401
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Azizi G, Navabi SS, Al-Shukaili A, Seyedzadeh MH, Yazdani R, Mirshafiey A. The Role of Inflammatory Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2015; 15:e305-16. [PMID: 26357550 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2015.15.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder associated with advanced age, is the most common cause of dementia globally. AD is characterised by cognitive dysfunction, deposition of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and neuro-inflammation. Inflammation of the brain is a key pathological hallmark of AD. Thus, clinical and immunopathological evidence of AD could be potentially supported by inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, the complement system, acute phase proteins and oxidative mediators. In particular, oxidative mediators may actively contribute to the progression of AD and on-going inflammation in the brain. This review provides an overview of the functions and activities of inflammatory mediators in AD. An improved understanding of inflammatory processes and their role in AD is needed to improve therapeutic research aims in the field of AD and similar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Azizi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; ; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi S Navabi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmed Al-Shukaili
- Health & Social Services Sector, The Research Council Oman, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mir H Seyedzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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402
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Xu T, Shen X, Yu H, Sun L, Lin W, Zhang C. Water-soluble ginseng oligosaccharides protect against scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment by functioning as an antineuroinflammatory agent. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:211-9. [PMID: 27635118 PMCID: PMC5005308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax ginseng root is used in traditional oriental medicine for human health. Its main active components such as saponins and polysaccharides have been widely evaluated for treating diseases, but secondary active components such as oligosaccharides have been rarely studied. This study aimed to assess the impact of water-soluble ginseng oligosaccharides (WGOS), which were isolated from the warm-water extract of Panax ginseng root, on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice and its antineuroinflammatory mechanisms. METHODS We investigated the impact of WGOS on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice by using Morris water maze and novel object recognition task. We also analyzed the impact of WGOS on scopolamine-induced inflammatory response (e.g., the hyperexpression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 and astrocyte activation) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS WGOS pretreatment protected against scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze and in the novel object recognition task. Furthermore, WGOS pretreatment downregulated scopolamine-induced hyperexpression of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 mRNA and astrocyte activation in the hippocampus. These results indicate that WGOS can protect against scopolamine-induced alterations in learning and memory and inflammatory response. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that WGOS may be beneficial as a medicine or functional food supplement to treat disorders with cognitive deficits and increased inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangfeng Shen
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huali Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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403
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Bu XL, Cao GQ, Shen LL, Xiang Y, Jiao SS, Liu YH, Zhu C, Zeng F, Wang QH, Wang YR, He Y, Zhou HD, Wang YJ. Serum Amyloid-Beta Levels are Increased in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:346-51. [PMID: 26243505 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with cognitive decline, but the molecular link between COPD and dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. This study was aimed to investigate whether serum Aβ levels are correlated with COPD. 77 cognitively normal COPD patients and 45 age- and gender-matched normal controls were admitted to the study. Serum Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels were measured using ELISA kits. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and procalcitonin (PCT) measurements were done using standard laboratory methods. Pulmonary function tests were performed to assess the pulmonary function and determine the degree of lung damage. Significantly increased levels of serum Aβ40, Aβ42, and total Aβ levels were found in patients with COPD in comparison with normal controls. In COPD patients, serum Aβ levels were higher in subjects with serum CRP, IL-6, and PCT upper the limit of normal. Moreover, serum Aβ levels were dramatically higher in COPD patients with worse pulmonary function. Our study suggests that cognitively normal COPD patients may undergo AD-related pathological changes, and COPD might facilitate AD-type pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Le Bu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin-Lin Shen
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Jiao
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Chi Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Hua Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Ye-Ran Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua-Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.
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404
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Fonseca-Santos B, Gremião MPD, Chorilli M. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:4981-5003. [PMID: 26345528 PMCID: PMC4531021 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s87148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder that results in cognitive and behavioral impairment. Conventional treatment strategies, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitor drugs, often fail due to their poor solubility, lower bioavailability, and ineffective ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Nanotechnological treatment methods, which involve the design, characterization, production, and application of nanoscale drug delivery systems, have been employed to optimize therapeutics. These nanotechnologies include polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, microemulsion, nanoemulsion, and liquid crystals. Each of these are promising tools for the delivery of therapeutic devices to the brain via various routes of administration, particularly the intranasal route. The objective of this study is to present a systematic review of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fonseca-Santos
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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405
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Shi F, Kouadir M, Yang Y. NALP3 inflammasome activation in protein misfolding diseases. Life Sci 2015; 135:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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406
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Honokiol improves learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 760:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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407
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Chakrabarti S, Khemka VK, Banerjee A, Chatterjee G, Ganguly A, Biswas A. Metabolic Risk Factors of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease: Implications in the Pathology, Pathogenesis and Treatment. Aging Dis 2015; 6:282-99. [PMID: 26236550 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the major cause of dementia among the elderly world-wide, manifests in familial and sporadic forms, and the latter variety accounts for the majority of the patients affected by this disease. The etiopathogenesis of sporadic AD is complex and uncertain. The autopsy studies of AD brain have provided limited understanding of the antemortem pathogenesis of the disease. Experimental AD research with transgenic animal or various cell based models has so far failed to explain the complex and varied spectrum of AD dementia. The review, therefore, emphasizes the importance of AD related risk factors, especially those with metabolic implications, identified from various epidemiological studies, in providing clues to the pathogenesis of this complex disorder. Several metabolic risk factors of AD like hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia and type 2 diabetes have been studied extensively both in epidemiology and experimental research, while much less is known about the role of adipokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines and vitamin D in this context. Moreover, the results from many of these studies have shown a degree of variability which has hindered our understanding of the role of AD related risk factors in the disease progression. The review also encompasses the recent recommendations regarding clinical and neuropathological diagnosis of AD and brings out the inherent uncertainty and ambiguity in this area which may have a distinct impact on the outcome of various population-based studies on AD-related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Khemka
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Anindita Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India. ; Department of Biochemistry, ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Haldia, India
| | - Gargi Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Anirban Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Atanu Biswas
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences (BIN), Kolkata, India
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408
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S100B Inhibitor Pentamidine Attenuates Reactive Gliosis and Reduces Neuronal Loss in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:508342. [PMID: 26295040 PMCID: PMC4532807 DOI: 10.1155/2015/508342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Among the different signaling molecules released during reactive gliosis occurring in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the astrocyte-derived S100B protein plays a key role in neuroinflammation, one of the hallmarks of the disease. The use of pharmacological tools targeting S100B may be crucial to embank its effects and some of the pathological features of AD. The antiprotozoal drug pentamidine is a good candidate since it directly blocks S100B activity by inhibiting its interaction with the tumor suppressor p53. We used a mouse model of amyloid beta- (Aβ-) induced AD, which is characterized by reactive gliosis and neuroinflammation in the brain, and we evaluated the effect of pentamidine on the main S100B-mediated events. Pentamidine caused the reduction of glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100B, and RAGE protein expression, which are signs of reactive gliosis, and induced p53 expression in astrocytes. Pentamidine also reduced the expression of proinflammatory mediators and markers, thus reducing neuroinflammation in AD brain. In parallel, we observed a significant neuroprotection exerted by pentamidine on CA1 pyramidal neurons. We demonstrated that pentamidine inhibits Aβ-induced gliosis and neuroinflammation in an animal model of AD, thus playing a role in slowing down the course of the disease.
