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Jeste DV, Hall MH. Guest Editorial: Wisdom-Focused Intervention Reduces Loneliness: Proposing an Evolutionary Basis for Wisdom and Social Cooperation to Reduce Loneliness in the Homo sapiens. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024:S1064-7481(24)00404-4. [PMID: 39179429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V Jeste
- Global Research Network on Social Determinants of Mental Health and Exposomics (DVJ), La Jolla, CA.
| | - Mei-Hua Hall
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MHH)
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Zadworna M, Ardelt M. The mediating role of health-related behavior in the relationship between wisdom and depressive symptoms in older Polish adults. Aging Ment Health 2024; 28:1029-1040. [PMID: 38233975 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2024.2302313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although studies have shown that wisdom is positively related to mental health in older adults, little is known about its possible mechanisms. The current study examines whether health-related behavior can play a mediating role in the relationships between wisdom and geriatric depressive symptoms. METHODS The study included 334 Polish older adults aged 60-99 years (M = 71.91; SD = 7.01). The respondents completed the Geriatric Depression Scale, Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale, Health-Related Questionnaire for Seniors, and a sociodemographic survey. RESULTS Three-dimensional wisdom and its three dimensions correlated negatively with geriatric depressive symptoms but positively with general health-related behavior and its factors. Health-related behavior acted partially as a mediator between wisdom and geriatric depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Wiser seniors tend to take part in more health-promoting behavior, which may prevent depressive symptoms. The findings support the important role played by wisdom in mental health-promoting interventions for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zadworna
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Ardelt
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Han J. Bishop, Jeffrey P., M. Therese Lysaught, and Andrew A. Michel. Biopolitics after Neuroscience: Morality and the Economy of Virtue. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022. 288pp. $115.00 (cloth); $39.95 (paper). ISBN 9781350288447. THEORETICAL MEDICINE AND BIOETHICS 2024:10.1007/s11017-024-09660-8. [PMID: 38324111 DOI: 10.1007/s11017-024-09660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- John Han
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Zadworna M, Stetkiewicz-Lewandowicz A. The relationships between wisdom, positive orientation and health-related behavior in older adults. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16724. [PMID: 37794089 PMCID: PMC10550949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of healthy ageing, i.e. maintaining health in late life, is closely connected with the role of health behavior. Although health behavior is determined by personal factors, little is known about its relationships with wisdom and positive orientation. Therefore, the aim of the study was to establish relationships between sociodemographic and health factors, personal resources (wisdom and positive orientation) and health-related behavior in late life. The study included 353 Polish seniors aged 60-99 (M = 71.95; SD = 1.45). The respondents completed the Health-Related Questionnaire for Seniors, Three Dimensional Wisdom Scale, Positive Orientation Scale and a sociodemographic survey. Wisdom and positive orientation were associated with general health behavior and all of its factors. Among the sociodemographic variables, attendance in nonformal education courses had the strongest predictive role for health behavior. A hierarchical regression model demonstrated that personal resources significantly determined healthy lifestyle, after controlling for sociodemographic factors. Additionally, mediational analyses revealed that positive orientation acted as a partial mediator between wisdom and health behavior. Our findings extend knowledge about the factors enhancing healthy lifestyle in older adults, indicating that both wisdom and positive orientation may represent valuable personal resources for health-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zadworna
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Lodz, al. Rodziny Scheiblerów 2, 90-128, Lodz, Poland.
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Hu CS, Zheng Y, Dong GH, Glassman H, Huang C, Xuan R. Resting state default mode network is associated with wise advising. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14239. [PMID: 37648782 PMCID: PMC10468530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Default mode network (DMN) may be associated with wisdom (i.e., mature understanding of life featured by perspectival metacognition) when advising from a self-referential perspective due to the involvement of the DMN in reflecting on personal life experiences. After a resting-state functional MRI scan, 52 adults advised some youths going through life dilemmas, half from a second-person perspective and half from a third. After advising each youth, participants indicated the psychological distance they felt between themselves and the youth. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) was measured in the DMN during resting states. Moreover, trained raters rated the participants' advice on wisdom criteria (i.e., metacognitive humility (MH), meta-level flexibility, and perspective-taking). The results showed that participants felt a significantly smaller psychological distance from the youth when advising from the second- than the third-person perspective. Moreover, only when advising from the second-person perspective was MH associated with ALFF in regions within the DMN (i.e., right rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex). The right rostral ACC showed a significantly greater association with MH from the second- than the third-person perspective. Therefore, resting-state DMN activities may be important for self-involved wisdom performance (e.g., giving advice directly to others).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao S Hu
- Department of Medical Humanities, School of Humanities, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
- Psychological Research & Education Centre, School of Humanities, Southeast University, No. 2 Southeast University Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanbin Zheng
- Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Heng Dong
- Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Harley Glassman
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chenli Huang
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ran Xuan
- Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Kahlbaugh P, Budnick CJ. Benefits of Intergenerational Contact: Ageism, Subjective Well-Being, and Psychosocial Developmental Strengths of Wisdom and Identity. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2023; 96:135-159. [PMID: 34839730 DOI: 10.1177/00914150211050881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the benefits of an in-person intergenerational contact program called SAGE (Successful Aging and Inter-Generational Experiences). The SAGE Program pairs older adults (M age 85 years) and younger adults (M age 23 years) for 2 to 3-hour weekly meetings over a 7-week period, where participants can share memories, skills, and values, and foster new perspectives and friendships. We expected the SAGE Program to benefit both older and younger participants with respect to identity processes, subjective well-being, positive mood, and wisdom while reducing ageist beliefs compared to old and young participants serving as their matched controls. Overall, participants in the SAGE Program reported greater identity synthesis,subjective well-being, and positive mood. Exploratory analyses suggested that identity synthesis is a likely mediator of that effect. The SAGE Program did not reduce ageist beliefs, but age differences in ageism were found. We address additional results,limitations, and future research directions.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Wisdom researchers acknowledge the complex nature of this ancient construct, although they are yet to agree on its core components. A key question in the literature is whether Openness and Humour are aspects of wisdom or whether Openness is an antecedent of wisdom with Humour as a consequence. METHODS Using structural equation modelling, we evaluated data from 457 online respondents aged 16-87 years (Mage = 35.19, SD = 17.45). We analyzed a model with Openness as a precursor to Wisdom (conceptualised as a latent mediator variable using parcels of the SAWS Experience, Reminiscence/Reflection, and Emotional Regulation items), with Humor as outcome. We compared this model with a model using Wisdom as a latent mediator variable using parcels of the Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale-12 (3D-WS-12). RESULTS A model using Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS)-9 latent mediator variable with Openness as precursor to wisdom and Humour as a consequence was good fit for the data and displayed full mediation. Similarly, a model using the 3D-WS-12 as latent mediator variable to measure wisdom and with Openness as a precursor to wisdom and Humour as a consequence also fits the data with full mediation. DISCUSSION These findings provide empirical support for theoretical suggestions in the literature that Openness is a precursor to wisdom and that Humour is a consequence of wisdom using two of the most common self-report measures of wisdom. An improved understanding of the nature of wisdom and especially of its potential precursors can also be of use in future efforts to facilitate the development of wisdom.
