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Ugwu AO, Chukwuanukwu RC, Ehiaghe FA, Ugwu EO. The role of immune-inflammatory markers in children with complicated and uncomplicated malaria in Enugu, Nigeria. BMC Immunol 2024; 25:47. [PMID: 39039450 PMCID: PMC11265479 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-024-00642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently insufficient data regarding immune parameters and relationship with severity of malaria infection in Enugu, Nigeria where the economic and social costs of the disease and its management are extremely high. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between malaria severity and some immune-inflammatory markers among malaria-infected children in Enugu, Nigeria. METHODS The study adopted a case control design. Eligible children were categorized into three groups - complicated, uncomplicated and healthy children. Pro-inflammatory cytokines -interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); and anti-inflammatory cytokine - interleukin-10 (IL-10) were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, while immune cell ratios - neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and monocyte lymphocyte ratio (MLR) were calculated from full blood count results. RESULTS The overall mean age of the participants was 7.3 ± 3.4 (range: 6 months - 12 years) and the male-female ratio was 1:1. There was no significant difference between the ages of the three groups (P = 0.44). The Mean levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and NLR were higher in complicated than uncomplicated malaria (266.9 ± 66.3pg/ml vs. 62.5 ± 6.4pg/ml, p < 0.001; 140.3 ± 30.0pg/ml vs. 42.0 ± 9.0pg/ml, p < 0.001; and 32.9 ± 16.2pg/ml vs. 17.8 ± 6.0pg/ml, p < 0.001, respectively); and higher in uncomplicated malaria than healthy children (62.5 ± 6.4pg/ml vs. 40.6 ± 9.1pg/ml, p < 0.001; 42.0 ± 9.0pg/ml vs. 105.7 ± 32.1, p < 0.001; 17.8 ± 6.0pg/ml vs. 18.7 ± 6.2pg/ml, p < 0.001, respectively). On the other hand, the mean level of IL-10 is higher in uncomplicated than complicated malaria (105.73 ± 32.06pg/ml vs. 40.60 ± 9.11pg/ml, p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between NLR and IFN-γ (r = 0.815; p = 0.003), as well as NLR and TNF-α (r = 0.745; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Complicated malaria is associated with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines while uncomplicated malaria is associated with higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. NLR correlates positively with pro-inflammatory cytokines, and could be useful in evaluation for the severity of malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ogechukwu Ugwu
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Enugu State, 400001, Nigeria.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Anambra State, 420001, Nigeria.
| | - Rebecca Chinyelu Chukwuanukwu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Anambra State, 420001, Nigeria
| | - Friday Alfred Ehiaghe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Anambra State, 420001, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Onyebuchi Ugwu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Enugu state, 40001, Nigeria
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Dorsey MA, Dsouza K, Ranganath D, Harris JS, Lane TR, Urbina F, Ekins S. Near-Term Quantum Classification Algorithms Applied to Antimalarial Drug Discovery. J Chem Inf Model 2024. [PMID: 39013438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Computational approaches are widely applied in drug discovery to explore properties related to bioactivity, physiochemistry, and toxicology. Over at least the last 20 years, the exploitation of machine learning on molecular data sets has been used to understand the structure-activity relationships that exist between biomolecules and druggable targets. More recently, these methods have also seen application for phenotypic screening data for neglected diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria. Herein, we apply machine learning to build quantum Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship models from antimalarial data sets. There is a continual need for new antimalarials to address drug resistance, and the readily available in vitro data sets could be utilized with newer machine learning approaches as these develop. Furthermore, quantum machine learning is a relatively new method that uses a quantum computer to perform the calculations. First, we present a classical-quantum hybrid computational approach by building a Latent Bernoulli Autoencoder machine learning model for compressing bit-vector descriptors to a size that can be adapted to quantum computers for classification tasks with limited loss of embedded information. Second, we apply our method for feature map compression to quantum classification algorithms, including a completely novel machine learning algorithm with no analogy in classical computers: the Quantum Fourier Transform Classifier. We apply both these approaches to build quantum machine learning models for small-molecule antimalarials with quantum simulation software and then benchmark these quantum models against classical machine learning approaches. While there are many challenges currently facing the development of reliable quantum computers, our results demonstrate that there is potential for the use of this technology in the field of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Dorsey
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Kelvin Dsouza
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Dhruv Ranganath
- Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Joshua S Harris
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Thomas R Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Fabio Urbina
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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Zhu YF, Xia WJ, Liu W, Xie JM. Treatment of a patient with severe cerebral malaria during the COVID-19 pandemic in China: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:4419-4426. [PMID: 39015931 PMCID: PMC11235524 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i20.4419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On June 30, 2021, China received certification from the World Health Organization for malaria elimination. However, this certification does not signify the absence of malaria within China. Due to the increasing frequency of international exchanges and collaborations, the threat of imported malaria persists in China. Consequently, the prevention and control of imported malaria have become a primary focus for our country to maintain its malaria elimination status. CASE SUMMARY Herein, we present a case report of a 53-year-old Chinese man who worked in Africa for nearly two years. He was diagnosed with malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between November 19 and November 23, 2022. After receiving effective treatment with oral antimalarial drugs, his condition improved, allowing him to return to China. He was later admitted to our hospital on January 12, 2023, during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Huangshi, China. Through a thorough evaluation of the patient's symptoms, clinical signs, imaging and laboratory test results, and epidemiological data, he was rapidly diagnosed with severe cerebral malaria. The patient underwent successful treatment through a series of intensive care unit interventions. CONCLUSION The successful treatment of this imported case of severe cerebral malaria provides a valuable reference for managing patients with similar malaria infections and has significant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huangshi Hospital of TCM (Infectious Disease Hospital), Huangshi 435000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Renal Disease Occurrence and Intervention, Medical School, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huangshi Hospital of TCM (Infectious Disease Hospital), Huangshi 435000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ju-Min Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Renal Disease Occurrence and Intervention, Medical School, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, Hubei Province, China
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Antinori S, Giacomelli A, Casalini G, Ridolfo AL. How to manage adult patients with malaria in the non-endemic setting. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024:S1198-743X(24)00301-X. [PMID: 38960312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis and management of malaria in non-endemic countries presents a continuing challenge. Plasmodium falciparum, which is capable of rapidly inducing severe and life-threatening multiorgan disease, is the species most frequently diagnosed in Europe and North America. OBJECTIVES To summarise the more relevant diagnostic findings and clinical features of malaria observed in non-endemic settings and to provide an update of the key management decision points using three illustrative clinical scenarios of uncomplicated and severe malaria. SOURCES The discussion is based on a relevant literature search spanning the last 20 years. Recommendations are based on available clinical guidelines including those of the WHO, observational studies conducted in non-endemic settings, and, when available, extrapolation from randomised studies from malaria-endemic settings. CONTENT The following topics are covered: diagnosis, including the use of molecular biology; clinical characteristics; management with a specific focus on complicated (severe) and uncomplicated malaria; and areas of resistance to available antimalarial drugs. IMPLICATIONS Malaria imported to non-endemic settings, especially P. falciparum malaria, is sometimes initially overlooked and the delayed diagnosis is responsible for every year of preventable deaths. This review aims to raise awareness of malaria outside endemic countries and to provide clinicians with a practical guide for efficient diagnosis and targeted therapy for the different species involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spinello Antinori
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrea Giacomelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Casalini
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Ridolfo
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milano, Italy