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409
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Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol enriched in Polygonum cuspidatum and has been found to afford neuroprotective effects against neuroinflammation in the brain. Activated microglia can secrete various pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic mediators, which may contribute to hypoxic brain injuries. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential role of resveratrol in attenuating hypoxia-induced neurotoxicity via its anti-inflammatory actions through in vitro models of the BV-2 microglial cell line and primary microglia. We found that resveratrol significantly inhibited hypoxia-induced microglial activation and reduced subsequent release of pro-inflammatory factors. In addition, resveratrol inhibited the hypoxia-induced degradation of IκB-alpha and phosphorylation of p65 NF-κB protein. Hypoxia-induced ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation was also strongly inhibited by resveratrol, whereas resveratrol had no effect on hypoxia-stimulated p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Importantly, treating primary cortical neurons with conditioned medium (CM) from hypoxia-stimulated microglia induced neuronal apoptosis, which was reversed by CM co-treated with resveratrol. Taken together, resveratrol exerts neuroprotection against hypoxia-induced neurotoxicity through its anti-inflammatory effects in microglia. These effects were mediated, at least in part, by suppressing the activation of NF-ĸB, ERK and JNK MAPK signaling pathways.
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410
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Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Trichostatin A Ameliorated Endotoxin-Induced Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:163140. [PMID: 26273133 PMCID: PMC4530275 DOI: 10.1155/2015/163140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of cytokines by microglia may cause cognitive dysfunction and long-lasting behavioral changes. Activating the peripheral innate immune system stimulates cytokine secretion in the central nervous system, which modulates cognitive function. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) modulate cytokine synthesis and release. Trichostatin A (TSA), an HDAC inhibitor, is documented to be anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective. We investigated whether TSA reduces lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. ICR mice were first intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with vehicle or TSA (0.3 mg/kg). One hour later, they were injected (i.p.) with saline or Escherichia coli LPS (1 mg/kg). We analyzed the food and water intake, body weight loss, and sucrose preference of the injected mice and then determined the microglia activation and inflammatory cytokine expression in the brains of LPS-treated mice and LPS-treated BV-2 microglial cells. In the TSA-pretreated mice, microglial activation was lower, anhedonia did not occur, and LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction (anorexia, weight loss, and social withdrawal) was attenuated. Moreover, mRNA expression of HDAC2, HDAC5, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-1β in the brain of LPS-challenged mice and in the LPS-treated BV-2 microglial cells was lower. TSA diminished LPS-induced inflammatory responses in the mouse brain and modulated the cytokine-associated changes in cognitive function, which might be specifically related to reducing HDAC2 and HDAC5 expression.
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411
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Wang WY, Tan MS, Yu JT, Tan L. Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from microglia in Alzheimer's disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMID: 26207229 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.03.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the brain, which is characterized by the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques (or senile plaques) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. However, increasing evidences demonstrated that neuroinflammatory changes, including chronic microgliosis are key pathological components of AD. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, is constantly survey the microenvironment under physiological conditions. In AD, deposition of β-amyliod (Aβ) peptide initiates a spectrum of cerebral neuroinflammation mediated by activating microglia. Activated microglia may play a potentially detrimental role by eliciting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) influencing the surrounding brain tissue. Emerging studies have demonstrated that up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines play multiple roles in both neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Understanding the pro-inflammatory cytokines signaling pathways involved in the regulation of AD is crucial to the development of strategies for therapy. This review will discuss the mechanisms and important role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of AD, and the ongoing drug targeting pro-inflammatory cytokine for therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Wang
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Meng-Shan Tan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Lan Tan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
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412
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Conditioned medium from the stem cells of human dental pulp improves cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2015. [PMID: 26210934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities and the appearance of β-amyloid plaques in the brain. Although the pathogenic mechanisms associated with AD are not fully understood, activated microglia releasing various neurotoxic factors, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress mediators, appear to play major roles. Here, we investigated the therapeutic benefits of a serum-free conditioned medium (CM) derived from the stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) in a mouse model of AD. The intranasal administration of SHEDs in these mice resulted in substantially improved cognitive function. SHED-CM contained factors involved in multiple neuroregenerative mechanisms, such as neuroprotection, axonal elongation, neurotransmission, the suppression of inflammation, and microglial regulation. Notably, SHED-CM attenuated the pro-inflammatory responses induced by β-amyloid plaques, and generated an anti-inflammatory/tissue-regenerating environment, which was accompanied by the induction of anti-inflammatory M2-like microglia. Our data suggest that SHED-CM may provide significant therapeutic benefits for AD.
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413
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Hubin E, Deroo S, Schierle GK, Kaminski C, Serpell L, Subramaniam V, van Nuland N, Broersen K, Raussens V, Sarroukh R. Two distinct β-sheet structures in Italian-mutant amyloid-beta fibrils: a potential link to different clinical phenotypes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4899-913. [PMID: 26190022 PMCID: PMC4648968 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases are late-onset and characterized by the aggregation and deposition of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide in extracellular plaques in the brain. However, a few rare and hereditary Aβ mutations, such as the Italian Glu22-to-Lys (E22K) mutation, guarantee the development of early-onset familial AD. This type of AD is associated with a younger age at disease onset, increased β-amyloid accumulation, and Aβ deposition in cerebral blood vessel walls, giving rise to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). It remains largely unknown how the Italian mutation results in the clinical phenotype that is characteristic of CAA. We therefore investigated how this single point mutation may affect the aggregation of Aβ1–42 in vitro and structurally characterized the resulting fibrils using a biophysical approach. This paper reports that wild-type and Italian-mutant Aβ both form fibrils characterized by the cross-β architecture, but with distinct β-sheet organizations, resulting in differences in thioflavin T fluorescence and solvent accessibility. E22K Aβ1–42 oligomers and fibrils both display an antiparallel β-sheet structure, in comparison with the parallel β-sheet structure of wild-type fibrils, characteristic of most amyloid fibrils described in the literature. Moreover, we demonstrate structural plasticity for Italian-mutant Aβ fibrils in a pH-dependent manner, in terms of their underlying β-sheet arrangement. These findings are of interest in the ongoing debate that (1) antiparallel β-sheet structure might represent a signature for toxicity, which could explain the higher toxicity reported for the Italian mutant, and that (2) fibril polymorphism might underlie differences in disease pathology and clinical manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Hubin
- Nanobiophysics Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Deroo
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biological Membrane, Faculté des Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus de la Plaine CP 206/02, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Kaminksi Schierle
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, New Museums Site, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
| | - Clemens Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, New Museums Site, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
| | - Louise Serpell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Vinod Subramaniam
- Nanobiophysics Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.,FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico van Nuland
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kerensa Broersen
- Nanobiophysics Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Vincent Raussens
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biological Membrane, Faculté des Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus de la Plaine CP 206/02, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rabia Sarroukh
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biological Membrane, Faculté des Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus de la Plaine CP 206/02, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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414
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Gadani SP, Walsh JT, Lukens JR, Kipnis J. Dealing with Danger in the CNS: The Response of the Immune System to Injury. Neuron 2015; 87:47-62. [PMID: 26139369 PMCID: PMC4491143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fighting pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis are prerequisites for survival. Both of these functions are upheld by the immune system, though the latter is often overlooked in the context of the CNS. The mere presence of immune cells in the CNS was long considered a hallmark of pathology, but this view has been recently challenged by studies demonstrating that immunological signaling can confer pivotal neuroprotective effects on the injured CNS. In this review, we describe the temporal sequence of immunological events that follow CNS injury. Beginning with immediate changes at the injury site, including death of neural cells and release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and progressing through innate and adaptive immune responses, we describe the cascade of inflammatory mediators and the implications of their post-injury effects. We conclude by proposing a revised interpretation of immune privilege in the brain, which takes beneficial neuro-immune communications into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin P Gadani
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - James T Walsh
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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415
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The Link Between Physical Activity and Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer Disease. Phys Ther 2015; 95:1046-60. [PMID: 25573757 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20140212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a primary cause of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly population worldwide. Despite the allocation of enormous amounts of funding and resources to studying this brain disorder, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for reducing the severity of pathology and restoring cognitive function in affected people. Recent reports on the failure of multiple clinical trials for AD have highlighted the need to diversify further the search for new therapeutic strategies for cognitive dysfunction. Thus, studies detailing the neuroprotective effects of physical activity (PA) on the brain in AD were reviewed, and mechanisms by which PA might mitigate AD-related cognitive decline were explored. A MEDLINE database search was used to generate a list of studies conducted between January 2007 and September 2014 (n=394). These studies, along with key references, were screened to identify those that assessed the effects of PA on AD-related biomarkers and cognitive function. The search was not limited on the basis of intensity, frequency, duration, or mode of activity. However, studies in which PA was combined with another intervention (eg, diet, pharmacotherapeutics, ovariectomy, cognitive training, behavioral therapy), and studies not written in English were excluded. Thirty-eight animal and human studies met entry criteria. Most of the studies suggested that PA attenuates neuropathology and positively affects cognitive function in AD. Although the literature lacked sufficient evidence to support precise PA guidelines, convergent evidence does suggest that the incorporation of regular PA into daily routines mitigates AD-related symptoms, especially when deployed earlier in the disease process. Here the protocols used to alter the progression of AD-related neuropathology and cognitive decline are highlighted, and the implications for physical therapist practice are discussed.
