401
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Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling as a key mediator of tumor cell responsiveness to radiation. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:180-90. [PMID: 26192967 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is a key cascade downstream of several protein kinases, especially membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinases, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family members. Hyperactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is correlated with tumor development, progression, poor prognosis, and resistance to cancer therapies, such as radiotherapy, in human solid tumors. Akt/PKB (Protein Kinase B) members are the major kinases that act downstream of PI3K, and these are involved in a variety of cellular functions, including growth, proliferation, glucose metabolism, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and survival. Accumulating evidence indicates that activated Akt is one of the major predictive markers for solid tumor responsiveness to chemo/radiotherapy. DNA double-strand breaks (DNA-DSB), are the prime cause of cell death induced by ionizing radiation. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that constitutive activation of Akt and stress-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway accelerate the repair of DNA-DSB and, consequently, lead to therapy resistance. Analyzing dysregulations of Akt, such as point mutations, gene amplification or overexpression, which results in the constitutive activation of Akt, might be of special importance in the context of radiotherapy outcomes. Such studies, as well as studies of the mechanism(s) by which activated Akt1 regulates repair of DNA-DSB, might help to identify combinations using the appropriate molecular targeting strategies with conventional radiotherapy to overcome radioresistance in solid tumors. In this review, we discuss the dysregulation of the components of upstream regulators of Akt as well as specific modifications of Akt isoforms that enhance Akt activity. Likewise, the mechanisms by which Akt interferes with repair of DNA after exposure to ionizing radiation, will be reviewed. Finally, the current status of Akt targeting in combination with radiotherapy will be discussed.
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402
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Kosacka J, Kern M, Klöting N, Paeschke S, Rudich A, Haim Y, Gericke M, Serke H, Stumvoll M, Bechmann I, Nowicki M, Blüher M. Autophagy in adipose tissue of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 409:21-32. [PMID: 25818883 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathophysiology of obesity is closely associated with enhanced autophagy in adipose tissue (AT). Autophagic process can promote survival or activate cell death. Therefore, we examine the occurrence of autophagy in AT of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients in comparison to obese and lean individuals without diabetes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Numerous autophagosomes accumulated within adipocytes were visualized by electron transmission microscopy and by immunofluorescence staining for autophagy marker LC3 in obese and T2D patients. Increased autophagy was demonstrated by higher LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, up-regulated expression of LC3 and Atg5 mRNA, along with decreased p62 and mTOR protein levels. Increased autophagy occurred together with AT inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest fat depot-related differences in autophagy regulation. In subcutaneous AT, increased autophagy is accompanied by increased markers of apoptosis in patients with obesity independently of T2D. In contrast, in visceral AT only in T2D patients increased autophagy was related to higher markers of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kosacka
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - M Kern
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - N Klöting
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Paeschke
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel
| | - Y Haim
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel
| | - M Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - H Serke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - I Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Nowicki
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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403
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Zheng GF, Cai Z, Meng XK, Zhang Y, Zhu W, Pang XY, Dou L. Unfolded protein response mediated JNK/AP-1 signal transduction, a target for ovarian cancer treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:6505-6511. [PMID: 26261528 PMCID: PMC4525862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Researches have revealed several stressors, which could activate unfolded protein response (UPR) in cells. However, the survival or death pathway was determined by the duration of UPR exposure. Based on the UPR mediated death pathway, our study was aimed to investigate role of UPR on c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein-1 (Ap-1) signal transduction in diindolylmethane (DIM) treated ovarian cancer cell lines. Activation of UPR proteins, UPR mediated apoptotic signaling proteins and expression level of EpCAM, JNK, Ap-1, Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 were measured. Protein and gene expression, transcription factor activity, and protein phosphorylation were measured using standard molecular biology techniques. Our results demonstrated DIM treatment had significantly increased the expression of Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress regulators such as Bip, IRE1, CHOP and activation of UPR related apoptotic proteins in ovarian cancer cells. Decreased expression of EpCAM and activity of AP-1 transcription factor were observed in DIM treated cells. The pharmacologic inhibitors of the JNK signal transduction pathway, suggest that the impact of EpCAM expression on AP-1 transcription factor activity is mediated through the JNK pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that UPR mediated JNK/Ap-1 signal transduction has a significant role in the regulation of apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells, and is a potential molecular target to enhance sensitivity of ovarian cancer to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Zheng
- The Bone Marrow Transplantation Center & Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- The Bone Marrow Transplantation Center & Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang-Kai Meng
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Pang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Dou
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
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404
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Nagelkerke A, Sweep FCGJ, Stegeman H, Grénman R, Kaanders JHAM, Bussink J, Span PN. Hypoxic regulation of the PERK/ATF4/LAMP3-arm of the unfolded protein response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2015; 37:896-905. [PMID: 24634103 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the hypoxic regulation of the PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4)/lysosome-associated membrane protein 3 (LAMP3)-arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS LAMP3 expression was determined in patient biopsies by immunohistochemistry and correlated to clinicopathological parameters. mRNA and protein expression for PERK, ATF4, and LAMP3 was evaluated after hypoxic exposure of HNSCC cell lines. RESULTS In patients with HNSCC, high LAMP3 expression correlated with N classification (p = .019) and the occurrence of distant metastases during follow-up (p = .039). Patients with high LAMP3 levels had a worse metastasis-free survival (p = .008). Intriguingly, LAMP3 expression was localized exclusively in normoxic areas of tumors and xenografts. Expression of PERK, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4, and LAMP3 was not universally induced in hypoxic HNSCC cell lines. Exposure to endoplasmic reticulum-stress stimulated PERK, ATF4, and LAMP3 expression. CONCLUSION LAMP3 is relevant for prognosis in HNSCC. However, the PERK/ATF4/LAMP3-arm of the UPR responds differently to hypoxia in HNSCC compared to other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Nagelkerke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fred C G J Sweep
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Stegeman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Reidar Grénman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johannes H A M Kaanders
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul N Span
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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405
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Dey S, Sayers CM, Verginadis II, Lehman SL, Cheng Y, Cerniglia GJ, Tuttle SW, Feldman MD, Zhang PJL, Fuchs SY, Diehl JA, Koumenis C. ATF4-dependent induction of heme oxygenase 1 prevents anoikis and promotes metastasis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2592-608. [PMID: 26011642 DOI: 10.1172/jci78031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) is a critical mediator of cancer cell survival, and targeting the ISR inhibits tumor progression. Here, we have shown that activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a master transcriptional effector of the ISR, protects transformed cells against anoikis - a specialized form of apoptosis - following matrix detachment and also contributes to tumor metastatic properties. Upon loss of attachment, ATF4 activated a coordinated program of cytoprotective autophagy and antioxidant responses, including induced expression of the major antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). HO-1 upregulation was the result of simultaneous activation of ATF4 and the transcription factor NRF2, which converged on the HO1 promoter. Increased levels of HO-1 ameliorated oxidative stress and cell death. ATF4-deficient human fibrosarcoma cells were unable to colonize the lungs in a murine model, and reconstitution of ATF4 or HO-1 expression in ATF4-deficient cells blocked anoikis and rescued tumor lung colonization. HO-1 expression was higher in human primary and metastatic tumors compared with noncancerous tissue. Moreover, HO-1 expression correlated with reduced overall survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma and glioblastoma. These results establish HO-1 as a mediator of ATF4-dependent anoikis resistance and tumor metastasis and suggest ATF4 and HO-1 as potential targets for therapeutic intervention in solid tumors.
