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Lieftink N, Ribeiro CDS, Kroon M, Haringhuizen GB, Wong A, van de Burgwal LH. The potential of federated learning for public health purposes: a qualitative analysis of GDPR compliance, Europe, 2021. Euro Surveill 2024; 29. [PMID: 39301744 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.38.2300695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe wide application of machine learning (ML) holds great potential to improve public health by supporting data analysis informing policy and practice. Its application, however, is often hampered by data fragmentation across organisations and strict regulation by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Federated learning (FL), as a decentralised approach to ML, has received considerable interest as a means to overcome the fragmentation of data, but it is yet unclear to which extent this approach complies with the GDPR.AimOur aim was to understand the potential data protection implications of the use of federated learning for public health purposes.MethodsBuilding upon semi-structured interviews (n = 14) and a panel discussion (n = 5) with key opinion leaders in Europe, including both FL and GDPR experts, we explored how GDPR principles would apply to the implementation of FL within public health.ResultsWhereas this study found that FL offers substantial benefits such as data minimisation, storage limitation and effective mitigation of many of the privacy risks of sharing personal data, it also identified various challenges. These challenges mostly relate to the increased difficulty of checking data at the source and the limited understanding of potential adverse outcomes of the technology.ConclusionSince FL is still in its early phase and under rapid development, it is expected that knowledge on its impracticalities will increase rapidly, potentially addressing remaining challenges. In the meantime, this study reflects on the potential of FL to align with data protection objectives and offers guidance on GDPR compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Lieftink
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Athena Institute, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina Dos S Ribeiro
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Kroon
- Centre for Research and Data Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - George B Haringhuizen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Wong
- Centre for Research and Data Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Deiner MS, Deiner NA, Hristidis V, McLeod SD, Doan T, Lietman TM, Porco TC. Use of Large Language Models to Assess the Likelihood of Epidemics From the Content of Tweets: Infodemiology Study. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e49139. [PMID: 38427404 PMCID: PMC10943433 DOI: 10.2196/49139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work suggests that Google searches could be useful in identifying conjunctivitis epidemics. Content-based assessment of social media content may provide additional value in serving as early indicators of conjunctivitis and other systemic infectious diseases. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether large language models, specifically GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 (OpenAI), can provide probabilistic assessments of whether social media posts about conjunctivitis could indicate a regional outbreak. METHODS A total of 12,194 conjunctivitis-related tweets were obtained using a targeted Boolean search in multiple languages from India, Guam (United States), Martinique (France), the Philippines, American Samoa (United States), Fiji, Costa Rica, Haiti, and the Bahamas, covering the time frame from January 1, 2012, to March 13, 2023. By providing these tweets via prompts to GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, we obtained probabilistic assessments that were validated by 2 human raters. We then calculated Pearson correlations of these time series with tweet volume and the occurrence of known outbreaks in these 9 locations, with time series bootstrap used to compute CIs. RESULTS Probabilistic assessments derived from GPT-3.5 showed correlations of 0.60 (95% CI 0.47-0.70) and 0.53 (95% CI 0.40-0.65) with the 2 human raters, with higher results for GPT-4. The weekly averages of GPT-3.5 probabilities showed substantial correlations with weekly tweet volume for 44% (4/9) of the countries, with correlations ranging from 0.10 (95% CI 0.0-0.29) to 0.53 (95% CI 0.39-0.89), with larger correlations for GPT-4. More modest correlations were found for correlation with known epidemics, with substantial correlation only in American Samoa (0.40, 95% CI 0.16-0.81). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that GPT prompting can efficiently assess the content of social media posts and indicate possible disease outbreaks to a degree of accuracy comparable to that of humans. Furthermore, we found that automated content analysis of tweets is related to tweet volume for conjunctivitis-related posts in some locations and to the occurrence of actual epidemics. Future work may improve the sensitivity and specificity of these methods for disease outbreak detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Deiner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Natalie A Deiner
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Vagelis Hristidis
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Stephen D McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- American Academy of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Thuy Doan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Travis C Porco
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Rajendran EG, Mohd Hairi F, Krishna Supramaniam R, T Mohd TAM. Precision public health, the key for future outbreak management: A scoping review. Digit Health 2024; 10:20552076241256877. [PMID: 39139190 PMCID: PMC11320687 DOI: 10.1177/20552076241256877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Precision Public Health (PPH) is a newly emerging field in public health medicine. The application of various types of data allows PPH to deliver more tailored interventions to a specific population within a specific timeframe. However, the application of PPH possesses several challenges and limitations that need to be addressed. Objective We aim to provide evidence of the various use of PPH in outbreak management, the types of data that could be used in PPH application, and the limitations and barriers in the application of the PPH approach. Methods and analysis Articles were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Our selection of articles was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for Scoping Review guidelines. The outcome of the evidence assessment was presented in narrative format instead of quantitative. Results A total of 27 articles were included in the scoping review. Most of the articles (74.1%) focused on PPH applications in performing disease surveillance and signal detection. Furthermore, the data type mostly used in the studies was surveillance (51.9%), environment (44.4), and Internet query data. Most of the articles emphasized data quality and availability (81.5%) as the main barriers in PPH applications followed by data integration and interoperability (29.6%). Conclusions PPH applications in outbreak management utilize a wide range of data sources and analytical techniques to enhance disease surveillance, investigation, modeling, and prediction. By leveraging these tools and approaches, PPH contributes to more effective and efficient outbreak management, ultimately reducing the burden of infectious diseases on populations. The limitation and challenges in the application of PPH approaches in outbreak management emphasize the need to strengthen the surveillance systems, promote data sharing and collaboration among relevant stakeholders, and standardize data collection methods while upholding privacy and ethical principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellappa Ghanthan Rajendran
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Farizah Mohd Hairi
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rama Krishna Supramaniam
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Yakobashvili D, Zhu A, Aftab OM, Steidl T, Mahajan J, Khouri AS. Ophthalmology residency programs on social media. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:4815-4819. [PMID: 37845579 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE With the transition from away rotations and in-person interviews during the COVID-19 pandemic came a search for alternative methods to represent and promote residency programs. We investigated utilization of social media by ophthalmology residency programs in response to the pandemic. METHODS Social media accounts of accredited ophthalmology residency programs were found through a manual search on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Each program's geographical region (Northeast, Midwest, South, or West) was identified, and year of account creation (2009-2021) was noted. An exponential regression model was used to model total number of social media accounts over time. Comparisons of total number of social media accounts before/after the pandemic and by region, stratified by social media platform, were evaluated through chi-square analysis. RESULTS Of 125 ophthalmology residency programs, 63% (n = 79) had at least one account on a social platform. 142 acc. Instagram held the most accounts (45%, n = 64), followed by Facebook (29%, n = 41) and Twitter (26%, n = 37). From 2009 to 2021, there has been an exponential increase in social media accounts (R2 = 0.962). 45% (n = 65) of all accounts were created after March 2020. Instagram increased the most, with 45 ophthalmology residency accounts created after the pandemic as compared to 19 created prior (p < 0.001). The number of social media accounts did not vary by region. CONCLUSIONS Based on current trends, the presence of ophthalmology residency programs on social media will likely continue expanding, with major social platforms becoming a vaster source of information for ophthalmology residency applicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Yakobashvili
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 W S Orange Ave, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 6100, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Aretha Zhu
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 W S Orange Ave, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 6100, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Owais M Aftab
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 W S Orange Ave, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 6100, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Tyler Steidl
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 W S Orange Ave, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 6100, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Jasmine Mahajan
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 W S Orange Ave, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 6100, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Albert S Khouri