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Tedone E, Arosio B, Colombo F, Ferri E, Asselineau D, Piette F, Gussago C, Belmin J, Pariel S, Benlhassan K, Casati M, Bornand A, Rossi PD, Mazzola P, Annoni G, Doulazmi M, Mariani J, Porretti L, Bray DH, Mari D. Leukocyte Telomere Length in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients with a Different Rate of Progression. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 46:761-9. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-142808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Tedone
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Arosio
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Colombo
- Flow Cytometry Service, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Evelyn Ferri
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Delphine Asselineau
- ImmunoClin Ltd, London, UK
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 8526 Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A) Team Brain Development, Repair and Aging (BDRA), Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 8526 Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A) Team Brain Development, Repair and Aging (BDRA), Paris, France
| | - Francois Piette
- AP-HP, DHU FAST GH Pitie-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Cristina Gussago
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Joel Belmin
- AP-HP, DHU FAST GH Pitie-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Pariel
- AP-HP, DHU FAST GH Pitie-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | | | - Martina Casati
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anne Bornand
- AP-HP, DHU FAST GH Pitie-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Dionigi Rossi
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Mazzola
- Geriatric Clinic, Department of Health Science, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University Study of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Annoni
- Geriatric Clinic, Department of Health Science, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University Study of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 8526 Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A) Team Brain Development, Repair and Aging (BDRA), Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 8526 Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A) Team Brain Development, Repair and Aging (BDRA), Paris, France
- AP-HP, DHU FAST GH Pitie-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Jean Mariani
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 8526 Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A) Team Brain Development, Repair and Aging (BDRA), Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 8526 Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A) Team Brain Development, Repair and Aging (BDRA), Paris, France
- AP-HP, DHU FAST GH Pitie-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Laura Porretti
- Flow Cytometry Service, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Mari
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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417
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Yang H, Wang S, Yu L, Zhu X, Xu Y. Esculentoside A suppresses Aβ1–42-induced neuroinflammation by down-regulating MAPKs pathwaysin vivo. Neurol Res 2015; 37:859-66. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132815y.0000000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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418
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Antagonistic effects of acetylshikonin on LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production in BV2 microglial cells via inhibition of ROS/PI3K/Akt-mediated NF-κB signaling and activation of Nrf2-dependent HO-1. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:975-86. [PMID: 26091627 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although acetylshikonin (ACS) is known to have antioxidant and antitumor activities, whether ACS regulates the expression of proinflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial cells remains unclear. In this study, it was found that ACS isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release by suppressing the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in BV2 microglial cells. Furthermore, ACS reduced the LPS-induced DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and subsequently suppressed iNOS and COX-2 expression. Consistent with these data, ACS attenuated the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt and suppressed the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-stimulated cells. In addition, ACS enhanced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression via nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation. Zinc protoporphyrin, a specific HO-1 inhibitor, partially attenuated the antagonistic effects of ACS on LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production. By contrast, the presence of cobalt protoporphyrin, a specific HO-1 inducer, potently suppressed LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production. These data indicate that ACS downregulates proinflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2 by suppressing PI3K/Akt-dependent NF-κB activity induced by ROS as well as inducing Nrf2-dependent HO-1 activity. Taken together, ACS might be a good candidate to regulate LPS-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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419
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Gamba P, Testa G, Gargiulo S, Staurenghi E, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. Oxidized cholesterol as the driving force behind the development of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:119. [PMID: 26150787 PMCID: PMC4473000 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder associated with dementia, is typified by the pathological accumulation of amyloid Aβ peptides and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) within the brain. Considerable evidence indicates that many events contribute to AD progression, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered cholesterol metabolism. The brain’s high lipid content makes it particularly vulnerable to oxidative species, with the consequent enhancement of lipid peroxidation and cholesterol oxidation, and the subsequent formation of end products, mainly 4-hydroxynonenal and oxysterols, respectively from the two processes. The chronic inflammatory events observed in the AD brain include activation of microglia and astrocytes, together with enhancement of inflammatory molecule and free radical release. Along with glial cells, neurons themselves have been found to contribute to neuroinflammation in the AD brain, by serving as sources of inflammatory mediators. Oxidative stress is intimately associated with neuroinflammation, and a vicious circle has been found to connect oxidative stress and inflammation in AD. Alongside oxidative stress and inflammation, altered cholesterol metabolism and hypercholesterolemia also significantly contribute to neuronal damage and to progression of AD. Increasing evidence is now consolidating the hypothesis that oxidized cholesterol is the driving force behind the development of AD, and that oxysterols are the link connecting the disease to altered cholesterol metabolism in the brain and hypercholesterolemia; this is because of the ability of oxysterols, unlike cholesterol, to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). The key role of oxysterols in AD pathogenesis has been strongly supported by research pointing to their involvement in modulating neuroinflammation, Aβ accumulation, and cell death. This review highlights the key role played by cholesterol and oxysterols in the brain in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Staurenghi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Leonarduzzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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420
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Neuroinflammatory signals in Alzheimer disease and APP/PS1 transgenic mice: correlations with plaques, tangles, and oligomeric species. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:319-44. [PMID: 25756590 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand neuroinflammation-related gene regulation during normal aging and in sporadic Alzheimer disease (sAD), we performed functional genomics analysis and analyzed messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of 22 genes involved in neuroinflammation-like responses in the cerebral cortex of wild-type and APP/PS1 transgenic mice. For direct comparisons, mRNA expression of 18 of the same genes was then analyzed in the entorhinal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and frontal cortex area 8 of middle-aged human subjects lacking Alzheimer disease-related pathology and in older subjects with sAD pathology covering Stages I-II/0(A), III-IV/A-B, and V-VI/C of Braak and Braak classification. Modifications of cytokine and immune mediator mRNA expression were found with normal aging in wild-type mice and in middle-aged individuals and patients with early stages of sAD-related pathology; these were accompanied by increased protein expression of certain mediators in ramified microglia. In APP/PS1 mice, inflammatory changes coincided with β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition; increased levels of soluble oligomers paralleled the modified mRNA expression of cytokines and mediators in wild-type mice. In patients with sAD, regulation was stage- and region-dependent and not merely acceleration and exacerbation of mRNA regulation with aging. Gene regulation at first stages of AD was not related to hyperphosphorylated tau deposition in neurofibrillary tangles, Aβ plaque burden, concentration of Aβ1-40 (Aβ40) and Aβ1-42 (Aβ42), or fibrillar Aβ linked to membranes but rather to increased levels of soluble oligomers. Thus, species differences and region- and stage-dependent inflammatory responses in sAD, particularly at the initial stages, indicate the need to identify new anti-inflammatory compounds with specific molecular therapeutic targets.