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Seneviratne S, Fernando D, Wickremasinghe R, Senarathne S, Chulasiri P, Thenuwara N, Aluthweera C, Mohotti I, Jayakuru S, Fernando T, Wijesundara A, Fernandopulle R, Mendis K. An epidemiological analysis of severe imported malaria infections in Sri Lanka, after malaria elimination. Malar J 2024; 23:195. [PMID: 38909255 PMCID: PMC11193279 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-05014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imported malaria continues to be reported in Sri Lanka after it was eliminated in 2012, and a few progress to life-threatening severe malaria. METHODS Data on imported malaria cases reported in Sri Lanka from 2013 to 2023 were extracted from the national malaria database maintained by the Anti Malaria Campaign (AMC) of Sri Lanka. Case data of severe malaria as defined by the World Health Organization were analysed with regard to patients' general characteristics and their health-seeking behaviour, and the latter compared with that of uncomplicated malaria patients. Details of the last three cases of severe malaria in 2023 are presented. RESULTS 532 imported malaria cases were diagnosed over 11 years (2013-2023); 46 (8.6%) were severe malaria, of which 45 were Plasmodium falciparum and one Plasmodium vivax. Most severe malaria infections were acquired in Africa. All but one were males, and a majority (87%) were 26-60 years of age. They were mainly Sri Lankan nationals (82.6%). Just over half (56.5%) were treated at government hospitals. The average time between arrival of the person in Sri Lanka and onset of illness was 4 days. 29 cases of severe malaria were compared with 165 uncomplicated malaria cases reported from 2015 to 2023. On average both severe and uncomplicated malaria patients consulted a physician equally early (mean = 1 day) with 93.3% of severe malaria doing so within 3 days. However, the time from the point of consulting a physician to diagnosis of malaria was significantly longer (median 4 days) in severe malaria patients compared to uncomplicated patients (median 1 day) (p = 0.012) as was the time from onset of illness to diagnosis (p = 0.042). All severe patients recovered without sequelae except for one who died. CONCLUSIONS The risk of severe malaria among imported cases increases significantly beyond 5 days from the onset of symptoms. Although patients consult a physician early, malaria diagnosis tends to be delayed by physicians because it is now a rare disease. Good access to expert clinical care has maintained case fatality rates of severe malaria at par with those reported elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepika Fernando
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | | | - Sujai Senarathne
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thilan Fernando
- Anti Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Rohini Fernandopulle
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Kamini Mendis
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Yan W, Liu D, Xie H, Shen J, Fang Y, Sun Y, Jiao W, Jin Y. 3D printing of multi-unit gastro-retentive tablets for the pulsatile release of artesunate. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124204. [PMID: 38710297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Pulsatile drug delivery is hardly achieved by conventional gastro-retentive dosage forms. Artesunate as a typical anti-malaria medicine needs oral pulsatile release. Here, artesunate-loaded pulsatile-release multi-unit gastro-retentive tablets (APGTs) were prepared with a semi-solid extrusion three-dimensional (3D) printing method. An APGT was composed of three units: artesunate-loaded immediate and delayed release units and a block unit. The matrix of the immediate/delayed release units consisted of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30 and croscarmellose sodium, which improved the rapid release of artesunate when contacting water. The block unit consisted of octadecanol, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K15M, PVP K30, and poloxamer F68. APGTs showed multi-phase release in simulated gastric liquids (SGLs). The first immediate release phase continued for 1 h followed by a long block phase for 7 h. The second rapid release phase was initiated when the eroded holes in the block unit extended to the inner delayed release unit, and this phase continued for about 14 h. Low-density APGTs could ensure their long-term floating in the stomach. Oral APGTs remained in the rabbit stomach for about 20 h. 3D printing provides a new strategy for the preparation of oral pulsatile-release tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Yan
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; China Rehabilitation Science Institute, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jintao Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yubao Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yingbao Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wencheng Jiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yiguang Jin
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
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Zhang L, Li H, Hu L, Ou X, Tan H, Zhang X, Lau CT, Lyu A, Bian Z, Zhang X. Reporting characteristics and quality of randomized controlled trial protocols in traditional Chinese medicine: a cross-sectional study. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1389808. [PMID: 38910893 PMCID: PMC11190156 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1389808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The impact of the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SPIRIT-TCM) Extension 2018 statement on the reporting quality of randomized controlled trial (RCT) protocols in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is not clear. This review aimed to assess the reporting characteristics and quality of RCT protocols involving interventions such as Chinese herbal medicine formulas (CHMF), acupuncture, and moxibustion published in the last 3 years. Methods We conducted an extensive search among multiple databases, including All EBM Reviews, Allied and Complementary Medicine (AMED), Embase, Ovid MEDLINE(R), PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov for publications in English from 1 January 2020 to 10 August 2023. Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility of the publications, extracted predetermined information, and evaluated the reporting based on the SPIRIT-TCM Extension 2018 checklist. Results Of the 420 eligible protocols (comprising 163 studies on CHMF, 239 on acupuncture, and 18 on moxibustion), the average reporting compliance rate was only 35.4%. Approximately half of the assessed items fell into the category of poorly reported, demonstrating a compliance rate below 65%. Notably, reporting compliance in acupuncture and moxibustion interventional studies exhibited higher scores than compliance in CHMF studies. Conclusion Continued, concerted, and coordinated efforts are required by journals, editors, reviewers, and investigators to improve the application and promotion of the SPIRIT-TCM Extension 2018 reporting guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Li
- Chinese EQUATOR Centre, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
| | - Lihan Hu
- Chinese EQUATOR Centre, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
| | - Xiangqin Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine in Guizhou, Guizhou, China
| | - Hanzhi Tan
- Chinese EQUATOR Centre, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
| | - Xuanqi Zhang
- Chinese EQUATOR Centre, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
| | - Chung Tai Lau
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
- Vincent V.C. Woo Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Institute, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- Chinese EQUATOR Centre, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
- Vincent V.C. Woo Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Institute, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Chinese EQUATOR Centre, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
- Vincent V.C. Woo Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Institute, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, China
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Yousef M, O’Croinin C, Le TS, Park C, Zuo J, Bou Chacra N, Davies NM, Löbenberg R. In Vitro Predictive Model for Intestinal Lymphatic Uptake: Exploration of Additional Enhancers and Inhibitors. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:768. [PMID: 38931889 PMCID: PMC11207518 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug absorption via chylomicrons holds significant implications for both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. However, a mechanistic understanding of predicting in vivo intestinal lymphatic uptake remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to delve into the intestinal lymphatic uptake of drugs, investigating both enhancement and inhibition using various excipients through our previously established in vitro model. It also examined the applicability of the model by assessing the lymphatic uptake enhancement of a lymphotropic formulation with linoleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides using the same model. The model successfully differentiated among olive, sesame, and peanut oils in terms of lymphatic uptake. However, it did not distinguish between oils containing long-chain fatty acids and coconut oil. Coconut oil, known for its abundance of medium-chain fatty acids, outperformed other oils. This heightened uptake was attributed to the superior emulsification of this oil in artificial chylomicron media due to its high content of medium-chain fatty acids. Additionally, the enhanced uptake of the tested formulation with linoleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides underscored the practical applicability of this model in formulation optimization. Moreover, data suggested that increasing the zeta potential of Intralipid® using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and decreasing it using (+/-) chloroquine led to enhanced and reduced uptake in the in vitro model, respectively. These findings indicate the potential influence of the zeta potential on intestinal lymphatic uptake in this model, though further research is needed to explore the possible translation of this mechanism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaz Yousef
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (M.Y.); (C.O.); (T.S.L.); (J.Z.)
