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Geier TJ, Timmer-Murillo SC, Brandolino AM, Piña I, Harb F, deRoon-Cassini TA. History of Racial Discrimination by Police Contributes to Worse Physical and Emotional Quality of Life in Black Americans After Traumatic Injury. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:1774-1782. [PMID: 37249827 PMCID: PMC10228454 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black Americans are more likely than their White counterparts to experience traumatic injury and worse functional outcomes. Unfair police treatment has been identified as one specific form of racial discrimination potentially driving these deleterious outcomes. The aim of the investigation was to better understand the relationship between experiences of discrimination by police and trauma-specific quality of life outcomes, including PTSD symptom severity, in Black Americans following traumatic injury. METHOD Traumatically injured Black American adults (N = 53) presenting to a level 1 trauma center completed a measure of police and law enforcement discrimination at baseline, and quality of life and PTSD were assessed 6 months later. RESULTS Stepwise regressions results showed more frequent discrimination by police and law enforcement significantly predicted lower emotional and physical well-being 6 months after injury. Further, more frequent police discrimination resulted in more severe PTSD symptoms by 6 months after injury. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore that following an injury not specifically related to discrimination by police, patients' historical, negative police experiences contributed to worse physical and emotional recovery in the present. These findings, in unison with prior investigations, reveal the need to consider patients' history of negative police experiences as a social determinant of health in their recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Geier
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Sydney C Timmer-Murillo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Amber M Brandolino
- Comprehensive Injury Center, Division of Data Surveillance and Informatics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Isela Piña
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Farah Harb
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Terri A deRoon-Cassini
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Comprehensive Injury Center, Division of Data Surveillance and Informatics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Duncan DT, Park SH, Dharma C, Torrats-Espinosa G, Contreras J, Scheinmann R, Watson K, Herrera C, Schneider JA, Khan M, Lim S, Trinh-Shevrin C, Radix A. Neighborhood Safety and Neighborhood Police Violence Are Associated with Psychological Distress among English- and Spanish-Speaking Transgender Women of Color in New York City: Finding from the TURNNT Cohort Study. J Urban Health 2024; 101:557-570. [PMID: 38831154 PMCID: PMC11189871 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-024-00879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Transgender women of color (TWOC) experience high rates of police violence and victimization compared to other sexual and gender minority groups, as well as compared to other White transgender and cisgender women. While past studies have demonstrated how frequent police harassment is associated with higher psychological distress, the effect of neighborhood safety and neighborhood police violence on TWOC's mental health is rarely studied. In this study, we examine the association between neighborhood safety and neighborhood police violence with psychological distress among TWOC. Baseline self-reported data are from the TURNNT ("Trying to Understand Relationships, Networks and Neighborhoods among Transgender Woman of Color") Cohort Study (analytic n = 303). Recruitment for the study began September 2020 and ended November 2022. Eligibility criteria included being a TWOC, age 18-55, English- or Spanish-speaking, and planning to reside in the New York City metropolitan area for at least 1 year. In multivariable analyses, neighborhood safety and neighborhood police violence were associated with psychological distress. For example, individuals who reported medium levels of neighborhood police violence had 1.15 [1.03, 1.28] times the odds of experiencing psychological distress compared to those who experienced low levels of neighborhood police violence. Our data suggest that neighborhood safety and neighborhood police violence were associated with increased psychological distress among TWOC. Policies and programs to address neighborhood police violence (such as body cameras and legal consequences for abusive officers) may improve mental health among TWOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Duncan
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168Th Street, Room 715, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Su Hyun Park
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168Th Street, Room 715, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Christoffer Dharma
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168Th Street, Room 715, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Toronto School of Public Health, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jessica Contreras
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168Th Street, Room 715, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Roberta Scheinmann
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168Th Street, Room 715, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | | | - John A Schneider
- Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Crown School of Social Work, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Khan
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sahnah Lim
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chau Trinh-Shevrin
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Asa Radix
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168Th Street, Room 715, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Quinn KG, Walsh JL, Johnson A, Edwards T, Takahashi L, Dakin A, Bouacha N, Voisin D. Police Violence Experienced by Black Gay and Bisexual Men: The Effects on HIV Care Engagement and Medication Adherence. AIDS Behav 2024; 28:1642-1649. [PMID: 38315300 PMCID: PMC11070282 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-024-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Black men face high rates of police violence, including direct victimization and indirect exposure to or knowledge of harmful policing. This violence can result in death and physical harm, as well as in numerous poor mental health outcomes. There has been little research examining experiences of police violence experienced by Black gay and bisexual men or the effects of police brutality on HIV continuum of care outcomes. To address this important gap, in this exploratory study, we examined the effects of police brutality on engagement in HIV care and adherence to antiretroviral medications. Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 107 Black gay and bisexual men living with HIV. The path analysis showed that men with greater exposure to police violence had increased symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and were more likely to have missed HIV care appointments in the past year. Additionally, there was a significant indirect effect of exposure to police violence on missed medication doses via PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Quinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Center for AIDS Intervention Research, 2071 N. Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53202, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Center for AIDS Intervention Research, 2071 N. Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53202, USA
| | - Anthony Johnson
- School of Social Work, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Travonne Edwards
- School of Child and Youth Care, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lois Takahashi
- Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Dexter Voisin
- School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Robison M, Robertson L, Joiner TE. Why did peri-pandemic suicide death rates decrease among non-Hispanic white people while increasing among most people of color? Suicide Life Threat Behav 2024. [PMID: 38676429 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While suicides in the United States decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, statistically significant decreases have been limited to White people throughout a large portion of 2020. METHODS This paper outlines possible explanations for racial/ethnic differences in suicidality in the early pandemic phases. RESULTS We propose both distal (i.e., tele-mental health usage, internet and technology access, employment protections, and economic security) and proximal (cultural beliefs, coping strategies, clustering, pulling together, and embracing life) factors that may have helped build and foster community and mental wellness. However, this paper argues these factors did not extend, or did not extend as much, to many communities of color. CONCLUSIONS We argue that these disparities are due to the myriad effects of discrimination and systemic racism, encapsulated broadly by the minority stress theory, and provide suggestions for relief and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Robison
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Lee Robertson
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - T E Joiner
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Feelemyer J, Duncan DT, Akhidenor N, Mazumdar M, Irvine NM, Scheidell JD, Brewer RA, Turpin RE, Hucks-Ortiz C, Dyer TV, Cleland CM, Mayer KH, Khan MR. Police Harassment and Psychiatric, Sexual, and Substance Use Risk Among Black Sexual Minority Men and Black Transgender Women in the HIV Prevention Trials 061 Cohort. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-01909-1. [PMID: 38609695 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-01909-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black sexual minority men and Black transgender women (BSMM/BTW) experience disproportionate levels of HIV/STI-related risk factors as well as police harassment (PH). PH is linked to psychiatric risk and could play a role in substance use, sexual risk behavior, and HIV/STI risk. METHODS We used data from the HIV Prevention Trials Network 061(HPTN 061) study to examine associations between PH and HIV/STI-related outcomes. Using PH exposure measured at baseline and 6-month study visits, we examined an ordinal exposure (PH reported at both visits, PH reported at either visit, versus PH reported at neither baseline nor 6 months) and a binary exposure of persistent PH reported at both visits (yes versus no). We estimate risk ratios (RR) for associations between PH and depression, use of alcohol and methamphetamine, multiple partnerships, condomless sex, and syphilis. RESULTS Persistent PH (binary) was associated with a 20% or greater increase in the risk of depression (RR, 1.26 (1.07, 1.47)) and multiple partnerships (RR, 1.20 (1.05, 1.39)). There was evidence that ordinal PH was associated with elevated risk of alcohol use (RR, 1.17 (1.00, 1.36)); the point estimate for the association between persistent PH and alcohol use was similar but the imprecision was greater (RR, 1.16 (0.95, 1.42)). CONCLUSION PH may influence not only mental health but also behavioral risks that contribute to HIV/STI among BSMM/BTW, highlighting the potential wide-ranging and downstream effects of PH on health. Further research is required to confirm associations and elucidate pathways through which PH may influence HIV/STI among BSMM/BTW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Feelemyer
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dustin T Duncan
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Naomi Akhidenor
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Medha Mazumdar
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalia M Irvine