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406
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Chevet E, Hetz C, Samali A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated cell reprogramming in oncogenesis. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:586-97. [PMID: 25977222 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stress induced by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is observed in many human diseases, including cancers. Cellular adaptation to ER stress is mediated by the unfolded protein response (UPR), which aims at restoring ER homeostasis. The UPR has emerged as a major pathway in remodeling cancer gene expression, thereby either preventing cell transformation or providing an advantage to transformed cells. UPR sensors are highly regulated by the formation of dynamic protein scaffolds, leading to integrated reprogramming of the cells. Herein, we describe the regulatory mechanisms underlying UPR signaling upon cell intrinsic or extrinsic challenges, and how they engage cell transformation programs and/or provide advantages to cancer cells, leading to enhanced aggressiveness or chemoresistance. We discuss the emerging cross-talk between the UPR and related metabolic processes to ensure maintenance of protein homeostasis and its impact on cell transformation and tumor growth. SIGNIFICANCE ER stress signaling is dysregulated in many forms of cancer and contributes to tumor growth as a survival factor, in addition to modulating other disease-associated processes, including cell migration, cell transformation, and angiogenesis. Evidence for targeting the ER stress signaling pathway as an anticancer strategy is compelling, and novel agents that selectively inhibit the UPR have demonstrated preliminary evidence of preclinical efficacy with an acceptable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chevet
- Oncogenesis, Stress, Cancer, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Santiago, Chile. Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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407
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Yang Y, Yang Y, Yang X, Zhu H, Guo Q, Chen X, Zhang H, Cheng H, Sun X. Autophagy and its function in radiosensitivity. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4079-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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408
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Tang Q, Huang W, Guan J, Jin L, Che T, Fu Y, Hu Y, Tian S, Wang D, Jiang Z, Li X, Li M. Transcriptomic analysis provides insight into high-altitude acclimation in domestic goats. Gene 2015; 567:208-16. [PMID: 25958351 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Domestic goats are distributed in a wide range of habitats and have acclimated to their local environmental conditions. To investigate the gene expression changes of goats that are induced by high altitude stress, we performed RNA-seq on 27 samples from the three hypoxia-sensitive tissues (heart, lung, and skeletal muscle) in three indigenous populations from distinct altitudes (600 m, 2000 m, and 3000 m). We generated 129Gb of high-quality sequencing data (~4Gb per sample) and catalogued the expression profiles of 12,421 annotated hircine genes in each sample. The analysis showed global similarities and differences of high-altitude transcriptomes among populations and tissues as well as revealed that the heart underwent the most high-altitude induced expression changes. We identified numerous differentially expressed genes that exhibited distinct expression patterns, and nonsynonymous single nucleotide variant-containing genes that were highly differentiated between the high- and low-altitude populations. These genes have known or potential roles in hypoxia response and were enriched in functional gene categories potentially responsible for high-altitude stress. Therefore, they are appealing candidates for further investigation of the gene expression and associated regulatory mechanisms related to high-altitude acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianzi Tang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenyao Huang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiuqiang Guan
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Long Jin
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tiandong Che
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuhua Fu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Lab of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaodong Hu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shilin Tian
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhi Jiang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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409
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Mazza T, Fusilli C, Saracino C, Mazzoccoli G, Tavano F, Vinciguerra M, Pazienza V. Functional Impact of Autophagy-Related Genes on the Homeostasis and Dynamics of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2015; 12:667-678. [PMID: 26357277 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2014.2371824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive and chemotherapy-resistant malignant neoplasm. In basal condition, it is characterized by elevated autophagy activity, which is required for tumor growth and that correlates with treatment failure. We analyzed the expression of autophagy related genes in different pancreatic cancer cell lines. A correlation-based network analysis evidenced the sociality and topological roles of the autophagy-related genes after serum starvation. Structural and functional tests identified a core set of autophagy related genes, suggesting different scenarios of autophagic responses to starvation, which may be responsible for the clinical variations associated with pancreatic cancer pathogenesis.
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410
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Vasseur S, Manié SN. ER stress and hexosamine pathway during tumourigenesis: A pas de deux? Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 33:34-9. [PMID: 25931390 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Both the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are considered sensors for the nutritional state of the cell. The former is a branch of the glucose metabolic pathway that provides donor molecules for glycosylation processes, whereas the second requires co-translational N-glycosylation to ensure proper protein folding. It has become clear that the microenvironment of solid tumours, characterised by poor oxygen and nutrient supply, challenges optimal functions of the ER and the HBP. Here, we review recent advances demonstrating that the ER stress (ERS) response and HBP pathways are interconnected to promote cell viability. We then develop the idea that communication between ER and HBP is a survival feature of neoplastic cells that plays a prominent role during tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vasseur
- INSERM U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, France; CNRS, UMR7258, F-13009 Marseille, France; Université Aix-Marseille, F-13284 Marseille, France
| | - Serge N Manié
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008 Lyon, France.
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411
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Zhang W, Zeng T, Liu X, Chen L. Diagnosing phenotypes of single-sample individuals by edge biomarkers. J Mol Cell Biol 2015; 7:231-41. [DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjv025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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412
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Tameire F, Verginadis II, Koumenis C. Cell intrinsic and extrinsic activators of the unfolded protein response in cancer: Mechanisms and targets for therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 33:3-15. [PMID: 25920797 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A variety of cell intrinsic or extrinsic stresses evoke perturbations in the folding environment of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), collectively known as ER stress. Adaptation to stress and re-establishment of ER homeostasis is achieved by activation of an integrated signal transduction pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR). Both ER stress and UPR activation have been implicated in a variety of human cancers. Although at early stages or physiological conditions of ER stress, the UPR generally promotes survival, when the stress becomes more stringent or prolonged, its role can switch to a pro-cell death one. Here, we discuss historical and recent evidence supporting an involvement of the UPR in malignancy, describe the main mechanisms by which tumor cells overcome ER stress to promote their survival, tumor progression and metastasis and discuss the current state of efforts to develop therapeutic approaches of targeting the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feven Tameire
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman University School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Perelman University School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ioannis I Verginadis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman University School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman University School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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413
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria utilize most of the oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate via electron transfer coupled with oxidative phosphorylation. Hypoxia undoubtedly induces reduced energy production via decreased mitochondrial metabolic activity or altered hypoxia-inducible factor-1- and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis. Hypoxia may also activate mitophagy to selectively remove damaged or unwanted mitochondria for both mitochondrial quantity and quality control. Increasing evidence has shown that the accumulation of damaged mitochondria is a characteristic of aging and aging-related diseases, such as metabolic disorder, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. RECENT ADVANCES Both receptor-dependent and PTEN-induced putative kinase 1-PARKIN-dependent mitophagy have been described. Mitophagy receptors include Atg32 in yeast, as well as NIX/BNIP3L, B-cell lymphoma 2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3 and FUN14 domain containing 1 in mammals. In response to hypoxia or mitochondrial oxidative stress, receptor-mediated mitophagy was found to be activated via both transcriptional and post-translational modification. CRITICAL ISSUES To date, the molecular mechanisms by which hypoxia triggers mitophagy and by which mitophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of aging-related diseases remain to be explored. FUTURE DIRECTIONS An improved understanding of the regulation of mitochondrial quality may provide a strategy for treating aging-related diseases by targeting mitochondria and mitophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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414