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 W S Orange Ave, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 6100, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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Fu J, Yang J, Li Q, Huang D, Yang H, Xie X, Xu H, Zhang M, Zheng C. What can we learn from a Chinese social media used by glaucoma patients? BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:470. [PMID: 37986061 PMCID: PMC10661764 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our study aims to discuss glaucoma patients' needs and Internet habits using big data analysis and Natural Language Processing (NLP) based on deep learning (DL). METHODS In this retrospective study, we used web crawler technology to crawl glaucoma-related topic posts from the glaucoma bar of Baidu Tieba, China. According to the contents of topic posts, we classified them into posts with seeking medical advice and without seeking medical advice (social support, expressing emotions, sharing knowledge, and others). Word Cloud and frequency statistics were used to analyze the contents and visualize the keywords of topic posts. Two DL models, Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), were trained to identify the posts seeking medical advice. The evaluation matrices included: accuracy, F1 value, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC). RESULTS A total of 10,892 topic posts were included, among them, most were seeking medical advice (N = 7071, 64.91%), and seeking advice regarding symptoms or examination (N = 4913, 45.11%) dominated the majority. The following were searching for social support (N = 2362, 21.69%), expressing emotions (N = 497, 4.56%), and sharing knowledge (N = 527, 4.84%) in sequence. The word cloud analysis results showed that ocular pressure, visual field, examination, and operation were the most frequent words. The accuracy, F1 score, and AUC were 0.891, 0.891, and 0.931 for the BERT model, 0.82, 0.821, and 0.890 for the Bi-LSTM model. CONCLUSION Social media can help enhance the patient-doctor relationship by providing patients' concerns and cognition about glaucoma in China. NLP can be a powerful tool to reflect patients' focus on diseases. DL models performed well in classifying Chinese medical-related texts, which could play an important role in public health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200092, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Hospital Development Strategy, China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Junrui Yang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 74th Army Group Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuman Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Danqing Huang
- Institute of Hospital Development Strategy, China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyang Yang
- Institute of Hospital Development Strategy, China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Xie
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huaxin Xu
- The Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ce Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Hospital Development Strategy, China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
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Ellakany P, Aly NM, Hassan MG. #implantology: A content analysis of the implant-related hashtags on Instagram. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00693-5. [PMID: 37953209 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Social media platforms such as Instagram have recently become popular among dentists, dental interest groups, and patients for sharing dental-related information. However, a study that dissects and analyzes implant-related posts on Instagram is lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze the type of implant-related information on Instagram by highlighting the characteristics of the top-performing posts and assessing their usefulness as educational content. MATERIAL AND METHODS A list of 12 implantology-related hashtags on Instagram was searched, and, for each hashtag, data were acquired for the "Top 12 posts" listed by the Instagram search algorithm. The contents of each post, including the number of likes and followers, content type, poster role, post content, theme and type, account type, and accuracy of claims, were collected. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and comparisons were performed by using the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests (α=.05). RESULTS The search identified 4 541 867 implant-related posts. The 2 most used hashtags were #dentalimplants (n=1 478 770) and #implant (n=1 303 575). Authorship and content analysis showed that dentists, including specialists, posted about 42% of the posts. More than half of the posts were in the form of pictures (62.5%), self-promotional (77.8%), and used for marketing purposes (61.8%). Most posts were not supported by evidence, and only 27.8% shared clinical facts. However, compared with self-promotional posts, most educational posts shared clinical facts with more likes, views, and followers (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS More than 4 million posts related to implant dentistry were identified on Instagram. Dental interest groups and patients authored most posts, with less contribution from dentists and specialists. Social media awareness among dentists may enhance the number of educational posts and provide a novel platform for networking and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Passent Ellakany
- Lecturer, Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourhan M Aly
- Assistant Lecturer, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G Hassan
- Postdoctoral Research Associate, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo; Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo.
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Peng Z, Li M, Wang Y, Ho GTS. Combating the COVID-19 infodemic using Prompt-Based curriculum learning. EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS 2023; 229:120501. [PMID: 37274611 PMCID: PMC10193815 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by a proliferation of online misinformation and disinformation about the virus. Combating this 'infodemic' has been identified as one of the top priorities of the World Health Organization, because false and misleading information can lead to a range of negative consequences, including the spread of false remedies, conspiracy theories, and xenophobia. This paper aims to combat the COVID-19 infodemic on multiple fronts, including determining the credibility of information, identifying its potential harm to society, and the necessity of intervention by relevant organizations. We present a prompt-based curriculum learning method to achieve this goal. The proposed method could overcome the challenges of data sparsity and class imbalance issues. Using online social media texts as input, the proposed model can verify content from multiple perspectives by answering a series of questions concerning the text's reliability. Experiments revealed the effectiveness of prompt tuning and curriculum learning in assessing the reliability of COVID-19-related text. The proposed method outperforms typical text classification methods, including fastText and BERT. In addition, the proposed method is robust to the hyperparameter settings, making it more applicable with limited infrastructure resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Peng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mingchen Li
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Supply Chain and Information Management, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - George T S Ho
- Department of Supply Chain and Information Management, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Pradeep T, Ravipati A, Melachuri S, Fu R. More than just a stye: identifying seasonal patterns using google trends, and a review of infodemiological literature in ophthalmology. Orbit 2023; 42:130-137. [PMID: 35240907 DOI: 10.1080/01676830.2022.2040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aim to evaluate the utility of internet search query data in ophthalmology by: (1) Evaluating trends in searches for styes in the United States and worldwide, and (2) Performing a review of literature of infodemiological data in ophthalmology. METHODS Google Trends search data for "stye" was analyzed from January 2004 to January 2020 in the United States and worldwide. Spearman's correlation coefficient and sinusoidal modeling were performed to assess the significance and seasonality of trends. Review of literature included searches for "ophthalmology Google trends," "ophthalmology twitter trends," "ophthalmology infodemiology," "eye google trends," and "social media ophthalmology." RESULTS Searches for styes were cyclical in the United States and globally with a steady increase from 2004 to 2020 (sum-of-squares F-test for sinusoidal model: p < .0001, r2 = 0.96). Peak search volume index (SVI) months were 7.9 months in the United States and 6.8 months worldwide. U.S. temperature and SVI for stye were correlated in the United States at the state, divisional, and country-wide levels (p < .005; p < .005; p < .01 respectively). Seven articles met our literature review inclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS We present a novel finding of seasonality with global and U.S. searches for stye, and association of searches with temperature in the United States. Within ophthalmology, infodemiological literature has been used to track trends and identify seasonal disease patterns, perform disease surveillance, improve resource optimization by identifying regional hotspots, tailor marketing, and monitor institutional reputation. Future research into this domain may help identify further trends, improve prevention efforts, and reduce medical costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejus Pradeep
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Advaitaa Ravipati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Samyuktha Melachuri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roxana Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Swapnarekha H, Nayak J, Behera HS, Dash PB, Pelusi D. An optimistic firefly algorithm-based deep learning approach for sentiment analysis of COVID-19 tweets. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:2382-2407. [PMID: 36899539 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented rise in the number of COVID-19 cases has drawn global attention, as it has caused an adverse impact on the lives of people all over the world. As of December 31, 2021, more than 2, 86, 901, 222 people have been infected with COVID-19. The rise in the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths across the world has caused fear, anxiety and depression among individuals. Social media is the most dominant tool that disturbed human life during this pandemic. Among the social media platforms, Twitter is one of the most prominent and trusted social media platforms. To control and monitor the COVID-19 infection, it is necessary to analyze the sentiments of people expressed on their social media platforms. In this study, we proposed a deep learning approach known as a long short-term memory (LSTM) model for the analysis of tweets related to COVID-19 as positive or negative sentiments. In addition, the proposed approach makes use of the firefly algorithm to enhance the overall performance of the model. Further, the performance of the proposed model, along with other state-of-the-art ensemble and machine learning models, has been evaluated by using performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, the AUC-ROC and the F1-score. The experimental results reveal that the proposed LSTM + Firefly approach obtained a better accuracy of 99.59% when compared with the other state-of-the-art models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Swapnarekha
- Department of Information Technology, Aditya Institute of Technology and Management (AITAM), Tekkali, Andhra Pradesh 532201, India
- Department of Information Technology, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla 768018, India
| | - Janmenjoy Nayak
- Department of Computer Science, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Odisha 757003, India
| | - H S Behera
- Department of Information Technology, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla 768018, India
| | - Pandit Byomakesha Dash
- Department of Information Technology, Aditya Institute of Technology and Management (AITAM), Tekkali, Andhra Pradesh 532201, India
| | - Danilo Pelusi
- Communication Sciences, University of Teramo, Coste Sant'agostino Campus, Teramo 64100, Italy