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joy D Scheidell
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Rodman E Turpin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Typhanye V Dyer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Charles M Cleland
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Fenway Institute, Fenway Health and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria R Khan
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Mattingly DT, Mezuk B, Elliott MR, Neighbors HW, Leventhal AM, Fleischer NL. Distress about social problems and tobacco and cannabis use outcomes among young adults in Los Angeles County. Prev Med 2024; 179:107850. [PMID: 38199591 PMCID: PMC10843547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations of concern, worry, and stress about discrimination, shootings/violence, and police brutality and exclusive and dual tobacco and cannabis use among young adults. METHODS A prospective, racially/ethnically diverse cohort of young adults (n = 1960) living in Los Angeles, California completed a baseline survey in 2020 (age range: 19-23) and a follow-up survey in 2021. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was employed on nine variables assessing levels of concern, worry, and stress about societal discrimination, societal shootings/violence, and community police brutality at baseline. Past 30-day tobacco and cannabis use at follow-up was categorized as current exclusive tobacco, exclusive cannabis, and dual tobacco and cannabis (vs never/former) use based on eleven use variables. Multinomial logistic regressions estimated adjusted associations between each factor score (translated to standard deviation units) with exclusive and dual tobacco and cannabis use. RESULTS The EFA produced four factor scores representing concern/worry/stress (i.e., distress) about community police brutality (F1), distress about societal shootings/violence (F2), and distress about societal discrimination (F3), as well as generalized stress about police brutality, shootings/violence, and discrimination (F4). F1, F2, and F3 were associated with subsequent exclusive current cannabis use, with F1 having the strongest association (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.18-1.55), while only F1 (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.27-1.78) was associated with dual tobacco and cannabis use. None of the factors were associated with exclusive tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS Young adult concern, worry, and/or stress about social problems may increase risk of cannabis use with or without concurrent tobacco use 6-12 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delvon T Mattingly
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Health Equity Transformation, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Briana Mezuk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael R Elliott
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Harold W Neighbors
- Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nancy L Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Winiker AK, Eschliman EL, Kisanga EP, Poku OB, Candelario J, Takahashi LM, Tobin K. Multilevel experiences of carceral violence in Los Angeles, California: first-hand accounts from a racially diverse sample of transgender women. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2024; 26:159-173. [PMID: 36995142 PMCID: PMC10731923 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2023.2194353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Transgender women face a disproportionate burden of carceral violence, or violence related to policing and the criminal legal system, with transgender women of colour experiencing even greater disparities. Several frameworks conceptualise the mechanisms through which violence impacts transgender women. However, none of them directly explore the role of carceral violence, particularly as it is experienced by transgender women themselves. Sixteen in-depth interviews were conducted with a racially/ethnically diverse sample of transgender women in Los Angeles between May and July 2020. Participants were between 23 - 67 years old. Participants identified as Black (n = 4), Latina (n = 4), white (n = 2), Asian (n = 2), and Native American (n = 2). Interviews assessed experiences of multilevel violence, including from police and law enforcement. Deductive and inductive coding methods were used to identify and explore common themes concerning carceral violence. Experiences of law enforcement-perpetrated interpersonal violence were common and included physical, sexual and verbal abuse. Participants also highlighted structural violence, including misgendering, the non-acceptance of transgender identities, and police intentionally failing to uphold laws that could protect transgender women. These results demonstrate the pervasive, multilevel nature of carceral violence perpetrated against transgender women and suggest avenues for future framework development, trans-specific expansions of carceral theory, and system-wide institutional change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail K. Winiker
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evan L. Eschliman
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edwina P. Kisanga
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ohemaa B. Poku
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Division of Gender, Sexuality, and Health, Columbia University and New York Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lois M. Takahashi
- Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Karin Tobin
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Cogburn CD, Roberts SK, Ransome Y, Addy N, Hansen H, Jordan A. The impact of racism on Black American mental health. Lancet Psychiatry 2024; 11:56-64. [PMID: 38101873 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Black individuals in the USA experience disparities in mental health that lead to unfavorable health outcomes and increased morbidity from mental illness due to centuries of racism. We emphasize the need to understand the roots of racial injustice to achieve racial equity. Historical factors such as European imperialism, enslavement, the myth of Black inferiority, and scientific racial classification have all perpetuated disparities, leading to the current underestimation, misdiagnosis, and inadequate treatment of mental illness in Black populations. Many of the issues discussed herein apply to Black people globally; however, our focus is on Black Americans and the inequities that result from the current US mental health system. We discuss the limitations of using the DSM-5 classification system and common epidemiological surveys, which do not capture or call for a comprehensive analysis of the systems producing mental health issues, to understand mental illness among Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yusuf Ransome
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nii Addy
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Helena Hansen
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ayana Jordan
- NYU Langone Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Oluwoye O, Nagendra A, Kriegel LS, Anglin DM, Santos MM, López SR. Reorienting the focus from an individual to a community-level lens to improve the pathways through care for early psychosis in the United States. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 3:100209. [PMID: 37475775 PMCID: PMC10355221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The implementation of coordinated specialty care in the U.S. over the past decade has led to the improvements of clinical and functional outcomes among individuals in the early stages of psychosis. While there have been advancements in the delivery of early intervention services for psychosis, it has almost exclusively focused on short-term change at the individual level. In light of these advancements, research has identified gaps in access to care and delivery of services that are driven by different levels of determinants and have the biggest impact on historically excluded groups (e.g., ethnoracial minoritized communities). Interventions or efforts that place an emphasis on community level (structural or sociocultural) factors and how they may influence pathways to care and through care, specifically for those who have been historically excluded, have largely been missing from the design, dissemination and implementation of early psychosis services. The present paper uses a structural violence framework to review current evidence related to pathways to care for early psychosis and the physical/built environment and conditions (e.g., urbanicity, residential instability) and formal and informal community resources. Suggestions on future directions are also provided, that focus on enriching communities and creating sustainable change that spans from pathways leading to care to 'recovery.' In all, this lays the groundwork for a proposed paradigm shift in research and practice that encompasses the need for an emphasis on structural competency and community-driven approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladunni Oluwoye
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Arundati Nagendra
- Center of Excellence in Psychosocial and Systemic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 151 Merrimac Street, Floor 6, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Liat S. Kriegel
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Deidre M. Anglin
- City University of New York, Department of Psychology, 160 Convent Ave, NAC Building, Room 7/120, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Maria M. Santos
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Steven R. López
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Seeley G. Mudd Room 501, 3620 S. McClintock, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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Narita Z, Oh H, Koyanagi A, Wilcox HC, DeVylder J. Association of a History of Incarceration and Solitary Confinement with Suicide-Related Outcomes in a General Population Sample from Two U.S. Cities. Arch Suicide Res 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37937913 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2023.2279523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether a history of incarceration was associated with increased odds of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, and to determine if this association was further strengthened when combined with a history of solitary confinement. METHODS We collected cross-sectional data from a general population sample in New York City and Baltimore in March 2017. Participants were categorized based on their history of incarceration and solitary confinement: (1) no incarceration, (2) incarceration-only, and (3) incarceration plus solitary confinement. We compared these three groups, utilizing hierarchical adjustments for sociodemographic factors and adverse childhood experiences. Missing data were accounted for utilizing multiple imputation via chained equation. RESULTS A total of 1221 individuals were analyzed. Those who experienced both incarceration and solitary confinement consistently had higher odds of suicidal ideation (OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.43 to 5.48) and suicide attempts (OR, 6.98; 95% CI, 2.77 to 17.61) than never incarcerated individuals. Those who experienced incarceration without solitary confinement had higher odds of suicide attempts (OR, 3.77; 95% CI, 1.35 to 10.56) than never incarcerated individuals, whereas this association was not evident for suicidal ideation. Solitary confinement increased the odds of suicidal ideation even compared to incarceration without solitary confinement (OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.09 to 6.74). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the need to address the higher likelihood of suicide-related outcomes among those in contact with the criminal justice system, and to consider alternatives to solitary confinement.
