day-to day cell replacement and those that act to regenerate the tissue upon injury and with two diametrically opposed models for lineage specification. The review revisits groundbreaking pioneering studies to provide non expert readers and crypt watchers with a factual analysis of the origins of the current models deduced from the latest spectacular advances. It also discusses recent progress made by addressing these issues in the crypts of the colon, which need to be better understood, since they are the preferred sites of major pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R De Mey
- CNRS, UMR 7213; Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie; Illkirch, France ; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Noël Freund
- Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France ; INSERM_U113; Strasbourg, France ; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle; Strasbourg, France
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435
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Wnt secretion is required to maintain high levels of Wnt activity in colon cancer cells. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2610. [PMID: 24162018 PMCID: PMC3826636 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has an important role during the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, with over 90% of cases of sporadic colon cancer featuring mutations in APC or β-catenin. However, it has remained a point of controversy whether these mutations are sufficient to activate the pathway or require additional upstream signals. Here we show that colorectal tumours express elevated levels of Wnt3 and Evi/Wls/GPR177. We found that in colon cancer cells, even in the presence of mutations in APC or β-catenin, downstream signalling remains responsive to Wnt ligands and receptor proximal signalling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that truncated APC proteins bind β-catenin and key components of the destruction complex. These results indicate that cells with mutations in APC or β-catenin depend on Wnt ligands and their secretion for a sufficient level of β-catenin signalling, which potentially opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions by targeting Wnt secretion via Evi/Wls. Activating mutations in the Wnt signalling pathway are associated with colon cancer. Here the authors show that tumour cells carrying mutations in APC and β-catenin are still regulated by Wnt ligands, suggesting that Wnt secretion and receptor signalling remains important to control downstream signalling.
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436
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Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is permanently renewed during homoeostasis. Stable function of its stem cells is ensured by interaction with a specific tissue compartment, the so-called ‘intestinal stem cell niche’. The essential regulatory principles of this niche are still under debate. In order to approach this question, we have introduced several single cell-based models of the spatiotemporal stem cell organization in murine intestinal crypts and organoids. In the present article, we provide a brief review of these models. Starting with pedigree models reproducing cell kinetics, over the last few years, we have successively improved these models by refining the biomechanical representation of the system and introducing environmentally controlled lineage specification. Our current models of the intestinal crypt are capable of linking a broad spectrum of experimental observations encompassing spatially confined cell proliferation, directed cell migration, multiple cell lineage decisions and clonal competition. Our model of intestinal organoids provides for the first time a description of a self-organizing intestinal stem cell niche. It suggests that this niche is established by secretory activity of specified cells and in addition requires a defined spatial organization, which sensitively depends on tissue biomechanics.
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437
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Gracz AD, Fuller MK, Wang F, Li L, Stelzner M, Dunn JCY, Martin MG, Magness ST. Brief report: CD24 and CD44 mark human intestinal epithelial cell populations with characteristics of active and facultative stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 31:2024-30. [PMID: 23553902 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent seminal studies have rapidly advanced the understanding of intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) biology in murine models. However, the lack of techniques suitable for isolation and subsequent downstream analysis of IESCs from human tissue has hindered the application of these findings toward the development of novel diagnostics and therapies with direct clinical relevance. This study demonstrates that the cluster of differentiation genes CD24 and CD44 are differentially expressed across LGR5 positive "active" stem cells as well as HOPX positive "facultative" stem cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting enables differential enrichment of LGR5 (CD24-/CD44+) and HOPX (CD24+/CD44+) cells for gene expression analysis and culture. These findings provide the fundamental methodology and basic cell surface signature necessary for isolating and studying intestinal stem cell populations in human physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Gracz
- Department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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438
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Hirokawa Y, Yip KHY, Tan CW, Burgess AW. Colonic myofibroblast cell line stimulates colonoid formation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G547-56. [PMID: 24481605 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00267.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A stable and efficient system for the culture of murine colon epithelial cells or crypts is required to facilitate studies of the dynamics and factors affecting colon stem cell niche and crypt formation. Survival of colonic epithelial cells or crypts in vitro was not established until recently, when it was found that exogenous Wnt3A and R-spondin could promote cell survival and formation of spheroids (colonospheres) or some advanced organoids with well-developed crypts (colonoids). However, after 6-8 days in these culture conditions, only small numbers of colonospheres form organoids with crypt-like structures (colonoids). This study describes the use of a myofibroblast cell line and a coculture system that increases the efficiency of colonoid formation from isolated crypts. The enhanced coculture system has significantly improved colonoid-forming efficiency compared with results from previous systems. Crypt formation can be detected as early as day 2. The coculture system will facilitate the characterization of the colon stem cell niche and the changes that occur as a result of perturbations or mutations in colon stem or epithelial cells, such as those that favor precancerous adenoma or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Hirokawa