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421
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Rao YQ, Li J, Wang WJ. Effects of Gengnianchun on learning and memory ability, neurotransmitter, cytokines, and leptin in ovariectomized rats. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:8648-8660. [PMID: 26309517 PMCID: PMC4538054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects of a traditional Chinese medicine named Gengnianchun (GNC) in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly categorized into sham-operated group (Sham), saline-treated ovariectomized group (OVX), GNC-treated ovariectomized group (OVX+GNC), estradiol valerate-treated ovariectomized group (OVX+E). GNC and estradiol was administered for 1 month at dosages of 125 and 0.1 mg/day, respectively. Ovariectomy caused deterioration of learning and memory ability (P < 0.05), which was restored by treatment with GNC and estradiol (P < 0.05). Estrogen level and endometrial thickness significantly decreased in the OVX group (P < 0.05). These parameters significantly increased in the OVX+E group (P < 0.05) but did not change in the OVX+GNC group (P > 0.05). GNC and estradiol significantly increased the levels of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) and decreased the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the hypothalamus (P < 0.05). The levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) significantly decreased and the levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) increased in the OVX+GNC and OVX+E groups compared with those in the OVX group (P < 0.05). OVX rats treated with GNC and estradiol further exhibited reversed ovariectomy-induced weight gain and leptin resistance (P < 0.05). These results indicated that GNC demonstrated phytoestrogen-like properties without the side effects of estradiol valerate. Thus, GNC may confer protective and beneficial effects for management of menopausal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Rao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Obstetrical and Gynecological Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Obstetrical and Gynecological Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Obstetrical and Gynecological Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, China
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422
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Schmitz M, Hermann P, Oikonomou P, Stoeck K, Ebert E, Poliakova T, Schmidt C, Llorens F, Zafar S, Zerr I. Cytokine profiles and the role of cellular prion protein in patients with vascular dementia and vascular encephalopathy. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2597-606. [PMID: 26170132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding inflammatory mechanisms in vascular dementia (VD) is pivotal for achieving better insights into changes in brain metabolism. We performed cytokine profiling and measured levels of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with VD and with vascular encephalopathy (VE). Significant changes were observed for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta in serum and for IL-6 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in CSF of VD and VE patients, suggesting that most of immune markers depend on vascular lesions, while only IL-6 was related to dementia. In VD patients, the severity of dementia as defined by the Mini-Mental Status Test or Cambridge Cognitive Examination battery test was significantly correlated with the levels of IL-8 (CSF) and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (serum and CSF). Additionally, in CSF of VD patients, our data revealed a correlation between immune and neurodegenerative marker proteins. Both indicate an association of neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. Levels of PrP(C) were regulated differentially in VD and VE patients compared with Alzheimer's disease patients and controls. Moreover, we observed a significant negative correlation between cytokine levels and PrP(C) in VD patients in CSF and serum, as well as a correlation between PrP(C) expression with levels of neurodegenerative marker proteins in CSF (in VD and VE patients). Our data suggest that immunological modifiers play a role in VD and VE patients and provide evidence for an association of PrP(C) with immune and neurodegenerative markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Peter Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pantelis Oikonomou
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Stoeck
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Ebert
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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423
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α7 Nicotinic Receptor Promotes the Neuroprotective Functions of Astrocytes against Oxaliplatin Neurotoxicity. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:396908. [PMID: 26146570 PMCID: PMC4469839 DOI: 10.1155/2015/396908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathies are characterized by a complex response of the central nervous system to injuries. Glial cells are recruited to maintain neuronal homeostasis but dysregulated activation leads to pain signaling amplification and reduces the glial neuroprotective power. Recently, we highlighted the property of α7 nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor (nAChR) agonists to relieve pain and induce neuroprotection simultaneously with a strong increase in astrocyte density. Aimed to study the role of α7 nAChR in the neuron-glia cross-talk, we treated primary rat neurons and astrocytes with the neurotoxic anticancer drug oxaliplatin evaluating the effect of the α7 nAChR agonist PNU-282987 (PNU). Oxaliplatin (1 μM, 48 h) reduced cell viability and increased caspase-3 activity of neuron monocultures without damaging astrocytes. In cocultures, astrocytes were not able to protect neurons by oxaliplatin even if glial cell metabolism was stimulated (pyruvate increase). On the contrary, the coculture incubation with 10 μM PNU improved neuron viability and inhibited apoptosis. In the absence of astrocytes, the protection disappeared. Furthermore, PNU promoted the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 and the expression of the glutamate-detoxifying enzyme glutamine synthetase. The α7 nAChR stimulation protects neurons from oxaliplatin toxicity through an astrocyte-mediated mechanism. α7 nAChR is suggested for recovering the homeostatic role of astrocytes.
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424
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Tai LM, Ghura S, Koster KP, Liakaite V, Maienschein‐Cline M, Kanabar P, Collins N, Ben‐Aissa M, Lei AZ, Bahroos N, Green SJ, Hendrickson B, Van Eldik LJ, LaDu MJ. APOE-modulated Aβ-induced neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: current landscape, novel data, and future perspective. J Neurochem 2015; 133:465-88. [PMID: 25689586 PMCID: PMC4400246 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic glial activation and neuroinflammation induced by the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. APOE4 is the greatest AD-genetic risk factor; increasing risk up to 12-fold compared to APOE3, with APOE4-specific neuroinflammation an important component of this risk. This editorial review discusses the role of APOE in inflammation and AD, via a literature review, presentation of novel data on Aβ-induced neuroinflammation, and discussion of future research directions. The complexity of chronic neuroinflammation, including multiple detrimental and beneficial effects occurring in a temporal and cell-specific manner, has resulted in conflicting functional data for virtually every inflammatory mediator. Defining a neuroinflammatory phenotype (NIP) is one way to address this issue, focusing on profiling the changes in inflammatory mediator expression during disease progression. Although many studies have shown that APOE4 induces a detrimental NIP in peripheral inflammation and Aβ-independent neuroinflammation, data for APOE-modulated Aβ-induced neuroinflammation are surprisingly limited. We present data supporting the hypothesis that impaired apoE4 function modulates Aβ-induced effects on inflammatory receptor signaling, including amplification of detrimental (toll-like receptor 4-p38α) and suppression of beneficial (IL-4R-nuclear receptor) pathways. To ultimately develop APOE genotype-specific therapeutics, it is critical that future studies define the dynamic NIP profile and pathways that underlie APOE-modulated chronic neuroinflammation. In this editorial review, we present data supporting the hypothesis that impaired apoE4 function modulates Aβ-induced effects on inflammatory receptor signaling, including amplification of detrimental (TLR4-p38α) and suppression of beneficial (IL-4R-nuclear receptor) pathways, resulting in an adverse NIP that causes neuronal dysfunction. NIP, Neuroinflammatory phenotype; P.I., pro-inflammatory; A.I., anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M. Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Shivesh Ghura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Kevin P. Koster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | | | - Pinal Kanabar
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Nicole Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Manel Ben‐Aissa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Arden Zhengdeng Lei
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Neil Bahroos
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Bill Hendrickson
- UIC Research Resources CenterUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
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425
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Currais A. Ageing and inflammation - A central role for mitochondria in brain health and disease. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 21:30-42. [PMID: 25684584 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To develop successful therapies that prevent or treat neurodegenerative diseases requires an understanding of the upstream events. Ageing is by far the greatest risk factor for most of these diseases, and to clarify their causes will require an understanding of the process of ageing itself. Starting with the question Why do we age as individual organisms, but the line of pluripotent embryonic stem cells and germ cells carried by individuals and transmitted to descendants is immortal? this review discusses how the process of cellular differentiation leads to the accumulation of biological imperfections with ageing, and how these imperfections may be the cause of chronic inflammatory responses to stress that undermine cellular function. Both differentiation and inflammation involve drastic metabolic changes associated with alterations in mitochondrial dynamics that shift the balance between aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. With ageing, mitochondrial dysfunction can be both the cause and consequence of inflammatory processes and elicit metabolic adaptations that might be either protective or become progressively detrimental. It is argued here that an understanding of the relationship between metabolism, differentiation and inflammation is essential to understand the pathological mechanisms governing brain health and disease during ageing.