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Phillips JA, Davidson TR, Baffoe-Bonnie MS. Identifying latent themes in suicide among black and white adolescents and young adults using the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2013-2019. Soc Sci Med 2023; 334:116144. [PMID: 37678110 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Suicide rates for adolescents and young adults (AYA) have risen dramatically in recent years - by almost 60% for Americans aged 10-24 years between 2007 and 2018. This increase has occurred for both whites and Blacks, with the rise in suicide among Black youth of particular note. Blacks historically exhibit lower rates of suicide relative to whites and thus, less is known about the etiology of Black suicide. To gain insight into the underlying causes of suicide among AYA, we examine medical examiner reports from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) from 2013 to 2019 for over 26,000 Black and white suicide decedents ages 10-29. We apply structural topic modeling (STM) approaches to describe the broad contours of AYA suicide in the United States today. Our findings reveal distinct patterns by race. Guns, violence and the criminal justice system are prominent features of Black suicide, whether through the mechanism used in the suicide, either by firearm or other violent means such as fire or electrocution, the existence of criminal or legal problems/disputes, the location of death in a jail, or the presence of police. In contrast, the narratives of white AYA are more likely to reference mental health or substance abuse problems. Access to resources, as measured by county median household income, overlay these patterns. Themes more prevalent among Blacks are more common in poorer counties; those more prevalent among whites tend to be more common in wealthier counties. Our findings are consistent with other studies that suggest Black people experience greater exposure to violence and other traumas, systemic racism and interpersonal discrimination that may elevate the risk for suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Phillips
- Department of Sociology, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Thomas R Davidson
- Department of Sociology, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Marilyn S Baffoe-Bonnie
- Department of Sociology, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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McFarland MJ, McFarland CAS, Moniz K, Manley L. Racial Slurs by Police and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: Intrusive Policing and Perceived Injustice. J Urban Health 2023; 100:904-913. [PMID: 37626221 PMCID: PMC10618127 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-023-00747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Using the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 785), this article considers the ramifications of police use of racial slurs, a type of intrusive behavior, toward minority youth for posttraumatic stress (PTS). We also examine whether other intrusive police behaviors exacerbate this relationship and test whether perceptions of injustice mediate it. Results indicated that hearing a police officer use a racial slur was positively associated with PTS after controlling for intrusive police behaviors and other covariates. Intrusive policing tended to co-occur with the use of racial slurs and was positively associated with PTS. The association between hearing a racial slur and PTS did not vary by the number of intrusive behaviors exhibited by police. The association between hearing a slur and PTS was partially mediated by perceived procedural injustice. Overall, the use of racial slurs by police may do harm to minority adolescents by putting them at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. Our results are consistent with prior research that racial slurs may contribute to PTS by eroding the bounds of what is considered just and fair. Interestingly, the association between racial slurs and PTS was independent of other intrusive policing behaviors. Mental health screeners should ask not only about being stopped by police but the characteristics of that encounter as well - including those imbued with racial animus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McFarland
- Department of Sociology, Center for Demography and Population Health, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Cheryl A S McFarland
- Evaluation & Analytics Department, Central Jersey Family Health Consortium, North Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kyleigh Moniz
- Department of Sociology, Center for Demography and Population Health, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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13
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Quinn KG, Edwards T, Johnson A, Takahashi L, Dakin A, Bouacha N, Voisin D. Understanding the impact of police brutality on Black sexually minoritized men. Soc Sci Med 2023; 334:116191. [PMID: 37666095 PMCID: PMC10565611 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Young Black gay, bisexual, and other sexually minoritized men (SMM) face high levels of police brutality and other negative, unwarranted encounters with the police. Such interactions have known health consequences. The purpose of this study was to understand the health, mental health, and social consequences of police brutality experienced by young Black SMM. We conducted in-depth interviews with 31 Black, cisgender men, ages of 16-30 and analyzed the data using thematic analysis. Our primary results are summarized in four themes: 1) Police brutality is built into the system and diminishes trust; 2) Videos and social media make visible violence that has long existed; 3) Police brutality contributes to anxiety and other psychosocial effects; and 4) Violence reduces feelings of safety and contributes to avoidance of police. Our results highlight the direct and vicarious police brutality participants are subjected to and sheds light on the effects of such violence on trust, perceived safety, anxiety, and trauma symptoms. Results from this study contribute to the needed public health conversation around police brutality against Black men, specifically shedding light on the experiences of Black SMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Quinn
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Travonne Edwards
- School of Child and Youth Care, Toronto Metropolitan University, Canada
| | - Anthony Johnson
- School of Social Work, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lois Takahashi
- Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Dexter Voisin
- School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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14
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Kozikowski A, Morton-Rias D, Quella A, Puckett K, Jeffery C, Mauldin S, Goodman J. Public experience with and perspectives on medical care provided by PAs. JAAPA 2023; 36:1-10. [PMID: 37751262 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000977684.35719.f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to assess public experiences with and perspectives about physician associates/assistants (PAs), who are taking on increasingly important roles in healthcare. METHODS We conducted a survey using a Qualtrics panel assessing whether participants (N = 1,388) received care from PAs, their perceptions of the care received, and their intentions of seeking care from PAs in the future. RESULTS About 67% of participants reported receiving care from PAs; 61.7% believed PAs have more time to communicate with patients. Most respondents were satisfied with the care received, said they were likely to see a PA again, and recommended PAs. Of those not treated by PAs, 30.6% were willing to receive care from PAs, 43.8% were willing to receive care from PAs for minor medical needs, 21.3% were unsure, and 4.3% were unwilling. Older participants and those with more education had consistently more favorable views. CONCLUSIONS Public experiences with and perceptions of PAs are positive. Future research should employ longitudinal designs to assess trends as the PA workforce continues to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kozikowski
- At the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants in Johns Creek, Ga., Andrzej Kozikowski is senior research director, Dawn Morton-Rias is president and chief executive officer, Alicia Quella is director of PA relations, Kasey Puckett is a research analyst, Colette Jeffery is a senior research analyst, Sheila Mauldin is a senior advisor, and Joshua Goodman is vice president of research and exam programs. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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15
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Fedina L, Moss L, Rousson AN, Smith ME, Bright C, Herrenkohl TI, DeVylder J. Effects of Neighborhood Disconnection on Psychological Distress and Suicide Risk Associated with Interpersonal Violence Within Racial Groups. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:681-697. [PMID: 37593058 PMCID: PMC10427586 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Negative mental health outcomes have been associated with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and intimate partner violence (IPV); however, few studies have identified risk and protective factors across levels of the social ecology that mitigate the onset of psychological distress and suicide risk associated with trauma. This study examines the relationship between ACEs, IPV, and mental health (i.e., psychological distress, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts) within racial sub-populations of Black American, Latinx, and White adults. An online, cross-section survey was administered to a general population sample of adults in Baltimore and New York City. ACEs, IPV, and mental health outcomes were assessed within racial sub-populations of Black American (N = 390), Latinx (N = 178), and White (N = 339) adults, while accounting for within-group demographic differences. Moderating effects of social support and neighborhood disconnection on the relationship between ACEs, IPV, and mental health outcomes were also assessed. IPV was associated with psychological distress and suicidal ideation for Black and Latinx adults, but not for White adults. ACEs were associated with increased psychological distress for all three groups, and increased odds for suicidal ideation among Black and Latinx adults.. A significant negative interaction effect for neighborhood disconnection was found in the relationship between ACEs and psychological distress for Black adults. Findings highlight the significant mental health burdens of ACEs and IPV within racial and ethnic groups. Neighborhood disconnection may exacerbate psychological distress associated with ACEs among populations most impacted by interpersonal violence and mental health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fedina
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
| | - Lolita Moss
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
| | | | | | | | - Todd I. Herrenkohl
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
| | - Jordan DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY USA
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16
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Bacchus EC, D’Angelo AB, Grov C. Experiences of police-related stress among a U.S. national cohort of gay and bisexual men. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 72:89-100. [PMID: 37272547 PMCID: PMC10524736 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Marginalized groups (including people of Color and sexual minorities) have been over-policed and specifically targeted based on their race/ethnicity and identity. The deleterious effects of over-policing marginalized groups include overrepresentation in the carceral system, experiencing higher rates of violence from police, and extend to affect mental health and stress levels. This study examines police-related stress among a U.S. national cohort of gay and bisexual men (collected in late 2020 and early 2021) and its association with race/ethnicity, age, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, income, and other characteristics of interest. Our results show that the odds of reporting extreme police-related stress were 2.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] [2.08, 3.41]) times higher for Black individuals than for their White counterparts. Odds were also significantly greater for those who have experienced race-based (odds ratio [OR] = 2.26, 95% CI [1.81-2.82] or identity-based discrimination (OR = 2.05, 95% CI [1.66, 2.54]). Our findings demonstrate variation in police-related stress among a cohort of gay and bisexual men; with men of Color and low-income men among the most affected by police-related stress. For this population, police-related stress should be considered for its potential deleterious effect on HIV vulnerability and reporting violent crimes to police (including intimate partner violence and hate crimes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn C. Bacchus
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY
- Healthy CUNY, New York, NY
| | - Alexa B. D’Angelo
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY
- CUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, NY
| | - Christian Grov
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY
- CUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, NY
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17
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Quinn KG, Hunt BR, Jacobs J, Valencia J, Voisin D, Walsh JL. Examining the Relationship between Anti-Black Racism, Community and Police Violence, and COVID-19 Vaccination. Behav Med 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37578320 PMCID: PMC10864675 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2023.2244626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic emerged against a backdrop of long-standing racial inequities that contributed to significant disparities in COVID-19 mortality, morbidity, and eventually, vaccination rates. COVID-19 also converged with two social crises: anti-Black racism and community and police violence. The goal of this study was to examine the associations between community violence, police violence, anti-Black racism, and COVID-19 vaccination. Survey data were collected from a sample of 538 Black residents of Chicago between September 2021 and March 2022. Structural equation modeling was used to test associations between neighborhood violence, police violence, racism, medical mistrust, trust in COVID-related information, depressive symptoms, and having received a COVID-19 vaccination. In line with predictions, neighborhood violence had a significant indirect effect on vaccination via trust in COVID-related information from a personal doctor. Additionally, racism had a significant indirect effect on vaccination via trust in COVID-related information from a personal doctor, as well as via medical mistrust and trust in COVID-related information from a personal doctor. These findings add to the growing body of literature demonstrating the importance of medical mistrust when examining COVID-19 vaccination disparities. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of considering how social and structural factors such as violence and racism can influence medical mistrust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Quinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Medical College of Wisconsin
| | - Bijou R Hunt
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Infectious Disease Center
| | | | | | - Dexter Voisin
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Jennifer L Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Medical College of Wisconsin
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18
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Osborne KR, Smith-Bynum MA, Walsdorf AA, Anderson LA, O'Brien Caughy M. Preparing Black and Latinx children for police encounters: Caregiver response profiles and child self-regulation. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:547-563. [PMID: 36544246 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the goodness-of-fit between profiles of observed, caregiver-provided ethnic-racial socialization (ERS), and child self-regulation (i.e., inhibitory control) would differentially associate with child behavioral outcomes. Conversations between 80 caregivers (45% Latinx; 55% Black) and their children (M age = 11.09; 46% female) were rated for ERS. Measures included an inhibitory control composite (ages 2.5-3.5) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; age 12). Three profiles were determined: Comprehensive (n = 34), Reactive (n = 8), and Pragmatic (n = 38). Only youth with low inhibitory control in preschool appeared to benefit from Pragmatic ERS, whereas youth with normative or high inhibitory control in early childhood displayed lower internalizing and externalizing behaviors when they had Comprehensive or Reactive rather than Pragmatic caregivers.