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Conor O’Croinin
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (M.Y.); (C.O.); (T.S.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Tyson S. Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (M.Y.); (C.O.); (T.S.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Chulhun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jieyu Zuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (M.Y.); (C.O.); (T.S.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Nadia Bou Chacra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Neal M. Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (M.Y.); (C.O.); (T.S.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (M.Y.); (C.O.); (T.S.L.); (J.Z.)
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9
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Chen D, Mo F, Liu M, Liu L, Xing J, Xiao W, Gong Y, Tang S, Tan Z, Liang G, Xie H, Huang J, Shen J, Pan X. Characteristics of splenic PD-1 + γδT cells in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infection. Immunol Res 2024; 72:383-394. [PMID: 38265549 PMCID: PMC11217126 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Although the functions of programmed death-1 (PD-1) on αβ T cells have been extensively reported, a role for PD-1 in regulating γδT cell function is only beginning to emerge. Here, we investigated the phenotypic and functional characteristics of PD-1-expressing γδT cells, and the molecular mechanism was also explored in the Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (P. yoelii NSM)-infected mice. Flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) were performed. An inverse agonist of RORα, SR3335, was used to investigate the role of RORα in regulating PD-1+ γδT cells. The results indicated that γδT cells continuously upregulated PD-1 expression during the infection period. Higher levels of CD94, IL-10, CX3CR1, and CD107a; and lower levels of CD25, CD69, and CD127 were found in PD-1+ γδT cells from infected mice than in PD-1- γδT cells. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis revealed that the marker genes in PD-1+ γδT cells were involved in autophagy and processes utilizing autophagic mechanisms. ScRNA-seq results showed that RORα was increased significantly in PD-1+ γδT cells. GSEA identified that RORα was mainly involved in the regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-κB signaling and the positive regulation of cytokine production. Consistent with this, PD-1-expressing γδT cells upregulated RORα following Plasmodium yoelii infection. Additionally, in vitro studies revealed that higher levels of p-p65 were found in PD-1+ γδT cells after treatment with a RORα selective synthetic inhibitor. Collectively, these data suggest that RORα-mediated attenuation of NF-κB signaling may be fundamental for PD-1-expressing γδT cells to modulate host immune responses in the spleen of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis-infected C57BL/6 mice, and it requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhui Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Mo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Lin Liu
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Junmin Xing
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yumei Gong
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Shanni Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengrong Tan
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Guikuan Liang
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Huang
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Juan Shen
- Kingmed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingfei Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Liu J, Huang Y, Qian T, Chen J, Ding Y, Lai Z, Zhong X, Lai M, Zhang H, Wang Y, Wang H, Peng Y. Exploring the neuroprotective role of artesunate in mouse models of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: insights from molecular mechanisms and transmission electron microscopy. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:269. [PMID: 38745240 PMCID: PMC11094908 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathway involving PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and PARKIN plays a crucial role in mitophagy, a process activated by artesunate (ART). We propose that patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis exhibit insufficient mitophagy, and ART enhances mitophagy via the PINK1/PARKIN pathway, thereby providing neuroprotection. METHODS Adult female mice aged 8-10 weeks were selected to create a passive transfer model of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. We conducted behavioral tests on these mice within a set timeframe. Techniques such as immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and western blotting were employed to assess markers including PINK1, PARKIN, LC3B, p62, caspase3, and cleaved caspase3. The TUNEL assay was utilized to detect neuronal apoptosis, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine mitochondrial autophagosomes. Primary hippocampal neurons were cultured, treated, and then analyzed through immunofluorescence for mtDNA, mtROS, TMRM. RESULTS In comparison to the control group, mitophagy levels in the experimental group were not significantly altered, yet there was a notable increase in apoptotic neurons. Furthermore, markers indicative of mitochondrial leakage and damage were found to be elevated in the experimental group compared to the control group, but these markers showed improvement following ART treatment. ART was effective in activating the PINK1/PARKIN pathway, enhancing mitophagy, and diminishing neuronal apoptosis. Behavioral assessments revealed that ART ameliorated symptoms in mice with anti-NMDAR encephalitis in the passive transfer model (PTM). The knockdown of PINK1 led to a reduction in mitophagy levels, and subsequent ART intervention did not alleviate symptoms in the anti-NMDAR encephalitis PTM mice, indicating that ART's therapeutic efficacy is mediated through the activation of the PINK1/PARKIN pathway. CONCLUSIONS At the onset of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, mitochondrial damage is observed; however, this damage is mitigated by the activation of mitophagy via the PINK1/PARKIN pathway. This regulatory feedback mechanism facilitates the removal of damaged mitochondria, prevents neuronal apoptosis, and consequently safeguards neural tissue. ART activates the PINK1/PARKIN pathway to enhance mitophagy, thereby exerting neuroprotective effects and may achieve therapeutic goals in treating anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yingyi Huang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Tinglin Qian
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jinyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuewen Ding
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhaohui Lai
- Department of Neurology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xinghua Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Mingjun Lai
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Huili Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Honghao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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11
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Hung DT, Tran L, Tam DNH, Elshafei G, Cuong NTK, Ha NX, Khader SAE, Le Quang L, Shaikhkhalil HW, Abdallfatah A, Aziz JMA, Hirayama K, Huy NT. The prevalence of Pfk13 polymorphism in malaria patients treated with artemisinin-based therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:209. [PMID: 38740597 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) combination therapy is the main treatment for malaria. Pfk13 mutations (or K13 mutations, Kelch 13) are associated with ART resistance. This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of K13 mutations with ART resistance in malaria-endemic countries. An electronic search of studies in 2018 and a manual search in 2020 were performed to identify relevant studies. The risk of bias was assessed using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. Data analysis was performed using R 4.1.0. Heterogeneity was estimated using the statistic I2 and Cochran Q test. A total of 170 studies were included in our review. Of these, 55 studies investigated the prevalence of K13 mutations in Southeast Asia. The meta-analysis showed that Southeast Asia had the highest prevalence of K13 mutations, whereas Africa, South America, Oceania, and other Asian countries outside Southeast Asia had a low prevalence of K13 mutations. The C580Y mutation was the most common in Southeast Asia with 35.5% (95%CI: 25.4-46.4%), whereas the dominant mutation in Africa was K189T (22.8%, 95%CI: 7.6-43.2%). This study revealed the emergence of ART resistance associated with K13 mutations in Southeast Asia. The diversity of each type of K13 mutation in other regions was also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang The Hung
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Faculty of life Sciences & Medicine, Kings College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Linh Tran
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Dao Ngoc Hien Tam
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Asia Shine Trading & Service Co., Ltd, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Ghada Elshafei