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426
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Song J, Lee JE. miR-155 is involved in Alzheimer's disease by regulating T lymphocyte function. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:61. [PMID: 25983691 PMCID: PMC4415416 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered the most common cause of sporadic dementia. In AD, adaptive and innate immune responses play a crucial role in clearance of amyloid beta and maintenance of cognitive functions. In addition to other changes in the immune system, AD alters the T-cell responses that affect activation of glial cells, neuronal cells, macrophages, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These changes in the immune system influence AD pathogenesis. Micro-RNA (miRNA)-155 is a multifunctional miRNA with a distinct expression profile. It is involved in diverse physiological and pathological mechanisms, such as immunity and inflammation. Recent studies indicate that miR-155 regulates T-cell functions during inflammation. In this article, we summarize recent studies describing the therapeutic potential of miR-155 via regulation of T cells in AD. Further, we propose that regulation of miR-155 might be a new protective approach against AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea ; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
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427
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Bang SR, Ambavade SD, Jagdale PG, Adkar PP, Waghmare AB, Ambavade PD. Lacosamide reduces HDAC levels in the brain and improves memory: Potential for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 134:65-9. [PMID: 25931268 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lacosamide, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of epilepsy. Some HDAC inhibitors have been proven effective for the treatment of memory disorders. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the effect of lacosamide on memory and brain HDAC levels. The effect on memory was evaluated in animals with scopolamine-induced amnesia using the elevated plus maze, object recognition test, and radial arm maze. The levels of acetylcholinesterase and HDAC in the cerebral cortex were evaluated. Lacosamide at doses of 10 and 30mg/kg significantly reduced the transfer latency in the elevated plus maze. Lacosamide at a dose of 30mg/kg significantly increased the time spent with a familiar object in the object recognition test at the 24h interval and decreased the time spent in the baited arm. Moreover, at this dose, the number of errors in the radial arm maze at 3 and 24h intervals was minimized and a reduction in the level of HDAC1, but not acetylcholinesterase, was observed in the cerebral cortex. These effects of lacosamide are equivalent to those of piracetam at a dose of 300mg/kg. These results suggest that lacosamide at a 30mg/kg dose improves disrupted memory, possibly by inhibiting HDAC, and could be used to treat amnesic symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha R Bang
- Department of Pharmacology, JSPM's Jayawantrao Sawant College of Pharmacy and Research(1), Handewadi Road, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Shirishkumar D Ambavade
- Department of Pharmacology, JSPM's Jayawantrao Sawant College of Pharmacy and Research(1), Handewadi Road, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India.
| | - Priti G Jagdale
- Department of Pharmacology, JSPM's Jayawantrao Sawant College of Pharmacy and Research(1), Handewadi Road, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Prafulla P Adkar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSPM's Jayawantrao Sawant College of Pharmacy and Research(1), Handewadi Road, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Arun B Waghmare
- Haffkine Biopharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Pimpri, Pune 18, India
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428
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Theoharides TC, Petra AI, Taracanova A, Panagiotidou S, Conti P. Targeting IL-33 in autoimmunity and inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:24-31. [PMID: 25906776 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.222505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) belongs to the IL-1 family of cytokines. Whereas IL-1 is processed and released by live immune cells in response to infection or other triggers, IL-33 is mostly released as a danger signal ("alarmin") from damaged cells. IL-33 may also be processed and released from activated mast cells (MCs) with subsequent autocrine and paracrine actions. IL-33 augments the stimulatory effects of IgE and substance P on MCs but can also trigger release of cytokines from MCs on its own. Blood IL-33 levels are increased in asthma, atopic dermatitis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren's syndrome. However, prolonged elevation of IL-33 downregulates FcεRI and may be protective in atherosclerosis, suggesting different roles in immune-regulated diseases. Even though neutralizing IL-33, knocking-down its receptor, or using its soluble "decoy" receptor has resulted in anti-inflammatory effects, there appear to be different outcomes in different tissues. Hence, selective regulation of IL-33 synthesis, release, and signaling may be required to provide effective treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology (T.C.T., A.I.P., A.T., S.P.), Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences (T.C.T., A.T.), Department of Internal Medicine (T.C.T.), Tufts University School of Medicine, and Tufts Medical Center (T.C.T.), Boston, Massachusetts; and Immunology Division, Graduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy (P.C.)
| | - Anastasia I Petra
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology (T.C.T., A.I.P., A.T., S.P.), Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences (T.C.T., A.T.), Department of Internal Medicine (T.C.T.), Tufts University School of Medicine, and Tufts Medical Center (T.C.T.), Boston, Massachusetts; and Immunology Division, Graduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy (P.C.)
| | - Alexandra Taracanova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology (T.C.T., A.I.P., A.T., S.P.), Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences (T.C.T., A.T.), Department of Internal Medicine (T.C.T.), Tufts University School of Medicine, and Tufts Medical Center (T.C.T.), Boston, Massachusetts; and Immunology Division, Graduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy (P.C.)
| | - Smaro Panagiotidou
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology (T.C.T., A.I.P., A.T., S.P.), Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences (T.C.T., A.T.), Department of Internal Medicine (T.C.T.), Tufts University School of Medicine, and Tufts Medical Center (T.C.T.), Boston, Massachusetts; and Immunology Division, Graduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy (P.C.)
| | - Pio Conti
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology (T.C.T., A.I.P., A.T., S.P.), Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences (T.C.T., A.T.), Department of Internal Medicine (T.C.T.), Tufts University School of Medicine, and Tufts Medical Center (T.C.T.), Boston, Massachusetts; and Immunology Division, Graduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy (P.C.)