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19
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Motley RO, Chen YC, Motley JD. Prevalence and Correlates of Adverse Mental Health Outcomes among Male and Female Black Emerging Adults with a History of Exposure (Direct versus Indirect) to Police Use of Force. SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH 2023; 47:125-134. [PMID: 37197700 PMCID: PMC10183966 DOI: 10.1093/swr/svad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety, depression, and psychological distress are public health concerns for Black emerging adults ages 18-29, given their prevalence in this population. However, we have scant empirical research investigating the prevalence and correlates of negative mental outcomes among Black emerging adults with a history of exposure to police use of force. Thus, the current study examined the prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being and how they vary among a sample of Black emerging adults with a history of direct or indirect exposure to police use of force. Computer-assisted surveys were administered to a sample of Black emerging adults (N = 300). Univariate, bivariate, and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. Black women with a history of direct or indirect exposure to police use of force had significantly less favorable scores on the depression and anxiety scales compared with Black men. Study findings suggest that Black emerging adults, particularly women, with a history of exposure to police use of force are at risk of experiencing adverse mental health outcomes. Future research with a larger and ethnically diverse sample of emerging adults that examines the prevalence and correlates of adverse mental health outcomes and how they vary by gender, ethnicity, and exposure to police use of force is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Motley
- Jr., PhD, is assistant professor, School of Social Work, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, McGuinn Hall, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Yu-Chih Chen
- PhD, is assistant professor, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jamie D Motley
- PhD, is Anne Shen Chao ’74 Director of Student Success, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
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20
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Quinn KG, Harris M, Sherrod D, Hunt BR, Jacobs J, Valencia J, Walsh JL. The COVID-19, racism, and violence syndemic: Evidence from a qualitative study with Black residents of Chicago. SSM. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN HEALTH 2023; 3:100218. [PMID: 36628065 PMCID: PMC9817424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic emerged in the United States in the shadows of a vast history of structural racism and community and police violence that disproportionately affect Black communities. Collectively, they have created a syndemic, wherein COVID-19, racism, and violence are mutually reinforcing to produce adverse health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to understand the COVID-19, racism, and violence syndemic and examine how structural racism and violence contributed to the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on Black communities. In early 2021, we conducted phenomenological qualitative interviews with 50 Black residents of Chicago. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. We identified four primary themes in our analyses: 1) the intersection of racism and violence in Chicago; 2) longstanding inequities were laid bare by COVID-19; 3) the pervasiveness of racism and violence contributes to poor mental health; 4) and COVID-19, racism and violence emerged as a syndemic. Our findings underscore the importance of addressing social and structural factors in remediating the health and social consequences brought about by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Quinn
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Melissa Harris
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Institute of Health and Equity, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Darielle Sherrod
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Urban Health Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bijou R Hunt
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Infectious Disease Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Jacobs
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Urban Health Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jesus Valencia
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Urban Health Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Walsh
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Milwaukee, WI, USA
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21
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Bessaha M, Mushonga D, Fedina L, DeVylder J. Association between Loneliness, Mental Health Symptoms, and Treatment Use among Emerging Adults. HEALTH & SOCIAL WORK 2023; 48:133-142. [PMID: 36881711 DOI: 10.1093/hsw/hlad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Loneliness research has focused primarily on older adult populations. There is limited research on how loneliness and social support impact young people's mental health and mental health services use. This article reports an assessment of whether loneliness and social support are associated with mental health services use and mental health symptoms (psychological distress and suicidal ideation) among emerging adults. A subsample of emerging adults ages 18 to 29 (N = 307) was drawn from the 2017 Survey of Police-Public Encounters, a cross-sectional, general population survey administered to residents of New York City and Baltimore. Ordinary least squares and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to model associations between loneliness and mental health symptoms and services use outcomes. Emerging adults with higher levels of loneliness reported higher levels of distress and suicidal ideation. Having more social support, experiencing higher levels of distress, and suicidal ideation were associated with increased odds for using services. First-generation American emerging adults and Black emerging adults were less likely to use services than their U.S.-born and non-Black counterparts. The significant impact of loneliness on mental health symptoms and the effect of social support on service use highlight the importance of developing interventions to prevent and reduce loneliness over the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bessaha
- PhD, LMSW, is associate professor, School of Social Welfare, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Center Level 2, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Dawnsha Mushonga
- PhD, is assistant professor, School of Health and Human Services, University of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Fedina
- PhD, is assistant professor, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jordan DeVylder
- PhD, is associate professor, Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
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22
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McGINTY BETH. The Future of Public Mental Health: Challenges and Opportunities. Milbank Q 2023; 101:532-551. [PMID: 37096616 PMCID: PMC10126977 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Policy Points Social policies such as policies advancing universal childcare to expand Medicaid coverage of home- and community-based care for seniors and people with disabilities and for universal preschool are the types of policies needed to address social determinants of poor mental health. Population-based global budgeting approaches like accountable care and total cost of care models have the potential to improve population mental health by incentivizing health systems to control costs while simultaneously improving outcomes for the populations they serve. Policies expanding reimbursement for services delivered by peer support specialists are needed. People with lived experience of mental illness are uniquely well suited to helping their peers navigate treatment and other support services.
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23
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Haile R, Rowell-Cunsolo T, Hyacinthe MF, Alang S. "We (still) charge genocide": A systematic review and synthesis of the direct and indirect health consequences of police violence in the United States. Soc Sci Med 2023; 322:115784. [PMID: 36863215 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Building on historical and contemporary efforts to eliminate police and other forms of state violence, and on the understanding that police violence is a social determinant of health, we conducted a systematic review in which we synthesize the existing literature around 1) racial disparities in police violence; 2) health impacts of direct exposure to police violence; and 3) health impacts of indirect exposure to police violence. We screened 336 studies and excluded 246, due to not meeting our inclusion criteria. Forty-eight additional studies were excluded during the full text review, resulting in a study sample size of 42 studies. Our review showed that Black people in the US are far more likely than white people to experience a range of forms of police violence: from fatal and nonfatal shootings, to assault and psychological violence. Exposure to police violence increases risk of multiple adverse health outcomes. Moreover, police violence may operate as a vicarious and ecological exposure, producing consequences beyond those directly assaulted. In order to successfully eliminate police violence, scholars must work in alignment with social justice movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahwa Haile
- SUNY Old Westbury, Department of Public Health, Old Westbury, NY, USA.