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Choi JH, Ong ES, Munir WM. Social Media Evaluation of Seasonal and Geographic Trends of Corneal Ulcers in the United States. Eye Contact Lens 2023; 49:25-29. [PMID: 36201642 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to evaluate if social media and Google search data can identify seasonal and geographic trends in the incidence of corneal ulcers in the United States. METHODS This is a case series of all corneal ulcer-related data collected from two major social media platforms and Google trends from US users between 2017 and 2021. Instagram and Twitter were searched for posts and hashtags related to "corneal ulcer." Web and image search volume of "corneal ulcer" were collected from Google trends ( https://trends.google.com ). Data were compared between seasons, defined by 3-month intervals, and chi-square tests were used to determine the statistical significance. RESULTS One hundred and sixty-five individuals (79% female) and 164 individuals (79% female) posted personal new corneal ulcer diagnoses on Twitter and Instagram, respectively. Summer resulted in the highest number of both Twitter (34%, P =0.07) and Instagram (33%, P =0.68) posts. Summer was also the most popular season for Google web and image searches of "corneal ulcer" (search volume average of 58.4 and 41.2, P =0.74 and P =0.01, respectively, with 100 being peak popularity). Across all platforms, the South was the most represented (32% Twitter, 38% Instagram, 32% Google Web, and 33% Google Images). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that social media and Google trends may reflect seasonal and geographic patterns of corneal ulcer incidence in the United States. However, further study with increased power is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Deciphering Latent Health Information in Social Media Using a Mixed-Methods Design. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10112320. [DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10112320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural language processing techniques have increased the volume and variety of text data that can be analyzed. The aim of this study was to identify the positive and negative topical sentiments among diet, diabetes, exercise, and obesity tweets. Using a sequential explanatory mixed-method design for our analytical framework, we analyzed a data corpus of 1.7 million diet, diabetes, exercise, and obesity (DDEO)-related tweets collected over 12 months. Sentiment analysis and topic modeling were used to analyze the data. The results show that overall, 29% of the tweets were positive, and 17% were negative. Using sentiment analysis and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling, we analyzed 800 positive and negative DDEO topics. From the 800 LDA topics—after the qualitative and computational removal of incoherent topics—473 topics were characterized as coherent. Obesity was the only query health topic with a higher percentage of negative tweets. The use of social media by public health practitioners should focus not only on the dissemination of health information based on the topics discovered but also consider what they can do for the health consumer as a result of the interaction in digital spaces such as social media. Future studies will benefit from using multiclass sentiment analysis methods associated with other novel topic modeling approaches.
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12
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Gao J. The complementary and substitutive value of online health information. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e3029-e3040. [PMID: 35133030 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Internet plays a significant role in health information searching, sharing and emotional support. However, scholars have devoted little attention to the complementary and substitute value of online health information from diseases, especially chronic diseases, health insurance, barriers to health resources and their interaction effects with income. This research uses data from the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 2020), the latest HINTS survey that includes seeking online health information questions critical to this research. This paper proposes that the factors contributing to seeking online health information can be categorized into two modalities - complementary and substitutive. Concerning the complementary value, I argue that individuals with certain health conditions use online health information as a complementary health resource in addition to traditional health resources such as doctors to understand their health issues better. Online health information also functions as substitute information sources for individuals who have experienced more barriers to typical health information resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Gao
- Public Policy Ph.D. Program, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Luo L, Wang Y, Liu H. COVID-19 personal health mention detection from tweets using dual convolutional neural network. EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS 2022; 200:117139. [PMID: 35399189 PMCID: PMC8976569 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Twitter offers extensive and valuable information on the spread of COVID-19 and the current state of public health. Mining tweets could be an important supplement for public health departments in monitoring the status of COVID-19 in a timely manner and taking the appropriate actions to minimize its impact. Identifying personal health mentions (PHM) is the first step of social media public health surveillance. It aims to identify whether a person's health condition is mentioned in a tweet, and it serves as a crucial method in tracking pandemic conditions in real time. However, social media texts contain noise, many creative and novel phrases, sarcastic emoji expressions, and misspellings. In addition, the class imbalance issue is usually very serious. To address these challenges, we built a COVID-19 PHM dataset containing more than 11,000 annotated tweets, and we proposed a dual convolutional neural network (CNN) framework using this dataset. An auxiliary CNN in the dual CNN structure provides supplemental information for the primary CNN in order to detect PHMs from tweets more effectively. The experiment shows that the proposed structure could alleviate the effect of class imbalance and could achieve promising results. This automated approach could monitor public health in real time and save disease-prevention departments from the tedious manual work in public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linkai Luo
- Department of Supply Chain and Information Management, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Supply Chain and Information Management, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hai Liu
- Department of Computing, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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14
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Fan B, Peng J, Guo H, Gu H, Xu K, Wu T. Accurate Forecasting of Emergency Department Arrivals With Internet Search Index and Machine Learning Models: Model Development and Performance Evaluation. JMIR Med Inform 2022; 10:e34504. [PMID: 35857360 PMCID: PMC9350824 DOI: 10.2196/34504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency department (ED) overcrowding is a concerning global health care issue, which is mainly caused by the uncertainty of patient arrivals, especially during the pandemic. Accurate forecasting of patient arrivals can allow health resource allocation in advance to reduce overcrowding. Currently, traditional data, such as historical patient visits, weather, holiday, and calendar, are primarily used to create forecasting models. However, data from an internet search engine (eg, Google) is less studied, although they can provide pivotal real-time surveillance information. The internet data can be employed to improve forecasting performance and provide early warning, especially during the epidemic. Moreover, possible nonlinearities between patient arrivals and these variables are often ignored. OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop an intelligent forecasting system with machine learning models and internet search index to provide an accurate prediction of ED patient arrivals, to verify the effectiveness of the internet search index, and to explore whether nonlinear models can improve the forecasting accuracy. METHODS Data on ED patient arrivals were collected from July 12, 2009, to June 27, 2010, the period of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. These included 139,910 ED visits in our collaborative hospital, which is one of the biggest public hospitals in Hong Kong. Traditional data were also collected during the same period. The internet search index was generated from 268 search queries on Google to comprehensively capture the information about potential patients. The relationship between the index and patient arrivals was verified by Pearson correlation coefficient, Johansen cointegration, and Granger causality. Linear and nonlinear models were then developed with the internet search index to predict patient arrivals. The accuracy and robustness were also examined. RESULTS All models could accurately predict patient arrivals. The causality test indicated internet search index as a strong predictor of ED patient arrivals. With the internet search index, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and the root mean square error (RMSE) of the linear model reduced from 5.3% to 5.0% and from 24.44 to 23.18, respectively, whereas the MAPE and RMSE of the nonlinear model decreased even more, from 3.5% to 3% and from 16.72 to 14.55, respectively. Compared with each other, the experimental results revealed that the forecasting system with extreme learning machine, as well as the internet search index, had the best performance in both forecasting accuracy and robustness analysis. CONCLUSIONS The proposed forecasting system can make accurate, real-time prediction of ED patient arrivals. Compared with the static traditional variables, the internet search index significantly improves forecasting as a reliable predictor monitoring continuous behavior trend and sudden changes during the epidemic (P=.002). The nonlinear model performs better than the linear counterparts by capturing the dynamic relationship between the index and patient arrivals. Thus, the system can facilitate staff planning and workflow monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Fan
- College of Management, Institute of Business Analysis and Supply Chain Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaxuan Peng
- Faculty of Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Hainan Guo
- College of Management, Institute of Business Analysis and Supply Chain Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haobin Gu
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian, China
| | - Kangkang Xu
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- College of Management, Institute of Business Analysis and Supply Chain Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Deiner MS, Kaur G, McLeod SD, Schallhorn JM, Chodosh J, Hwang DH, Lietman TM, Porco TC. A Google Trends Approach to Identify Distinct Diurnal and Day-of-Week Web-Based Search Patterns Related to Conjunctivitis and Other Common Eye Conditions: Infodemiology Study. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e27310. [PMID: 35537041 PMCID: PMC9297131 DOI: 10.2196/27310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest diurnal patterns of occurrence of some eye conditions. Leveraging new information sources such as web-based search data to learn more about such patterns could improve the understanding of patients' eye-related conditions and well-being, better inform timing of clinical and remote eye care, and improve precision when targeting web-based public health campaigns toward underserved populations. OBJECTIVE To investigate our hypothesis that the public is likely to consistently search about different ophthalmologic conditions at different hours of the day or days of week, we conducted an observational study using search data for terms related to ophthalmologic conditions such as conjunctivitis. We assessed whether search volumes reflected diurnal or day-of-week patterns and if those patterns were distinct from each other. METHODS We designed a study to analyze and compare hourly search data for eye-related and control search terms, using time series regression models with trend and periodicity terms to remove outliers and then estimate diurnal effects. We planned a Google Trends setting, extracting data from 10 US states for the entire year of 2018. The exposure was internet search, and the participants were populations who searched through Google's search engine using our chosen study terms. Our main outcome measures included cyclical hourly and day-of-week web-based search patterns. For statistical analyses, we considered P<.001 to be statistically significant. RESULTS Distinct diurnal (P<.001 for all search terms) and day-of-week search patterns for eye-related terms were observed but with differing peak time periods and cyclic strengths. Some diurnal patterns represented those reported from prior clinical studies. Of the eye-related terms, "pink eye" showed the largest diurnal amplitude-to-mean ratios. Stronger signal was restricted to and peaked in mornings, and amplitude was higher on weekdays. By contrast, "dry eyes" had a higher amplitude diurnal pattern on weekends, with stronger signal occurring over a broader evening-to-morning period and peaking in early morning. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of web-based searches for various eye conditions can show cyclic patterns according to time of the day or week. Further studies to understand the reasons for these variations may help supplement the current clinical understanding of ophthalmologic symptom presentation and improve the timeliness of patient messaging and care interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Deiner