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Fang Y, Tan J, Zhang Q. Signaling pathways and mechanisms of hypoxia-induced autophagy in the animal cells. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:891-8. [PMID: 25808799 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia occurs in a series of supraphysiological circumstances, for instance, sleep disorders, myocardial infarction and cerebral stroke, that can induce a systematic inflammatory response. Such a response may then lead to a widespread dysfunction and cell injury. Autophagy, a cellular homeostatic process that governs the turnover of damaged organelles and proteins, can be triggered by multiple forms of extra- and intracellular stress, for example, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation and reactive oxygen specie. Central to this process is the formation of double-membrane vesicles, thereby autophagosomes sequester portions of cytosol and deliver them to the lysosomes for a breakdown. In recent years, several distinct oxygen-sensing pathways that regulate the cellular response to autophagy have been defined. For instance, hypoxia influences autophagy in part through the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-dependent pathways. In chronic and moderate hypoxia, autophagy plays a protective role by mediating the removal of the damaged organelles and protein. Moreover, three additional oxygen-sensitive signaling pathways are also associated with the activation of autophagy. These include mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, unfolded protein response (UPR)- and PKCδ-JNK1-dependent pathways. Contrary to the protective effects of autophagy, during rapid and severe oxygen fluctuations, autophagy may be detrimental and induce cell death. In this review, we highlight a serious of recent advances on how autophagy is regulated at the molecular level and on final consequences of cell under different hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungyun Fang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Tan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
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415
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Heberle AM, Prentzell MT, van Eunen K, Bakker BM, Grellscheid SN, Thedieck K. Molecular mechanisms of mTOR regulation by stress. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e970489. [PMID: 27308421 PMCID: PMC4904989 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.970489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumors are prime examples of cell growth in unfavorable environments that elicit cellular stress. The high metabolic demand and insufficient vascularization of tumors cause a deficiency of oxygen and nutrients. Oncogenic mutations map to signaling events via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), metabolic pathways, and mitochondrial function. These alterations have been linked with cellular stresses, in particular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. Yet tumors survive these challenges and acquire highly energy-demanding traits, such as overgrowth and invasiveness. In this review we focus on stresses that occur in cancer cells and discuss them in the context of mTOR signaling. Of note, many tumor traits require mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity, but mTORC1 hyperactivation eventually sensitizes cells to apoptosis. Thus, mTORC1 activity needs to be balanced in cancer cells. We provide an overview of the mechanisms contributing to mTOR regulation by stress and suggest a model wherein stress granules function as guardians of mTORC1 signaling, allowing cancer cells to escape stress-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Martin Heberle
- Department of Pediatrics and Centre for Systems Biology of Energy Metabolism and Ageing; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG); Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirja Tamara Prentzell
- Department of Pediatrics and Centre for Systems Biology of Energy Metabolism and Ageing; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG); Groningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Biology; Institute for Biology 3; Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM); University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karen van Eunen
- Department of Pediatrics and Centre for Systems Biology of Energy Metabolism and Ageing; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG); Groningen, The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Marleen Bakker
- Department of Pediatrics and Centre for Systems Biology of Energy Metabolism and Ageing; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG); Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Department of Pediatrics and Centre for Systems Biology of Energy Metabolism and Ageing; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG); Groningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Biology; Institute for Biology 3; Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences; Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Oldenburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies; Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence to: Kathrin Thedieck; E-mail: ;
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416
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Cellular stress responses in hepatitis C virus infection: Mastering a two-edged sword. Virus Res 2015; 209:100-17. [PMID: 25836277 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects chronically more than 150 million humans worldwide. Chronic HCV infection causes severe liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. While immune response-mediated events are major players in HCV pathogenesis, the impact that viral replication has on cellular homeostasis is increasingly recognized as a necessary contributor to pathological manifestations of HCV infection such as steatosis, insulin-resistance or liver cancer. In this review, we will briefly overview the different cellular stress pathways that are induced by hepatitis C virus infection, the response that the cell promotes to attempt regaining homeostasis or to induce dysfunctional cell death, and how the virus co-opts these response mechanisms to promote both viral replication and survival of the infected cell. We will review the role of unfolded protein and oxidative stress responses as well as the role of auto- and mitophagy in HCV infection. Finally, we will discuss the recent discovery of a cellular chaperone involved in stress responses, the sigma-1 receptor, as a cellular factor required at the onset of HCV infection and the potential molecular events underlying the proviral role of this cellular factor in HCV infection.
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417
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Yang X, Yu DD, Yan F, Jing YY, Han ZP, Sun K, Liang L, Hou J, Wei LX. The role of autophagy induced by tumor microenvironment in different cells and stages of cancer. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:14. [PMID: 25844158 PMCID: PMC4384293 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a tumor is a very complex process, and invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors are hallmarks and are difficult problems to overcome. The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in controlling tumor fate and autophagy induced by the tumor microenvironment is attracting more and more attention. Autophagy can be induced by several stressors in the tumor microenvironment and autophagy modifies the tumor microenvironment, too. Autophagy has dual roles in tumor growth. In this review, we discussed the interaction between autophagy and the tumor microenvironment and the paradoxical roles of autophagy on tumor growth at different stages of tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Yu
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Ying Jing
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Han
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Central laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chang Hai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Xin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
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418
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Jamison S, Lin Y, Lin W. Pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase activation promotes medulloblastoma cell migration and invasion through induction of vascular endothelial growth factor A. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120252. [PMID: 25794107 PMCID: PMC4368580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that activation of the pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress adapts tumor cells to the tumor microenvironment and enhances tumor angiogenesis by inducing vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). Recent studies suggest that VEGF-A can act directly on certain tumor cell types in an autocrine manner, via binding to VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), to promote tumor cell migration and invasion. Although several reports show that PERK activation increases VEGF-A expression in medulloblastoma, the most common solid malignancy of childhood, the role that either PERK or VEGF-A plays in medulloblastoma remains elusive. In this study, we mimicked the moderate enhancement of PERK activity observed in tumor patients using a genetic approach and a pharmacologic approach, and found that moderate activation of PERK signaling facilitated medulloblastoma cell migration and invasion and increased the production of VEGF-A. Moreover, using the VEGFR2 inhibitor SU5416 and the VEGF-A neutralizing antibody to block VEGF-A/VEGFR2 signaling, our results suggested that tumor cell-derived VEGF-A promoted medulloblastoma cell migration and invasion through VEGFR2 signaling, and that both VEGF-A and VEGFR2 were required for the promoting effects of PERK activation on medulloblastoma cell migration and invasion. Thus, these findings suggest that moderate PERK activation promotes medulloblastoma cell migration and invasion through enhancement of VEGF-A/VEGFR2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jamison
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Yifeng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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419
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Rausch MP, Sertil AR. A stressful microenvironment: opposing effects of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in the suppression and enhancement of adaptive tumor immunity. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:104-22. [PMID: 25774773 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1018415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent clinical success of immunotherapy in the treatment of certain types of cancer has demonstrated the powerful ability of the immune system to control tumor growth, leading to significantly improved patient survival. However, despite these promising results current immunotherapeutic strategies are still limited and have not yet achieved broad acceptance outside the context of metastatic melanoma. The limitations of current immunotherapeutic approaches can be attributed in part to suppressive mechanisms present in the tumor microenvironment that hamper the generation of robust antitumor immune responses thus allowing tumor cells to escape immune-mediated destruction. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response has recently emerged as a potent regulator of tumor immunity. The ER stress response is an adaptive mechanism that allows tumor cells to survive in the harsh growth conditions inherent to the tumor milieu such as low oxygen (hypoxia), low pH and low levels of glucose. Activation of ER stress can also alter the cancer cell response to therapies. In addition, the ER stress response promotes tumor immune evasion by inducing the production of protumorigenic inflammatory cytokines and impairing tumor antigen presentation. However, the ER stress response can boost antitumor immunity in some situations by enhancing the processing and presentation of tumor antigens and by inducing the release of immunogenic factors from stressed tumor cells. Here, we discuss the dualistic role of the ER stress response in the modulation of tumor immunity and highlight how strategies to either induce or block ER stress can be employed to improve the clinical efficacy of tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Rausch