| | | | | | - Sirry Alang
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Health and Human Development, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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24
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Harris LK, Conklin JL, Woods-Giscombe CL, Cortés YI. Mapping definitions, measures and methodologies of assessing police violence in the health literature: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e066946. [PMID: 36921937 PMCID: PMC10030772 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Police violence is a growing public health issue in the USA. Emerging evidence suggests that negative police encounters are associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes. There is a critical need to examine the relationship between police violence and health disparities. However, the lack of consensus on a conceptual and operational definition of police violence is a limitation in scientific investigations on police violence and its health impacts. Here, we present the protocol for a scoping review that maps definitions, measures and methodologies of assessing police violence in the health literature. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will comprehensively search PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and APA PsycInfo databases. We will use the following string of key terms separated with the Boolean operator 'or': 'police violence', 'police brutality', 'police use of force', 'law enforcement violence', 'law enforcement brutality', 'law enforcement use of force' and 'legal intervention'. An English language limit will be applied. We will include studies published in English or that have an English language abstract available. Eligible studies will include: (1) a definition of police violence and/or (2) a measurement of police violence. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This scoping review does not require ethical approval. The findings of this review will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and at conferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latesha K Harris
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jamie L Conklin
- Health Science Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cheryl L Woods-Giscombe
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yamnia I Cortés
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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25
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DeVylder J, Anglin D, Munson MR, Nishida A, Oh H, Marsh J, Narita Z, Bareis N, Fedina L. Ethnoracial Variation in Risk for Psychotic Experiences. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:385-396. [PMID: 36398917 PMCID: PMC10016402 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & HYPOTHESIS Psychotic disorders are inequitably distributed by race in the United States, although it is not known whether this is due to assessment biases or inequitable distributions of risk factors. Psychotic experiences are subclinical hallucinations and delusions used to study the etiology of psychosis, which are based on self-report and therefore not subject to potential clinician biases. In this study, we test whether the prevalence of psychotic experiences (PE) varies by race and if this variance is explained by socioenvironmental risk factors. STUDY DESIGN Data on demographics, PE, and socioenvironmental risk factors were collected through the National Survey of Poly-victimization and Mental Health, a national probability sample of US young adults. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine whether PE prevalence varied by race/ethnicity and, if so, whether this was attenuated with inclusion of indicators of income, education, urban/rural living, discrimination, and trauma exposure. STUDY RESULTS Black and Hispanic respondents reported PE at significantly greater rates than White or "other" ethnoracial groups, with hallucinations more commonly reported by Hispanic respondents. PE were significantly associated with police violence exposure, discrimination, adverse childhood experiences, and educational attainment. These factors statistically explained ethnoracial differences in the likelihood of overall PE occurrence and of nearly all PE subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Previously observed racial differences in psychosis extend beyond clinical schizophrenia, and therefore, are unlikely to be explained entirely by clinician biases. Instead, racial disparities in PE appear to be driven by features of structural racism, trauma, and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, USA
- Research Center for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Deidre Anglin
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Atsushi Nishida
- Research Center for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hans Oh
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jonathan Marsh
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, USA
| | - Zui Narita
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natalie Bareis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Fedina
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Martinez A, Swaner R, Ramdath C, Kusiak Carey K. Police, courts, and corrections: Experiences of procedural injustice among Black adults. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 71:147-157. [PMID: 36378576 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Racial disparities and a corresponding lack of trust have been documented within the criminal legal system. In response, criminal legal system actors have sought to strengthen the legitimacy of their agencies. However, legitimizing these agencies can be problematic. Some argue that the current criminal legal system continues the legacy of slavery and Jim Crow as Blacks are disproportionately policed and incarcerated. As a framework, procedural injustice can offer a unique backdrop and interrogate ways in which the criminal legal system engages in delegitimizing actions that provoke noncompliance and enable social control. Using a procedural injustice lens, this study examines how justice-involved Black adults experience mistreatment by justice system actors. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 84 Black adults in Newark and Cleveland. Study findings offer a comprehensive account of how participants experience procedural injustice as arrestees, defendants, and incarcerated persons. More specifically, participant narratives describe deliberately antagonistic, abusive, and dehumanizing treatment by justice-system agents-often depicted as racially motivated. Participant accounts also describe this mistreatment as occurring in a context of coercion and powerlessness and as being institutionally sanctioned. Implications for the preservation of racial hierarchies, research, practice, and community psychology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martinez
- Research Department, Center for Court Innovation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Swaner
- Research Department, Center for Court Innovation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cassandra Ramdath
- Research Department, Center for Court Innovation, New York, New York, USA
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Nestadt DF, Schneider KE, Tomko C, Sherman SG. Criminalization and coercion: sexual encounters with police among a longitudinal cohort of women who exchange sex in Baltimore, Maryland. Harm Reduct J 2023; 20:11. [PMID: 36707897 PMCID: PMC9881257 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The criminalization of sex work and drug use creates unequal power dynamics easily exploited by police. Women who exchange sex (WES) in settings around the globe have reported coerced sex and sexual assault by police, and some have reported police as paying clients. Little research has examined nuances underlying WES's sexual interactions with police. METHODS A cohort of cisgender WES (N = 308) was recruited through targeted sampling in Baltimore, Maryland and completed a structured survey every 6 months for 18 months. Follow-up surveys included detailed questions about recent sexual encounters with police. In bivariate and multivariate models using generalized estimating equations to account for intra-person correlation, we examined correlates of reporting recent sex with police over time. RESULTS One-third reported recent sex with police at any study visit. At each time point, about 90% of women who reported sex with police reported any uniformed or non-uniformed police had paid for sex. Between 72 and 85% had been solicited for paid sex by uniformed police. Between 41 and 50% of women who reported recent sex with police indicated they had done so because they feared arrest otherwise; one-third were directly pressured for sex by police to avoid arrest or trouble. In the final adjusted model, severe food insecurity [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-3.71], Black race (vs. white, non-Hispanic; aOR = 1.90; 95% CI 1.13-3.17), recent arrest (aOR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.01-2.27), nonfatal overdose (aOR = 1.94; 95% CI 1.24-3.01), and client- or non-paying intimate partner-perpetrated violence (aOR = 2.46; 95% CI 1.63-3.71) were significantly independently associated with recent sex with police. CONCLUSIONS Sexual encounters between WES and police in Baltimore are common and often coerced to avoid arrest in a setting where both drug use and sex work are criminalized. Recent sex with police was more prevalent among WES who were racially marginalized, highly structurally vulnerable, and/or at high risk for drug overdose-and therefore subject to the dual-criminalization of sex work and drug use. This indicates deep power imbalances and their exploitation by police as the root of such sexual encounters and adds to the evidence regarding the need for decriminalization to support the health and wellbeing of WES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Friedman Nestadt
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Kristin E. Schneider
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Catherine Tomko
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Susan G. Sherman
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
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Staines L, Healy C, Coughlan H, Clarke M, Kelleher I, Cotter D, Cannon M. Psychotic experiences in the general population, a review; definition, risk factors, outcomes and interventions. Psychol Med 2022; 52:1-12. [PMID: 36004805 PMCID: PMC9772919 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722002550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic experiences (PE) are common in the general population, in particular in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. PE have been shown to be associated with an increased risk for later psychotic disorders, mental disorders, and poorer functioning. Recent findings have highlighted the relevance of PE to many fields of healthcare, including treatment response in clinical services for anxiety & depression treatment, healthcare costs and service use. Despite PE relevance to many areas of mental health, and healthcare research, there remains a gap of information between PE researchers and experts in other fields. With this review, we aim to bridge this gap by providing a broad overview of the current state of PE research, and future directions. This narrative review aims to provide an broad overview of the literature on psychotic experiences, under the following headings: (1) Definition and Measurement of PE; (2) Risk Factors for PE; (3) PE and Health; (4) PE and Psychosocial Functioning; (5) Interventions for PE, (6) Future Directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Staines
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Colm Healy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Helen Coughlan
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department Psychiatry Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ian Kelleher
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Lucena Clinic Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Rathgar, Dublin 6, Ireland
| | - David Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department Psychiatry Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department Psychiatry Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Salas-Hernández L, DeVylder JE, Cooper HLF, Duarte CDP, Sewell AA, Walker ER, Haardörfer R. Latent Class Profiles of Police Violence Exposure in 4 US Cities and Their Associations with Anticipation of Police Violence and Mental Health Outcomes. J Urban Health 2022; 99:655-668. [PMID: 35668136 PMCID: PMC9360379 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-022-00643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
While studying polyvictimization is well established within the broader violence literature and applied to other types of violence, it has yet to be documented whether polyvictimization also presents in patterns of police violence exposure (i.e., neglectful, psychological, physical, and sexual police violence). Our objective was to analyze latent patterns of co-occurring police contact and their associations with mental health. By applying latent class analysis (LCA) methods to the 2016 and 2017 Surveys of Police-Public Encounters (N = 2615), conducted in 4 Northeastern US cities, we identified classes of direct and vicarious police violence and compared sociodemographic characteristics among classes using multinomial regression. Classes were regressed on mental health outcomes. LCA identified four classes of police contact. Compared to Positive Police Contact (33.0%) class members, members of the (a) Extreme Police Violence (4.0%) class reported higher anticipation of future police victimization, psychological distress, and suicide ideations and attempts; they were more likely to be Black, cisgender men, and Latinx; (b) members of the High Police Violence (23.6%) class reported higher anticipation of future police victimization and psychological distress; they were more likely to be Black, Native American, and multiracial; members of the (c) Low Police Contact (39.5%) class had comparable mental health outcomes; they were more likely to report a household income < $19,999. Notably, no participants were unexposed to police contact. Polyvictimization presents in experiences of police violence and disproportionately impacts structurally marginalized people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan E DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Work, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Hawkins DS. "After Philando, I Had to Take a Sick Day to Recover": Psychological Distress, Trauma and Police Brutality in the Black Community. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2022; 37:1113-1122. [PMID: 33902344 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1913838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unfortunately, encounters between Black Americans and law enforcement frequently feature violence, resulting in a myriad of negative health influences including increased rates of race-based mortality, chronic stress and trauma. Despite police brutality's increased media coverage, there is a dearth of empirical research surrounding violence at the hands of law enforcement and how it impacts the health of the Black community. Police departments across the country fail to release official data or information related to police brutality; however, technological advancements, such as social media and smart phones, have revolutionized information seeking and dissemination related to brutality. Drawing on Critical Race Theory (CRT), this qualitative study used phenomenological interviews to better understand how Black Americans interpret stories of police brutality and the impact such stories have on one's mental health. Analysis confirmed previous quantitative research, revealing the Black community can be traumatized by viewing graphic images or videos of police brutality. Interviewees reported a constant fear of dying, hyper alertness and lack of coping mechanisms. Findings from this study not only should be used to build health communication models that can address mental health issues, but also should be used as a blueprint to improve police-community relations. Implications are drawn from this study for addressing the issue of police violence in the Black community. Policy recommendations are suggested.