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429
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Lee KM, Bang J, Kim BY, Lee IS, Han JS, Hwang BY, Jeon WK. Fructus mume alleviates chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced white matter and hippocampal damage via inhibition of inflammation and downregulation of TLR4 and p38 MAPK signaling. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:125. [PMID: 25898017 PMCID: PMC4411748 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Fructus mume (F. mume) has been used as a traditional medicine for many years in Asian countries. The present study was designed to determine the effect of a 70% ethanol extract of F. mume on white matter and hippocampal damage induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Methods Permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo) was performed on male Wistar rats to induce chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Daily oral administration of F. mume (200 mg/kg) was initiated 21 days after BCCAo and continued for 42 days. The experimental groups in this study were divided into three groups: a sham-operated group, a BCCAo group, and a BCCAo group that was administered with the F. mume extract. The activation of glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes, and the levels of myelin basic protein (MBP), inflammatory mediators, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation were measured in brains from rats subjected to chronic BCCAo. Results Our results revealed that F. mume alleviates the reduction in MBP expression caused by chronic BCCAo in the white matter and the hippocampus and significantly attenuates microglial and astrocytic activation induced by chronic BCCAo in the optic tract of white matter. In addition, F. mume treatment reduced the increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as the activation of TLR4/MyD88 and p38 MAPK signaling, in the hippocampus of rats subjected to chronic BCCAo. Conclusion Taken together, our findings demonstrate that brain injury induced by chronic BCCAo is ameliorated by the anti-inflammatory effects of F. mume via inhibition of MBP degradation, microglial and astrocytic activation, increased inflammatory mediator expression, and activated intracellular signalings, including TLR4 and p38 MAPK, implying that F. mume is potentially an effective therapeutics for the treatment of vascular dementia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0652-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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430
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Pang Y, Tien LT, Zhu H, Shen J, Wright CF, Jones TK, Mamoon SA, Bhatt AJ, Cai Z, Fan LW. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist reduces neonatal lipopolysaccharide-induced long-lasting neurobehavioral deficits and dopaminergic neuronal injury in adult rats. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8635-54. [PMID: 25898410 PMCID: PMC4425101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that a single lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment to neonatal rats could induce a long-lasting neuroinflammatory response and dopaminergic system injury late in life. This is evidenced by a sustained activation of microglia and elevated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels, as well as reduced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the substantia nigra (SN) of P70 rat brain. The object of the current study was to test whether co-administration of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) protects against LPS-induced neurological dysfunction later in life. LPS (1 mg/kg) with or without IL-1ra (0.1 mg/kg), or sterile saline was injected intracerebrally into postnatal day 5 (P5) Sprague-Dawley male rat pups. Motor behavioral tests were carried out from P7 to P70 with subsequent examination of brain injury. Our results showed that neonatal administration of IL-1ra significantly attenuated LPS-induced motor behavioral deficits, loss of TH immunoreactive neurons, as well as microglia activation in the SN of P70 rats. These data suggest that IL-1β may play a pivotal role in mediating a chronic neuroinflammation status by a single LPS exposure in early postnatal life, and blockading IL-1β might be a novel approach to protect the dopaminergic system against perinatal infection/inflammation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Lu-Tai Tien
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Hobart Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Juying Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Camilla F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Tembra K Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Samir A Mamoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Abhay J Bhatt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Zhengwei Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Lir-Wan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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431
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Zhou X, Gan P, Hao L, Tao L, Jia J, Gao B, Liu JY, Zheng LT, Zhen X. Antiinflammatory effects of orientin-2"-O-galactopyranoside on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 37:1282-94. [PMID: 25087950 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia activation-mediated neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated dementia. Inhibition of microglia activation may alleviate neurodegeneration under neuroinflammatory conditions. In the present study, we compared three flavone C-glycosides extracted from Trollius chinensis BUNGE using a cell-based assay to evaluate their antiinflammatory effects on microglial cells. The results showed that orientin-2"-O-galactopyranoside (OGA) significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial cells. OGA also markedly inhibited the LPS-induced expression of TNF-α, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, which was accompanied by suppression of the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signal pathway. In addition, OGA decreased LPS-induced reactive oxygen species generation, which appears to be related to the activation of the NF-E2-related factor2 (NRF2)/ heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway in BV-2 microglial cells. Furthermore, OGA reduced the cytotoxicity of activated microglia toward HT-22 neuroblastoma cells in a co-culture system. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that the induction of HO-1-mediated inhibition of the NF-κB and ERK pathways contributes significantly to the antineuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects elicited by OGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University
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432
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Ma Y, Bu J, Dang H, Sha J, Jing Y, Shan-jiang AI, Li H, Zhu Y. Inhibition of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase reduces glial cell-mediated inflammation and induces the expression of Cx43 in astroglias after cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2015; 1605:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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433
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Chen C, Li X, Gao P, Tu Y, Zhao M, Li J, Zhang S, Liang H. Baicalin attenuates alzheimer-like pathological changes and memory deficits induced by amyloid β1-42 protein. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:537-44. [PMID: 25108596 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Baicalin is one bioactive flavone with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. The neuroprotective effects of baicalin on pathological changes and behavioral deficits were explored in a mouse model of amyloid β (Aβ)(1-42) protein-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mice received a bilateral injection of Aβ(1-42) protein into the hippocampus, then they were treated with baicalin (30, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight, orally) or Tween 80. The therapeutic effects of baicalin were monitored by Morris water maze trial and probe test. Then mice were sacrificed for immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. After a relatively short-term treatment of 14 days, 100 mg/kg of baicalin significantly ameliorated memory impairment in the Morris water maze test and probe test, and also attenuated glial cell activations and increase of TNF-α and IL-6 expressions induced by Aβ(1-42) protein. These results suggest that baicalin ameliorated Aβ(1-42) protein-related pathology and cognitive dysfunction via its anti-neuroinflammatory activity, and may be a potential candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, 300162, China
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434
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Abstract
The physiological consequences of acute and chronic stress on a range of organ systems have been well documented after the pioneering work of Hans Selye more than 70 years ago. More recently, an association between exposure to stressful life events and the development of later-life cognitive dysfunction has been proposed. Several plausible neurohormonal pathways and genetic mechanisms exist to support such an association. However, many logistical and methodological barriers must be overcome before a defined causal linkage can be firmly established. Here the authors review recent studies of the long-term cognitive consequences of exposures to cumulative ordinary life stressors as well as extraordinary traumatic events leading to posttraumatic stress disorder. Suggestive effects have been demonstrated for the role of life stress in general, and posttraumatic stress disorder in particular, on a range of negative cognitive outcomes, including worse than normal changes with aging, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. However, given the magnitude of the issue, well-controlled studies are relatively few in number, and the effects they have revealed are modest in size. Moreover, the effects have typically only been demonstrated on a selective subset of measures and outcomes. Potentially confounding factors abound and complicate causal relationships despite efforts to contain them. More well-controlled, carefully executed longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the apparent association between stress and dementia, clarify causal relationships, develop reliable antemortem markers, and delineate distinct patterns of risk in subsets of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Greenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kaloyan Tanev
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie-France Marin
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roger K Pitman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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435
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Interaction of astrocytes and T cells in physiological and pathological conditions. Brain Res 2015; 1623:63-73. [PMID: 25813828 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has long been recognized as a site of 'immune privilege' because of the existence of the blood brain barrier (BBB) which presumably isolates CNS from the peripheral immunosurveillance. Different from the peripheral organs, CNS is unique in response to all forms of CNS injury and disease which is mainly mediated by resident microglia and astrocyte. There is increasing evidence that immune cells are not only involved in neuroinflammation process but also the maintenance of CNS homeostasis. T cells, an important immune cell population, are involved in the pathogenesis of some neurological diseases by inducing either innate or adaptive immune responses. Astrocytes, which are the most abundant cell type in the CNS, maintain the integrity of BBB and actively participate in the initiation and progression of neurological diseases. Surprisingly, how astrocytes and T cells interact and the consequences of their interaction are not clear. In this review we briefly summarized T cells diversity and astrocyte function. Then, we examined the evidence for the astrocytes and T cells interaction under physiological and pathological conditions including ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, viral infection, and Alzheimer's disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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436
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Reduction of inflammatory responses by L-serine treatment leads to neuroprotection in mice after traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2015; 95:1-11. [PMID: 25747604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of l-serine and the underlying mechanisms in mice after traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced using a weight drop model. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with l-serine 3 h after TBI and then injected twice each day for 7 days or until the end of the experiment. The neurological severity score, brain water content, lesion volume, and neurone loss were determined. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 and the number of GFAP- and Iba-1-positive cells and activated caspase-3-positive neurones in the brain tissue ipsilateral to TBI were also measured. Simultaneously, the influences of l-serine on these variables were observed. In addition, the expression of glycine receptors and l-serine-induced currents were measured. We found l-serine treatment: 1) decreased the neurological deficit score, brain water content, lesion volume, and neurone loss; 2) inhibited activated caspase-3; and 3) reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and the number of GFAP- and Iba-1-positive cells. The effects of l-serine were antagonised by the administration of strychnine, an antagonist of glycine receptors. In addition, we found that glycine receptors were expressed mainly in the cortical neurones but less in the astrocytes or microglial cells, and l-serine activated these receptors and induced strychnine-sensitive currents in these neurones. In conclusion, l-serine induces the activation of glycine receptors, which alleviates neuronal excitotoxicity, a secondary brain injury process, thereby reduces the activation of astrocytes and microglial cells and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibits neuronal apoptosis. Thus, l-serine treatment leads to neuroprotection of brain tissue through reducing inflammatory responses and improves recovery of the neurological functions in mice after traumatic brain injury.