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gurbani Kaur
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stephen D McLeod
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Julie M Schallhorn
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James Chodosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniel H Hwang
- Stanford University, San Mateo, CA, United States
- The Nueva School, San Mateo, CA, United States
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Travis C Porco
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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16
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Nguyen AAK, Tsui E, Smith JR. Social media and ophthalmology: A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 50:449-458. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. K. Nguyen
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Edmund Tsui
- UCLA Stein Eye Institute University of California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Justine R. Smith
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University Adelaide South Australia Australia
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17
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Deiner MS, Seitzman GD, Kaur G, McLeod SD, Chodosh J, Lietman TM, Porco TC. Sustained Reductions in Online Search Interest for Communicable Eye and Other Conditions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Infodemiology Study. JMIR INFODEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:e31732. [PMID: 35320981 PMCID: PMC8931841 DOI: 10.2196/31732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background In a prior study at the start of the pandemic, we reported reduced numbers of Google searches for the term “conjunctivitis” in the United States in March and April 2020 compared with prior years. As one explanation, we conjectured that reduced information-seeking may have resulted from social distancing reducing contagious conjunctivitis cases. Here, after 1 year of continued implementation of social distancing, we asked if there have been persistent reductions in searches for “conjunctivitis,” and similarly for other communicable disease terms, compared to control terms. Objective The aim of this study was to determine if reduction in searches in the United States for terms related to conjunctivitis and other common communicable diseases occurred in the spring-winter season of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to compare this outcome to searches for terms representing noncommunicable conditions, COVID-19, and to seasonality. Methods Weekly relative search frequency volume data from Google Trends for 68 search terms in English for the United States were obtained for the weeks of March 2011 through February 2021. Terms were classified a priori as 16 terms related to COVID-19, 29 terms representing communicable conditions, and 23 terms representing control noncommunicable conditions. To reduce bias, all analyses were performed while masked to term names, classifications, and locations. To test for the significance of changes during the pandemic, we detrended and compared postpandemic values to those expected based on prepandemic trends, per season, computing one- and two-sided P values. We then compared these P values between term groups using Wilcoxon rank-sum and Fisher exact tests to assess if non-COVID-19 terms representing communicable diseases were more likely to show significant reductions in searches in 2020-2021 than terms not representing such diseases. We also assessed any relationship between a term’s seasonality and a reduced search trend for the term in 2020-2021 seasons. P values were subjected to false discovery rate correction prior to reporting. Data were then unmasked. Results Terms representing conjunctivitis and other communicable conditions showed a sustained reduced search trend in the first 4 seasons of the 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic compared to prior years. In comparison, the search for noncommunicable condition terms was significantly less reduced (Wilcoxon and Fisher exact tests, P<.001; summer, autumn, winter). A significant correlation was also found between reduced search for a term in 2020-2021 and seasonality of that term (Theil-Sen, P<.001; summer, autumn, winter). Searches for COVID-19–related conditions were significantly elevated compared to those in prior years, and searches for influenza-related terms were significantly lower than those for prior years in winter 2020-2021 (P<.001). Conclusions We demonstrate the low-cost and unbiased use of online search data to study how a wide range of conditions may be affected by large-scale interventions or events such as social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings support emerging clinical evidence implicating social distancing and the COVID-19 pandemic in the reduction of communicable disease and on ocular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Deiner
- Francis I Proctor Foundation University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States.,Department of Ophthalmology University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States
| | - Gerami D Seitzman
- Francis I Proctor Foundation University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States.,Department of Ophthalmology University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States
| | - Gurbani Kaur
- School of Medicine University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States
| | - Stephen D McLeod
- Francis I Proctor Foundation University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States.,Department of Ophthalmology University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States
| | - James Chodosh
- Department of Ophthalmology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Harvard Medical School Boston, MA United States
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Francis I Proctor Foundation University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States.,Department of Ophthalmology University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Global Health Sciences University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States
| | - Travis C Porco
- Francis I Proctor Foundation University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States.,Department of Ophthalmology University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Global Health Sciences University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States
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18
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Lavista Ferres JM, Meirick T, Lomazow W, Lee CS, Lee AY, Lee MD. Association of Public Health Measures During the COVID-19 Pandemic With the Incidence of Infectious Conjunctivitis. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 140:43-49. [PMID: 34792555 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Importance Infectious conjunctivitis is highly transmissible and a public health concern. While mitigation strategies have been successful on a local level, population-wide decreases in spread are rare. Objective To evaluate whether internet search interest and emergency department visits for infectious conjunctivitis were associated with public health interventions adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants Internet search data from the US and emergency department data from a single academic center in the US were used in this study. Publicly available smartphone mobility data were temporally aligned to quantify social distancing. Internet search term trends for nonallergic conjunctivitis, corneal abrasions, and posterior vitreous detachments were obtained. Additionally, all patients who presented to a single emergency department from February 2015 to February 2021 were included in a review. Physician notes for emergency department visits at a single academic center with the same diagnoses were extracted. Causal inference was performed using a bayesian structural time-series model. Data were compared from before and after April 2020, when the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended members of the public wear masks, stay at least 6 feet from others who did not reside in the same home, avoid crowds, and quarantine if experiencing flulike symptoms or exposure to persons with COVID-19 symptoms. Exposures Symptoms of or interest in conjunctivitis in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Main Outcome and Measures The hypothesis was that there would be a decrease in internet search interest and emergency department visits for infectious conjunctivitis after the adaptation of public health measures targeted to curb COVID-19. Results A total of 1156 emergency department encounters with a diagnosis of conjunctivitis were noted from January 2015 to February 2021. Emergency department encounters for nonallergic conjunctivitis decreased by 37.3% (95% CI, -12.9% to -60.6%; P < .001). In contrast, encounters for corneal abrasion (1.1% [95% CI, -29.3% to 29.1%]; P = .47) and posterior vitreous detachments (7.9% [95% CI, -46.9% to 66.6%]; P = .39) remained stable after adjusting for total emergency department encounters. Search interest in conjunctivitis decreased by 34.2% (95% CI, -30.6% to -37.6%; P < .001) after widespread implementation of public health interventions to mitigate COVID-19. Conclusions and Relevance Public health interventions, such as social distancing, increased emphasis on hygiene, and travel restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, were associated with decreased search interest in nonallergic conjunctivitis and conjunctivitis-associated emergency department encounters. Mobility data may provide novel metrics of social distancing. These data provide evidence of a sustained population-wide decrease in infectious conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Meirick
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Whitney Lomazow
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Cecilia S Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Aaron Y Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Michele D Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle
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Abstract
Ideally, public health policies are formulated from scientific data; however, policy-specific data are often unavailable. Big data can generate ecologically-valid, high-quality scientific evidence, and therefore has the potential to change how public health policies are formulated. Here, we discuss the use of big data for developing evidence-based hearing health policies, using data collected and analyzed with a research prototype of a data repository known as EVOTION (EVidence-based management of hearing impairments: public health pOlicy-making based on fusing big data analytics and simulaTION), to illustrate our points. Data in the repository consist of audiometric clinical data, prospective real-world data collected from hearing aids and an app, and responses to questionnaires collected for research purposes. To date, we have used the platform and a synthetic dataset to model the estimated risk of noise-induced hearing loss and have shown novel evidence of ways in which external factors influence hearing aid usage patterns. We contend that this research prototype data repository illustrates the value of using big data for policy-making by providing high-quality evidence that could be used to formulate and evaluate the impact of hearing health care policies.