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona , Phoenix, AZ , USA
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420
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Wengrod J, Wang D, Weiss S, Zhong H, Osman I, Gardner LB. Phosphorylation of eIF2α triggered by mTORC1 inhibition and PP6C activation is required for autophagy and is aberrant in PP6C-mutated melanoma. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra27. [PMID: 25759478 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa0899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid deprivation promotes the inhibition of the kinase complex mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) and activation of the kinase GCN2 (general control nonrepressed 2). Signaling pathways downstream of both kinases have been thought to independently induce autophagy. We showed that these two amino acid-sensing systems are linked. We showed that pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 led to activation of GCN2 and phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) in a mechanism dependent on the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 6 (PP6C). Autophagy induced by pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 required PP6C, GCN2, and eIF2α phosphorylation. Although some of the PP6C mutants found in melanoma did not form a strong complex with PP6 regulatory subunits and were rapidly degraded, these mutants paradoxically stabilized PP6C encoded by the wild-type allele and increased eIF2α phosphorylation. Furthermore, these PP6C mutations were associated with increased autophagy in vitro and in human melanoma samples. Thus, these data showed that GCN2 activation and phosphorylation of eIF2α in response to mTORC1 inhibition are necessary for autophagy. Additionally, we described a role for PP6C in this process and provided a mechanism for PP6C mutations associated with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Wengrod
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ding Wang
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sarah Weiss
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Iman Osman
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lawrence B Gardner
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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421
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Katagiri N, Kuroda T, Kishimoto H, Hayashi Y, Kumazawa T, Kimura K. The nucleolar protein nucleophosmin is essential for autophagy induced by inhibiting Pol I transcription. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8903. [PMID: 25754892 PMCID: PMC4354046 DOI: 10.1038/srep08903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Various cellular stresses activate autophagy, which is involved in lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic materials for maintaining nutrient homeostasis and eliminating harmful components. Here, we show that RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcription inhibition induces nucleolar disruption and autophagy. Treatment with autophagy inhibitors or siRNA specific for autophagy-related (ATG) proteins inhibited autophagy but not nucleolar disruption induced by Pol I transcription inhibition, which suggested that nucleolar disruption was upstream of autophagy. Furthermore, treatment with siRNA specific for nucleolar protein nucleophosmin (NPM) inhibited this type of autophagy. This showed that NPM was involved in autophagy when the nucleolus was disrupted by Pol I inhibition. In contrast, NPM was not required for canonical autophagy induced by nutrient starvation, as it was not accompanied by nucleolar disruption. Thus, our results revealed that, in addition to canonical autophagy, there may be NPM-dependent autophagy associated with nucleolar disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Katagiri
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennnoudai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takao Kuroda
- Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennnoudai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishimoto
- 1] Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennnoudai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan [2] Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennnoudai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yuki Hayashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennnoudai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takuya Kumazawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennnoudai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Keiji Kimura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennnoudai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
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422
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Feng Y, Yao Z, Klionsky DJ. How to control self-digestion: transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulation of autophagy. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:354-63. [PMID: 25759175 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy), literally defined as a type of self-eating, is a dynamic cellular process in which cytoplasm is sequestered within a unique compartment termed the phagophore. Upon completion, the phagophore matures into a double-membrane autophagosome that fuses with the lysosome or vacuole, allowing degradation of the cargo. Nonselective autophagy is primarily a cytoprotective response to various types of stress; however, the process can also be highly selective. Autophagy is involved in various aspects of cell physiology, and its dysregulation is associated with a range of diseases. The regulation of autophagy is complex, and the process must be properly modulated to maintain cellular homeostasis. In this review, we focus on the current state of knowledge concerning transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulation of autophagy in yeast and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Feng
- Life Sciences Institute and the Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- Life Sciences Institute and the Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and the Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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423
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Tan Q, Joshua AM, Saggar JK, Yu M, Wang M, Kanga N, Zhang JY, Chen X, Wouters BG, Tannock IF. Effect of pantoprazole to enhance activity of docetaxel against human tumour xenografts by inhibiting autophagy. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:832-40. [PMID: 25647012 PMCID: PMC4453951 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy allows recycling of cellular components and may facilitate cell survival after chemotherapy. Pantoprazole inhibits proton pumps and is reported to inhibit autophagy. Here we evaluate the effects of pantoprazole to modify cytotoxicity of the anticancer drug docetaxel, and underlying mechanisms. METHODS Effects of docetaxel±pantoprazole were studied against wild-type and autophagy-deficient PC3 cells and against four human xenografts. Effects of pantoprazole on autophagy were evaluated by quantifying LC3-I, LC3-II and p62 proteins in western blots, and by fluorescent microscopy of cells transfected with RFP-GFP-LC3. The distribution of drug effects and of autophagy was quantified in tumour sections in relation to blood vessels and hypoxia by immunohistochemistry using γH2AX, cleaved caspase-3, Ki67 and LC3/ p62. RESULTS Pantoprazole increased the toxicity of docetaxel in vitro, increased docetaxel-induced expression of γH2AX and cleaved caspase-3, and decreased Ki67 in tumour sections. Pantoprazole increased growth delay of four human xenografts of low, moderate and high sensitivity to docetaxel, with minimal increase in toxicity. Docetaxel led to increased autophagy throughout tumour sections. Pantoprazole inhibited autophagy, and effects of pantoprazole were reduced against genetically modified cells with decreased ability to undergo autophagy. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy is a mechanism of resistance to docetaxel chemotherapy that may be modified by pantoprazole to improve therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Tan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - A M Joshua
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
- Institute of Medical Science, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - J K Saggar
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - M Yu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - M Wang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - N Kanga
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - J Y Zhang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - X Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - B G Wouters
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - I F Tannock
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
- Institute of Medical Science, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
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424
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Calcium homeostasis and ER stress in control of autophagy in cancer cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:352794. [PMID: 25821797 PMCID: PMC4363509 DOI: 10.1155/2015/352794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a basic catabolic process, serving as an internal engine during responses to various cellular stresses. As regards cancer, autophagy may play a tumor suppressive role by preserving cellular integrity during tumor development and by possible contribution to cell death. However, autophagy may also exert oncogenic effects by promoting tumor cell survival and preventing cell death, for example, upon anticancer treatment. The major factors influencing autophagy are Ca2+ homeostasis perturbation and starvation. Several Ca2+ channels like voltage-gated T- and L-type channels, IP3 receptors, or CRAC are involved in autophagy regulation. Glucose transporters, mainly from GLUT family, which are often upregulated in cancer, are also prominent targets for autophagy induction. Signals from both Ca2+ perturbations and glucose transport blockage might be integrated at UPR and ER stress activation. Molecular pathways such as IRE 1-JNK-Bcl-2, PERK-eIF2α-ATF4, or ATF6-XBP 1-ATG are related to autophagy induced through ER stress. Moreover ER molecular chaperones such as GRP78/BiP and transcription factors like CHOP participate in regulation of ER stress-mediated autophagy. Autophagy modulation might be promising in anticancer therapies; however, it is a context-dependent matter whether inhibition or activation of autophagy leads to tumor cell death.