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, 4236044, Egypt
| | - Nguyen The Ky Cuong
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- International Cancer Specialists, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Nam Xuan Ha
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, 49000, Vietnam
| | - Sarah Abd Elaziz Khader
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11591, Egypt
| | - Loc Le Quang
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, 7000, Vietnam
| | - Hosam Waleed Shaikhkhalil
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza Strip P840, Palestine
| | - Abdallfatah Abdallfatah
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jeza M Abdul Aziz
- Biomedical Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- Baxshin Research Center, Baxshin Hospital, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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Obeagu EI. Role of cytokines in immunomodulation during malaria clearance. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:2873-2882. [PMID: 38694310 PMCID: PMC11060309 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000002019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, demanding a deeper understanding of host immune responses for effective clearance of the parasitic infection. Cytokines, as crucial mediators of the immune system, orchestrate a complex interplay during the various stages of malaria infection. Throughout the course of the disease, an intricate balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines dictate the immune response's outcome, influencing parasitic clearance and disease severity. During the initial stages, interleukins such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) play pivotal roles in activating innate immune cells, initiating the anti-parasitic response. Simultaneously, regulatory cytokines like interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) modulate this immune activation, preventing excessive inflammation and tissue damage. As the infection progresses, a delicate shift occurs, characterized by a transition to adaptive immunity, guided by cytokines like interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interleukin-13 (IL-13), promoting antibody production and T-cell responses. Notably, the resolution of malaria infection crucially relies on a fine-tuned balance of cytokine networks. Dysregulation or imbalances in these mediators often result in immune hyperactivation, contributing to severe manifestations and prolonged infection. Understanding the multi-faceted roles of cytokines in malaria clearance offers promising avenues for therapeutic interventions. Targeting cytokine pathways to restore immune equilibrium or bolster protective responses could potentially enhance treatment strategies and vaccine development. In conclusion, the pivotal role of cytokines in immunomodulation during malaria clearance underscores their significance as potential targets for therapeutic interventions, offering promising prospects in the global fight against this infectious disease.
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13
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Li J, Docile HJ, Fisher D, Pronyuk K, Zhao L. Current Status of Malaria Control and Elimination in Africa: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, Progress and Challenges. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2024:10.1007/s44197-024-00228-2. [PMID: 38656731 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-024-00228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The African continent carries the greatest malaria burden in the world. Falciparum malaria especially has long been the leading cause of death in Africa. Climate, economic factors, geographical location, human intervention and unstable security are factors influencing malaria transmission. Due to repeated infections and early interventions, the proportion of clinically atypical malaria or asymptomatic plasmodium carriers has increased significantly, which easily lead to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. African countries have made certain progress in malaria control and elimination, including rapid diagnosis of malaria, promotion of mosquito nets and insecticides, intermittent prophylactic treatment in high-risk groups, artemisinin based combination therapies, and the development of vaccines. Between 2000 and 2022, there has been a 40% decrease in malaria incidence and a 60% reduction in mortality rate in the WHO African Region. However, many challenges are emerging in the fight against malaria in Africa, such as climate change, poverty, substandard health services and coverage, increased outdoor transmission and the emergence of new vectors, and the growing threat of resistance to antimalarial drugs and insecticides. Joint prevention and treatment, identifying molecular determinants of resistance, new drug development, expanding seasonal malaria chemo-prevention intervention population, and promoting the vaccination of RTS, S/AS01 and R21/Matrix-M may help to solve the dilemma. China's experience in eliminating malaria is conducive to Africa's malaria prevention and control, and China-Africa cooperation needs to be constantly deepened and advanced. Our review aims to help the global public develop a comprehensive understanding of malaria in Africa, thereby contributing to malaria control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haragakiza Jean Docile
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - David Fisher
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of The Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Khrystyna Pronyuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, O. Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Zhang T, Xu X, Liu B, Wang D, Ye X, Jiang J, Wang S, Lyu X, Yu C, Tian C, Liu Z, Lu X, Li S, Li W. Establishing and applying an adaptive framework for imported malaria: a field practice in Anhui Province, China from 2012 to 2022. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:695. [PMID: 38438874 PMCID: PMC10913610 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anhui Province is currently facing an increase in imported malaria cases as a result of globalization and international travel. In response, Anhui Province has implemented a comprehensive adaptive framework to effectively address this threat. METHODS This study collected surveillance data from 2012 to 2022 in Anhui Province. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria cases. Additionally, multivariate logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with severe malaria. Documents were reviewed to document the evolution of the adaptive framework designed to combat imported malaria. The effectiveness of the adaptive framework was evaluated based on the rates of timely medical visits, timely diagnosis, and species identification. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 1008 imported malaria cases were reported across 77 out of 105 counties in Anhui Province, representing a coverage of 73.33%. It was found that 10.52% of imported cases went undiagnosed for more than seven days after onset. The multivariate analysis revealed several potential risk factors for severe malaria, including increasing age (OR = 1.049, 95%CI:1.015-1.083), occupation (waitperson vs. worker, OR = 2.698, 95%CI:1.054-6.906), a longer time interval between onset and the initial medical visit (OR = 1.061, 95%CI:1.011-1.114), and misdiagnosis during the first medical visit (OR = 5.167, 95%CI:2.535-10.533). Following the implementation of the adaptive framework, the rates of timely medical visits, timely diagnosis, and species identification reached 100.00%, 78.57%, and 100.00%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Anhui Province has successfully developed and implemented an adaptive framework for addressing imported malaria, focusing on robust surveillance, prompt diagnosis, and standardized treatment. The experiences gained from this initiative can serve as a valuable reference for other non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 12560 Fanhua Road, 230601, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Xian Xu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 12560 Fanhua Road, 230601, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Duoquan Wang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangguang Ye
- Anhui Intermational Travel Healthcare Center, 230002, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 12560 Fanhua Road, 230601, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 12560 Fanhua Road, 230601, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lyu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 12560 Fanhua Road, 230601, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 12560 Fanhua Road, 230601, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Cuicui Tian
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 12560 Fanhua Road, 230601, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 12560 Fanhua Road, 230601, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Xuechun Lu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 12560 Fanhua Road, 230601, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Shizhu Li
- School of Global Health, Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weidong Li
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 12560 Fanhua Road, 230601, Anhui, Hefei, China.