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20
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Velmovitsky PE, Bevilacqua T, Alencar P, Cowan D, Morita PP. Convergence of Precision Medicine and Public Health Into Precision Public Health: Toward a Big Data Perspective. Front Public Health 2021; 9:561873. [PMID: 33889555 PMCID: PMC8055845 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.561873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of precision medicine explores disease treatments by looking at genetic, socio-environmental, and clinical factors, thus trying to provide a holistic view of a person's health. Public health, on the other hand, is focused on improving the health of populations through preventive strategies and timely interventions. With recent advances in technology, we are able to collect, analyze and store for the first-time large volumes of real-time, diverse and continuous health data. Typically, the field of precision medicine deals with a huge amount of data from few individuals; public health, on the other hand, deals with limited data from a population. With the coming of Big Data, the fields of precision medicine and public health are converging into precision public health, the study of biological and genetic factors supported by large amounts of population data. In this paper, we explore through a comprehensive review the data types and use cases found in precision medicine and public health. We also discuss how these data types and use cases can converge toward precision public health, as well as challenges and opportunities provided by research and analyses of health data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Bevilacqua
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Paulo Alencar
- David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Waterloo Artificial Intelligence Institute (Waterloo.ai), Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Donald Cowan
- David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Waterloo Artificial Intelligence Institute (Waterloo.ai), Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Plinio Pelegrini Morita
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,eHealth Innovation, Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Hom GL, Chen AX, Greenlee TE, Singh RP. Internet Search Engine Queries of Common Causes of Blindness and Low Vision in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 222:373-381. [PMID: 33039374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize Internet search engine patterns of American Internet users for common causes of blindness and low vision. DESIGN A retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS Retrospective analysis with publicly available Google trends data from January 1, 2004, to January 1, 2020, using Google search engine. PATIENT POPULATION Random sample of US and worldwide Internet users who searched for information on the topics of cataract, macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and near-sightedness using the Google search engine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Percentage of searches related to disease and treatment education for each condition. RESULTS Cataract searches most commonly pertain to treatment education (72.3%) and disease education (23.6%). Glaucoma, macular degeneration, and near-sightedness searches more commonly pertained to disease education (69.5%, 64.0%, 50.4% respectively) than treatment education (18.4%, 17.9%, 10.7% respectively). Diabetic retinopathy searches related to other diseases (41.5%), followed by disease education (33.5%) and treatment education (8.2%). Mean relative search frequency (RSF) values for queries were 66.7 ± 13.3, 58.6 ± 6.2, 33.3 ± 6.7, 29.2 ± 6.5, and 8.6 ± 1.4 for cataract, glaucoma, near-sightedness, diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration, respectively, with all pairwise comparisons yielding statistically significant values (P < .001). RSF was found to be fairly well correlated with North American blindness prevalence by condition (r2 = 0.5898). CONCLUSION The search results of American Internet search users yield information on disease basics or treatment education for the disease. The most commonly searched queries for each condition yield different types of information with cataract queries presenting more commonly with treatment information. These results may inform future patient education practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant L Hom
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew X Chen
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tyler E Greenlee
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rishi P Singh
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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22
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Arslan J, Benke KK. Artificial Intelligence and Telehealth may Provide Early Warning of Epidemics. Front Artif Intell 2021; 4:556848. [PMID: 33733230 PMCID: PMC7878557 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2021.556848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic produced a very sudden and serious impact on public health around the world, greatly adding to the burden of overloaded professionals and national medical systems. Recent medical research has demonstrated the value of using online systems to predict emerging spatial distributions of transmittable diseases. Concerned internet users often resort to online sources in an effort to explain their medical symptoms. This raises the prospect that incidence of COVID-19 may be tracked online by search queries and social media posts analyzed by advanced methods in data science, such as Artificial Intelligence. Online queries can provide early warning of an impending epidemic, which is valuable information needed to support planning timely interventions. Identification of the location of clusters geographically helps to support containment measures by providing information for decision-making and modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janan Arslan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kurt K. Benke
- School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Mayo-Yáñez M, Calvo-Henríquez C, Chiesa-Estomba C, Lechien JR, González-Torres L. Google Trends application for the study of information search behaviour on oropharyngeal cancer in Spain. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:2569-2575. [PMID: 33237476 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oropharyngeal cancer is estimated to continue to increase in the next decades. Prevention strategies and knowing the current situation of knowledge and concern of the population about this disease is necessary. Infodemiology is valuable to monitor health information-seeking behaviour trends and epidemiology. The objective of this study is to analyze the use and evolution, through Google trends as a source of information, of internet-based information-seeking behaviour related to the oropharyngeal cancer in Spain and related to mass media stories. METHODS Using Google Trends, the terms "throat cancer', "HPV", "laryngeal cancer", "tonsil cancer" and "oral cancer". The searches volume and trend were analyzed using a Jointpoint regression method from January 2009 to July 2019. RESULTS The most searched term was "HPV", with a search volume index of 61, followed by "throat cancer" (SVI = 25). The trend of the term "HPV" increased 6.1% annually (p < 0.000), with a linear correlation of both terms of 0.52 (p < 0.000). The greatest number of searches was carried out in the north of Spain, the most repeated query being "oral sex AND cancer". A correlation between the news in the media and the increase in the volume of searches for the terms was found. CONCLUSION Any news stories, new interventions or aetiology related to oropharyngeal cancer can manifest as an increase in information-seeking behaviours for "throat cancer" on Google. Understanding healthcare information-seeking behaviour is essential in order to control and plan the quality of knowledge provided by health organisations, advocacy groups and health professionals regarding head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mayo-Yáñez
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), As Xubias 84, 15006, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain. .,Clinical Research in Medicine, International Center for Doctorate and Advanced Studies (CIEDUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Christian Calvo-Henríquez
- Clinical Research in Medicine, International Center for Doctorate and Advanced Studies (CIEDUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.,Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Carlos Chiesa-Estomba
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 20014, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Jérôme R Lechien
- Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research, Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.,Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Hôpital Foch, Paris, France
| | - Lucía González-Torres
- Pediatrics Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), 15006, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