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne
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439
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Lim WH, Liu B, Cheng D, Hunter DJ, Zhong Z, Ramos DM, Williams BO, Sharpe PT, Bardet C, Mah SJ, Helms JA. Wnt signaling regulates pulp volume and dentin thickness. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:892-901. [PMID: 23996396 PMCID: PMC4541795 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Odontoblasts, cementoblasts, ameloblasts, and osteoblasts all form mineralized tissues in the craniofacial complex, and all these cell types exhibit active Wnt signaling during postnatal life. We set out to understand the functions of this Wnt signaling, by evaluating the phenotypes of mice in which the essential Wnt chaperone protein, Wntless was eliminated. The deletion of Wls was restricted to cells expressing Osteocalcin (OCN), which in addition to osteoblasts includes odontoblasts, cementoblasts, and ameloblasts. Dentin, cementum, enamel, and bone all formed in OCN-Cre;Wls(fl/fl) mice but their homeostasis was dramatically affected. The most notable feature was a significant increase in dentin volume and density. We attribute this gain in dentin volume to a Wnt-mediated misregulation of Runx2. Normally, Wnt signaling stimulates Runx2, which in turn inhibits dentin sialoprotein (DSP); this inhibition must be relieved for odontoblasts to differentiate. In OCN-Cre;Wls(fl/fl) mice, Wnt pathway activation is reduced and Runx2 levels decline. The Runx2-mediated repression of DSP is relieved and odontoblast differentiation is accordingly enhanced. This study demonstrates the importance of Wnt signaling in the homeostasis of mineralized tissues of the craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hee Lim
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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440
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Reynolds A, Wharton N, Parris A, Mitchell E, Sobolewski A, Kam C, Bigwood L, El Hadi A, Münsterberg A, Lewis M, Speakman C, Stebbings W, Wharton R, Sargen K, Tighe R, Jamieson C, Hernon J, Kapur S, Oue N, Yasui W, Williams MR. Canonical Wnt signals combined with suppressed TGFβ/BMP pathways promote renewal of the native human colonic epithelium. Gut 2014; 63:610-21. [PMID: 23831735 PMCID: PMC3963552 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A defining characteristic of the human intestinal epithelium is that it is the most rapidly renewing tissue in the body. However, the processes underlying tissue renewal and the mechanisms that govern their coordination have proved difficult to study in the human gut. OBJECTIVE To investigate the regulation of stem cell-driven tissue renewal by canonical Wnt and TGFβ/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways in the native human colonic epithelium. DESIGN Intact human colonic crypts were isolated from mucosal tissue samples and placed into 3D culture conditions optimised for steady-state tissue renewal. High affinity mRNA in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry were complemented by functional genomic and bioimaging techniques. The effects of signalling pathway modulators on the status of intestinal stem cell biology, crypt cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and shedding were determined. RESULTS Native human colonic crypts exhibited distinct activation profiles for canonical Wnt, TGFβ and BMP pathways. A population of intestinal LGR5/OLFM4-positive stem/progenitor cells were interspersed between goblet-like cells within the crypt-base. Exogenous and crypt cell-autonomous canonical Wnt signals supported homeostatic intestinal stem/progenitor cell proliferation and were antagonised by TGFβ or BMP pathway activation. Reduced Wnt stimulation impeded crypt cell proliferation, but crypt cell migration and shedding from the crypt surface were unaffected and resulted in diminished crypts. CONCLUSIONS Steady-state tissue renewal in the native human colonic epithelium is dependent on canonical Wnt signals combined with suppressed TGFβ/BMP pathways. Stem/progenitor cell proliferation is uncoupled from crypt cell migration and shedding, and is required to constantly replenish the crypt cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Reynolds
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Natalia Wharton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Alyson Parris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Esther Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Anastasia Sobolewski
- Department of Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute Strategic Programme, Institute of Food Research, Colney, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Christy Kam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Loren Bigwood
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Ahmed El Hadi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Michael Lewis
- Department of Surgery, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Christopher Speakman
- Department of Surgery, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - William Stebbings
- Department of Surgery, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Richard Wharton
- Department of Surgery, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Kevin Sargen
- Department of Surgery, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Richard Tighe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Crawford Jamieson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - James Hernon
- Department of Surgery, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Sandeep Kapur
- Department of Surgery, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mark R Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
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441