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425
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Schaaf MB, Jutten B, Keulers TG, Savelkouls KG, Peeters HJ, van den Beucken T, van Schooten FJ, Godschalk RW, Vooijs M, Rouschop KM. Canonical autophagy does not contribute to cellular radioresistance. Radiother Oncol 2015; 114:406-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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426
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Notte A, Rebucci M, Fransolet M, Roegiers E, Genin M, Tellier C, Watillon K, Fattaccioli A, Arnould T, Michiels C. Taxol-induced unfolded protein response activation in breast cancer cells exposed to hypoxia: ATF4 activation regulates autophagy and inhibits apoptosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 62:1-14. [PMID: 25724736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the resistance against chemotherapy-induced cell death is still of great interest since the number of patients with cancer increases and relapse is commonly observed. Indeed, the development of hypoxic regions as well as UPR (unfolded protein response) activation is known to promote cancer cell adaptive responses to the stressful tumor microenvironment and resistance against anticancer therapies. Therefore, the impact of UPR combined to hypoxia on autophagy and apoptosis activation during taxol exposure was investigated in MDA-MB-231 and T47D breast cancer cells. The results showed that taxol rapidly induced UPR activation and that hypoxia modulated taxol-induced UPR activation differently according to the different UPR pathways (PERK, ATF6, and IRE1α). The putative involvement of these signaling pathways in autophagy or in apoptosis regulation in response to taxol exposure was investigated. However, while no link between the activation of these three ER stress sensors and autophagy or apoptosis regulation could be evidenced, results showed that ATF4 activation, which occurs independently of UPR activation, was involved in taxol-induced autophagy completion. In addition, an ATF4-dependent mechanism leading to cancer cell adaptation and resistance against taxol-induced cell death was evidenced. Finally, our results demonstrate that expression of ATF4, in association with hypoxia-induced genes, can be used as a biomarker of a poor prognosis for human breast cancer patients supporting the conclusion that ATF4 might play an important role in adaptation and resistance of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy in hypoxic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Notte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Magali Rebucci
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Maude Fransolet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Edith Roegiers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Marie Genin
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Celine Tellier
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Kassandra Watillon
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Antoine Fattaccioli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Carine Michiels
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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427
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Bhattacharya A, Eissa NT. Autophagy as a Stress Response Pathway in the Immune System. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:382-402. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.999156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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428
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Liu J, Li H, Zhou B, Xu L, Kang X, Yang W, Wu S, Sun H. PGRN induces impaired insulin sensitivity and defective autophagy in hepatic insulin resistance. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:528-41. [PMID: 25664864 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) has recently emerged as an important regulator for glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. However, the underlying mechanisms of PGRN in the regulation of insulin sensitivity and autophagy remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to address the direct effects of PGRN in vivo and to evaluate the potential interaction of impaired insulin sensitivity and autophagic disorders in hepatic insulin resistance. We found that mice treated with PGRN for 21 days exhibited the impaired glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance and hepatic autophagy imbalance as well as defective insulin signaling. Furthermore, treatment of mice with TNF receptor (TNFR)-1 blocking peptide-Fc, a TNFR1 blocking peptide-Fc fusion protein to competitively block the interaction of PGRN and TNFR1, resulted in the restoration of systemic insulin sensitivity and the recovery of autophagy and insulin signaling in liver. Consistent with these findings in vivo, we also observed that PGRN treatment induced defective autophagy and impaired insulin signaling in hepatocytes, with such effects being drastically nullified by the addition of TNFR1 blocking peptide -Fc or TNFR1-small interference RNA via the TNFR1-nuclear factor-κB-dependent manner, indicating the causative role of PGRN in hepatic insulin resistance. In conclusion, our findings supported the notion that PGRN is a key regulator of hepatic insulin resistance and that PGRN may mediate its effects, at least in part, by inducing defective autophagy via TNFR1/nuclear factor-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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429
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Moon HS, Kim B, Gwak H, Suh DH, Song YS. Autophagy and protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha kinase (eIF2α) pathway protect ovarian cancer cells from metformin-induced apoptosis. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:346-56. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-sun Moon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology; Seoul National University; College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University; College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Boyun Kim
- Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University; College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Biomodulation; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - HyeRan Gwak
- Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University; College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Biomodulation; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam Korea
| | - Yong Sang Song
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology; Seoul National University; College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University; College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Biomodulation; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Seoul National University; College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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430
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Watada H, Fujitani Y. Minireview: Autophagy in pancreatic β-cells and its implication in diabetes. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:338-48. [PMID: 25633274 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved system for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles. During insulin resistance, in which insulin secretion is enhanced and β-cell mass is increased owing to changes in the expression and function of various proteins in pancreatic β-cells, autophagic activity appears to also be enhanced to adapt to the dynamic changes occurring in β-cells. Indeed, defective autophagy in β-cells recapitulates several features that are observed in islets during the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, the dyregulation of autophagic activity appears to occur in the β-cells of type 2 diabetic model mice and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. These lines of evidence suggest that autophagic failure may be implicated in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarized the recent findings regarding how autophagy in β-cells is regulated and how dysfunction of the autophagic machinery may lead to the dysfunction of β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology (H.W., Y.F.), Centers for Molecular Diabetology (H.W., Y.F.) and Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes (H.W.), and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)-CREST Program (Y.F.), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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431
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Halder P, Datta C, Kumar R, Sharma AK, Basu J, Kundu M. The secreted antigen, HP0175, of Helicobacter pylori links the unfolded protein response (UPR) to autophagy in gastric epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:714-29. [PMID: 25439545 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that is required to maintain cellular homeostasis. Pathogen-elicited host cell autophagy may favour containment of infection or may help in bacterial survival. Pathogens have developed the ability to modulate host autophagy. The secreted antigen HP0175, a peptidyl prolyl cis,trans isomerase of Helicobacter pylori, has moonlighting functions with reference to host cells. Here we show that it executes autophagy in gastric epithelial cells. Autophagy is dependent on the unfolded protein response (UPR) that activates the expression of PKR-like ER kinase (PERK). This is accompanied by phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF-2α) and transcriptional activation of ATF4 and CHOP. Knockdown of UPR-related genes inhibits the conversion of LC3I to LC3II, a marker of autophagy. The autophagy-inducing ability of H. pylori is compromised when cells are infected with an isogenic hp0175 mutant. Autophagy precedes apoptosis. Silencing of BECLIN1 augments cleavage of caspase 3 as well as apoptosis. Increased apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells is known to be linked to H. pylori-mediated gastric inflammation and carcinogenesis. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first demonstration of how HP0175 endowed with moonlighting functions links UPR-dependent autophagy and apoptosis during H. pylori infection.
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432
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease worldwide, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Increasing prevalence of diabetes has made the need for effective treatment of DN critical and thereby identifying new therapeutic targets to improve clinical management. Autophagy is a highly conserved 'self-eating' pathway by which cells degrade and recycle macromolecules and organelles. Autophagy serves as an essential mechanism to maintain homeostasis of glomeruli and tubules, and plays important roles in human health and diseases. Impairment of autophagy is implicated in the pathogenesis of DN. Emerging body of evidence suggests that targeting the autophagic pathway to activate and restore autophagy activity may be renoprotective. In this review, we examine current advances in our understanding of the roles of autophagy in diabetic kidney injury, focusing on studies in renal cells in culture, human kidney tissues, and experimental animal models of diabetes. We discuss the major nutrient-sensing signal pathways and diabetes-induced altered intracellular metabolism and cellular events, including accumulation of advanced glycation end-products, increased oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, hypoxia, and activation of the renin-angiotensin system, which modulate autophagic activity and contribute to the development of DN. We also highlight recent studies of autophagy and transforming growth factor-β in renal fibrosis, the final common response to injury that ultimately leads to end-stage kidney failure in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest the possibility that autophagy can be a therapeutic target against DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Division of Nephrology and HypertensionJoan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, Box 3, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Mary E Choi
- Division of Nephrology and HypertensionJoan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, Box 3, New York, New York 10065, USA
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433
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Autophagy is a mechanism of resistance to anticancer drugs that can be targeted to improve the effectiveness of cancer therapy. Int J Biol Markers 2015. [DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000152a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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434
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Fujita Y, Ito M, Kojima T, Yatsuga S, Koga Y, Tanaka M. GDF15 is a novel biomarker to evaluate efficacy of pyruvate therapy for mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrion 2015; 20:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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435