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Palermo MT. Scientism, Ethics and Evil: From Mens Rea to Cerebrum Reus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2022; 66:1036-1048. [PMID: 35702023 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221104959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Can criminology thrive on quantitative studies alone? Can evil be operationalized? Quantitative work may have, for the time being, supplanted common sense, personal experience and resulting in an improbable "Periodic Table of humanity". Has the construction of the psychopathic concept surpassed positivist "constitutional" formulations and translated into effective (re)habilitation of individuals lacking affiliative ethical behaviors? Or has it simply fueled a deterministic neo-Lombrosian truism: moral development has a brain. Has it helped so far? Has letting go of fundamental moral concepts, implicit in organized religion - but pervasive in most cultures irrespective of religious affiliation and devotion - in favor of causal explanations based solely on neuroimaging, personality inventories or structured emotional decoding tasks, made a difference in the life - or in the defense for that matter - of wrongdoers diagnosed as intrinsically evil?
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Glück J, Weststrate NM, Scherpf A. Looking Beyond Linear: A Closer Examination of the Relationship Between Wisdom and Wellbeing. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2022; 23:3285-3313. [PMID: 36221296 PMCID: PMC9546793 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-022-00540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There has been some controversy about the relationship between wisdom and constructs of the well-being complex. Some wisdom researchers argue that the ability to maintain a high level of well-being, even in the face of very negative experiences, is a core characteristic of wisdom. Other researchers argue that the willingness of wise people to reflect on the darker sides of life might jeopardize well-being. Studies mostly found moderate positive correlations of well-being with self-report wisdom measures and negative, zero, or low positive correlations with open-ended measures of wisdom. This paper tests the hypothesis that the relationship between wisdom and well-being is triangular rather than linear, with highly wise people being high in well-being, but people high in well-being not necessarily being highly wise. A sample of 155 participants (age 23 to 90 years) completed four wisdom measures and three measures from the well-being complex. We analyzed both linear relationships (using correlations) and triangular relationships (using Necessary Condition Analysis). Correlations of well-being with open-ended measures of wisdom were mostly insignificant; correlations with self-report measures of wisdom were mostly significant. However, scatterplots showed the expected triangular relationships and Necessary Condition Analysis indicated medium to large effect sizes for both open-ended and self-report wisdom measures. In sum, our findings show that even if wise individuals think more deeply about difficult aspects of the human existence, they are still able to maintain high levels of well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Glück
- Department of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Nic M. Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Andreas Scherpf
- Department of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
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11
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Jeste DV. Neurobiology of "Positive Psychiatry". Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:533-535. [PMID: 35265970 PMCID: PMC9077419 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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12
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An evaluation of the factor structure of the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS) and the creation of the SAWS-15 as a short measure for personal wisdom. Int Psychogeriatr 2022; 34:241-251. [PMID: 33612138 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610220004202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although wisdom is a desirable life span developmental goal, researchers have often lacked brief and reliable construct measures. We examined whether an abbreviated set of items could be empirically derived from the popular 40-item five-factor Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS). DESIGN Survey data from 709 respondents were randomly split into two and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). SETTING The survey was conducted online in Australia. PARTICIPANTS The total sample consisted of 709 participants (Mage = 35.67 years; age range = 15-92 years) of whom 22% were male, and 78% female. MEASUREMENT The study analyzed the 40-item SAWS. RESULTS Sample 1 showed the traditional five-factor structure for the 40-item SAWS did not fit the data. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on Sample 2 offered an alternative model based on a 15-item, five-factor solution with the latent variables Reminiscence/Reflection, Humor, Emotional Regulation, Experience, and Openness. This model, which replicates the factor structure of the original 40-item SAWS with a short form of 15 items, was then confirmed on Sample 1 using a CFA that produced acceptable fit and measurement invariance across age groups. CONCLUSIONS We suggest the abbreviated SAWS-15 can be useful as a measure of individual differences in wisdom, and we highlight areas for future research.
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Lindbergh CA, Romero-Kornblum H, Weiner-Light S, Young JC, Fonseca C, You M, Wolf A, Staffaroni AM, Daly R, Jeste DV, Kramer JH, Chiong W. Wisdom and fluid intelligence are dissociable in healthy older adults. Int Psychogeriatr 2022; 34:229-239. [PMID: 33966673 PMCID: PMC8578582 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610221000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship between wisdom and fluid intelligence (Gf) is poorly understood, particularly in older adults. We empirically tested the magnitude of the correlation between wisdom and Gf to help determine the extent of overlap between these two constructs. DESIGN Cross-sectional study with preregistered hypotheses and well-powered analytic plan (https://osf.io/h3pjx). SETTING Memory and Aging Center at the University of California San Francisco, located in the USA. PARTICIPANTS 141 healthy older adults (mean age = 76 years; 56% female). MEASUREMENTS Wisdom was quantified using a well-validated self-report-based scale (San Diego Wisdom Scale or SD-WISE). Gf was assessed via composite measures of processing speed (Gf-PS) and executive functioning (Gf-EF). The relationships of SD-WISE scores to Gf-PS and Gf-EF were tested in bivariate correlational analyses and multiple regression models adjusted for demographics (age, sex, and education). Exploratory analyses evaluated the relationships between SD-WISE and age, episodic memory performance, and dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortical volumes on magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Wisdom showed a small, positive association with Gf-EF (r = 0.181 [95% CI 0.016, 0.336], p = .031), which was reduced to nonsignificance upon controlling for demographics, and no association with Gf-PS (r = 0.019 [95% CI -0.179, 0.216], p = .854). Wisdom demonstrated a small, negative correlation with age (r = -0.197 [95% CI -0.351, -0.033], p = .019), but was not significantly related to episodic memory or prefrontal volumes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that most of the variance in wisdom (>95%) is unaccounted for by Gf. The independence of wisdom from cognitive functions that reliably show age-associated declines suggests that it may hold unique potential to bolster decision-making, interpersonal functioning, and other everyday activities in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cutter A. Lindbergh
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Heather Romero-Kornblum
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sophia Weiner-Light
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - J. Clayton Young
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Corrina Fonseca
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michelle You
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Amy Wolf
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Adam M. Staffaroni
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rebecca Daly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joel H. Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Winston Chiong
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Zhang K, Shi J, Wang F, Ferrari M. Wisdom: Meaning, structure, types, arguments, and future concerns. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-22. [PMID: 35153458 PMCID: PMC8817649 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Narrowing the debate about the meaning of wisdom requires two different understandings of wisdom. (a) As action or behaviour, wisdom refers to well-motivated actors achieving an altruistic outcome by creatively and successfully solving problems. (b) As a psychological trait, wisdom refers to a global psychological quality that engages intellectual ability, prior knowledge and experience in a way that integrates virtue and wit, and is acquired through life experience and continued practice. Thus, we propose a two-dimensional theory of wisdom that integrates virtue and wit. Wisdom can be further divided into "humane wisdom" and "natural wisdom" according to the types of capability required. At the same time, we propose that wisdom classification should integrate the views of Sternberg and Wang and be divided into three types: domain-specific wisdom, domain-general wisdom, and omniscient/ overall wisdom. We then discuss three pressing questions about wisdom, and consider five issues important to the future of wisdom research in psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Zhang
- Institute of Moral Education Research & School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, No. 122 Ninghai Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210097 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Shi
- Normal College, Qingdao University, No. 16, Qingdao First Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong 266071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengyan Wang