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Carulli AJ, Samuelson LC, Schnell S. Unraveling intestinal stem cell behavior with models of crypt dynamics. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:243-57. [PMID: 24480852 PMCID: PMC4007491 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40163d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The definition, regulation and function of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) has been hotly debated. Recent discoveries have started to clarify the nature of ISCs, but many questions remain. This review discusses the current advances and controversies of ISC biology as well as theoretical compartmental models that have been coupled with in vivo experimentation to investigate the mechanisms of ISC dynamics during homeostasis, tumorigenesis, repair and development. We conclude our review by discussing the key lingering questions in the field and proposing how many of these questions can be addressed using both compartmental models and experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J. Carulli
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Linda C. Samuelson
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Santiago Schnell
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
- Department for Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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442
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Ong BA, Vega KJ, Houchen CW. Intestinal stem cells and the colorectal cancer microenvironment. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1898-1909. [PMID: 24587669 PMCID: PMC3934460 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i8.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a highly fatal condition in part due to its resilience to treatment and its propensity to spread beyond the site of primary occurrence. One possible avenue for cancer to escape eradication is via stem-like cancer cells that, through phenotypic heterogeneity, are more resilient than other tumor constituents and are key contributors to cancer growth and metastasis. These proliferative tumor cells are theorized to possess many properties akin to normal intestinal stem cells. Not only do these CRC “stem” cells demonstrate similar restorative ability, they also share many cell pathways and surface markers in common, as well as respond to the same key niche stimuli. With the improvement of techniques for epithelial stem cell identification, our understanding of CRC behavior is also evolving. Emerging evidence about cellular plasticity and epithelial mesenchymal transition are shedding light onto metastatic CRC processes and are also challenging fundamental concepts about unidirectional epithelial proliferation. This review aims to reappraise evidence supporting the existence and behavior of CRC stem cells, their relationship to normal stem cells, and their possible dependence on the stem cell niche.
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443
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Tan S, Barker N. Epithelial stem cells and intestinal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 32:40-53. [PMID: 24560652 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is comprised of an epithelial layer that serves multiple functions in order to maintain digestive activity as well as intestinal homeostasis. This epithelial layer contains highly proliferative stem cells which facilitate its characteristic rapid regeneration. How these stem cells contribute to tissue repair and normal homeostasis are actively studied, and while we have a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms and cellular locations that underlie stem cell regulation in this tissue, much still remains undiscovered. This review describes epithelial stem cells in both intestinal and non-intestinal tissues, as well as the strategies that have been used to further characterize the cells. Through a discussion of the current understanding of intestinal self-renewal and tissue regeneration in response to injury, we focus on how dysregulation of critical signaling pathways results in potentially oncogenic aberrations, and highlight issues that should be addressed in order for effective intestinal cancer therapies to be devised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Tan
- A-STAR Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, 06-06 Immunos, 138648 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nick Barker
- A-STAR Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, 06-06 Immunos, 138648 Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 47 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, EH164TJ, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore, Singapore.
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444
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Shp2/MAPK signaling controls goblet/paneth cell fate decisions in the intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3472-7. [PMID: 24550486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309342111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the development of the mammalian intestine, Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signals control stem cell maintenance and their differentiation into absorptive and secretory cells. Mechanisms that regulate differentiation of progenitors into the three secretory lineages, goblet, paneth, or enteroendocrine cells, are not fully understood. Using conditional mutagenesis in mice, we observed that Shp2-mediated MAPK signaling determines the choice between paneth and goblet cell fates and also affects stem cells, which express the leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor 5 (Lgr5). Ablation of the tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 in the intestinal epithelium reduced MAPK signaling and led to a reduction of goblet cells while promoting paneth cell development. Conversely, conditional mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (Mek1) activation rescued the Shp2 phenotype, promoted goblet cell and inhibited paneth cell generation. The Shp2 mutation also expanded Lgr5+ stem cell niches, which could be restricted by activated Mek1 signaling. Changes of Lgr5+ stem cell quantities were accompanied by alterations of paneth cells, indicating that Shp2/MAPK signaling might affect stem cell niches directly or via paneth cells. Remarkably, inhibition of MAPK signaling in intestinal organoids and cultured cells changed the relative abundance of Tcf4 isoforms and by this, promoted Wnt/β-catenin activity. The data thus show that Shp2-mediated MAPK signaling controls the choice between goblet and paneth cell fates by regulating Wnt/β-catenin activity.