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Pluquet O, Pourtier A, Abbadie C. The unfolded protein response and cellular senescence. A review in the theme: cellular mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in health and disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 308:C415-25. [PMID: 25540175 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00334.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle critical for the proper folding and assembly of secreted and transmembrane proteins. Perturbations of ER functions cause ER stress, which activates a coordinated system of transcriptional and translational controls called the unfolded protein response (UPR), to cope with accumulation of misfolded proteins and proteotoxicity. It results in ER homeostasis restoration or in cell death. Senescence is a complex cell phenotype induced by several stresses such as telomere attrition, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and activation of some oncogenes. It is mainly characterized by a cell enlargement, a permanent cell-cycle arrest, and the production of a secretome enriched in proinflammatory cytokines and components of the extracellular matrix. Senescent cells accumulate with age in tissues and are suspected to play a role in age-associated diseases. Since senescence is a stress response, the question arises of whether an ER stress could occur concomitantly with senescence and participate in the onset or maintenance of the senescent features. Here, we described the interconnections between the UPR signaling and the different aspects of the cellular senescence programs and discuss the implication of UPR modulations in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Pluquet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France; Université Lille 1 Sciences et Techniques, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Université Lille 2 Droit et Santé, Lille, France; and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Albin Pourtier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France; Université Lille 1 Sciences et Techniques, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Université Lille 2 Droit et Santé, Lille, France; and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Corinne Abbadie
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France; Université Lille 1 Sciences et Techniques, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Université Lille 2 Droit et Santé, Lille, France; and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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436
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Swaminathan B, Goikuria H, Vega R, Rodríguez-Antigüedad A, López Medina A, Freijo MDM, Vandenbroeck K, Alloza I. Autophagic marker MAP1LC3B expression levels are associated with carotid atherosclerosis symptomatology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115176. [PMID: 25503069 PMCID: PMC4264866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The mechanism by which atheroma plaque becomes unstable is not completely understood to date but analysis of differentially expressed genes in stable versus unstable plaques may provide clues. This will be crucial toward disclosing the mechanistic basis of plaque instability, and may help to identify prognostic biomarkers for ischaemic events. The objective of our study was to identify differences in expression levels of 59 selected genes between symptomatic patients (unstable plaques) and asymptomatic patients (stable plaques). Methods 80 carotid plaques obtained by carotid endarterectomy and classified as symptomatic (>70% stenosis) or asymptomatic (>80% stenosis) were used in this study. The expression levels of 59 genes were quantified by qPCR on RNA extracted from the carotid plaques obtained by endarterectomy and analyzed by means of various bioinformatic tools. Results Several genes associated with autophagy pathways displayed differential expression levels between asymptomatic and symptomatic (i.e. MAP1LC3B, RAB24, EVA1A). In particular, mRNA levels of MAP1LC3B, an autophagic marker, showed a 5−fold decrease in symptomatic samples, which was confirmed in protein blots. Immune system−related factors and endoplasmic reticulum-associated markers (i.e. ERP27, ITPR1, ERO1LB, TIMP1, IL12B) emerged as differently expressed genes between asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Conclusions Carotid atherosclerotic plaques in which MAP1LC3B is underexpressed would not be able to benefit from MAP1LC3B−associated autophagy. This may lead to accumulation of dead cells at lesion site with subsequent plaque destabilization leading to cerebrovascular events. Identified biomarkers and network interactions may represent novel targets for development of treatments against plaque destabilization and thus for the prevention of cerebrovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhairavi Swaminathan
- Neurogenomiks, Neurosciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Haize Goikuria
- Neurogenomiks, Neurosciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neurosciences, Zamudio, Spain
| | - Reyes Vega
- Department of Neurology, Basurto Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Neurogenomiks, Neurosciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Sciences, Bilbao, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neurosciences, Zamudio, Spain
| | - Iraide Alloza
- Neurogenomiks, Neurosciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Sciences, Bilbao, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neurosciences, Zamudio, Spain
- * E-mail:
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437
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Poillet-Perez L, Despouy G, Delage-Mourroux R, Boyer-Guittaut M. Interplay between ROS and autophagy in cancer cells, from tumor initiation to cancer therapy. Redox Biol 2014; 4:184-92. [PMID: 25590798 PMCID: PMC4803791 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer formation is a complex and highly regulated multi-step process which is highly dependent of its environment, from the tissue to the patient. This complexity implies the development of specific treatments adapted to each type of tumor. The initial step of cancer formation requires the transformation of a healthy cell to a cancer cell, a process regulated by multiple intracellular and extracellular stimuli. The further steps, from the anarchic proliferation of cancer cells to form a primary tumor to the migration of cancer cells to distant organs to form metastasis, are also highly dependent of the tumor environment but of intracellular molecules and pathways as well. In this review, we will focus on the regulatory role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy levels during the course of cancer development, from cellular transformation to the formation of metastasis. These data will allow us to discuss the potential of this molecule or pathway as putative future therapeutic targets. In cancer cells, ROS are able to regulate the different steps of autophagy pathway. During cancer initiation, anti-tumoral autophagy is going through ROS elimination. During cancer development, pro-tumoral autophagy is linked to decreased ROS levels. Autophagy inhibitor or antioxidant with anti-cancer drug: a new therapeutic approach?
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Poillet-Perez
- Université de Franche-Comté, Laboratoire de Biochimie, EA3922 «Estrogènes, Expression Génique et Pathologies du Système Nerveux Central», SFR IBCT FED4234, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Despouy
- Université de Franche-Comté, Laboratoire de Biochimie, EA3922 «Estrogènes, Expression Génique et Pathologies du Système Nerveux Central», SFR IBCT FED4234, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Régis Delage-Mourroux
- Université de Franche-Comté, Laboratoire de Biochimie, EA3922 «Estrogènes, Expression Génique et Pathologies du Système Nerveux Central», SFR IBCT FED4234, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Michaël Boyer-Guittaut
- Université de Franche-Comté, Laboratoire de Biochimie, EA3922 «Estrogènes, Expression Génique et Pathologies du Système Nerveux Central», SFR IBCT FED4234, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
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438
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Hill DS, Lovat PE, Haass NK. Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress as a strategy for melanoma therapy: is there a future? Melanoma Manag 2014; 1:127-137. [PMID: 30190818 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.14.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma cells employ several survival strategies, including induction of the unfolded protein response, which mediates resistance to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. Activation of oncogenes specifically suppresses ER stress-induced apoptosis, while upregulation of ER chaperone proteins and antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members increases the protein folding capacity of the cell and the threshold for the induction of ER stress-induced apoptosis, respectively. Modulation of unfolded protein response signaling, inhibition of the protein folding machinery and/or active induction of ER stress may thus represent potential strategies for the therapeutic management of melanoma. To this aim, the present article focuses on the current understanding of how melanoma cells avoid or overcome ER stress-induced apoptosis, as well as therapeutic strategies through which to harness ER stress for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Hill
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.,Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,The Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.,Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Penny E Lovat
- Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nikolas K Haass
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Queensland, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.,The Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Queensland, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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439
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Thevenot PT, Sierra RA, Raber PL, Al-Khami AA, Trillo-Tinoco J, Zarreii P, Ochoa AC, Cui Y, Del Valle L, Rodriguez PC. The stress-response sensor chop regulates the function and accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumors. Immunity 2014; 41:389-401. [PMID: 25238096 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation of malignant cells to the hostile milieu present in tumors is an important determinant of their survival and growth. However, the interaction between tumor-linked stress and antitumor immunity remains poorly characterized. Here, we show the critical role of the cellular stress sensor C/EBP-homologous protein (Chop) in the accumulation and immune inhibitory activity of tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs lacking Chop had decreased immune-regulatory functions and showed the ability to prime T cell function and induce antitumor responses. Chop expression in MDSCs was induced by tumor-linked reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and regulated by the activating-transcription factor-4. Chop-deficient MDSCs displayed reduced signaling through CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β, leading to a decreased production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and low expression of phospho-STAT3. IL-6 overexpression restored immune-suppressive activity of Chop-deficient MDSCs. These findings suggest the role of Chop in tumor-induced tolerance and the therapeutic potential of targeting Chop in MDSCs for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Thevenot
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Rosa A Sierra
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Patrick L Raber
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Amir A Al-Khami
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jimena Trillo-Tinoco
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Parisa Zarreii
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Augusto C Ochoa
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Yan Cui
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Luis Del Valle
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Paulo C Rodriguez
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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440
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Leprivier G, Rotblat B, Khan D, Jan E, Sorensen PH. Stress-mediated translational control in cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:845-60. [PMID: 25464034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells are continually subjected to diverse stress conditions of the tumor microenvironment, including hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and oxidative or genotoxic stress. Tumor cells must evolve adaptive mechanisms to survive these conditions to ultimately drive tumor progression. Tight control of mRNA translation is critical for this response and the adaptation of tumor cells to such stress forms. This proceeds though a translational reprogramming process which restrains overall translation activity to preserve energy and nutrients, but which also stimulates the selective synthesis of major stress adaptor proteins. Here we present the different regulatory signaling pathways which coordinate mRNA translation in the response to different stress forms, including those regulating eIF2α, mTORC1 and eEF2K, and we explain how tumor cells hijack these pathways for survival under stress. Finally, mechanisms for selective mRNA translation under stress, including the utilization of upstream open reading frames (uORFs) and internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes) are discussed in the context of cell stress. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translation and Cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Leprivier
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L4, Canada; Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Barak Rotblat
- Department of Life Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Debjit Khan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L4, Canada; Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Eric Jan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L4, Canada; Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada.