- Institute of Moral Education Research & School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, No. 122 Ninghai Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210097 People’s Republic of China
| | - Michel Ferrari
- Department of Applied Psychology & Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, 252 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1V6 Canada
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Wisdom in relation to ecopsychological self. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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The Role of Wisdom and Self-management Skills for Coping with Fear of Progression among Patients with Multiple Sclerosis with moderate disability: Results from a Cross-sectional Study. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Jeste DV, Di Somma S, Lee EE, Nguyen TT, Scalcione M, Biaggi A, Daly R, Liu J, Tu X, Ziedonis D, Glorioso D, Antonini P, Brenner D. Study of loneliness and wisdom in 482 middle-aged and oldest-old adults: a comparison between people in Cilento, Italy and San Diego, USA. Aging Ment Health 2021; 25:2149-2159. [PMID: 33000647 PMCID: PMC8012404 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1821170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There has been growing research interest in loneliness and wisdom in recent decades, but no cross-cultural comparisons of these constructs using standardized rating measures in older adults, especially the oldest-old. This was a cross-sectional study of loneliness and wisdom comparing middle-aged and oldest-old adults in Cilento, Italy and San Diego, United States. METHOD We examined loneliness and wisdom, using the UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 (UCLA-3) and San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE), respectively, in four subject groups: adults aged 50-65 and those ≥90 years from Cilento, Italy (N = 212 and 47, respectively) and San Diego, California, USA (N = 138 and 85, respectively). RESULTS After controlling for education, there were no significant group differences in levels of loneliness, while on SD-WISE the Cilento ≥90 group had lower scores compared to the other three groups. There was a strong inverse correlation between loneliness and wisdom in each of the four subject groups. Loneliness was negatively associated while wisdom was positively associated with general health, sleep quality, and happiness in most groups, with varying levels of significance. CONCLUSION These results largely support cross-cultural validity of the constructs of loneliness and wisdom, and extend previous findings of strong inverse correlations between these two entities. Loneliness has become a growing public health problem, and the results of our study suggest that wisdom could be a protective factor against loneliness, although alternative explanations are also possible. Research on interventions to reduce loneliness by enhancing wisdom in older adults is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, USA,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Salvatore Di Somma
- Department of Medical-Surgery Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy,Great Network, Italy
| | - Ellen E. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, USA,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tanya T. Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Mara Scalcione
- Great Network, Italy,University of Rome La Sapienza School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Biaggi
- Great Network, Italy,University of Rome La Sapienza School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Rebecca Daly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, USA,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Xin Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, USA,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Douglas Ziedonis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Danielle Glorioso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, USA
| | | | - David Brenner
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
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Lam JA, Murray ER, Yu KE, Ramsey M, Nguyen TT, Mishra J, Martis B, Thomas ML, Lee EE. Neurobiology of loneliness: a systematic review. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1873-1887. [PMID: 34230607 PMCID: PMC8258736 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Loneliness is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Deeper understanding of neurobiological mechanisms underlying loneliness is needed to identify potential intervention targets. We did not find any systematic review of neurobiology of loneliness. Using MEDLINE and PsycINFO online databases, we conducted a search for peer-reviewed publications examining loneliness and neurobiology. We identified 41 studies (n = 16,771 participants) that had employed various methods including computer tomography (CT), structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and post-mortem brain tissue RNA analysis or pathological analysis. Our synthesis of the published findings shows abnormal structure (gray matter volume or white matter integrity) and/or activity (response to pleasant versus stressful images in social versus nonsocial contexts) in the prefrontal cortex (especially medial and dorsolateral), insula (particularly anterior), amygdala, hippocampus, and posterior superior temporal cortex. The findings related to ventral striatum and cerebellum were mixed. fMRI studies reported links between loneliness and differential activation of attentional networks, visual networks, and default mode network. Loneliness was also related to biological markers associated with Alzheimer's disease (e.g., amyloid and tau burden). Although the published investigations have limitations, this review suggests relationships of loneliness with altered structure and function in specific brain regions and networks. We found a notable overlap in the regions involved in loneliness and compassion, the two personality traits that are inversely correlated in previous studies. We have offered recommendations for future research studies of neurobiology of loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Lam
- grid.40263.330000 0004 1936 9094Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Emily R. Murray
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Kasey E. Yu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Marina Ramsey
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Tanya T. Nguyen
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Brian Martis
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Michael L. Thomas
- grid.47894.360000 0004 1936 8083Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Ellen E. Lee
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
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Van Patten R, Nguyen TT, Mahmood Z, Lee EE, Daly RE, Palmer BW, Wu TC, Tu X, Jeste DV, Twamley EW. Physical and Mental Health Characteristics of 2,962 Adults With Subjective Cognitive Complaints. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2021; 94:459-477. [PMID: 34192887 DOI: 10.1177/00914150211026548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs), as well as physical and mental health factors, in adults and older adults. U.S. residents (N = 2,962) were recruited via the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform and completed a 90-item survey. Overall, 493/1930 (25.5%) of younger adults and 278/1032 (26.9%) of older adults endorsed SCCs. Analyses revealed worse physical and mental health characteristics in the SCC+ compared to the SCC- group, with primarily medium (Cohen's d = 0.50) to large (0.80) effect sizes. Age did not moderate relationships between SCCs and physical/mental health. Results suggest that SCCs are associated with a diverse set of negative health characteristics such as poor sleep and high body mass index, and lower levels of positive factors, including happiness and wisdom. Effect sizes of psychological correlates were at least as large as those of physical correlates, indicating that mental health is critical to consider when evaluating SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Van Patten
- 1811 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Tanya T Nguyen
- 8784 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA, USA.,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Zanjbeel Mahmood
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA, USA.,San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, CA, USA
| | - Ellen E Lee
- 8784 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca E Daly
- 8784 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Barton W Palmer
- 8784 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA, USA.,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tsung-Chin Wu
- 8784 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xin Tu
- 8784 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- 8784 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Twamley
- 8784 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA, USA.,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
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20
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Grennan G, Balasubramani PP, Alim F, Zafar-Khan M, Lee EE, Jeste DV, Mishra J. Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Loneliness and Wisdom during Emotional Bias. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3311-3322. [PMID: 33687437 PMCID: PMC8196261 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loneliness and wisdom have opposing impacts on health and well-being, yet their neuro-cognitive bases have never been simultaneously investigated. In this study of 147 healthy human subjects sampled across the adult lifespan, we simultaneously studied the cognitive and neural correlates of loneliness and wisdom in the context of an emotion bias task. Aligned with the social threat framework of loneliness, we found that loneliness was associated with reduced speed of processing when angry emotional stimuli were presented to bias cognition. In contrast, we found that wisdom was associated with greater speed of processing when happy emotions biased cognition. Source models of electroencephalographic data showed that loneliness was specifically associated with enhanced angry stimulus-driven theta activity in the left transverse temporal region of interest, which is located in the area of the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), while wisdom was specifically related to increased TPJ theta activity during happy stimulus processing. Additionally, enhanced attentiveness to threatening stimuli for lonelier individuals was observed as greater beta activity in left superior parietal cortex, while wisdom significantly related to enhanced happy stimulus-evoked alpha activity in the left insula. Our results demonstrate emotion-context driven modulations in cognitive neural circuits by loneliness versus wisdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Grennan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