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445
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Kandasamy J, Huda S, Ambalavanan N, Jilling T. Inflammatory signals that regulate intestinal epithelial renewal, differentiation, migration and cell death: Implications for necrotizing enterocolitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:67-80. [PMID: 24533974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis is a disease entity with multiple proposed pathways of pathogenesis. Various combinations of these risk factors, perhaps based on genetic predisposition, possibly lead to the mucosal and epithelial injury that is the hallmark of NEC. Intestinal epithelial integrity is controlled by a tightly regulated balance between proliferation and differentiation of epithelium from intestinal epithelial stem cells and cellular loss by apoptosis. various signaling pathways play a key role in creating and maintaining this balance. The aim of this review article is to outline intestinal epithelial barrier development and structure and the impact of these inflammatory signaling and regulatory pathways as they pertain to the pathogenesis of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jegen Kandasamy
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Shehzad Huda
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Tamas Jilling
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
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446
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Ritsma L, Ellenbroek SIJ, Zomer A, Snippert HJ, de Sauvage FJ, Simons BD, Clevers H, van Rheenen J. Intestinal crypt homeostasis revealed at single-stem-cell level by in vivo live imaging. Nature 2014; 507:362-365. [PMID: 24531760 PMCID: PMC3964820 DOI: 10.1038/nature12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The rapid turnover of the mammalian intestinal epithelium is supported by stem cells located around the base of the crypt1. Alongside Lgr5, intestinal stem cells have been associated with various markers, which are expressed heterogeneously within the crypt base region1-6. Previous quantitative clonal fate analyses have proposed that homeostasis occurs as the consequence of neutral competition between dividing stem cells7-9. However, the short-term behaviour of individual Lgr5+ cells positioned at different locations within the crypt base compartment has not been resolved. Here, we established the short-term dynamics of intestinal stem cells using a novel approach of continuous intravital imaging of Lgr5-Confetti mice. We find that Lgr5+ cells in the upper part of the niche (termed ‘border cells’) can be passively displaced into the transit-amplifying (TA) domain, following division of proximate cells, implying that determination of stem cell fate can be uncoupled from division. Through the quantitative analysis of individual clonal lineages, we show that stem cells at the crypt base, termed ‘central cells’, experience a survival advantage over border stem cells. However, through the transfer of stem cells between the border and central regions, all Lgr5+ cells are endowed with long-term self-renewal potential. These findings establish a novel paradigm for stem cell maintenance in which a dynamically heterogeneous cell population is able to function long-term as a single stem cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Ritsma
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands
| | - Saskia I J Ellenbroek
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands
| | - Anoek Zomer
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands
| | - Hugo J Snippert
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands.,University Medical Centre Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frederic J de Sauvage
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, J.J. Thomson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.,The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands
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447
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade is implicated in the control of stem cell activity, cell proliferation, lineage commitment, and cell survival during normal development and tissue regeneration of the gastrointestinal epithelium. The roles of this signaling cascade in stimulation of cell proliferation after massive small bowel resection are unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during late stages of intestinal adaptation in a rat model of short bowel syndrome (SBS). METHODS Male rats were divided into two groups: sham rats underwent bowel transection and SBS rats underwent a 75 % bowel resection. Parameters of intestinal adaptation, enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis were determined 2 weeks after operation. Illumina's digital gene expression analysis was used to determine Wnt/β-catenin signaling gene expression profiling. Twelve Wnt/β-catenin-related genes and β-catenin protein expression were determined using real-time PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS From the total number of 20,000 probes, 20 genes related to Wnt/β-catenin signaling were investigated. From these genes, seven genes were found to be up-regulated and eight genes to be down-regulated in SBS vs. sham animals with a relative change in gene expression level of 20 % or more. From 12 genes determined by real-time PCR, nine genes were down-regulated in SBS rats compared to control animals including target gene c-Myc. SBS rats also showed a significant decrease in β-catenin protein compared to control animals. CONCLUSION Two weeks following massive bowel resection in rats, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is inhibited. In addition, it appears that cell differentiation rather than proliferation is most important in the late stages of intestinal adaptation.