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441
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Wei N, Zhu LQ, Liu D. ATF4: a Novel Potential Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1765-1770. [PMID: 25381575 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) belongs to the activating transcription factor family and its expression is increased upon the stimulation of a diverse array of microenvironmental stresses. ATF4 plays a major role in the development, metabolism, and memory formation. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease in aged population. The dominant pathological changes in AD brain, including the neurofibrillary tangles, consist of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, senile plaques composed of β-amyloid proteins, loss of neurons in the whole brain, and dysfunction of synapses. The protein level of ATF4 is upregulated in both AD brain and AD mouse model, indicating its latent roles in the pathogenesis of this disease. In this paper, we reviewed the related literatures about the interaction of ATF4 with the different types of pathological changes in AD brain and pointed out some unsolved problems in this area. We also proposed that a fine regulation of ATF4 in separate neurons or brain regions might be benefit to the therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wei
- Institute of Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- Institute of Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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442
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Mollereau B, Manié S, Napoletano F. Getting the better of ER stress. J Cell Commun Signal 2014; 8:311-21. [PMID: 25354560 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-014-0251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Research over the past few years has highlighted the ability of the unfolded protein response (UPR) to minimize the deleterious effects of accumulated misfolded proteins under both physiological and pathological conditions. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) adapts to endogenous and exogenous stressors by expanding its protein-folding capacity and by stimulating protective processes such as autophagy and antioxidant responses. Although it is clear that severe ER stress can elicit cell death, several recent studies have shown that low levels of ER stress may actually be beneficial to cells by eliciting an adaptive UPR that 'preconditions' the cell to a subsequent lethal insult; this process is called ER hormesis. The findings have important implications for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases associated with defective proteostasis, including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Here, we review the physiological and pathological functions of the ER, with a particular focus on the molecular mechanisms that lead to ER hormesis and cellular protection, and discuss the implications for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Mollereau
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, University of Lyon, Lyon, France,
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Chiu HW, Tseng YC, Hsu YH, Lin YF, Foo NP, Guo HR, Wang YJ. Arsenic trioxide induces programmed cell death through stimulation of ER stress and inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in human sarcoma cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:762-72. [PMID: 25449439 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoma is a rare form of cancer that differs from the much more common carcinomas because it occurs in a distinct type of tissue. Many patients of sarcoma have poor response to chemotherapy and an increased risk for local recurrence. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is used to treat certain types of leukemia. Recently, data have revealed that ATO induces sarcoma cell death in several types of solid tumor cell lines. In the present study, we investigated whether ATO induces cancer cell death and elucidated the underlying anti-cancer mechanisms. Our results showed that ATO caused concentration- and time-dependent cell death in human osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma cells. The types of cell death that were induced by ATO were primarily autophagy and apoptosis. Furthermore, ATO activated p38, JNK and AMPK and inhibited the Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. Specifically, we found that ATO induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and suppressed proteasome activation in two types of sarcoma cell lines. However, the level of proteasome inhibition in osteosarcoma cells was lower than in fibrosarcoma cells. Thus, we used combined treatment with ATO and a proteasome inhibitor to examine the antitumor activity in fibrosarcoma cells. The data indicated showed that the combination treatment of ATO and MG132 (a proteasome inhibitor) resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity. In a fibrosarcoma xenograft mouse model, the combined treatment significantly reduced tumor progression. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that combined treatment induced autophagy and apoptosis. In summary, our results suggest a potential clinical application of ATO in sarcoma therapy and that combined treatment with a proteasome inhibitor can increase the therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Chiu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Chiu Tseng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ho Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Ping Foo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University-An Nan Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Guo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Pettersen EO, Ebbesen P, Gieling RG, Williams KJ, Dubois L, Lambin P, Ward C, Meehan J, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Ree AH, Flatmark K, Lyng H, Calzada MJ, Peso LD, Landazuri MO, Görlach A, Flamm H, Kieninger J, Urban G, Weltin A, Singleton DC, Haider S, Buffa FM, Harris AL, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Moser I, Jobst G, Busk M, Toustrup K, Overgaard J, Alsner J, Pouyssegur J, Chiche J, Mazure N, Marchiq I, Parks S, Ahmed A, Ashcroft M, Pastorekova S, Cao Y, Rouschop KM, Wouters BG, Koritzinsky M, Mujcic H, Cojocari D. Targeting tumour hypoxia to prevent cancer metastasis. From biology, biosensing and technology to drug development: the METOXIA consortium. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:689-721. [PMID: 25347767 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.966704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic areas of solid cancers represent a negative prognostic factor irrespective of which treatment modality is chosen for the patient. Still, after almost 80 years of focus on the problems created by hypoxia in solid tumours, we still largely lack methods to deal efficiently with these treatment-resistant cells. The consequences of this lack may be serious for many patients: Not only is there a negative correlation between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and the outcome of radiotherapy as well as many types of chemotherapy, a correlation has been shown between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and cancer metastasis. Thus, on a fundamental basis the great variety of problems related to hypoxia in cancer treatment has to do with the broad range of functions oxygen (and lack of oxygen) have in cells and tissues. Therefore, activation-deactivation of oxygen-regulated cascades related to metabolism or external signalling are important areas for the identification of mechanisms as potential targets for hypoxia-specific treatment. Also the chemistry related to reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) and the biological handling of ROS are part of the problem complex. The problem is further complicated by the great variety in oxygen concentrations found in tissues. For tumour hypoxia to be used as a marker for individualisation of treatment there is a need for non-invasive methods to measure oxygen routinely in patient tumours. A large-scale collaborative EU-financed project 2009-2014 denoted METOXIA has studied all the mentioned aspects of hypoxia with the aim of selecting potential targets for new hypoxia-specific therapy and develop the first stage of tests for this therapy. A new non-invasive PET-imaging method based on the 2-nitroimidazole [(18)F]-HX4 was found to be promising in a clinical trial on NSCLC patients. New preclinical models for testing of the metastatic potential of cells were developed, both in vitro (2D as well as 3D models) and in mice (orthotopic grafting). Low density quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based assays were developed measuring multiple hypoxia-responsive markers in parallel to identify tumour hypoxia-related patterns of gene expression. As possible targets for new therapy two main regulatory cascades were prioritised: The hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF)-regulated cascades operating at moderate to weak hypoxia (<1% O(2)), and the unfolded protein response (UPR) activated by endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress and operating at more severe hypoxia (<0.2%). The prioritised targets were the HIF-regulated proteins carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), the lactate transporter MCT4 and the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4-arm of the UPR. The METOXIA project has developed patented compounds targeting CAIX with a preclinical documented effect. Since hypoxia-specific treatments alone are not curative they will have to be combined with traditional anti-cancer therapy to eradicate the aerobic cancer cell population as well.