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15
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Long B, MacDonald A, Liang SY, Brady WJ, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M, Chavez S. Malaria: A focused review for the emergency medicine clinician. Am J Emerg Med 2024; 77:7-16. [PMID: 38096639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria is a potentially fatal parasitic disease transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito. A resurgence in locally acquired infections has been reported in the U.S. OBJECTIVE This narrative review provides a focused overview of malaria for the emergency clinician, including the epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, and management of the disease. DISCUSSION Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito. Disease severity can range from mild to severe. Malaria should be considered in any returning traveler from an endemic region, as well as those with unexplained cyclical, paroxysms of symptoms or unexplained fever. Patients most commonly present with fever and rigors but may also experience cough, myalgias, abdominal pain, fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea. Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, pallor, and jaundice are findings associated with malaria. Although less common, severe malaria is precipitated by microvascular obstruction with complications of anemia, acidosis, hypoglycemia, multiorgan failure, and cerebral malaria. Peripheral blood smears remain the gold standard for diagnosis, but rapid diagnostic tests are available. Treatment includes specialist consultation and antimalarial drugs tailored depending on chloroquine resistance, geographic region of travel, and patient comorbidities. Supportive care may be required, and patients with severe malaria will require resuscitation. Most patients will require admission for treatment and further monitoring. CONCLUSION Emergency medicine clinicians should be aware of the presentation, diagnosis, evaluation, and management of malaria to ensure optimal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Austin MacDonald
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Y Liang
- Divisions of Emergency Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - William J Brady
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Alex Koyfman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Summer Chavez
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health Sciences, Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, USA.
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Sun L, Zheng G, Zhou M, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Zhang S, Gao L. In Vitro Ferroptotic and Antitumor Effect of Free or Liposome-Encapsulated Artesunate in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7463-7470. [PMID: 38405445 PMCID: PMC10882705 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is generally treated as an indolent and curable cancer. However, the unavailability of surgery and ineffective radiotherapy persists in PTCs, resulting in poor outcomes and low survival rates. Thus, new chemotherapeutic strategies for PTCs are urgently needed. Resistance to ferroptosis remarkably contributes to cancer occurrence and progression. Artesunate (ART) has been repurposed as an anticancer drug, as it induces cell death in numerous cancers. However, whether ART induces ferroptosis in PTC cells and, consequently, facilitates PTC therapy remains elusive. Furthermore, overcoming the pharmacological limitations of ART is a key requirement to support its clinical application. Herein, we reanalyzed the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression database (GTEx) to characterize the occurrence of resistance to ferroptosis in thyroid cancer. In vitro results showed that ART induced ferroptosis in PTC cells by increasing the cellular iron content. The encapsulation of ART by liposomes did not alter the efficiency in inducing ferroptosis and inhibiting the invasion and migration of PTC cells compared with direct ART application. Thus, PTC resistance to ferroptosis can be overcome by ART and liposome-encapsulated ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Department
of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Shandong
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- The
First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Guangzhe Zheng
- Medical
Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department
of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Shandong
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Yingyu Zhang
- Medical
Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Yashuang Yang
- Department
of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Shandong
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- The
First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
- Medical
Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department
of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Shandong
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
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17
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Lu Y, Qiao W, Xue Y, Hong X, Jin Y, Li J, Peng X, Zeng D, Zeng Z. Antibacterial activity of isopropoxy benzene guanidine against Riemerella anatipestifer. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1347250. [PMID: 38370472 PMCID: PMC10870170 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1347250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Riemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer) is an important pathogen in waterfowl, leading to substantial economic losses. In recent years, there has been a notable escalation in the drug resistance rate of R. anatipestifer. Consequently, there is an imperative need to expedite the development of novel antibacterial medications to effectively manage the infection caused by R. anatipestifer. Methods: This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of a novel substituted benzene guanidine analog, namely, isopropoxy benzene guanidine (IBG), against R. anatipestifer by using the microdilution method, time-killing curve, and a pericarditis model. The possible mechanisms of these activities were explored. Results and Discussion: The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of IBG for R. anatipestifer was 0.5-2 μg/mL. Time-killing curves showed a concentration-dependent antibacterial effect. IBG alone or in combination with gentamicin significantly reduced the bacterial load of R. anatipestifer in the pericarditis model. Serial-passage mutagenicity assays showed a low probability for developing IBG resistance. Mechanistic studies suggested that IBG induced membrane damage by binding to phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin, leading to an imbalance in membrane potential and the transmembrane proton gradient, as well as the decreased of intracellular adenosine triphosphate. In summary, IBG is a potential antibacterial for controlling R. anatipestifer infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weimei Qiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqian Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxin Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Peng
- Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co, Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongping Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
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18
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de Freitas BS, Fernandes GH, Pereira ACEDS, Peixoto HM. Artesunate-mefloquine therapy for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2024; 118:84-94. [PMID: 37772768 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide a continuous update on the safety and efficacy of artesunate-mefloquine (ASMQ) compared with other artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) schemes used in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, this study updated and expanded the results of the systematic literature review published in 2016. Only randomised controlled clinical trials published from 1 January 2001 to 12 June 2023 from five databases were included in this study. The results related to efficacy, expressed through RR, were summarized in meta-analyses, performed according to the compared ACTs and with the intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. The results related to safety were synthesized in a descriptive manner. Thirty-two studies were included, of which 24 had been analysed in the 2016 review and eight new ones were added. Although the methodological quality of most studies was considered moderate, the body of evidence gathered indicates that ASMQ continues to be safe and effective for the treatment of uncomplicated infections caused by P. falciparum compared with other ACTs. However, the inclusion of two new studies, which identified failure rates exceeding 10%, suggests a possible reduction in the efficacy of ASMQ in the analysed locations. The incidence of serious adverse effects, such as seizure, encephalopathy and cardiac arrhythmia, was infrequent in both the ASMQ group and the comparison groups. After including new evidence, ASMQ is still recommended as a first-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria caused by P. falciparum, although local aspects need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sales de Freitas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, University Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Haiek Fernandes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, University Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Henry Maia Peixoto
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, University Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Brasília (UnB), University Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70904970 Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment (IATS/CNPq), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brazil
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19
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Rayala R, Chaudhari P, Bunnell A, Roberts B, Chakrabarti D, Nefzi A. Parallel Synthesis of Piperazine Tethered Thiazole Compounds with Antiplasmodial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17414. [PMID: 38139243 PMCID: PMC10743568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiazole and piperazine are two important heterocyclic rings that play a prominent role in nature and have a broad range of applications in agricultural and medicinal chemistry. Herein, we report the parallel synthesis of a library of diverse piperazine-tethered thiazole compounds. The reaction of piperazine with newly generated 4-chloromethyl-2-amino thiazoles led to the desired piperazine thiazole compounds with high purities and good overall yields. Using a variety of commercially available carboxylic acids, the parallel synthesis of a variety of disubstituted 4-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)thiazol-2-amine derivatives is described. the screening of the compounds led to the identification of antiplasmodial compounds that exhibited interesting antimalarial activity, primarily against the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant Dd2 strain. The hit compound 2291-61 demonstrated an antiplasmodial EC50 of 102 nM in the chloroquine-resistant Dd2 strain and a selectivity of over 140.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanjaneyulu Rayala
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (R.R.); (P.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Prakash Chaudhari
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (R.R.); (P.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Ashley Bunnell
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (R.R.); (P.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Bracken Roberts
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (B.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Debopam Chakrabarti
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (B.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Adel Nefzi
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (R.R.); (P.C.); (A.B.)