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Jia L, Han L, Cai HX, Cui ZH, Yang RS, Zhang RM, Bai SC, Liu XW, Wei R, Chen L, Liao XP, Liu YH, Li XM, Sun J. AI-Blue-Carba: A Rapid and Improved Carbapenemase Producer Detection Assay Using Blue-Carba With Deep Learning. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:585417. [PMID: 33329452 PMCID: PMC7714720 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.585417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and accurate detection of carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria (CPGNB) has an immediate demand in the clinic. Here, we developed and validated a method for rapid detection of CPGNB using Blue-Carba combined with deep learning (designated as AI-Blue-Carba). The optimum bacterial suspension concentration and detection wavelength were determined using a Multimode Plate Reader and integrated with deep learning modeling. We examined 160 carbapenemase-producing and non-carbapenemase-producing bacteria using the Blue-Carba test and a series of time and optical density values were obtained to build and validate the machine models. Subsequently, a simplified model was re-evaluated by descending the dataset from 13 time points to 2 time points. The best suitable bacterial concentration was determined to be 1.5 optical density (OD) and the optimum detection wavelength for AI-Blue-Carba was set as 615 nm. Among the 2 models (LRM and LSTM), the LSTM model generated the higher ROC-AUC value. Moreover, the simplified LSTM model trained by short time points (0–15 min) did not impair the accuracy of LSTM model. Compared with the traditional Blue-Carba, the AI-Blue-Carba method has a sensitivity of 95.3% and a specificity of 95.7% at 15 min, which is a rapid and accurate method to detect CPGNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jia
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Han
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He-Xin Cai
- College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Hua Cui
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Shi Yang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Min Zhang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuan-Cheng Bai
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Wei Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Wei
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Public Health Research Institute Tuberculosis Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Ming Li
- College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Xu C, Cao Z, Yang H, Gao Y, Sun L, Hou Y, Cao X, Jia P, Wang Y. Leveraging Internet Search Data to Improve the Prediction and Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases: Retrospective Observational Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e18998. [PMID: 33180022 PMCID: PMC7691086 DOI: 10.2196/18998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As human society enters an era of vast and easily accessible social media, a growing number of people are exploiting the internet to search and exchange medical information. Because internet search data could reflect population interest in particular health topics, they provide a new way of understanding health concerns regarding noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and the role they play in their prevention. Objective We aimed to explore the association of internet search data for NCDs with published disease incidence and mortality rates in the United States and to grasp the health concerns toward NCDs. Methods We tracked NCDs by examining the correlations among the incidence rates, mortality rates, and internet searches in the United States from 2004 to 2017, and we established forecast models based on the relationship between the disease rates and internet searches. Results Incidence and mortality rates of 29 diseases in the United States were statistically significantly correlated with the relative search volumes (RSVs) of their search terms (P<.05). From the perspective of the goodness of fit of the multiple regression prediction models, the results were closest to 1 for diabetes mellitus, stroke, atrial fibrillation and flutter, Hodgkin lymphoma, and testicular cancer; the coefficients of determination of their linear regression models for predicting incidence were 80%, 88%, 96%, 80%, and 78%, respectively. Meanwhile, the coefficient of determination of their linear regression models for predicting mortality was 82%, 62%, 94%, 78%, and 62%, respectively. Conclusions An advanced understanding of search behaviors could augment traditional epidemiologic surveillance and could be used as a reference to aid in disease prediction and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Xu
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongxi Yang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ying Gao
- Health Management Center, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yabing Hou
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinxi Cao
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaogang Wang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Al-khersan H, Lazzarini TA, Fan KC, Patel NA, Tran AQ, Tooley AA, Lee WW, Alfonso E, Sridhar J. Social media in ophthalmology: An analysis of use in the professional sphere. Health Informatics J 2020; 26:2967-2975. [DOI: 10.1177/1460458220954610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To characterize how ophthalmologists are using social media in their practice. A survey regarding ophthalmologists’ personal and professional use of social media was distributed online through a university alumni listserv. Data collection occurred over 4 weeks from January to February 2020. In total, 808 ophthalmologists opened the survey email, and 160 responded (19.8%). Of 160 respondents, 115 (71.9%) participated in social media for personal use. Professional use of social media was noted by 63 (39.4%) respondents. Age >40 years old correlated with less personal ( X2 = 5.06, p = 0.025) but not professional use ( p = 0.065). Private practice was associated with more use of social media professionally compared to those in an academic or Veteran’s Affairs hospital ( X2 = 6.58, p = 0.037). A majority of respondents (58.7%) were neutral regarding the effect of social media on their practice. The present survey showed that nearly 40% of respondents are involved in social media in a professional context. Private practice correlated with increased use of social media professionally, but providers were most commonly neutral regarding the impact of social media on their practice. This finding suggests further avenues of research including how providers using social media professionally are defining and assessing successful use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea A Tooley
- Manhattan Eye Ear Throat Hospital, Northwell University, USA
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Al-khersan H, Tanenbaum R, Lazzarini TA, Patel NA, Sridhar J. A Characterization of Ophthalmology Residency Program Social Media Presence and Activity. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC OPHTHALMOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective To determine the presence and activity of ophthalmology departments associated with residency programs on social media platforms and the use of these social media platforms by residency applicants.
Design Cross-sectional online assessment of ophthalmology training program departments' presence and activity on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
Participants A total of 120 accredited ophthalmology residency training programs and 498 ophthalmology residency applicants.
Methods Each department was evaluated by (1) searching for social media links on the department's Web site, (2) searching for the department on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, and (3) searching on Google. A simultaneous survey was conducted to assess social media platform use of 2019 to 2020 ophthalmology residency application cycle candidates.
Main Outcomes The presence of ophthalmology departments on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, as well as the total number of followers and posts during January 2020.
Results Of 120 programs evaluated, 45 programs (37.5%) had a Facebook page, 29 (24.3%) were on Twitter, and 22 (18.3%) had an Instagram page. Among top 20 Doximity-ranked ophthalmology programs, 80% had at least one social media page on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram compared with 33% among the remainder of programs (chi-square test = 15.2, p < 0.001). Top 20 programs also had more followers compared with others on Facebook (4,363 vs. 696, respectively, p < 0.0001) and Twitter (3,673 vs. 355, respectively, p = 0.007) but not on Instagram (1,156 vs. 1,687, respectively, p = 0.71). Among 498 residency applicants to Bascom Palmer Eye Institute from the 2019 to 2020 cycle, 159 (31.9%) responded to a survey regarding their use of social media during the application process. In total, 54 (34%) responded that they used social media to evaluate residency programs.