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Barsoum IB, Koti M, Siemens DR, Graham CH. Mechanisms of hypoxia-mediated immune escape in cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7185-90. [PMID: 25344227 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An important aspect of malignant progression is the acquired ability of tumor cells to avoid recognition and destruction by the immune system (immune escape). Clinical cancer progression is also associated with the development of tumor hypoxia, which is mechanistically linked to the acquisition of malignant phenotypes in cancer cells. Despite the well-established role of hypoxia in tumor cell invasion and metastasis, and resistance to therapy, relatively few studies have examined the contribution of hypoxia to cancer immune escape. Accumulating evidence reveals that hypoxia can impair anticancer immunity by altering the function of innate and adaptive immune cells and/or by increasing the intrinsic resistance of tumor cells to the cytolytic activity of immune effectors. Here, we discuss certain aspects of the contribution of hypoxia to tumor immune escape and provide evidence for a novel role of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling in the regulation of hypoxia-induced immune escape. Thus, we propose that activation of cGMP signaling in cancer cells may have important immunotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivraym B Barsoum
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Robert Siemens
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Department of Urology, Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles H Graham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Department of Urology, Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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446
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Bhattacharya A, Prakash YS, Eissa NT. Secretory function of autophagy in innate immune cells. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1637-45. [PMID: 25237740 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells utilize two main secretory pathways to transport proteins to the extracellular space. Proteins with a leader signal sequence often undergo co-translational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and then to the Golgi apparatus before they reach their destination. This pathway is called the conventional secretory pathway. Proteins without signal peptides can bypass this ER-Golgi system and are secreted by a variety of mechanisms collectively called the unconventional secretory pathway. The molecular mechanisms of unconventional secretion are emerging. Autophagy is a conserved bulk degradation mechanism that regulates many intracellular functions. Recent evidence implicates autophagy in the secretory pathway. This review focuses on potential secretory roles of autophagy and how they could modulate the functions of innate immune cells that secrete a wide range of mediators in response to environmental and biological stimuli. We provide a brief overview of the secretory pathways, enumerate the potential mechanistic themes by which autophagy interacts with these pathways and describe their relevance in the context of innate immune cell function.
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447
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Kenific CM, Debnath J. Cellular and metabolic functions for autophagy in cancer cells. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:37-45. [PMID: 25278333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that acts as a dynamic regulator of tumorigenesis. Specifically, autophagy has been shown to impede early cancer development while facilitating advanced tumor progression. Recent studies have uncovered several tumor-promoting functions for autophagy; these include the maintenance of multiple metabolic pathways critical for aggressive tumor growth and the promotion of tumor cell survival downstream of the unfolded protein response. Furthermore, autophagy supports anoikis resistance and cancer cell invasion. At the same time, because autophagy cargo receptors, which are essential for selective autophagy, lie upstream of diverse cancer-promoting signaling pathways, they may profoundly influence how alterations in autophagy affect tumor development. This review focuses on how these tumor cell autonomous functions of autophagy broadly impact tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candia M Kenific
- Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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448
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Chen R, Zou Y, Mao D, Sun D, Gao G, Shi J, Liu X, Zhu C, Yang M, Ye W, Hao Q, Li R, Yu L. The general amino acid control pathway regulates mTOR and autophagy during serum/glutamine starvation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:173-82. [PMID: 25049270 PMCID: PMC4107793 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201403009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Organisms have evolved elaborate mechanisms to adjust intracellular nutrient levels in response to fluctuating availability of exogenous nutrients. During starvation, cells can enhance amino acid uptake and synthesis through the general amino acid control (GAAC) pathway, whereas nonessential cellular contents are recycled by autophagy. How these two pathways are coordinated in response to starvation is currently unknown. Here we show that the GAAC pathway couples exogenous amino acid availability with autophagy. Starvation caused deactivation of mTOR, which then activated autophagy. In parallel, serum/glutamine starvation activated the GAAC pathway, which up-regulated amino acid transporters, leading to increased amino acid uptake. This elevated the intracellular amino acid level, which in turn reactivated mTOR and suppressed autophagy. Knockdown of activating transcription factor 4, the major transcription factor in the GAAC pathway, or of SLC7A5, a leucine transporter, caused impaired mTOR reactivation and much higher levels of autophagy. Thus, the GAAC pathway modulates autophagy by regulating amino acid uptake and mTOR reactivation during serum/glutamine starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yilong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongxue Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Daxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanguang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingwen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mingyu Yang
- Biodynamics Optical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wanlu Ye
- Biodynamics Optical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qianqian Hao
- Beijing Amino Medical Research Company, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruiqiang Li
- Biodynamics Optical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Meijer TWH, Bussink J, Zatovicova M, Span PN, Lok J, Supuran CT, Kaanders JHAM. Tumor microenvironmental changes induced by the sulfamate carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitor S4 in a laryngeal tumor model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108068. [PMID: 25225880 PMCID: PMC4167542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) plays a pivotal role in pH homeostasis, which is essential for tumor cell survival. We examined the effect of the CAIX inhibitor 4-(3′(3″,5″-dimethylphenyl)-ureido)phenyl sulfamate (S4) on the tumor microenvironment in a laryngeal tumor model by analyzing proliferation, apoptosis, necrosis, hypoxia, metabolism and CAIX ectodomain shedding. Methods SCCNij202 tumor bearing-mice were treated with S4 for 1, 3 or 5 days. CAIX ectodomain shedding was measured in the serum after therapy. Effects on tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, necrosis, hypoxia (pimonidazole) and CAIX were investigated with quantitative immunohistochemistry. Metabolic transporters and enzymes were quantified with qPCR. Results CAIX ectodomain shedding decreased after treatment with S4 (p<0.01). S4 therapy did neither influence tumor cell proliferation nor the amount of apoptosis and necrosis. Hypoxia (pimonidazole) and CAIX expression were also not affected by S4. CHOP and MMP9 mRNA as a reference of intracellular pH did not change upon treatment with S4. Compensatory mechanisms of pH homeostasis at the mRNA level were not observed. Conclusion As the clinical and biological meaning of the decrease in CAIX ectodomain shedding after S4 therapy is not clear, studies are required to elucidate whether the CAIX ectodomain has a paracrine or autocrine signaling function in cancer biology. S4 did not influence the amount of proliferation, apoptosis, necrosis and hypoxia. Therefore, it is unlikely that S4 can be used as single agent to influence tumor cell kill and proliferation, and to target primary tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke W. H. Meijer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 874 Radboud university medical center, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 874 Radboud university medical center, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Zatovicova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Paul N. Span
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 874 Radboud university medical center, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Lok
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 874 Radboud university medical center, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Chemical induction of unfolded protein response enhances cancer cell killing through lytic virus infection. J Virol 2014; 88:13086-98. [PMID: 25187554 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02156-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cancer cells are susceptible to oncolytic viruses, albeit variably. Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are widely used oncolytic agents that have been engineered to produce progeny within the tumor and elicit bystander effects. We searched for host factors enhancing bystander effects and conducted a targeted RNA interference screen against guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) of small GTPases. We show that the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is readily inducible in aggressive tumor cells, enhances melanoma or epithelial cancer cell killing upon HAdV infection. UPR was triggered by knockdown of Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistant guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (GBF-1) or the GBF-1 inhibitor golgicide A (GCA) and stimulated HAdV infection. GBF-1 is a GEF for ADP ribosylation factors (Arfs) regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus and intra-Golgi apparatus membrane transport. Cells treated with GCA enhanced HAdV-induced cytopathic effects in epithelial and melanoma cancer cells but not normal cells, if the drug was applied several hours prior to HAdV inoculation. This was shown by real-time label-free impedance measurements using the xCELLigence system. GCA-treated cells contained fewer incoming HAdVs than control cells, but GCA treatment boosted HAdV titers and spreading in cancer cells. GCA enhanced viral gene expression or transgene expression from the cytomegalovirus promoter of B- or C-species HAdVs but did not enhance viral early region 1A (E1A) expression in uninfected cell lines or cells transfected with plasmid reporter DNA. The UPR-enhanced cell killing required the nuclease activity of the UPR sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1) and X box binding protein 1 (XBP-1), which alleviate ER stress. The collective results show that chemical UPR induction and viruses boost tumor cell killing by enhancing oncolytic viral efficacy. IMPORTANCE Cancer is difficult to combat. A wide range of oncolytic viruses show promise for killing cancer cells, yet the efficacy of oncolytic killing is low. We searched for host factors enhancing adenovirus cancer cell killing and found that the knockdown of Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistant guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (GBF-1) or chemical inhibition of GBF-1 enhanced adenovirus infection by triggering the IRE-1/XBP-1 branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR). IRE-1/XBP-1 promote cell survival and enhanced the levels of the adenoviral immediate early gene product E1A, virus spreading, and killing of cancer cells. Aggressive tumor cells depend on a readily inducible UPR and, hence, present prime targets for a combined strategy involving adenoviruses and small chemicals inducing UPR.
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