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20
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Silva BRMGDA, Bezerra Júnior NDAS, Oliveira JFDE, Duarte DMFA, Marques DSC, Nogueira F, Lima MCADE, Cruz Filho IJDA. In silico ADMET prediction, evaluation of cytotoxicity in mouse splenocytes and preliminary evaluation of in vitro antimalarial activity of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazole compounds. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20230566. [PMID: 38055446 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320230566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, an in silico study and evaluation of the cytotoxicity of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazole compounds against mouse splenocytes and the chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain are reported. The in silico results showed that the compounds have important pharmacokinetic properties for compounds with potential drug candidates. Regarding cytotoxicity assays against splenocytes, the compounds have low cytotoxicity. In addition, they were able to promote activation of these cells by increasing nitric oxide production without promoting cell death. Finally, they were able to promote cell proliferation. Regarding the in vitro anti-P. falciparum activity assays, it was observed that the compounds were able to inhibit the parasite's growth, presenting IC50 values ranging from 0.79 to greater than 10 µM. These results are promising when compared to chloroquine. Therefore, this study showed that 4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazole compounds are promising candidates for antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz R M G DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Campus Recife, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Antibioticos, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Natanael DA Silva Bezerra Júnior
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Campus Recife, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Antibioticos, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jamerson F DE Oliveira
- Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (UNILAB) Rua José Franco de Oliveira, s/n, 62790-970 Redenção, CE, Brazil
| | - Denise Maria F A Duarte
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diego S C Marques
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Campus Recife, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Antibioticos, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Carmo A DE Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Campus Recife, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Antibioticos, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Iranildo José DA Cruz Filho
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Campus Recife, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Antibioticos, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
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21
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Jajosky RP. Clarifying the terms parasitemia, parasite density, and parasite count. Transfus Apher Sci 2023; 62:103788. [PMID: 37657948 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2023.103788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, New Research Building, Room 630E, Dr. Sean Stowell's Lab, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Biconcavity Inc., Lilburn, GA, USA.
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22
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Wang D, Yang B. Analysis of codon usage bias of thioredoxin in apicomplexan protozoa. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:431. [PMID: 37990340 PMCID: PMC10664530 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apicomplexan protozoa are a diverse group of obligate intracellular parasites causing many diseases that affect humans and animals, such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. Apicomplexan protozoa possess unique thioredoxins (Trxs) that have been shown to regulate various cellular processes including metabolic redox regulation, parasite survival, and host immune evasion. However, it is still unknown how synonymous codons are used by apicomplexan protozoa Trxs. METHODS Codon usage bias (CUB) is the unequal usage of synonymous codons during translation which leads to the over- or underrepresentation of certain nucleotide patterns. This imbalance in CUB can impact a variety of cellular processes including protein expression levels and genetic variation. This study analyzed the CUB of 32 Trx coding sequences (CDS) from 11 apicomplexan protozoa. RESULTS The results showed that both codon base composition and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis revealed that AT-ended codons were more frequently used in Cryptosporidium spp. and Plasmodium spp., while the Eimeria spp., Babesia spp., Hammondia hammondi, Neospora caninum, and Toxoplasma gondii tended to end in G/C. The average effective number of codon (ENC) value of these apicomplexan protozoa is 46.59, which is > 35, indicating a weak codon preference among apicomplexan protozoa Trxs. Furthermore, the correlation analysis among codon base composition (GC1, GC2, GC3, GCs), codon adaptation index (CAI), codon bias index (CBI), frequency of optimal codons (FOP), ENC, general average hydropathicity (GRAVY), aromaticity (AROMO), length of synonymous codons (L_sym), and length of amino acids (L_aa) indicated the influence of base composition and codon usage indices on CUB. Additionally, the neutrality plot analysis, PR2-bias plot analysis, and ENC-GC3 plot analysis further demonstrated that natural selection plays an important role in apicomplexan protozoa Trxs codon bias. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study increased the understanding of codon usage characteristics and genetic evolution of apicomplexan protozoa Trxs, which expanded new ideas for vaccine and drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Baoling Yang
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning Province, China.
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23
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Wang G, Luo G, Lian H, Chen L, Wu W, Liu H. Application of Deep Learning in Clinical Settings for Detecting and Classifying Malaria Parasites in Thin Blood Smears. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad469. [PMID: 37937045 PMCID: PMC10627339 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Scarcity of annotated image data sets of thin blood smears makes expert-level differentiation among Plasmodium species challenging. Here, we aimed to establish a deep learning algorithm for identifying and classifying malaria parasites in thin blood smears and evaluate its performance and clinical prospect. Methods You Only Look Once v7 was used as the backbone network for training the artificial intelligence algorithm model. The training, validation, and test sets for each malaria parasite category were randomly selected. A comprehensive analysis was performed on 12 708 thin blood smear images of various infective stages of 12 546 malaria parasites, including P falciparum, P vivax, P malariae, P ovale, P knowlesi, and P cynomolgi. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 380 patients diagnosed with malaria. Additionally, blood samples from monkeys diagnosed with malaria were used to analyze P cynomolgi. The accuracy for detecting Plasmodium-infected blood cells was assessed through various evaluation metrics. Results The total time to identify 1116 malaria parasites was 13 seconds, with an average analysis time of 0.01 seconds for each parasite in the test set. The average precision was 0.902, with a recall and precision of infected erythrocytes of 96.0% and 94.9%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity exceeded 96.8% and 99.3%, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve >0.999. The highest sensitivity (97.8%) and specificity (99.8%) were observed for trophozoites and merozoites. Conclusions The algorithm can help facilitate the clinical and morphologic examination of malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guoju Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Heqing Lian
- Beijing Xiaoying Technology Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Beijing Xiaoying Technology Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Central Laboratory, Yunnan Institute of Parasite Diseases, Puer, China
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24
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Bansal V, Munjal J, Lakhanpal S, Gupta V, Garg A, Munjal RS, Jain R. Epidemiological shifts: the emergence of malaria in America. Proc AMIA Symp 2023; 36:745-750. [PMID: 37829240 PMCID: PMC10566419 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2023.2255514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium is a genus of parasites that comprises different species. The species falciparum, vivax, malariae, ovale, and knowlesi are known to cause a vector-borne illness called malaria, and among these, falciparum is known to cause major complications. The vector, the Anopheles mosquito, is commonly found in warmer regions close to the equator, and hence transmission and numbers of cases tend to be higher in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Central America. The number of cases of malaria in the United States has remained stable over the years with low transmission rates, and the disease is mostly seen in the population with a recent travel history to endemic regions. The main reason behind this besides the weather conditions is that economically developed countries have eliminated mosquitos. However, there have been reports of locally reported cases with Plasmodium vivax in areas such as Florida and Texas in patients with no known travel history. This paper aims to familiarize US physicians with the pathophysiology, clinical features, and diagnostic modalities of malaria, as well as available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Bansal
- Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Jaskaran Munjal
- Internal Medicine, Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Vasu Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, OhioUSA
| | - Ashwani Garg
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Rohit Jain
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PennsylvaniaUSA
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25
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Huits R, Wallender E, Angelo KM, Libman M, Hamer DH. A Zebra Among the Horses: Clinical Implications of Malaria in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:1269-1270. [PMID: 37487212 DOI: 10.7326/m23-1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Huits
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy (R.H.)