Conclusion Departments of top 20 ophthalmology residency had both a greater presence and following on social media compared with other departments. While Facebook was the most used platform by ophthalmology departments, applicants most commonly used Instagram. As applicants come to use these social media resources more frequently, ophthalmology residency programs may increasingly benefit from maintaining an active social media page.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasenin Al-khersan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Rebecca Tanenbaum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Thomas A. Lazzarini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Nimesh A. Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Jayanth Sridhar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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Gupta A, Katarya R. Social media based surveillance systems for healthcare using machine learning: A systematic review. J Biomed Inform 2020; 108:103500. [PMID: 32622833 PMCID: PMC7331523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2020.103500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Real-time surveillance in the field of health informatics has emerged as a growing domain of interest among worldwide researchers. Evolution in this field has helped in the introduction of various initiatives related to public health informatics. Surveillance systems in the area of health informatics utilizing social media information have been developed for early prediction of disease outbreaks and to monitor diseases. In the past few years, the availability of social media data, particularly Twitter data, enabled real-time syndromic surveillance that provides immediate analysis and instant feedback to those who are charged with follow-ups and investigation of potential outbreaks. In this paper, we review the recent work, trends, and machine learning(ML) text classification approaches used by surveillance systems seeking social media data in the healthcare domain. We also highlight the limitations and challenges followed by possible future directions that can be taken further in this domain. METHODS To study the landscape of research in health informatics performing surveillance of the various health-related data posted on social media or web-based platforms, we present a bibliometric analysis of the 1240 publications indexed in multiple scientific databases (IEEE, ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, PubMed) from the year 2010-2018. The papers were further reviewed based on the various machine learning algorithms used for analyzing health-related text posted on social media platforms. FINDINGS Based on the corpus of 148 selected articles, the study finds the types of social media or web-based platforms used for surveillance in the healthcare domain, along with the health topic(s) studied by them. In the corpus of selected articles, we found 26 articles were using machine learning technique. These articles were studied to find commonly used ML techniques. The majority of studies (24%) focused on the surveillance of flu or influenza-like illness (ILI). Twitter (64%) is the most popular data source to perform surveillance research using social media text data, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) (33%) being the most used ML algorithm for text classification. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of online data in surveillance systems has improved the disease prediction ability over traditional syndromic surveillance systems. However, social media based surveillance systems have many limitations and challenges, including noise, demographic bias, privacy issues, etc. Our paper mentions future directions, which can be useful for researchers working in the area. Researchers can use this paper as a library for social media based surveillance systems in the healthcare domain and can expand such systems by incorporating the future works discussed in our paper.
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Google trends as a surrogate marker of public awareness of diabetic retinopathy. Eye (Lond) 2020; 34:1010-1012. [PMID: 32286499 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-0852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Barros JM, Duggan J, Rebholz-Schuhmann D. The Application of Internet-Based Sources for Public Health Surveillance (Infoveillance): Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e13680. [PMID: 32167477 PMCID: PMC7101503 DOI: 10.2196/13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Public health surveillance is based on the continuous and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. This informs the development of early warning systems to monitor epidemics and documents the impact of intervention measures. The introduction of digital data sources, and specifically sources available on the internet, has impacted the field of public health surveillance. New opportunities enabled by the underlying availability and scale of internet-based sources (IBSs) have paved the way for novel approaches for disease surveillance, exploration of health communities, and the study of epidemic dynamics. This field and approach is also known as infodemiology or infoveillance. Objective This review aimed to assess research findings regarding the application of IBSs for public health surveillance (infodemiology or infoveillance). To achieve this, we have presented a comprehensive systematic literature review with a focus on these sources and their limitations, the diseases targeted, and commonly applied methods. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted targeting publications between 2012 and 2018 that leveraged IBSs for public health surveillance, outbreak forecasting, disease characterization, diagnosis prediction, content analysis, and health-topic identification. The search results were filtered according to previously defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Spanning a total of 162 publications, we determined infectious diseases to be the preferred case study (108/162, 66.7%). Of the eight categories of IBSs (search queries, social media, news, discussion forums, websites, web encyclopedia, and online obituaries), search queries and social media were applied in 95.1% (154/162) of the reviewed publications. We also identified limitations in representativeness and biased user age groups, as well as high susceptibility to media events by search queries, social media, and web encyclopedias. Conclusions IBSs are a valuable proxy to study illnesses affecting the general population; however, it is important to characterize which diseases are best suited for the available sources; the literature shows that the level of engagement among online platforms can be a potential indicator. There is a necessity to understand the population’s online behavior; in addition, the exploration of health information dissemination and its content is significantly unexplored. With this information, we can understand how the population communicates about illnesses online and, in the process, benefit public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Barros
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,School of Computer Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jim Duggan
- School of Computer Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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31
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Xu C, Yang H, Sun L, Cao X, Hou Y, Cai Q, Jia P, Wang Y. Detecting Lung Cancer Trends by Leveraging Real-World and Internet-Based Data: Infodemiology Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e16184. [PMID: 32163035 PMCID: PMC7099398 DOI: 10.2196/16184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Internet search data on health-related terms can reflect people’s concerns about their health status in near real time, and hence serve as a supplementary metric of disease characteristics. However, studies using internet search data to monitor and predict chronic diseases at a geographically finer state-level scale are sparse. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the associations of internet search volumes for lung cancer with published cancer incidence and mortality data in the United States. Methods We used Google relative search volumes, which represent the search frequency of specific search terms in Google. We performed cross-sectional analyses of the original and disease metrics at both national and state levels. A smoothed time series of relative search volumes was created to eliminate the effects of irregular changes on the search frequencies and obtain the long-term trends of search volumes for lung cancer at both the national and state levels. We also performed analyses of decomposed Google relative search volume data and disease metrics at the national and state levels. Results The monthly trends of lung cancer-related internet hits were consistent with the trends of reported lung cancer rates at the national level. Ohio had the highest frequency for lung cancer-related search terms. At the state level, the relative search volume was significantly correlated with lung cancer incidence rates in 42 states, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.58 in Virginia to 0.94 in Oregon. Relative search volume was also significantly correlated with mortality in 47 states, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.58 in Oklahoma to 0.94 in North Carolina. Both the incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer were correlated with decomposed relative search volumes in all states excluding Vermont. Conclusions Internet search behaviors could reflect public awareness of lung cancer. Research on internet search behaviors could be a novel and timely approach to monitor and estimate the prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates of a broader range of cancers and even more health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Xu
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongxi Yang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Li Sun
- School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinxi Cao
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yabing Hou
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,International Initiative on Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology, Hong Kong, China.,Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Yaogang Wang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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32
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Ackley SF, Pilewski S, Petrovic VS, Worden L, Murray E, Porco TC. Assessing the utility of a smart thermometer and mobile application as a surveillance tool for influenza and influenza-like illness. Health Informatics J 2020; 26:2148-2158. [PMID: 31969046 DOI: 10.1177/1460458219897152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kinsa Inc. sells Food and Drug Administration-cleared smart thermometers, which synchronize with a mobile application, and may aid influenza forecasting efforts. We compare smart thermometer and mobile application data to regional influenza and influenza-like illness surveillance data from the California Department of Public Health. We evaluated the correlation between the regional California surveillance data and smart thermometer data, tested the hypothesis that smart thermometer readings and symptom reports provide regionally specific predictions, and determined whether smart thermometer and mobile application improved disease forecasts. Smart thermometer readings are highly correlated with regional surveillance data, are more predictive of surveillance data for their own region and season than for other times and places, and improve predictions of influenza, but not predictions of influenza-like illness. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that smart thermometer readings and symptom reports reflect underlying disease transmission in California. Data from such cloud-based devices could supplement syndromic influenza surveillance data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lee Worden
- University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Masri S, Jia J, Li C, Zhou G, Lee MC, Yan G, Wu J. Use of Twitter data to improve Zika virus surveillance in the United States during the 2016 epidemic. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:761. [PMID: 31200692 PMCID: PMC6570872 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne arbovirus that can produce serious public health consequences. In 2016, ZIKV caused an epidemic in many countries around the world, including the United States. ZIKV surveillance and vector control is essential to combating future epidemics. However, challenges relating to the timely publication of case reports significantly limit the effectiveness of current surveillance methods. In many countries with poor infrastructure, established systems for case reporting often do not exist. Previous studies investigating the H1N1 pandemic, general influenza and the recent Ebola outbreak have demonstrated that time- and geo-tagged Twitter data, which is immediately available, can be utilized to overcome these limitations. METHODS In this study, we employed a recently developed system called Cloudberry to filter a random sample of Twitter data to investigate the feasibility of using such data for ZIKV epidemic tracking on a national and state (Florida) level. Two auto-regressive models were calibrated using weekly ZIKV case counts and zika tweets in order to estimate weekly ZIKV cases 1 week in advance. RESULTS While models tended to over-predict at low case counts and under-predict at extreme high counts, a comparison of predicted versus observed weekly ZIKV case counts following model calibration demonstrated overall reasonable predictive accuracy, with an R2 of 0.74 for the Florida model and 0.70 for the U.S. MODEL Time-series analysis of predicted and observed ZIKV cases following internal cross-validation exhibited very similar patterns, demonstrating reasonable model performance. Spatially, the distribution of cumulative ZIKV case counts (local- & travel-related) and zika tweets across all 50 U.S. states showed a high correlation (r = 0.73) after adjusting for population. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the value of utilizing Twitter data for the purposes of disease surveillance. This is of high value to epidemiologist and public health officials charged with protecting the public during future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahir Masri
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Uniersity of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Uniersity of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ming-Chieh Lee
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Uniersity of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Uniersity of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Uniersity of California, Irvine, California, USA.