| | - Pragathi Priyadharsini Balasubramani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
| | - Fahad Alim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
| | - Mariam Zafar-Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
| | - Ellen E Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, 92161 CA, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
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21
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Verma RK, Pandey M, Chawla P, Choudhury H, Mayuren J, Bhattamisra SK, Gorain B, Raja MAG, Amjad MW, Obaidur Rahman S. An insight into the role of Artificial Intelligence in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:901-912. [PMID: 33982657 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210512014505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complication of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has made the development of its therapeutic a challenging task. Even after decades of research, we have achieved no more than a few years of symptomatic relief. The inability to diagnose the disease early is the foremost hurdle behind its treatment. Several studies have aimed to identify potential biomarkers that can be detected in body fluids (CSF, blood, urine, etc) or assessed by neuroimaging (i.e., PET and MRI). However, the clinical implementation of these biomarkers is incomplete as they cannot be validated. METHOD To overcome the limitation, the use of artificial intelligence along with technical tools has been extensively investigated for AD diagnosis. For developing a promising artificial intelligence strategy that can diagnose AD early, it is critical to supervise neuropsychological outcomes and imaging-based readouts with a proper clinical review. CONCLUSION Profound knowledge, a large data pool, and detailed investigations are required for the successful implementation of this tool. This review will enlighten various aspects of early diagnosis of AD using artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar Verma
- International Medical University Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Malaysia
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University-Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia School of Pharmacy,, Malaysia
| | - Pooja Chawla
- ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga Pharmaceutical Chemistry, India
| | - Hira Choudhury
- International Medical University Pharmaceutical Technology, Malaysia
| | - Jayashree Mayuren
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,, Malaysia
| | | | - Bapi Gorain
- Lincoln University College Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Syed Obaidur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Humdard, New Delhi India Pharmacology, India
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, California, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, California, USA
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23
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Nguyen TT, Zhang X, Wu TC, Liu J, Le C, Tu XM, Knight R, Jeste DV. Association of Loneliness and Wisdom With Gut Microbial Diversity and Composition: An Exploratory Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:648475. [PMID: 33841213 PMCID: PMC8029068 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.648475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Loneliness and wisdom have opposite effects on health and well-being. Loneliness is a serious public health problem associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Wisdom is associated with better health and well-being. We have consistently found a strong negative correlation between loneliness and wisdom. The present study aimed to investigate the association of loneliness and wisdom with the gut microbiome. One hundred eighty-four community-dwelling adults (28-97 years) completed validated self-report-based measures of loneliness, wisdom, compassion, social support, and social engagement. Fecal samples were collected and profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing. Linear regression analyses, controlling for age and body mass index, revealed that lower levels of loneliness and higher levels of wisdom, compassion, social support, and social engagement were associated with greater phylogenetic richness and diversity of the gut microbiome. Partial least squares (PLS) analysis to investigate multivariate relationships extracted two composite variables. Linear regression model predicting alpha-diversity with PLS components revealed that a linear combination of all psychosocial predictors (with negative loading for loneliness and positive loadings for all others, including wisdom, compassion, social support, and social engagement) was significantly associated with alpha-diversity. For beta-diversity, compassion and wisdom accounted for a significant proportion of variance in overall microbial community composition. Findings may have implications for interventions to reduce loneliness and possibly its health-related adverse consequences. Future research should explore whether increasing compassion and wisdom may improve loneliness and overall well-being as well as microbial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T. Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xinlian Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tsung-Chin Wu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Collin Le
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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24
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Morlett Paredes A, Lee EE, Chik L, Gupta S, Palmer BW, Palinkas LA, Kim HC, Jeste DV. Qualitative study of loneliness in a senior housing community: the importance of wisdom and other coping strategies. Aging Ment Health 2021; 25:559-566. [PMID: 31918561 PMCID: PMC7347442 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1699022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Older adults are at a high risk for loneliness, which impacts their health, well-being, and longevity. While related to social isolation, loneliness is a distinct, internally experienced, distressing feeling. The present qualitative study sought to identify characteristics of loneliness in older adults living independently within a senior housing community, which is typically designed to reduce social isolation. METHOD Semi-structured qualitative interviews regarding the experience of loneliness, risk factors, and ways to combat it were conducted with 30 older adults, ages 65-92 years. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and coded using a grounded theory analytic approach based on coding, consensus, co-occurrence, and comparison. RESULTS Three main themes with multiple subthemes are described: (A) Risk and Protective factors for loneliness: age-associated losses, lack of social skills or abilities, and protective personality traits; (B) Experience of loneliness: Sadness and lack of meaning as well as Lack of motivation; and (C) Coping strategies to prevent or overcome loneliness: acceptance of aging, compassion, seeking companionship, and environment enables socialization. DISCUSSION Despite living within a communal setting designed to reduce social isolation, many older adults described feeling lonely in stark negative terms, attributing it to aging-associated losses or lack of social skills and abilities. However, interviewees also reported positive personal qualities and actions to prevent or cope with loneliness, several of which mirrored specific components of wisdom. The results support the reported inverse relationship between loneliness and wisdom and suggest a potential role for wisdom-enhancing interventions to reduce and prevent loneliness in older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Morlett Paredes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ellen E. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Lisa Chik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Saumya Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Barton W. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Lawrence A. Palinkas
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego
| | - Ho-Cheol Kim
- Scalable Knowledge Intelligence, IBM Research-Almaden, San Jose, CA, US
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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25
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Abstract
Wisdom views in different cultural contexts are closely connected with the corresponding culture's worldview. Some results are found by comparing the wisdom concepts in Chinese and Western cultures: Firstly, the early wisdom concepts, both in China and the West, contain the elements of intelligence and virtue. Whereas, from the Enlightenment to the Piagetian school, the western concept of wisdom has then shifted to the role of cognition and knowledge; By contrast, the traditional Chinese wisdom concept has been treating wisdom as a virtue. Modern Chinese and western wisdom psychologists are inclined to accept the wisdom meta-theory of "integration of intelligence and virtue". Secondly, both Chinese and the Western philosophy advocate using wisdom to solve real-life problems. Western thinkers focus on practical problems in the material world, i.e. reconciling conflicts between people and the world through understanding and changing the environment. However, Chinese philosophers focus on internal spiritual problems, i.e. improving the individual realm to solve the contradictions inside oneself. Thirdly, both China and the West highlight the comprehensive application of multiple thinking modes. While comparing with the west, which is excelled in using logical and analytical thinking modes and utilizing rational cognition, China is far better at using dialectical and holistic thinking modes and applying intuitive comprehension.