| | - Erika Wallender
- Malaria Branch and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (E.W.)
| | - Kristina M Angelo
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (K.M.A.)
| | - Michael Libman
- J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.L.)
| | - Davidson H Hamer
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Center for Emerging Infectious Disease Policy and Research, Boston University; and National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratory, Boston, Massachusetts (D.H.H.)
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26
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Huang QF, Li YH, Huang ZJ, Jun M, Wang W, Chen XL, Wang GH. Artesunate carriers induced ferroptosis to overcome biological barriers for anti-cancer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 190:284-293. [PMID: 37532638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Artesunate (ART) has potent anticancer activity but it suffers from poor stability and low bioavailability in vivo due to the special endoperoxide moiety in the molecules. In this work, we fabricated programmable enzyme/reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsive ART complex carriers with size and charge adaptive regulation in order to improve stability and overcome biochemical hurdles of solid tumor. The complex carries (ART/AA-PAMAM@HA) were created by electrostatic interaction between dendrimer-ART/arachidonic acid (AA) (ART/AA-PAMAM) and hyaluronic acid (HA), which can proactively penetrate deeply into tumors and selective drug release. Specifically, ART induced Fenton reaction and produced a mass of ROS and lipid peroxides (LPO), leading to the depressing of GSH level and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity. Meanwhile, exogenous AA further promoted the accumulation of LPO by cascade regulating ferroptosis pathway. In the anti-tumor efficacy in vivo, the tumor inhibition ratio was achieved to 46.92%. This work shows a new anti-tumor strategy triggering ferroptosis via regulating redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Fa Huang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, 523710, Dongguan, China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yan-Hong Li
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, 523710, Dongguan, China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zeng-Jin Huang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, 523710, Dongguan, China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Mei Jun
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiao-Li Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Guan-Hai Wang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, 523710, Dongguan, China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
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27
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Kim YJ, Shin JS, Lee KW, Eom HJ, Jo BG, Lee JW, Kim JH, Kim SY, Kang JH, Choi JW. Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Plasmodium vivax Lactate Dehydrogenase from Bacteria without Codon Optimization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11083. [PMID: 37446261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread cause of malaria, especially in subtropical and temperate regions such as Asia-Pacific and America. P. vivax lactate dehydrogenase (PvLDH), an essential enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, is required for the development and reproduction of the parasite. Thus, LDH from these parasites has garnered attention as a diagnostic biomarker for malaria and as a potential molecular target for developing antimalarial drugs. In this study, we prepared a transformed Escherichia coli strain for the overexpression of PvLDH without codon optimization. We introduced this recombinant plasmid DNA prepared by insertion of the PvLDH gene in the pET-21a(+) expression vector, into the Rosetta(DE3), an E. coli strain suitable for eukaryotic protein expression. The time, temperature, and inducer concentration for PvLDH expression from this E. coli Rosetta(DE3), containing the original PvLDH gene, were optimized. We obtained PvLDH with a 31.0 mg/L yield and high purity (>95%) from this Rosetta(DE3) strain. The purified protein was characterized structurally and functionally. The PvLDH expressed and purified from transformed bacteria without codon optimization was successfully demonstrated to exhibit its potential tetramer structure and enzyme activity. These findings are expected to provide valuable insights for research on infectious diseases, metabolism, diagnostics, and therapeutics for malaria caused by P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seop Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Ji Eom
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Gwan Jo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyoung Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28503, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
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28
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Chavez S, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M, Brady WJ, Carius BM, Liang SY, Long B. Ebola virus disease: A review for the emergency medicine clinician. Am J Emerg Med 2023; 70:30-40. [PMID: 37196593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ebolavirus, the causative agent of Ebola virus disease (EVD) has been responsible for sporadic outbreaks mainly in sub-Saharan Africa since 1976. EVD is associated with high risk of transmission, especially to healthcare workers during patient care. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to provide a concise review of EVD presentation, diagnosis, and management for emergency clinicians. DISCUSSION EVD is spread through direct contact, including blood, bodily fluids or contact with a contaminated object. Patients may present with non-specific symptoms such as fevers, myalgias, vomiting, or diarrhea that overlap with other viral illnesses, but rash, bruising, and bleeding may also occur. Laboratory analysis may reveal transaminitis, coagulopathy, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The average clinical course is approximately 8-10 days with an average case fatality rate of 50%. The mainstay of treatment is supportive care, with two U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved monoclonal antibody treatments (Ebanga and Inmazeb). Survivors of the disease may have a complicated recovery, marked by long-term symptoms. CONCLUSION EVD is a potentially deadly condition that can present with a wide range of signs and symptoms. Emergency clinicians must be aware of the presentation, evaluation, and management to optimize the care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer Chavez
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health Sciences, Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, United States of America.
| | - Alex Koyfman
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas 75390, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - William J Brady
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America.
| | | | - Stephen Y Liang
- Divisions of Emergency Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis 63110, MO, United States of America.