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Police killings and suicide among Black Americans. Soc Sci Med 2022; 305:114964. [PMID: 35660700 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Black Americans are killed at higher rates by police than whites. Previous studies have shown that discrimination can lead to suicidal ideation, and that mental health of Black Americans deteriorates after police killings. The objective of this study is to examine whether police killings are associated with an increase in suicide rates amongst Black Americans. Controlling for a number of factors, we found that on months with at least one killing of a Black person by police, there were, on average, 0.0472 additional suicides per 100,000 Black Americans in the U.S. Census Division where the killing occurred. We did not find any spillover effects on other divisions. This association persisted when controlling for gun ownership, and did not seem to be a result of variance in deaths by assault. There was no association between killings of Black Americans and white suicides; white killings and Black suicides; or white killings and white suicides. This study highlights another reason for urgent action on reducing police killings.
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Bailey RK, Barker CH, Grover A. Confluence of law enforcement, mental health, and race. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2022; 40:532-539. [PMID: 35415914 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Disparities in victimization by law enforcement for both people of color and individuals with mental health disorders is gaining national attention following the deaths of George Floyd, Sandra Bland, TAmir Rice, and many others. Despite this, the discussion around the intersectionality of race, psychiatric illness, and law enforcement is still in its infancy, the purpose of this article is to discuss the confluence of race and psychiatric illness as vulnerabilities in various contacts with law enforcement in order to further highlight this issue and to ignite further needed research on this topic. Possible solutions such as police-hiring practices, bias training, and trauma-informed policing will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahn K Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center- New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chikira H Barker
- Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center- New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Amit Grover
- Charles R. Drew University/University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Motley RO, Byansi W, Siddiqi R, Bills KL, Salas-Wright CP. Perceived Racism-based police use of force and cannabis use among Black emerging adults. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 15:100430. [PMID: 35495418 PMCID: PMC9046117 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert O. Motley
- School of Social Work, Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
- Corresponding author at: Racism-based Violence Injury & Prevention Lab, Boston College School of Social Work, 140 Commonwealth Ave, McGuinn Hall, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States.
| | - William Byansi
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rebekah Siddiqi
- School of Social Work, Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Kaycee L. Bills
- School of Social Work, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC, United States
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35
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Narita Z, Koyanagi A, Oh H, DeVylder J. Association between incarceration and psychotic experiences in a general population sample. Schizophr Res 2022; 243:112-117. [PMID: 35259671 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Incarceration of individuals with mental disorders is an important public health topic. While incarceration appears to be associated with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, to the best of our knowledge, no study has examined the association between incarceration and psychotic experiences (PEs). The present study aimed to examine whether individuals with PEs had higher odds of incarceration among a general population sample using data from Baltimore and New York City (N = 974). We fitted three regression models to examine the association between incarceration and PEs, using hierarchical adjustments for sociodemographic factors, adverse childhood experiences, and neighborhood disruption. The odds ratio (OR) for incarceration was attenuated with inclusion of more covariates in the model but remained statistically significant even at the highest level of adjustment (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.30 to 3.46). Findings were similar when individually examining delusional mood, delusions of reference and persecution, and hallucination. For delusions of control, a significant association was not found in the highest level of adjustment. The present study provides novel information on the association between incarceration and PEs, adjusted for sociodemographic and psychosocial confounders. Taken in the context of prior studies, these data further support the need to address the high prevalence of psychosis across all aspects of the criminal justice system. Future studies should employ longitudinal data and objective outcome measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zui Narita
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundacio Sant Joan de Deu, Dr Antoni Pujadas, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Hans Oh
- Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jordan DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA.
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Misra S, Etkins OS, Yang LH, Williams DR. Structural Racism and Inequities in Incidence, Course of Illness, and Treatment of Psychotic Disorders Among Black Americans. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:624-632. [PMID: 35319958 PMCID: PMC8961835 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder) are a leading cause of morbidity and premature mortality and an overlooked health inequity in the United States. European data indicate inequities in incidence, severity, and treatment of psychotic disorders, particularly for Black communities, that appear to be primarily attributable to social adversities. The dominant US narrative is that any observed differences are primarily a result of clinician bias and misdiagnosis. We propose that employing the framework of structural racism will prompt European and US research to converge and consider the multifaceted drivers of inequities in psychotic disorders among Black Americans. In particular, we describe how historical and contemporary practices of (1) racialized policing and incarceration, and (2) economic exploitation and disinvestment, which are already linked to other psychiatric disorders, likely contribute to risks and experiences of psychotic disorders among Black Americans. This framework can inform new strategies to (1) document the role of racism in the incidence, severity, and treatment of psychotic disorders; and (2) dismantle how racism operates in the United States, including defunding the police, abolishing carceral systems, and redirecting funds to invest in neighborhoods, housing, and community-based crisis response and mental health care. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(4):624-632. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306631).
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Misra
- Supriya Misra is with the Department of Public Health, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA. Onisha S. Etkins and David R. Williams are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Lawrence H. Yang is with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Onisha S Etkins
- Supriya Misra is with the Department of Public Health, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA. Onisha S. Etkins and David R. Williams are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Lawrence H. Yang is with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Lawrence H Yang
- Supriya Misra is with the Department of Public Health, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA. Onisha S. Etkins and David R. Williams are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Lawrence H. Yang is with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY
| | - David R Williams
- Supriya Misra is with the Department of Public Health, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA. Onisha S. Etkins and David R. Williams are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Lawrence H. Yang is with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY
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Christie-Mizell CA, Talbert RD, Frazier CG, Rainock MR, Jurinsky J. Race-gender variation in the relationship between arrest history and poor health from adolescence to adulthood. J Natl Med Assoc 2022; 114:353-362. [PMID: 35337664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to examine how criminal justice involvement, specifically arrests, shapes health by race-gender status and age for Black, Latinx, and White men and women from adolescence to adulthood. METHOD Data were from sixteen waves (1997-2013) of data of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (N = 7,674). Respondents were 12-16 years during the first wave of the survey. Multivariate logistic regression with interactions were used to determine how age and race-gender status shape the association between poor health and arrests over time. RESULTS With the exception of Black men, arrest history is positively associated with the probability of poor health and this relationship strengthens with age. Arrests have the least detrimental impact on the health of Black men. For those without an arrest history, the probability of poor health also increases with age, but with a less steep incline over time than those who have been arrested. Overall, women who have been arrested, regardless of race, have the worst health prospects. CONCLUSIONS A history of arrest is important for health from adolescence to adulthood and varies by race-gender status and age. Those without arrests in their backgrounds enjoy better health at both younger and older ages. For those who experience arrest, they generally report poorer health from adolescence into adulthood. One exception is Black men for whom those with an arrest history report the lowest probability of poor health, compared to Black women, Latinx men, Latinx women, White men, and White women.
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Affiliation(s)
- C André Christie-Mizell
- Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, VU Station B, Box 351811, 37325-1811, Nashville, TN 37325, United States.
| | - Ryan D Talbert
- Department of Sociology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
| | | | - Meagan R Rainock
- Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, VU Station B, Box 351811, 37325-1811, Nashville, TN 37325, United States.
| | - Jordan Jurinsky
- Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States.