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26
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Treichler EBH, Palmer BW, Wu TC, Thomas ML, Tu XM, Daly R, Lee EE, Jeste DV. Women and Men Differ in Relative Strengths in Wisdom Profiles: A Study of 659 Adults Across the Lifespan. Front Psychol 2021; 12:769294. [PMID: 35185678 PMCID: PMC8850272 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Wisdom is a multi-component trait that is important for mental health and well-being. In this study, we sought to understand gender differences in relative strengths in wisdom. A total of 659 individuals aged 27-103 years completed surveys including the 3-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS) and the San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE). Analyses assessed gender differences in wisdom and gender's moderating effect on the relationship between wisdom and associated constructs including depression, loneliness, well-being, optimism, and resilience. Women scored higher on average on the 3D-WS but not on the SD-WISE. Women scored higher on compassion-related domains and on SD-WISE Self-Reflection. Men scored higher on cognitive-related domains and on SD-WISE Emotion Regulation. There was no impact of gender on the relationships between wisdom and associated constructs. Women and men have different relative strengths in wisdom, likely driven by sociocultural and biological factors. Tailoring wisdom interventions to individuals based on their profiles is an important next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B H Treichler
- VA Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Barton W Palmer
- VA Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tsung-Chin Wu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael L Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Xin M Tu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca Daly
- VA Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ellen E Lee
- VA Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- VA Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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27
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Jeste DV, Thomas ML, Liu J, Daly RE, Tu XM, Treichler EBH, Palmer BW, Lee EE. Is spirituality a component of wisdom? Study of 1,786 adults using expanded San Diego Wisdom Scale (Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index). J Psychiatr Res 2021; 132:174-181. [PMID: 33126011 PMCID: PMC7736537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wisdom has gained increasing interest among researchers as a personality trait relevant to well-being and mental health. We previously reported development of a new 24-item San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE), with good to excellent psychometric properties, comprised of six subscales: pro-social behaviors, emotional regulation, self-reflection (insight), tolerance for divergent values (acceptance of uncertainty), decisiveness, and social advising. There is controversy about whether spirituality is a marker of wisdom. The present cross-sectional study sought to address that question by developing a new SD-WISE subscale of spirituality and examining its associations with various relevant measures. METHODS Data were collected from a national-level sample of 1,786 community-dwelling adults age 20-82 years, as part of an Amazon M-Turk cohort. Participants completed the 24-item SD-WISE along with several subscales of a commonly used Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality, along with validated scales for well-being, resilience, happiness, depression, anxiety, loneliness, and social network. RESULTS Using latent variable models, we developed a Spirituality subscale, which demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties including a unidimensional factor structure and good reliability. Spirituality correlated positively with age and was higher in women than in men. The expanded 28-item, 7-subscale SD-WISE total score (called the Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index or JTWI) demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties. The Spirituality subscale was positively correlated with good mental health and well-being, and negatively correlated with poor mental health. However, compared to other components of wisdom, the Spirituality factor showed weaker (i.e., small-to-medium vs. medium-to-large) association with the SD-WISE higher-order Wisdom factor (JTWI). CONCLUSION Similar to other components as well as overall wisdom, spirituality is significantly associated with better mental health and well-being, and may add to the predictive utility of the total wisdom score. Spirituality is, however, a weaker contributor to overall wisdom than components like pro-social behaviors and emotional regulation. Longitudinal studies of larger and more diverse samples are needed to explore mediation effects of these constructs on well-being and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Michael L Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca E Daly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xin M Tu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emily B H Treichler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Barton W Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ellen E Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Nguyen TT, Lee EE, Daly RE, Wu TC, Tang Y, Tu X, Van Patten R, Jeste DV, Palmer BW. Predictors of Loneliness by Age Decade: Study of Psychological and Environmental Factors in 2,843 Community-Dwelling Americans Aged 20-69 Years. J Clin Psychiatry 2020; 81:20m13378. [PMID: 33176072 PMCID: PMC7953851 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.20m13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loneliness is a prevalent and serious public health problem due to its effects on health, well-being, and longevity. Understanding correlates of loneliness is critical for guiding efforts toward the development of evidence-based strategies for prevention and intervention. Considering that patterns of association between age and loneliness vary, the present study sought to examine age-related differences in risk and protective factors for loneliness. METHODS Correlates of loneliness were examined through a large web-based survey of 2,843 participants (aged 20-69 years) from across the United States from April 10, 2019, through May 10, 2019. Participants completed the 4-item UCLA Loneliness Scale, San Diego Wisdom Scale (with the following subscales measuring components of wisdom: Prosocial Behaviors, Emotional Regulation, Self-Reflection, Acceptance of Divergent Values, Decisiveness, and Social Advising), and other scales measuring psychosocial variables. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to identify the best model of loneliness and examine potential age-related differences. RESULTS Age demonstrated a nonlinear quadratic relationship with loneliness (Wald statistic = 5.48, P = .019); levels were highest in the 20s and lowest in the 60s with another peak in the mid-40s. Across all decades, loneliness was associated with not having a spouse or partner (P < .001), sleep disturbance (P < .02), lower prosocial behaviors (P < .001), and smaller social network (P < .001). Lower social self-efficacy (P < .001) and higher anxiety (P < .005) were associated with worse loneliness in all age decades, except the 60s. Loneliness was uniquely associated with decisiveness in the 50s (P = .012) and with education (P = .046) and memory complaints (P = .013) in the 60s. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify several potentially modifiable targets related to loneliness, including several aspects of wisdom and social self-efficacy. Differential predictors at different decades suggest a need for a personalized and nuanced prioritizing of prevention and intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Nguyen
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ellen E Lee
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rebecca E Daly
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tsung-Chin Wu
- Department of Mathematics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Newcomb-Tulane College, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xin Tu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ryan Van Patten
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0664, La Jolla, CA 92023-0664.
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Barton W Palmer
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kishan
- Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagunur, Telangana, India
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30
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Lee EE, Bangen KJ, Avanzino JA, Hou B, Ramsey M, Eglit G, Liu J, Tu XM, Paulus M, Jeste DV. Outcomes of Randomized Clinical Trials of Interventions to Enhance Social, Emotional, and Spiritual Components of Wisdom: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:925-935. [PMID: 32401284 PMCID: PMC7221873 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Wisdom is a neurobiological personality trait made up of specific components, including prosocial behaviors, emotional regulation, and spirituality. It is associated with greater well-being and happiness. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to enhance individual components of wisdom. Data Sources MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles published through December 31, 2018. Study Eligibility Criteria Randomized clinical trials that sought to enhance a component of wisdom, used published measures to assess that component, were published in English, had a minimum sample size of 40 participants, and presented data that enabled computation of effect sizes were included in this meta-analysis. Data Extraction and Synthesis Random-effect models were used to calculate pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) for each wisdom component and random-effects meta-regression to assess heterogeneity of studies. Main Outcomes and Measures Improvement in wisdom component using published measures. Results Fifty-seven studies (N = 7096 participants) met review criteria: 29 for prosocial behaviors, 13 for emotional regulation, and 15 for spirituality. Study samples included people with psychiatric or physical illnesses and from the community. Of the studies, 27 (47%) reported significant improvement with medium to large effect sizes. Meta-analysis revealed significant pooled SMDs for prosocial behaviors (23 studies; pooled SMD, 0.43 [95% CI, 0.22-0.3]; P = .02), emotional regulation (12 studies; pooled SMD, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.21-1.12]; P = .004), and spirituality (12 studies; pooled SMD, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.41-1.60]; P = .001). Heterogeneity of studies was considerable for all wisdom components. Publication bias was present for prosocial behavior and emotional regulation studies; after adjusting for it, the pooled SMD for prosocial behavior remained significant (SMD, 0.4 [95% CI, 0.16-0.78]; P = .003). Meta-regression analysis found that effect sizes did not vary by wisdom component, although for trials on prosocial behaviors, large effect sizes were associated with older mean participant age (β, 0.08 [SE, 0.04]), and the reverse was true for spirituality trials (β, -0.13 [SE, 0.04]). For spirituality interventions, higher-quality trials had larger effect sizes (β, 4.17 [SE, 1.07]), although the reverse was true for prosocial behavior trials (β, -0.91 [SE 0.44]). Conclusions and Relevance Interventions to enhance spirituality, emotional regulation, and prosocial behaviors are effective in a proportion of people with mental or physical illnesses and from the community. The modern behavioral epidemics of loneliness, suicide, and opioid abuse point to a growing need for wisdom-enhancing interventions to promote individual and societal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Katherine J. Bangen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Julie A. Avanzino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - BaiChun Hou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Marina Ramsey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Graham Eglit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Martin Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
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Reynolds CF, Blazer DG. Toward a Multidimensional Perspective on Wisdom and Health-An Analogy With Depression Intervention and Neurobiological Research. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:895-896. [PMID: 32401281 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan G Blazer