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437
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Wang T. TNF-alpha G308A polymorphism and the susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease: an updated meta-analysis. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:24-30.e1. [PMID: 25735998 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha G308A polymorphism has been reported in the association with susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, results have been contradictory. We conducted an updated meta-analysis to evaluate the role of TNF-alpha G308A in the occurrence of AD. METHODS Relevant articles were retrieved from online databases. The combined odds ratio, odds ratio in different genetic models, and the related 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Publication bias and homogeneity among individual studies were estimated. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were also performed. RESULTS In overall analyses, no risk of AD was associated with TNF-alpha G308A under different genetic models. However, in the subgroup analyses, a significant association between TNF-alpha G308A and AD risk was observed in Chinese. In addition, a significant protective effect of TNF-alpha -308A was found in the occurrence of AD among North European populations under a dominant model. CONCLUSIONS The result of this meta-analysis suggests that TNF-alpha G308A polymorphism may be associated with the increased risk of AD in Chinese and decreased risk of AD in northern European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
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438
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Aqueous cytokines as predictors of macular edema in patients with diabetes following uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:126984. [PMID: 25811020 PMCID: PMC4355626 DOI: 10.1155/2015/126984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to ascertain whether cytokines in the aqueous humor can predict macular edema (ME) in diabetic patients following uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Undiluted aqueous humor samples were obtained from 136 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients who underwent cataract surgery. The concentrations of 27 cytokines were measured in aqueous humor using the multiplex bead immunoassay. At the final follow-up examination, 116 patients completed 4 weeks of follow-up, and the incidence of macular edema was 29.31% (34 patients) 4 weeks after cataract surgery. Compared to the ME (−) patients, the concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (P < 0.001), IL-6 (P < 0.001), IL-8 (P < 0.001), interferon-induced protein-10 (IP-10) (P = 0.003), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) (P < 0.001), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (P < 0.001) in the ME (+) patients were significantly higher. In addition, the aqueous levels of IL-1β (r = 0.288), IL-6 (r = 0.345), IL-8 (r = 0.256), IP-10 (r = 0.377), MCP-1 (r = 0.423), and VEGF (r = 0.279) were positively correlated with the postoperative foveal center point thickness (FCPT). However, the aqueous levels of IL-10 (P = 0.003) and IL-12 (P = 0.017) were significantly lower in patients with ME. These results suggest IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IP-10, MCP-1, and VEGF may be potential predictors of postoperative macular thickness in patients with diabetes following uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery.
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439
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Lan KM, Tien LT, Pang Y, Bhatt AJ, Fan LW. IL-1 receptor antagonist attenuates neonatal lipopolysaccharide-induced long-lasting learning impairment and hippocampal injury in adult rats. Toxicol Lett 2015; 234:30-39. [PMID: 25665855 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that neonatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure resulted in an increase in interleukin-1β (IL-1β) content, injury to the hippocampus, and cognitive deficits in juvenile male and female rats, as well as female adult rats. The present study aimed to determine whether an anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), protects against the neonatal LPS exposure-induced inflammatory responses, hippocampal injury, and long-lasting learning deficits in adult rats. LPS (1 mg/kg) or LPS plus IL-1ra (0.1 mg/kg) was injected intracerebrally to Sprague-Dawley male rat pups at postnatal day 5 (P5). Neurobehavioral tests were carried out on P21, P49, and P70, while neuropathological studies were conducted on P71. Our results showed that neonatal LPS exposure resulted in learning deficits in rats at both developmental and adult ages, as demonstrated by a significantly impaired performance in the passive avoidance task (P21, P49, and P70), reduced hippocampal volume, and reduced number of Nissl+ cells in the CA1 region of the middle dorsal hippocampus of P71 rat brain. Those neuropathological and neurobehavioral alterations by LPS exposure were associated with a sustained inflammatory response in the P71 rat hippocampus, indicated by increased number of activated microglia as well as elevated levels of IL-1β. Neonatal administration of IL-1ra significantly attenuated LPS-induced long-lasting learning deficits, hippocampal injury, and sustained inflammatory responses in P71 rats. Our study demonstrates that neonatal LPS exposure leads to a persistent injury to the hippocampus, resulting in long-lasting learning disabilities related to chronic inflammation in rats, and these effects can be attenuated with an IL-1 receptor antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Mao Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Tai Tien
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Abhay J Bhatt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Lir-Wan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Chen JH, Ke KF, Lu JH, Qiu YH, Peng YP. Protection of TGF-β1 against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Aβ1-42-induced Alzheimer's disease model rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116549. [PMID: 25658940 PMCID: PMC4319949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been reported to be associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Neuroinflammation is generally considered as an outcome of glial activation; however, we recently demonstrated that T helper (Th)17 cells, a subpopulation of proinflammatory CD4+ T cells, are also involved in AD pathogenesis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, a cytokine that can be expressed in the brain, can be immunosuppressive, but its effects on lymphocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in AD pathogenesis have not been well addressed. In the current study we administered TGF-β1 via intracerebroventricle (ICV) and intranasal (IN) routes in AD model rats to investigate its antiinflammatory and neuroprotective effects. The AD rat model was prepared by bilateral hippocampal injection of amyloid-β (Aβ)1–42. TGF-β1 was administered via ICV one hour prior to Aβ1–42 injection or via both nares seven days after Aβ1–42 injection. ICV administration of TGF-β1 before Aβ1–42 injection remarkably ameliorated Aβ1–42-induced neurodegeneration and prevented Aβ1–42-induced increases in glia-derived proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS), as well as T cell-derived proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-17 and IL-22), in the hypothalamus, serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a concentration-dependent manner. TGF-β1 pretreatment also prevented Aβ1–42-induced decreases in the neurotrophic factors, IGF-1, GDNF and BDNF, and in the antiinflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Similarly, IN administration of TGF-β1 after Aβ1–42 injection reduced neurodegeneration, elevation of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines, and reduction of neurotrophic and antiinflammatory factors, in the hypothalamus, serum or CSF. These findings suggest that TGF-β1 suppresses glial and T cell-mediated neuroinflammation and thereby alleviates AD-related neurodegeneration. The effectiveness of IN administered TGF-β1 in reducing Aβ1–42 neurotoxicity suggests a possible therapeutic approach in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Kai-Fu Ke
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jian-Hua Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- * E-mail: (YHQ); (YPP)
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- * E-mail: (YHQ); (YPP)
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441
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Metabolomics reveals significant impairments in the immune system of the APP/PS1 transgenic mice of Alzheimer's disease. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:577-87. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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442
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Xie L, Lai Y, Lei F, Liu S, Liu R, Wang T. Exploring the association between interleukin-1β and its interacting proteins in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3219-28. [PMID: 25585621 PMCID: PMC4368090 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-associated progressive neurodegenerative disorder which is of clinical concern. The association between the nervous and immune system is defined as an neuroimmunological theory that supports a model of pathology or treatment for AD. Interleukin (IL)-1β has a pro-inflammatory function in AD; however, the mechanism of its dysregulation in AD remains unknown. It is therefore of significance to understand the molecular mechanisms of IL-1β and how it may regulate AD. Proteins, which have been previously reported to be associated with IL-1β in AD, have been used in the present study as nodes to illustrate a net of protein interaction in Cytoscape. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes was used to further analyze the association of these proteins with the pathology of AD. The present study identified and subsequently compared two AD and six IL-1β pathways with the network produced in Cytoscape. The present study identified important mechanisms in the pathology of AD and constructed two novel networks using Cytoscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushuang Xie
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yu Lai
- Department of Histology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Fang Lei
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Sujuan Liu
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tinghua Wang
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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443