| | - Brit Long
- SAUSHEC, Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, United States of America
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29
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Ortiz M, Rodríguez H, Lucci E, Coro J, Pernía B, Montero-Calderon A, Tingo-Jácome FJ, Espinoza L, Spencer LM. Serological Cross-Reaction between Six Thiadiazine by Indirect ELISA Test and Their Antimicrobial Activity. Methods Protoc 2023; 6:mps6020037. [PMID: 37104019 PMCID: PMC10146945 DOI: 10.3390/mps6020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by a protozoon of the genus Plasmodium, transmitted to humans by female biting mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Chloroquine and its derivates have caused the parasite to develop drug resistance in endemic areas. For this reason, new anti-malarial drugs as treatments are crucial. This work aimed to evaluate the humoral response. with hyper-immune sera, of mice immunized with six derivatives of tetrahydro-(2H)-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (bis-THTT) by indirect ELISA test. The cross-reactivity between the compounds as antigens and their microbial activity on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated. The results of the humoral evaluation by indirect ELISA show that three bis-THTTs react with almost all of the above. Besides, three compounds used as antigens stimulate the BALB/c mice’s immune system. The best combination of two antigens as a combined therapy displays similar absorbances between the antigens in the mixture, showing similar recognition by antibodies and their compounds. In addition, our results showed that different bis-THTT presented antimicrobial activity on Gram-positive bacteria, mainly on Staphylococcus aureus strains, and no inhibitory activity was observed on the Gram-negative bacteria tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishell Ortiz
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
| | - Hortensia Rodríguez
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
| | - Elisabetta Lucci
- Departamento de Tecnología de Procesos Biológicos y Bioquímicos, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas 89000, Venezuela
| | - Julieta Coro
- Laboratory of Chemical and Biomolecular Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Habana University, Habana 10400, Cuba
| | - Beatriz Pernía
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guayaquil, Av. Raúl Gómez Lince s/n y Av. Juan Tanca Marengo, Guayaquil 090150, Ecuador
| | - Abigail Montero-Calderon
- School of Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Sciences, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
| | | | - Leslie Espinoza
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
| | - Lilian M. Spencer
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
- Cell Biology Department, Simón Bolívar University, Valle de Sartenejas, Caracas 89000, Venezuela
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30
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Weiland AS. Recent Advances in Imported Malaria Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management. CURRENT EMERGENCY AND HOSPITAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2023; 11:49-57. [PMID: 37213266 PMCID: PMC10091340 DOI: 10.1007/s40138-023-00264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Malaria is an important human parasitic disease affecting the population of tropical, subtropical regions as well as travelers to these areas.The purpose of this article is to provide clinicians practicing in non-endemic areas with a comprehensive overview of the recent data on microbiologic and pathophysiologic features of five Plasmodium parasites, clinical presentation of uncomplicated and severe cases, modern diagnostic methods, and treatment of malaria. Recent Findings Employment of robust surveillance programs, rapid diagnostic tests, highly active artemisinin-based therapy, and the first malaria vaccine have led to decline in malaria incidence; however, emerging drug resistance, disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and other socio-economic factors have stalled the progress. Summary Clinicians practicing in non-endemic areas such as the United States should consider a diagnosis of malaria in returning travelers presenting with fever, utilize rapid diagnostic tests if available at their practice locations in addition to microscopy, and timely initiate guideline-directed management as delays in treatment can lead to poor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S. Weiland
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
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Zhang M, Li G, Hu H, Yi M, Li Y, Luo J, Tang Y, Xu G, Yang Z, Liu X. Quercetin and Luteolin may be the New Effective Drugs for Radiation Pneumonitis: Based on a Systems Pharmacology. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221131126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The occurrence of radiation pneumonia not only affects the efficacy of radiotherapy, but also seriously threatens the health of patients undergoing radiotherapy for lung cancer. Studies have suggested that a feining granule is a potentially effective drug for the treatment of radiation pneumonitis, but its mechanism and main components are still unclear. Our study used bioinformatics methods to analyze the main drug Aster tataricus L. f. in feining granules and aims to gain the main mechanism in the treatment of radiation pneumonitis. Methods: Analyzed the effective drug components and targets of A tataricus through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology website. And obtained gene targets related to radiation pneumonia through the website of OMIM, Genecard, and Disgenet. Protein–protein interaction (PPI), gene ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of the obtained drugs and gene-related targets were conducted. Verify the effects of small molecule drugs on corresponding targets by conducting molecular docking experiments. Results: In total, 193 targets were identified for 13 molecules of A tataricus, and 897 genes were identified to be related to radiation pneumonia. Finally, we obtained 111 genes by crossing drug and disease-related target genes. Using PPI, GO, and KEGG analysis, we found TP53, HSP90AA1, RELA, JUN, AKT1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 ( MAPK1), tumor necrosis factor ( TNF), and interleukin-6 ( IL-6) are the most critical genes, which were mainly focused on the GOs of DNA-binding transcription factor, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor and protein serine/threonine kinase activity, and the pathways of lipids and atherosclerosis, advanced glycation end products and their receptors, and IL-17. Conclusion: Through molecular docking experiments, it was found that the small molecules of quercetin and luteolin bind tightly to RELA and JUN proteins. We reveal the mechanism of action of A tataricus in the treatment of radiation pneumonia. Quercetin and luteolin may be effective small molecules for radiation pneumonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Zhang
- Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zun Yi, China
| | - Guangcai Li
- Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zun Yi, China
| | - Huaqing Hu
- Gushi County People's Hospital, Gu Shi, China
| | - Mu Yi
- Zunyi Medical University, Zun Yi, China
| | - Yang Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zun Yi, China
| | - Jihang Luo
- Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zun Yi, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zun Yi, China
| | - Guangmin Xu
- Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zun Yi, China
| | - Ze Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zun Yi, China
- Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zun Yi, China
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Bailly C, Hénichart JP. Advocacy for the Medicinal Plant Artabotrys hexapetalus (Yingzhao) and Antimalarial Yingzhaosu Endoperoxides. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196192. [PMID: 36234725 PMCID: PMC9573098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal plant Artabotrys hexapetalus (synonyms: A.uncinatus and A. odoratissimus) is known as yingzhao in Chinese. Extracts of the plant have long been used in Asian folk medicine to treat various symptoms and diseases, including fevers, microbial infections, ulcers, hepatic disorders and other health problems. In particular, extracts from the roots and fruits of the plant are used for treating malaria. Numerous bioactive natural products have been isolated from the plant, mainly aporphine (artabonatines, artacinatine) and benzylisoquinoline (hexapetalines) alkaloids, terpenoids (artaboterpenoids), flavonoids (artabotrysides), butanolides (uncinine, artapetalins) and a small series of endoperoxides known as yingzhaosu A-to-D. These natural products confer antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties to the plant extracts. The lead compound yingzhaosu A displays marked activities against the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei. Total syntheses have been developed to access yingzhaosu compounds and analogues, such as the potent compound C14-epi-yingzhaosu A and simpler molecules with a dioxane unit. The mechanism of action of yingzhaosu A points to an iron(II)-induced degradation leading to the formation of two alkylating species, an unsaturated ketone and a cyclohexyl radical, which can then react with vital parasitic proteins. A bioreductive activation of yingzhaosu A endoperoxide can also occur with the heme iron complex. The mechanism of action of yingzhaosu endoperoxides is discussed, to promote further chemical and pharmacological studies of these neglected, but highly interesting bioactive compounds. Yingzhaosu A/C represent useful templates for designing novel antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, 59290 Lille (Wasquehal), France
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59000 Lille, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Jean-Pierre Hénichart
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59000 Lille, France
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