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The ultimate goal of artificial intelligence (AI) is to develop technologies that are best able to serve humanity. This will require advancements that go beyond the basic components of general intelligence. The term "intelligence" does not best represent the technological needs of advancing society, because it is "wisdom", rather than intelligence, that is associated with greater well-being, happiness, health, and perhaps even longevity of the individual and the society. Thus, the future need in technology is for artificial wisdom (AW). METHODS We examine the constructs of human intelligence and human wisdom in terms of their basic components, neurobiology, and relationship to aging, based on published empirical literature. We review the development of AI as inspired and driven by the model of human intelligence, and consider possible governing principles for AW that would enable humans to develop computers which can operationally utilize wise principles and result in wise acts. We review relevant examples of current efforts to develop such wise technologies. RESULTS AW systems will be based on developmental models of the neurobiology of human wisdom. These AW systems need to be able to a) learn from experience and self-correct; b) exhibit compassionate, unbiased, and ethical behaviors; and c) discern human emotions and help the human users to regulate their emotions and make wise decisions. CONCLUSIONS A close collaboration among computer scientists, neuroscientists, mental health experts, and ethicists is necessary for developing AW technologies, which will emulate the qualities of wise humans and thus serve the greatest benefit to humanity. Just as human intelligence and AI have helped further the understanding and usefulness of each other, human wisdom and AW can aid in promoting each other's growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California La Jolla, San Diego, CA, US
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California La Jolla, San Diego, CA, US
| | - Sarah A. Graham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California La Jolla, San Diego, CA, US
| | - Tanya T. Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California La Jolla, San Diego, CA, US
| | - Colin A. Depp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California La Jolla, San Diego, CA, US
- VA San Diego Healthcare System
| | - Ellen E. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California La Jolla, San Diego, CA, US
- VA San Diego Healthcare System
| | - Ho-Cheol Kim
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Research-Almaden, San Jose, CA, US
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Grossmann I, Weststrate NM, Ferrari M, Brienza JP. A Common Model Is Essential for a Cumulative Science of Wisdom. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2020.1750920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Nic M. Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michel Ferrari
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Justin P. Brienza
- UQ Business School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Jeste DV, Lee EE, Palmer BW, Treichler EBH. Moving from Humanities to Sciences: A New Model of Wisdom Fortified by Sciences of Neurobiology, Medicine, and Evolution. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2020; 31:134-143. [PMID: 33731980 PMCID: PMC7963217 DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2020.1757984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ellen E. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Barton W. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Emily B. H. Treichler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Grossmann I, Weststrate NM, Ardelt M, Brienza JP, Dong M, Ferrari M, Fournier MA, Hu CS, Nusbaum HC, Vervaeke J. The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World: Knowns and Unknowns. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2020.1750917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Nic M. Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Monika Ardelt
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Justin P. Brienza
- UQ Business School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mengxi Dong
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michel Ferrari
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc A. Fournier
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chao S. Hu
- Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Howard C. Nusbaum
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John Vervaeke
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Graham SA, Lee EE, Jeste DV, Van Patten R, Twamley EW, Nebeker C, Yamada Y, Kim HC, Depp CA. Artificial intelligence approaches to predicting and detecting cognitive decline in older adults: A conceptual review. Psychiatry Res 2020; 284:112732. [PMID: 31978628 PMCID: PMC7081667 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Preserving cognition and mental capacity is critical to aging with autonomy. Early detection of pathological cognitive decline facilitates the greatest impact of restorative or preventative treatments. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare is the use of computational algorithms that mimic human cognitive functions to analyze complex medical data. AI technologies like machine learning (ML) support the integration of biological, psychological, and social factors when approaching diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of disease. This paper serves to acquaint clinicians and other stakeholders with the use, benefits, and limitations of AI for predicting, diagnosing, and classifying mild and major neurocognitive impairments, by providing a conceptual overview of this topic with emphasis on the features explored and AI techniques employed. We present studies that fell into six categories of features used for these purposes: (1) sociodemographics; (2) clinical and psychometric assessments; (3) neuroimaging and neurophysiology; (4) electronic health records and claims; (5) novel assessments (e.g., sensors for digital data); and (6) genomics/other omics. For each category we provide examples of AI approaches, including supervised and unsupervised ML, deep learning, and natural language processing. AI technology, still nascent in healthcare, has great potential to transform the way we diagnose and treat patients with neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Graham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; IBM-UCSD Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living Program, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ellen E Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; IBM-UCSD Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living Program, La Jolla, CA, United States; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; IBM-UCSD Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living Program, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Ryan Van Patten
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; IBM-UCSD Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living Program, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth W Twamley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; IBM-UCSD Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living Program, La Jolla, CA, United States; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Camille Nebeker
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; IBM-UCSD Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living Program, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Ho-Cheol Kim
- IBM-UCSD Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living Program, La Jolla, CA, United States; Scalable Knowledge Intelligence, IBM Research-Almaden, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Colin A Depp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; IBM-UCSD Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living Program, La Jolla, CA, United States; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
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Luken T. Easy does it: an innovative view on developing career identity and self-direction. CAREER DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/cdi-05-2019-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
A generally held belief in the field of career development is that career attitudes and abilities, including identity and self-direction, can and should be developed in school programmes with a cognitive focus. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to question this belief, and second, to provide a new perspective on career development that may inspire innovations for career science, and guidance during the lifespan.
Design/methodology/approach
Specific questions are formulated and answered on the basis of sources mainly stemming from neurosciences and different sub-disciplines of psychology. On the basis of a systems theory, a new approach is proposed.
Findings
Current approaches in career guidance are at odds with findings and insights from developmental sciences and brain research. Several risks of current approaches are described. One risk is identity foreclosure. Another risk involves the development of ineffective ways of thinking and decision making. A control theory that stems from cybernetics is proposed to offer an alternative view on career development.
Research limitations/implications
One implication for research is that long-term longitudinal approaches are required to fully clarify the development of self-direction and identity. Furthermore, the building and testing of models of career development based on dynamic systems theories is recommended.
Practical implications
The main implication for career practices and policies is that self-direction and identity are no realistic aims for most students. Instead, it is recommended to relieve the pressure associated with career choices for young people, and to give more time, room, stimulation and guidance for exploration and reconsideration, for adults as well. Guidance should consist of offering sufficiently varied work experiences, and counselling when individuals experience conflicts that impede direction finding. Not too much emphasis should be put on reflection and rational thinking. Acceptance and commitment therapy is recommended as an approach offering many useful insights and instruments that may inspire career professionals.
Originality/value
This paper questions a mainstream approach and offers an original point of view.
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Bryan CS. The centenary of 'The Old Humanities and the New Science,' the last public address of Sir William Osler (1849-1919). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY 2019; 27:197-204. [PMID: 30334668 DOI: 10.1177/0967772018800799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
On 16 May 1919, Sir William Osler (1849-1919) gave what would be his last public address, 'The Old Humanities and the New Science,' to the Classical Association of which he was president. British educators were locked in a struggle between classics teachers, who wished to preserve their dominance in public schools and universities, and science teachers, who wanted more time in the curriculum. Osler had supported the science teachers' position three years earlier in his presidential address to the Association of Public School Science Masters. What could he now say to the classicists without making enemies? He gently chided both groups, but he was less concerned that day with the curricular dispute than with the question whether 'Science … can rule without invoking ruin.' He averred that 'there must be a very different civilization or there will be no civilization at all.' He invoked the Hippocratic ideal of 'philanthropia and philotechnia' (love of humanity and love of science of technology) not just for medicine, but for all of humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Bryan
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
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High prevalence and adverse health effects of loneliness in community-dwelling adults across the lifespan: role of wisdom as a protective factor. Int Psychogeriatr 2019; 31:1447-1462. [PMID: 30560747 PMCID: PMC6581650 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610218002120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study of loneliness across adult lifespan examined its associations with sociodemographics, mental health (positive and negative psychological states and traits), subjective cognitive complaints, and physical functioning. DESIGN Analysis of cross-sectional data. PARTICIPANTS 340 community-dwelling adults in San Diego, California, mean age 62 (SD = 18) years, range 27-101 years, who participated in three community-based studies. MEASUREMENTS Loneliness measures included UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 (UCLA-3), 4-item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Social Isolation Scale, and a single-item measure from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale. Other measures included the San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE) and Medical Outcomes Survey- Short form 36. RESULTS Seventy-six percent of subjects had moderate-high levels of loneliness on UCLA-3, using standardized cut-points. Loneliness was correlated with worse mental health and inversely with positive psychological states/traits. Even moderate severity of loneliness was associated with worse mental and physical functioning. Loneliness severity and age had a complex relationship, with increased loneliness in the late-20s, mid-50s, and late-80s. There were no sex differences in loneliness prevalence, severity, and age relationships. The best-fit multiple regression model accounted for 45% of the variance in UCLA-3 scores, and three factors emerged with small-medium effect sizes: wisdom, living alone and mental well-being. CONCLUSIONS The alarmingly high prevalence of loneliness and its association with worse health-related measures underscore major challenges for society. The non-linear age-loneliness severity relationship deserves further study. The strong negative association of wisdom with loneliness highlights the potentially critical role of wisdom as a target for psychosocial/behavioral interventions to reduce loneliness. Building a wiser society may help us develop a more connected, less lonely, and happier society.