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Theall KP, Francois S, Bell CN, Anderson A, Chae D, LaVeist TA. Neighborhood Police Encounters, Health, And Violence In A Southern City. Health Aff (Millwood) 2022; 41:228-236. [PMID: 35130074 PMCID: PMC9037135 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The disproportionate rates of police surveillance and encounters in many communities in the US may be contributing to inequities in health and violence. Frequent policing in communities, which may often also be aggressive policing, has been associated with diminished health and well-being. This study adds to the growing body of research on this issue by examining the relationships between neighborhood police stop-and-frisk encounters and both health outcomes and violence rates in New Orleans, Louisiana, in an ecological, cross-sectional study using local police report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and census data. The average rate of police stop-and-frisk encounters was more than three times higher for Black adults compared with their White counterparts. Even after we accounted for concentrated disadvantage (a high percentage of residents of lower socioeconomic status) and residential racial and income segregation, neighborhoods with higher rates of encounters had significantly higher prevalence rates of smoking, physical inactivity, and poor physical health, and they experienced significantly more violent crime (18.35 more per 1,000) and domestic violence (49.91 more per 1,000) events than neighborhoods with lower levels of police encounters. There is a need for strengthened policy focused on the relationship between frequent policing and health and violence outcomes.
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Abrams AH, Badolato GM, Boyle MD, McCarter R, Goyal MK. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Pediatric Mental Health-Related Emergency Department Visits. Pediatr Emerg Care 2022; 38:e214-e218. [PMID: 32898125 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypotheses that (1) rates of mental health-related concerns presenting to pediatric emergency departments (ED) have increased (2) rates are increasing more in minority than nonminority youth. METHODS We performed a 5-year retrospective cohort study of youth with mental health-related ED visits using the Pediatric Health Information System. We calculated rates of mental health-related visits, in aggregate and by race/ethnicity. The Poisson model was used to generate incidence rate ratios of unique mental health-related visits each year using census data as the population denominator. RESULTS There were 242,036 mental health-related visits that met the inclusion criteria, representing 160,656 unique patients. Approximately 7% of unique patients had 3 or more mental health-related visits, differing by race/ethnicity (8.75% non-Hispanic [NH]-Black vs 7.01% NH-White; adjusted odds ratio 1.14 [1.03, 1.26]). Overall, there were 42.8 mental health-related ED visits per 100,000 US children. The NH-Black children had higher rates of visits per 100,000 children compared with NH-Whites (66.1 vs 41.5; adjusted relative risk, 1.54 [1.50-1.59]). Mental health-related visits increased from 2012 to 2016 (33.31 [32.92-33.70] to 49.94 [49.46-50.41]). Every racial/ethnic group experienced an increase in rate of presentation over the study period; Hispanics experienced a significantly larger increase compared with NH-White children (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Mental health-related ED visits among children are increasing overall, disproportionally affecting minority children. The NH-Black children have the highest visit rates, and rates among Hispanics are increasing at a significantly higher rate when compared with NH-Whites. These results indicate need for increased capacity of EDs to manage mental health-related complaints, especially among minority populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Abrams
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Gia M Badolato
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Meleah D Boyle
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
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Yazdiha H, Boen C. "It's a stomachache filled with stress": Tracing the Uneven Spillover Effects of Racialized Police Violence Using Twitter Data. CURRENTS 2022; 2:81-87. [PMID: 35647582 PMCID: PMC9133729 DOI: 10.3998/ncidcurrents.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Despite their enormous potential impact on population health and health inequities, police violence and use of excessive force have only recently been addressed from a public health perspective. Moving to change this state of affairs, this article considers police violence in the USA within a social determinants and health disparities framework, highlighting recent literature linking this exposure to mental health symptoms, physical health conditions, and premature mortality. The review demonstrates that police violence is common in the USA; is disproportionately directed toward Black, Latinx, and other marginalized communities; and exerts a significant and adverse effect on a broad range of health outcomes. The state-sponsored nature of police violence, its embedding within a historical and contemporary context of structural racism, and the unique circumstances of the exposure itself make it an especially salient and impactful form of violence exposure, both overlapping with and distinct from other forms of violence. We conclude by noting potential solutions that clinicaly psychology and allied fields may offer to alleviate the impact of police violence, while simultaneously recognizing that a true solution to this issue requires a drastic reformation or replacement of the criminal justice system, as well as addressing the broader context of structural and systemic racism in the USA. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 18 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Deidre M Anglin
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Bowleg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lisa Fedina
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bruce G Link
- School of Public Policy and Department of Sociology, University of California Riverside, California, USA
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42
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Associations between Experiences of Police Contact and Discrimination by the Police and Courts and Health Outcomes in a Representative Sample of Adults in New York City. J Urban Health 2021; 98:727-741. [PMID: 34811698 PMCID: PMC8688626 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-021-00583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Communities marginalized because of racism, heterosexism, and other systems of oppression have a history of being aggressively policed, and in those contexts, researchers have observed associations between a range of negative experiences with police and poor physical, mental, and behavioral health outcomes. However, past studies have been limited in that experiences of police contacts were aggregated at the neighborhood level and, if police contacts were self-reported, the sample was not representative. To address these limitations, we employed NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene 2017 Social Determinants of Health Survey (n = 2335) data to examine the associations of self-reported police contacts and discrimination by police and the courts with measures of physical (poor physical health), mental (poor mental health, serious psychological distress), and behavioral health (binge drinking). Residents marginalized because of racial, ethnic, and sexual minority status were more likely to be stopped, searched, or questioned by the police; threatened or abused by the police; and discriminated against by the police or in the courts; those experiences were associated with poor physical, mental, and behavioral health outcomes. The associations between experiences with police and poor health outcomes were strongest among Black residents and residents aged 25-44. Our findings suggest that the health of NYC residents who have had exposure to police and experienced discrimination by the police and courts is poorer than those who have not, and build on a growing body of evidence that aggressive policing practices have implications for public health.
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43
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Li AWY, Chak WH, Yuen KSL. Snapshot of a social movement: Mental health and protest classes in Hong Kong. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:883-892. [PMID: 34706459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Popular protests have broken out worldwide, particularly in the last few years. In 2019, numerous demonstrations against an extradition bill occurred in Hong Kong until pandemic restrictions were imposed. The policing response relied heavily on methods such as batons, tear gas and rubber bullets. Given the relevance for other geographical contexts, the current study investigated the mental health impacts on protest participants and spillover to community members. METHODS Surveys were disseminated on social media in August and October 2019 to collect demographics, political views, protest participation, exposure to (protest-related) potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and mental health symptoms. A latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted using demographic data and inter-class differences in PTEs and mental health symptoms were examined. RESULTS There were 37,541 (59.8% female) and 40,703 (50.0% female) responses in August and October. Respondents, even those with low participation, reported significant levels of depression, anxiety, and symptoms of traumatic stress (STS). The LCA suggested a 5-class solution (youth, allies, supporters, sympathizers, and frontliners). Mental health symptoms and PTEs varied with class membership, with 50.8% of frontliners reporting severe STS. LIMITATIONS The non-random sampling and self-reported measures may over-estimate the prevalence of mental distress in the wider population. CONCLUSIONS Large numbers of pro-democracy supporters in Hong Kong reported high rates of depression, anxiety and STS during mass protests. Younger and more heavily involved respondents faced the highest mental health risks, however elevated rates were also observed for respondents with low participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne W Y Li
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Canada; York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - W H Chak
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California Davis, United States
| | - Kenneth S L Yuen
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany; Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
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44
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Fedina L, Mushonga DR, Bessaha ML, Jun HJ, Narita Z, DeVylder J. Moderating Effects of Perceived Neighborhood Factors on Intimate Partner Violence, Psychological Distress, and Suicide Risk. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:10546-10563. [PMID: 31686578 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519884687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood factors such as instability and weakened social ties have been linked to both intimate partner violence (IPV) and poor mental health outcomes; however, research has not yet investigated the relationship between IPV and gentrification-specific change, including whether gentrification-related neighborhood factors affect mental health symptoms commonly associated with IPV. This study aims to determine if (a) perceptions of neighborhood connectedness and recent compositional changes (e.g., residential mobility, crime, and infrastructure) are associated with IPV exposure and (b) perceived neighborhood connectedness and compositional change moderates the relationship between IPV and mental health symptoms (i.e., psychological distress, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts). Data from the 2017 Survey of Police-Public Encounters were used, which is an online, cross-sectional, general population survey administered to male and female adults residing in New York City and Baltimore (N = 1,000). Findings suggest that higher levels of neighborhood disconnectedness were associated with higher levels of IPV, whereas higher levels of neighborhood compositional change were associated with lower levels of IPV. Neighborhood disconnectedness and compositional change worsened psychological distress symptoms and suicide risk most strongly among individuals exposed to IPV. Violence prevention and intervention approaches should consider the extent to which neighborhood instability, related to community connectedness and recent compositional change, impacts the safety and mental health of victims of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fedina
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Hyun-Jin Jun
- University of Maryland School of Social Work, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zui Narita
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jordan DeVylder
- Fordham University Graduate School of Social Services, New York, NY, USA