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Khoshbakht T, Soosanabadi M, Neishaboury M, Kamali K, Karimlou M, Bazazzadegan N, Khorram Khorshid HR. An Association Study on IL16 Gene Polymorphisms with the Risk of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2015; 7:128-32. [PMID: 26306153 PMCID: PMC4508336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is an important regulator of T cell activation and was reported to act as a chemoattractant agent. There are evidences that IL16 can control the neuroinflammatory processes in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). This study was performed to investigate the role or association of IL16 polymorphisms, rs11556218 and rs4778889 with the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in Iranian population. METHODS Totally, 148 AD patients and 137 nondemented and age-matched subjects were recruited in this study. Genotyping of rs11556218 T/G and rs4778889 T/C polymorphisms was performed by PCR-RFLP method using the NdeI and AhdI restriction enzymes, respectively. RESULTS Statistical analysis of rs11556218 genotypes showed a protective effect against AD in the heterozygote genotype (p=0.001, OR=0.16) as well as rs4778889 (p=0.001, OR=0.23). Frequency of rs11556218 allele T was higher in controls than patients (p=0.001, OR=0.32). However, there was no significant difference in the frequencies of rs4778889 alleles between the AD patients and controls. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the rs11556218 and rs4778889 polymorphisms have a protective role in the development of sporadic AD in Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyebeh Khoshbakht
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Soosanabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Neishaboury
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Kamali
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Karimlou
- Department of Biostatistics and Computer, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nilofar Bazazzadegan
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Khorram Khorshid
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Hamid Reza Khorram Khorshid, M.D., Ph.D., Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran, Telfax: +98 21 22180138 E-mail:
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444
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Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells Protect Against Scopolamine-Induced Alzheimer-Like Pathological Aberrations. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:1403-1418. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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445
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Relevance of the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin in neurodegenerative diseases and depression. Molecules 2014; 19:20864-79. [PMID: 25514226 PMCID: PMC6270664 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191220864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is an attempt to summarize our current understanding of curcumin's potential as a neuroprotectant and an antidepressant. This dual property confers a unique advantage to this herbal medication, believed to be devoid of any major side effects, to combat commonly observed co-morbid conditions of a neurodegenerative and a neuropsychiatric disorder. Moreover, in line with the theme of this series, the role of inflammation and stress in these diseases and possible anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, as well as its interaction with signal transduction proteins as a common denominator in its varied mechanisms of action, are also discussed. Thus, following a brief introduction of curcumin's pharmacology, we present research suggesting how its anti-inflammatory properties have therapeutic potential in treating a devastating neurological disorder (Parkinson's disease = PD) and a debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder (major depressive disorder = MDD). It is concluded that curcumin, or better yet, an analog with better and longer bioavailability could be of important therapeutic potential in PD and/or major depression.
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446
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Isobutyrylshikonin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in BV2 microglial cells by suppressing the PI3K/Akt-mediated nuclear transcription factor-κB pathway. Nutr Res 2014; 34:1111-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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447
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Velagapudi R, Aderogba M, Olajide OA. Tiliroside, a dietary glycosidic flavonoid, inhibits TRAF-6/NF-κB/p38-mediated neuroinflammation in activated BV2 microglia. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3311-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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448
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Celik M, Kose A, Kose D, Karakus E, Akpinar E, Calik M, Dostbil A, Calikoglu C, Aksoy M, Ozel L. The double-edged sword: effects of pregabalin on experimentally induced sciatic nerve transection and crush injury in rats. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:845-54. [PMID: 25340254 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.978976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to research the effects of pregabalin on experimentally induced peripheral nerve crush injuries in rats. MATERIAL AND METHOD Forty-two adult female Wistar albino rats were divided into seven groups: 1st group: healthy; 2nd group: axonotmesis control; 3rd group: anastomosis control; 4th group: axonotmesis+30 mg/kg of pregabalin; 5th group: axonotmesis+60 mg/kg of pregabalin; 6th group: anastomosis+30 mg/kg of pregabalin; 7th group: anastomosis+60 mg/kg of pregabalin. Evaluation of the sciatic functional index (SFI) was performed one day before and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 following surgery. The right sciatic nerves of all animals were examined histopathologically and molecularly. RESULTS After 28 days post-injury, the histopathological regeneration in peripheral nerve injuries for pregabalin 30 mg/kg treated groups was significantly better than that of the control groups. Also the SFI increases and TGF-β gene expression up-regulation were significantly better in pregabalin 30 mg/kg treated groups. CONCLUSION The histopathological, functional and molecular data suggest that pregabalin 30 mg/kg treatment in axonotmesis and anostomosis groups improves nerve regeneration and increases SFI in peripheral nerve injuries by activating antiinflammatory cytokine TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Celik
- a Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kose
- b Department of Orthophedics and Traumatology, Horasan Public Hospital , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Duygu Kose
- c Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Emre Karakus
- d Ataturk University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Erol Akpinar
- c Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Muhammed Calik
- e Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Aysenur Dostbil
- a Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Cagatay Calikoglu
- f Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Brain Surgery , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Aksoy
- a Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Lutfu Ozel
- g Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology , Erzurum , Turkey
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449
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Swaminathan A, Jicha GA. Nutrition and prevention of Alzheimer's dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:282. [PMID: 25368575 PMCID: PMC4202787 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A nutritional approach to prevent, slow, or halt the progression of disease is a promising strategy that has been widely investigated. Much epidemiologic data suggests that nutritional intake may influence the development and progression of Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). Modifiable, environmental causes of AD include potential metabolic derangements caused by dietary insufficiency and or excess that may be corrected by nutritional supplementation and or dietary modification. Many nutritional supplements contain a myriad of health promoting constituents (anti-oxidants, vitamins, trace minerals, flavonoids, lipids, …etc.) that may have novel mechanisms of action affecting cellular health and regeneration, the aging process itself, or may specifically disrupt pathogenic pathways in the development of AD. Nutritional modifications have the advantage of being cost effective, easy to implement, socially acceptable and generally safe and devoid of significant adverse events in most cases. Many nutritional interventions have been studied and continue to be evaluated in hopes of finding a successful agent, combination of agents, or dietary modifications that can be used for the prevention and or treatment of AD. The current review focuses on several key nutritional compounds and dietary modifications that have been studied in humans, and further discusses the rationale underlying their potential utility for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Swaminathan
- Department of Neurology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Department of Neurology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
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450
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Liu J, Ma Y, Tian S, Zhang L, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Xu D. T cells promote the regeneration of neural precursor cells in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease mice. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1541-7. [PMID: 25317172 PMCID: PMC4192972 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.139481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is closely associated with disorders of neurogenesis in the brain, and growing evidence supports the involvement of immunological mechanisms in the development of the disease. However, at present, the role of T cells in neuronal regeneration in the brain is unknown. We injected amyloid-beta 1–42 peptide into the hippocampus of six BALB/c wild-type mice and six BALB/c-nude mice with T-cell immunodeficiency to establish an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. A further six mice of each genotype were injected with same volume of normal saline. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the number of regenerated neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus of BALB/c wild-type mice was significantly higher than that in BALB/c-nude mice. Quantitative fluorescence PCR assay showed that the expression levels of peripheral T cell-associated cytokines (interleukin-2, interferon-γ) and hippocampal microglia-related cytokines (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α) correlated with the number of regenerated neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus. These results indicate that T cells promote hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease and T-cell immunodeficiency restricts neuronal regeneration in the hippocampus. The mechanism underlying the promotion of neuronal regeneration by T cells is mediated by an increased expression of peripheral T cells and central microglial cytokines in Alzheimer's disease mice. Our findings provide an experimental basis for understanding the role of T cells in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sumin Tian
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dachuan Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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