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Jeste DV, Glorioso D, Lee EE, Daly R, Graham S, Liu J, Paredes AM, Nebeker C, Tu XM, Twamley EW, Van Patten R, Yamada Y, Depp C, Kim HC. Study of Independent Living Residents of a Continuing Care Senior Housing Community: Sociodemographic and Clinical Associations of Cognitive, Physical, and Mental Health. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 27:895-907. [PMID: 31078382 PMCID: PMC7172111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations of sociodemographic and clinical factors with cognitive, physical, and mental health among independent living older adults in a continuing care senior housing community (CCSHC). METHODS This was a cross-sectional study at the independent living sector of a CCSHC in San Diego County, California. Participants included English-speaking adults aged 65-95 years, of which two-thirds were women. Of the 112 subjects recruited, 104 completed basic study assessments. The authors computed composite measures of cognitive, physical, and mental health. The authors also assessed relevant clinical correlates including psychosocial factors such as resilience, loneliness, wisdom, and social support. RESULTS The CCSHC residents were similar to a randomly selected community-based sample of older adults on most standardized clinical measures. In the CCSHC, physical health correlated with both cognitive function and mental health, but there was no significant correlation between cognitive and mental health. Cognitive function was significantly associated with physical mobility, satisfaction with life, and wisdom, whereas physical health was associated with age, self-rated physical functioning, mental well-being, and resilience. Mental health was significantly associated with income, optimism, self-compassion, loneliness, and sleep disturbances. CONCLUSION Different psychosocial factors are significantly associated with cognitive, physical, and mental health. Longitudinal studies of diverse samples of older adults are necessary to determine risk factors and protective factors for specific domains of health. With rapidly growing numbers of older adults who require healthcare as well as supportive housing, CCSHCs will become increasingly important sites for studying and promoting the health of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, AMP, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, JL, AMP, XT, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego; Department of Neurosciences (DVJ), University of California San Diego, San Diego.
| | - Danielle Glorioso
- Department of Psychiatry (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, AMP, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, JL, AMP, XT, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego
| | - Ellen E Lee
- Department of Psychiatry (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, AMP, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, JL, AMP, XT, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego
| | - Rebecca Daly
- Department of Psychiatry (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, AMP, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, JL, AMP, XT, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego
| | - Sarah Graham
- Department of Psychiatry (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, AMP, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, JL, AMP, XT, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, JL, AMP, XT, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (JL, CN, XMT), University of California San Diego, San Diego
| | - Alejandra Morlett Paredes
- Department of Psychiatry (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, AMP, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, JL, AMP, XT, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego
| | - Camille Nebeker
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (JL, CN, XMT), University of California San Diego, San Diego
| | - Xin M Tu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, JL, AMP, XT, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (JL, CN, XMT), University of California San Diego, San Diego
| | - Elizabeth W Twamley
- Department of Psychiatry (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, AMP, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, JL, AMP, XT, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego; VA San Diego Healthcare System (EWT, CD), San Diego
| | - Ryan Van Patten
- Department of Psychiatry (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, AMP, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, JL, AMP, XT, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego
| | - Yasunori Yamada
- Accessibility and Aging (YY), IBM Research-Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Colin Depp
- Department of Psychiatry (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, AMP, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging (DVJ, DG, EEL, RD, SG, JL, AMP, XT, EWT, RVP, CD), University of California San Diego, San Diego; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (JL, CN, XMT), University of California San Diego, San Diego
| | - Ho-Cheol Kim
- Scalable Knowledge Intelligence (HCK), IBM Research-Almaden, San Jose, CA
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Ardelt M, Jeste DV. Wisdom and Hard Times: The Ameliorating Effect of Wisdom on the Negative Association Between Adverse Life Events and Well-Being. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 73:1374-1383. [PMID: 28329810 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbw137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Old age is characterized by many physical and social losses that adversely affect subjective well-being (SWB). Yet, past studies have shown that wisdom tends to be positively related to SWB in old age, particularly under adverse circumstances. We tested whether three-dimensional wisdom, measured as a combination of cognitive, reflective, and compassionate (affective) personality qualities, moderated the inverse association between adverse life events and well-being. Method A sample of 994 adults aged 51-99 years (M = 77) from the Successful AGing Evaluation (SAGE) study and structural equation models with well-being as a latent variable were used to test the hypothesis. Results Greater wisdom, in particular the reflective wisdom dimension, was positively associated with SWB and buffered the inverse relation between the experience of adverse life events during the previous year and current well-being. Discussion Wisdom appears to strengthen older adults' ability to cope with aging-related losses and, therefore, is a valuable psychological resource in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ardelt
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
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Thomas ML, Martin AS, Eyler L, Lee EE, Macagno E, Devereaux M, Chiong W, Jeste DV. Individual differences in level of wisdom are associated with brain activation during a moral decision-making task. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01302. [PMID: 31044549 PMCID: PMC6577614 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wisdom is reportedly associated with better health and quality of life. However, our knowledge of the neurobiology of wisdom is still in the early stages of development. We aimed to improve our understanding by correlating a psychometric measure of the trait with patterns of brain activation produced by a cognitive task theorized to be relevant to wisdom: moral decision-making. In particular, we aimed to determine whether individual differences in wisdom interact with moral task complexity in relation to brain activation. METHODS Participants were 39 community-dwelling men and women aged 27-76 years, who completed moral and nonmoral decision-making tasks while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain activation in select regions of interest was correlated with participants' scores on the San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE). RESULTS Individual differences in wisdom were found to interact with brain response to moral versus nonmoral and moral personal versus impersonal dilemmas, particularly in regions in or near the default mode network. Persons with higher scores on the SD-WISE had less contrast between moral and nonmoral dilemmas and greater contrast between moral-personal and moral-impersonal dilemmas than individuals with lower SD-WISE scores. CONCLUSIONS Results confirmed our hypothesis that individual differences in level of wisdom would interact with moral condition in relation to brain activation, and may underscore the relevance of considering one's own and others' actions and experiences in the context of wise thinking. Future studies are needed to replicate these findings and to examine specific neurocircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Thomas
- Department of PsychologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Averria S. Martin
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on AgingUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Lisa Eyler
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Ellen E. Lee
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on AgingUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Eduardo Macagno
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Mary Devereaux
- Research Ethics ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Winston Chiong
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on AgingUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
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Kennedy GJ. Increasing Social Activities Reduces Depression in Old Age, but Which Activities Matter? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 27:579-580. [PMID: 30770187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Kennedy
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry (GJK), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th St., Bronx, NY 10467.