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448
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San Roman AK, Jayewickreme CD, Murtaugh LC, Shivdasani RA. Wnt secretion from epithelial cells and subepithelial myofibroblasts is not required in the mouse intestinal stem cell niche in vivo. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:127-34. [PMID: 24527386 PMCID: PMC3923227 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a crucial aspect of the intestinal stem cell niche required for crypt cell proliferation and differentiation. Paneth cells or subepithelial myofibroblasts are leading candidate sources of the required Wnt ligands, but this has not been tested in vivo. To abolish Wnt-ligand secretion, we used Porcupine (Porcn) conditional-null mice crossed to strains expressing inducible Cre recombinase in the epithelium, including Paneth cells (Villin-Cre (ERT2) ); in smooth muscle, including subepithelial myofibroblasts (Myh11-Cre (ERT2) ); and simultaneously in both compartments. Elimination of Wnt secretion from any of these compartments did not disrupt tissue morphology, cell proliferation, differentiation, or Wnt pathway activity. Thus, Wnt-ligand secretion from these cell populations is dispensable for intestinal homeostasis, revealing that a minor cell type or significant and unexpected redundancy is responsible for physiologic Wnt signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna K San Roman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA ; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - L Charles Murtaugh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA ; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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449
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Gattazzo F, Urciuolo A, Bonaldo P. Extracellular matrix: a dynamic microenvironment for stem cell niche. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2506-19. [PMID: 24418517 PMCID: PMC4081568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 844] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic and complex environment characterized by biophysical, mechanical and biochemical properties specific for each tissue and able to regulate cell behavior. Stem cells have a key role in the maintenance and regeneration of tissues and they are located in a specific microenvironment, defined as niche. Scope of review We overview the progresses that have been made in elucidating stem cell niches and discuss the mechanisms by which ECM affects stem cell behavior. We also summarize the current tools and experimental models for studying ECM–stem cell interactions. Major conclusions ECM represents an essential player in stem cell niche, since it can directly or indirectly modulate the maintenance, proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. Several ECM molecules play regulatory functions for different types of stem cells, and based on its molecular composition the ECM can be deposited and finely tuned for providing the most appropriate niche for stem cells in the various tissues. Engineered biomaterials able to mimic the in vivo characteristics of stem cell niche provide suitable in vitro tools for dissecting the different roles exerted by the ECM and its molecular components on stem cell behavior. General significance ECM is a key component of stem cell niches and is involved in various aspects of stem cell behavior, thus having a major impact on tissue homeostasis and regeneration under physiological and pathological conditions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties. Stem cells have a key role in the maintenance and regeneration of tissues. The extracellular matrix is a critical regulator of stem cell function. Stem cells reside in a dynamic and specialized microenvironment denoted as niche. The extracellular matrix represents an essential component of stem cell niches. Bioengineered niches can be used for investigating stem cell–matrix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gattazzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Urciuolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bonaldo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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450
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Lei NY, Jabaji Z, Wang J, Joshi VS, Brinkley GJ, Khalil H, Wang F, Jaroszewicz A, Pellegrini M, Li L, Lewis M, Stelzner M, Dunn JCY, Martín MG. Intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts support the growth of intestinal epithelial stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84651. [PMID: 24400106 PMCID: PMC3882257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial stem cells (ISCs) are the focus of recent intense study. Current in vitro models rely on supplementation with the Wnt agonist R-spondin1 to support robust growth, ISC self-renewal, and differentiation. Intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) are important supportive cells within the ISC niche. We hypothesized that co-culture with ISEMF enhances the growth of ISCs in vitro and allows for their successful in vivo implantation and engraftment. ISC-containing small intestinal crypts, FACS-sorted single ISCs, and ISEMFs were procured from C57BL/6 mice. Crypts and single ISCs were grown in vitro into enteroids, in the presence or absence of ISEMFs. ISEMFs enhanced the growth of intestinal epithelium in vitro in a proximity-dependent fashion, with co-cultures giving rise to larger enteroids than monocultures. Co-culture of ISCs with supportive ISEMFs relinquished the requirement of exogenous R-spondin1 to sustain long-term growth and differentiation of ISCs. Mono- and co-cultures were implanted subcutaneously in syngeneic mice. Co-culture with ISEMFs proved necessary for successful in vivo engraftment and proliferation of enteroids; implants without ISEMFs did not survive. ISEMF whole transcriptome sequencing and qPCR demonstrated high expression of specific R-spondins, well-described Wnt agonists that supports ISC growth. Specific non-supportive ISEMF populations had reduced expression of R-spondins. The addition of ISEMFs in intestinal epithelial culture therefore recapitulates a critical element of the intestinal stem cell niche and allows for its experimental interrogation and biodesign-driven manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ye Lei
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ziyad Jabaji
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jiafang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Vaidehi S. Joshi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Garrett J. Brinkley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hassan Khalil
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fengchao Wang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Artur Jaroszewicz
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Linheng Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Michael Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Matthias Stelzner
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - James C. Y. Dunn
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Martín G. Martín
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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