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Williams C, Vermund SH. Syndemic Framework Evaluation of Severe COVID-19 Outcomes in the United States: Factors Associated With Race and Ethnicity. Front Public Health 2021; 9:720264. [PMID: 34616705 PMCID: PMC8488144 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.720264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Socially and economically disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities have experienced comparatively severe clinical outcomes from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States. Disparities in health outcomes arise from a myriad of synergistic biomedical and societal factors. Syndemic theory provides a useful framework for examining COVID-19 and other diseases that disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. Syndemic models ground research inquiries beyond individual clinical data to include non-biological community-based drivers of SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and severity of disease. Given the importance of such economic, environmental, and sociopolitical drivers in COVID-19, our aim in this Perspective is to examine entrenched racial and ethnic health inequalities and the magnitude of associated disease burdens, economic disenfranchisement, healthcare barriers, and hostile sociopolitical contexts-all salient syndemic factors brought into focus by the pandemic. Systemic racism persists within long-term care, health financing, and clinical care environments. We present proximal and distal public policy strategies that may mitigate the impact of this and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sten H. Vermund
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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46
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Parks N, Kirby B. The Function of the Police Force: A Behavior-Analytic Review of the History of How Policing in America Came to Be. Behav Anal Pract 2021; 15:1205-1212. [PMID: 36605154 PMCID: PMC9744977 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-021-00568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The racial differentiation of policing in America has been widely researched and documented (Walker & Katz, 2008; Wilson & Kelling, 1982). Although these discrepancies are largely documented, there have been few changes within the policies, procedures and laws governing police officers. The results of this are two-fold. First, it has led to the continuation of individual acts of racism of police officers across the country. Second, it has upheld the systemic racism that results in the discrepancies in outcomes between Black people and white people, making it more likely that Black individuals will interact with police officers and have more negative outcomes as a result of these interactions. The reasons for this include lack of data regarding the race of the police officers involved in fatal officer-involved shootings, reliance on self-report of officers regarding instances of excessive force, and lack of accountability of individuals and departments alike. These issues are symptoms of the larger problems of individual and institutionalized racism that not only increases racism within those within the police force, but also increases the likeliness that any police officer will engage in violence against a person of color. To develop effective interventions that will change policing behaviors and the racism observed within the police force, one must first understand the historical development and function of policing and its intersection with both individual and institutional racism. This paper will provide a clear definition of racism followed by a function-based behavior analytic examination of the historical development of policing in America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Parks
- Behavior Leader, Inc., 1429 Schoal Creek Dr, St. Peters, MO 63366 USA ,TeamABA LLC, Rockville, MD USA ,Applied Behavior Analysis Program, School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO USA
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47
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Wittmann L, Dorner R, Heuer I, Bock T, Mahlke C. Effectiveness of a contact-based anti-stigma intervention for police officers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2021; 76:101697. [PMID: 33836436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2021.101697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Police force interaction rates with individuals with mental health conditions are on the rise. International research reveals that the presence of a mental health condition increases the risk for detention and use of force by police officers. Stigmatization of individuals with mental health conditions as dangerous and unpredictable is assumed to have an impact on the likelihood of police use of force. The following study examines a trialogical intervention to reduce stigmatization of individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in a police officer sample. METHOD 1318 police officers participated in a trialogical contact-based intervention with the aim to reduce stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs. Emotional reactions, stereotypes and social distance were assessed prior to and after the intervention in a one-group design. RESULTS Negative stereotypes were positively associated with social distance in individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and were positively associated with anxiety. Dependent sample t-test revealed reduced anxiety towards individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, less negative stereotypes, and less social distance post intervention. All results were significant, and all effect sizes showed a small to moderate effect. CONCLUSIONS Trialogical contact-based, short-term anti-stigma interventions appear to reduce stigmatizing attitudes towards individuals with mental health conditions in a large police force sample. A missing control group is a key study limitation. Further research is needed to examine the effectiveness of the intervention in a randomized-controlled trial. However, the results clearly suggest that anti-stigma interventions could be beneficially introduced into police training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Wittmann
- Department of Health Psychology and Health Education, University of Flensburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Dorner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Imke Heuer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Bock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Candelaria Mahlke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
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48
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Amaro H, Sanchez M, Bautista T, Cox R. Social vulnerabilities for substance use: Stressors, socially toxic environments, and discrimination and racism. Neuropharmacology 2021; 188:108518. [PMID: 33716076 PMCID: PMC8126433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Applying a social determinants of health framework, this review brings attention to evidence from social sciences and neuroscience on the role of selected social factors in individual and population-level vulnerability to substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs). The understanding that social vulnerability to substance use and SUDs is multifaceted and occurs across different levels of influence (individual, interpersonal, community, and societal) is underscored. We propose that socially based stressors play a critical role in creating vulnerability to substance use and SUDs, and as such, deserve greater empirical attention to further understand how they "get under the skin." Current knowledge from social sciences and neuroscience on the relationships among vulnerability to substance use resulting from stressors, exposure to socially toxic childhood environments, and racism and discrimination are summarized and discussed, as are implications for future research, practice, and policy. Specifically, we propose using a top-down approach to the examination of known, yet often unexplored, relationships between vulnerability to substance use and SUDs, related inequities, and potential differential effects across demographic groups. Finally, research gaps and promising areas of research, practice, and policy focused on ameliorating social vulnerabilities associated with substance use and SUDs across the lifespan are presented. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortensia Amaro
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine and Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, United States.
| | - Mariana Sanchez
- Department of Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, United States.
| | - Tara Bautista
- Yale Stress Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, United States.
| | - Robynn Cox
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, And Edward R. Roybal Institute on Aging, University of Southern California, United States.
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49
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Feelemyer J, Duncan DT, Dyer TV, Geller A, Scheidell JD, Young KE, Cleland CM, Turpin RE, Brewer RA, Hucks-Ortiz C, Mazumdar M, Mayer KH, Khan MR. Longitudinal Associations between Police Harassment and Experiences of Violence among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in Six US Cities: the HPTN 061 Study. J Urban Health 2021; 98:172-182. [PMID: 33821426 PMCID: PMC8079523 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-021-00526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Interactions with the police may result in police brutality, particularly for people of color. Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) face disproportionate risk of police contact and may experience elevated violence risk. We measured longitudinal associations between discriminatory police harassment (DPH) and subsequent risk of a range of interpersonal violence experiences, including intimate partner violence (IPV). In this study, we estimated associations between DPH motivated by racism, homophobia, or both, and subsequent violent experiences (being physically harassed, hit, threatened with weapons, and intimate partner violence) among BMSM. Bivariate and multivariable regression analyses were used to control for demographic and behavioral factors. Among 1160 BMSM included at 12-month follow-up, experiencing DPH motivated by racism and homophobia was associated with over four times the odds of being threatened with violence (AOR 4.85, 95% CI 3.20, 7.33), four times the odds of or experiencing violence defined as being punched, kicked, or beaten, or having an object thrown at them (AOR 4.51, 95% CI 2.82, 7.19), and nearly three times the odds of physical partner abuse (AOR 3.49, 95% CI 1.69, 7.19). Findings suggest that for BMSM, DPH is associated with the threat and experience of violence, with a dose-response relationship between DPH motivated by one or more causes. Given that BMSM are a population particularly vulnerable to both police harassment related to race and sexual orientation and violence coupled with stigma, additional research evaluating mechanisms linking these associations is needed in order to develop additional supportive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Feelemyer
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dustin T Duncan
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Typhanye V Dyer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Geller
- Department of Criminology, Law, and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joy D Scheidell
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kailyn E Young
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles M Cleland
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rodman E Turpin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Medha Mazumdar
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria R Khan
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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50
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An examination of preferred messengers on firearm safety for suicide prevention. Prev Med 2021; 145:106452. [PMID: 33577775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to determine differences in preferred messengers on the topic of safe firearm storage and suicide prevention between firearm owners and non-firearm owners, and among firearm owners of different racial groups and sexes. Participants were 6200 United States residents recruited via Qualtrics Panels to complete an online survey. Data were collected during March 2020. The total sample and all subsamples ranked law enforcement, current military personnel, and military veterans as the top three most credible sources to discuss firearm safety for suicide prevention. Significant differences existed among the mean ranking of sources between firearm owners and non-firearm owners as well as between several subgroups of firearm owners. The identical ranking of the top three sources indicates that these groups agree on the relative credibility of multiple sources, although the average level of credibility for particular sources may vary. These findings highlight that the effectiveness of messaging on safe firearm storage may hinge on the identity of the individual delivering the message and provide an initial roadmap for how to consider packaging specific messages.
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