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Passmore J. Mindfulness in organizations (Part 2): a practitioners’ guide to applying mindfulness-based approaches in leadership development, workplace wellbeing and coaching. INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL TRAINING 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/ict-07-2018-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the application of mindfulness in organizational development and provide a useful guide for practitioners in their work as managers, consultants and coaches.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper offers practical applications of mindfulness in organizations, specifically its use in leadership development, organizational wellbeing and coaching.
Findings
The paper notes a variety of ways in which mindfulness can be applied. While it recognizes that the research into the application of mindfulness at work is under developed, it suggests that through applied organizational research our understanding of its value to employees and organizations can be enhanced.
Practical implications
The paper provides insights drawn from practice that can be applied by HR practitioners or consultants addressing modern organizational challenges from workplace stress to developing leaders with greater situational awareness and empathy.
Originality/value
The paper is distinctive in providing a strong practitioners focus and from broadening the inquiry from the individual toward considering organizational benefits that may be obtained from workplace mindfulness programs.
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The Emerging Empirical Science of Wisdom: Definition, Measurement, Neurobiology, Longevity, and Interventions. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2019; 27:127-140. [PMID: 31082991 PMCID: PMC6519134 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Assess the empirical literature on wisdom• Evaluate a proposed model of wisdom development ABSTRACT: This article seeks to provide an overview of the empirical literature on wisdom in terms of its definitions and measurements, possible neurobiological basis, and evolutionary value, as well as changes with aging and potential clinical interventions to enhance components of wisdom. Wisdom may be defined as a complex human trait with several specific components: social decision making, emotion regulation, prosocial behaviors, self-reflection, acceptance of uncertainty, decisiveness, and spirituality. These components appear to be localized primarily to the prefrontal cortex and limbic striatum. Emerging research suggests that wisdom is linked to better overall health, well-being, happiness, life satisfaction, and resilience. Wisdom likely increases with age, facilitating a possible evolutionary role of wise grandparents in promoting the fitness of the species. Despite the loss of their own fertility and physical health, older adults help enhance their children's well-being, health, longevity, and fertility-the "Grandma Hypothesis" of wisdom. We propose a model of wisdom development that incorporates genetic, environmental, and evolutionary aspects. Wisdom has important implications at both individual and societal levels, and warrants further research as a major contributor to human thriving. There is a need for a greater emphasis on promoting wisdom through our educational systems from elementary to professional schools.
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Jeste DV, Lee EE, Cassidy C, Caspari R, Gagneux P, Glorioso D, Miller BL, Semendeferi K, Vogler C, Nusbaum H, Blazer D. The New Science of Practical Wisdom. PERSPECTIVES IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 62:216-236. [PMID: 31281119 PMCID: PMC7138215 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2019.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wisdom has been discussed for centuries in religious and philosophical texts. It is often viewed as a fuzzy psychological construct analogous to consciousness, stress, and resilience. This essay provides an understanding of wisdom as a scientific construct, based on empirical research starting in the 1970s. The focus is on practical rather than theoretical wisdom. While there are different conceptualizations of wisdom, it is best defined as a complex human characteristic or trait with specific components: social decision-making, emotional regulation, prosocial behavior (such as empathy and compassion), self-reflection, acceptance of uncertainty, decisiveness, and spirituality. These psychological processes involve the fronto-limbic circuitry. Wisdom is associated with positive life outcomes including better health, well-being, happiness, life satisfaction, and resilience. Wisdom tends to increase with active aging, facilitating a contribution of wise grandparents to promoting fitness of younger kin. Despite the loss of their own fertility and physical health, older adults help enhance their children's and grandchildren's well-being, health, longevity, and fertility-the "grandmother hypothesis" of wisdom. Wisdom has important implications at individual and societal levels and is a major contributor to human thriving. We need to place a greater emphasis on promoting wisdom through our educational systems from elementary to professional schools.
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Thomas ML, Bangen KJ, Palmer BW, Sirkin Martin A, Avanzino JA, Depp CA, Glorioso D, Daly RE, Jeste DV. A new scale for assessing wisdom based on common domains and a neurobiological model: The San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE). J Psychiatr Res 2019; 108:40-47. [PMID: 28935171 PMCID: PMC5843500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Wisdom is an ancient concept that has gained new interest among clinical researchers as a complex trait relevant to well-being and healthy aging. As the empirical data regarding wisdom have grown, several measures have been used to assess an individual's level of wisdom. However, none of these measures has been based on a construct of wisdom with neurobiological underpinnings. We sought to develop a new scale, the San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE), which builds upon recent gains in the understanding of psychological and neurobiological models of the trait. Data were collected from 524 community-dwelling adults age 25-104 years as part of a structured multi-cohort study of adult lifespan. Participants were administered the SD-WISE along with two existing measures of wisdom that have been shown to have good psychometric properties. Factor analyses confirmed the hypothesized measurement model. SD-WISE total scores were reliable, demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity, and correlated, as hypothesized, negatively with emotional distress, but positively with well-being. However, the magnitudes of these associations were small, suggesting that the SD-WISE is not just a global measure of mental state. The results support the reliability and validity of SD-WISE scores. Study limitations are discussed. The SD-WISE, with good psychometric properties, a brief administration time, and a measurement model that is consistent with commonly cited content domains of wisdom based on a putative neurobiological model, may be useful in clinical practice as well as in bio-psycho-social research, especially investigations into the neurobiology of wisdom and experimental interventions to enhance wisdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Katherine J Bangen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Barton W Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Averria Sirkin Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Julie A Avanzino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Colin A Depp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Danielle Glorioso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca E Daly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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Abstract
“Technological Singularity” (TS), “Accelerated Change” (AC), and Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) are frequent future/foresight studies’ themes. Rejecting the reductionist perspective on the evolution of science and technology, and based on patternicity (“the tendency to find patterns in meaningless noise”), a discussion about the perverse power of apophenia (“the tendency to perceive a connection or meaningful pattern between unrelated or random things (such as objects or ideas)”) and pereidolia (“the tendency to perceive a specific, often meaningful image in a random or ambiguous visual pattern”) in those studies is the starting point for two claims: the “accelerated change” is a future-related apophenia case, whereas AGI (and TS) are future-related pareidolia cases. A short presentation of research-focused social networks working to solve complex problems reveals the superiority of human networked minds over the hardware‒software systems and suggests the opportunity for a network-based study of TS (and AGI) from a complexity perspective. It could compensate for the weaknesses of approaches deployed from a linear and predictable perspective, in order to try to redesign our intelligent artifacts.
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Scientific Autobiography of a Professional Student and a Lifelong Learner. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 26:1273-1279. [PMID: 30553292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Oxman TE. Reflections on Aging and Wisdom. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 26:1108-1118. [PMID: 30228055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The author experienced an unexpected finding over 30 years ago. Despite many losses, older primary care patients had less psychiatric symptomatology than younger patients. This has led to a long learning and teaching focus on the positive relationship between aging and wisdom. Some recent research challenges this relationship. To deal with this challenge the author reflects on two related but complex questions with which he has been struggling. Is there an adaptive value of aging? If wisdom is more likely with aging, why? He concludes that aging is culturally adaptive and that wisdom is aging's individual and societal adaptive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Oxman
- Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Community & Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH.
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