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Benke KK. Data Analytics and Machine Learning for Disease Identification in Electronic Health Records. JAMA Ophthalmol 2019; 137:497-498. [PMID: 30789647 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.7055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt K Benke
- School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for AgriBiosciences, AgriBio, State Government of Victoria, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Google Searches and Detection of Conjunctivitis Epidemics Worldwide. Ophthalmology 2019; 126:1219-1229. [PMID: 30981915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidemic and seasonal infectious conjunctivitis outbreaks can impact education, workforce, and economy adversely. Yet conjunctivitis typically is not a reportable disease, potentially delaying mitigating intervention. Our study objective was to determine if conjunctivitis epidemics could be identified using Google Trends search data. DESIGN Search data for conjunctivitis-related and control search terms from 5 years and countries worldwide were obtained. Country and term were masked. Temporal scan statistics were applied to identify candidate epidemics. Candidates then were assessed for geotemporal concordance with an a priori defined collection of known reported conjunctivitis outbreaks, as a measure of sensitivity. PARTICIPANTS Populations by country that searched Google's search engine using our study terms. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Percent of known conjunctivitis outbreaks also found in the same country and period by our candidate epidemics, identified from conjunctivitis-related searches. RESULTS We identified 135 candidate conjunctivitis epidemic periods from 77 countries. Compared with our a priori defined collection of known reported outbreaks, candidate conjunctivitis epidemics identified 18 of 26 (69% sensitivity) of the reported country-wide or island nationwide outbreaks, or both; 9 of 20 (45% sensitivity) of the reported region or district-wide outbreaks, or both; but far fewer nosocomial and reported smaller outbreaks. Similar overall and individual sensitivity, as well as specificity, were found on a country-level basis. We also found that 83% of our candidate epidemics had start dates before (of those, 20% were more than 12 weeks before) their concurrent reported outbreak's report issuance date. Permutation tests provided evidence that on average, conjunctivitis candidate epidemics occurred geotemporally closer to outbreak reports than chance alone suggests (P < 0.001) unlike control term candidates (P = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS Conjunctivitis outbreaks can be detected using temporal scan analysis of Google search data alone, with more than 80% detected before an outbreak report's issuance date, some as early as the reported outbreak's start date. Future approaches using data from smaller regions, social media, and more search terms may improve sensitivity further and cross-validate detected candidates, allowing identification of candidate conjunctivitis epidemics from Internet search data potentially to complementarily benefit traditional reporting and detection systems to improve epidemic awareness.
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Yang CY, Chen RJ, Chou WL, Lee YJ, Lo YS. An Integrated Influenza Surveillance Framework Based on National Influenza-Like Illness Incidence and Multiple Hospital Electronic Medical Records for Early Prediction of Influenza Epidemics: Design and Evaluation. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21:e12341. [PMID: 30707099 PMCID: PMC6376337 DOI: 10.2196/12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a leading cause of death worldwide and contributes to heavy economic losses to individuals and communities. Therefore, the early prediction of and interventions against influenza epidemics are crucial to reduce mortality and morbidity because of this disease. Similar to other countries, the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (TWCDC) has implemented influenza surveillance and reporting systems, which primarily rely on influenza-like illness (ILI) data reported by health care providers, for the early prediction of influenza epidemics. However, these surveillance and reporting systems show at least a 2-week delay in prediction, indicating the need for improvement. OBJECTIVE We aimed to integrate the TWCDC ILI data with electronic medical records (EMRs) of multiple hospitals in Taiwan. Our ultimate goal was to develop a national influenza trend prediction and reporting tool more accurate and efficient than the current influenza surveillance and reporting systems. METHODS First, the influenza expertise team at Taipei Medical University Health Care System (TMUHcS) identified surveillance variables relevant to the prediction of influenza epidemics. Second, we developed a framework for integrating the EMRs of multiple hospitals with the ILI data from the TWCDC website to proactively provide results of influenza epidemic monitoring to hospital infection control practitioners. Third, using the TWCDC ILI data as the gold standard for influenza reporting, we calculated Pearson correlation coefficients to measure the strength of the linear relationship between TMUHcS EMRs and regional and national TWCDC ILI data for 2 weekly time series datasets. Finally, we used the Moving Epidemic Method analyses to evaluate each surveillance variable for its predictive power for influenza epidemics. RESULTS Using this framework, we collected the EMRs and TWCDC ILI data of the past 3 influenza seasons (October 2014 to September 2017). On the basis of the EMRs of multiple hospitals, 3 surveillance variables, TMUHcS-ILI, TMUHcS-rapid influenza laboratory tests with positive results (RITP), and TMUHcS-influenza medication use (IMU), which reflected patients with ILI, those with positive results from rapid influenza diagnostic tests, and those treated with antiviral drugs, respectively, showed strong correlations with the TWCDC regional and national ILI data (r=.86-.98). The 2 surveillance variables-TMUHcS-RITP and TMUHcS-IMU-showed predictive power for influenza epidemics 3 to 4 weeks before the increase noted in the TWCDC ILI reports. CONCLUSIONS Our framework periodically integrated and compared surveillance data from multiple hospitals and the TWCDC website to maintain a certain prediction quality and proactively provide monitored results. Our results can be extended to other infectious diseases, mitigating the time and effort required for data collection and analysis. Furthermore, this approach may be developed as a cost-effective electronic surveillance tool for the early and accurate prediction of epidemics of influenza and other infectious diseases in densely populated regions and nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Jade Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lin Chou
- Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuarn-Jang Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lo
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122796. [PMID: 30544648 PMCID: PMC6313588 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence and automation are topics dominating global discussions on the future of professional employment, societal change, and economic performance. In this paper, we describe fundamental concepts underlying AI and Big Data and their significance to public health. We highlight issues involved and describe the potential impacts and challenges to medical professionals and diagnosticians. The possible benefits of advanced data analytics and machine learning are described in the context of recently reported research. Problems are identified and discussed with respect to ethical issues and the future roles of professionals and specialists in the age of artificial intelligence.
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38
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Clarke C, Smith E, Khan M, Al-Mohtaseb Z. Social Media and Ophthalmology: Perspectives of Patients and Ophthalmologists. J Med Syst 2018; 42:258. [DOI: 10.1007/s10916-018-1079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mavragani A, Ochoa G, Tsagarakis KP. Assessing the Methods, Tools, and Statistical Approaches in Google Trends Research: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20:e270. [PMID: 30401664 PMCID: PMC6246971 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.9366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the era of information overload, are big data analytics the answer to access and better manage available knowledge? Over the last decade, the use of Web-based data in public health issues, that is, infodemiology, has been proven useful in assessing various aspects of human behavior. Google Trends is the most popular tool to gather such information, and it has been used in several topics up to this point, with health and medicine being the most focused subject. Web-based behavior is monitored and analyzed in order to examine actual human behavior so as to predict, better assess, and even prevent health-related issues that constantly arise in everyday life. Objective This systematic review aimed at reporting and further presenting and analyzing the methods, tools, and statistical approaches for Google Trends (infodemiology) studies in health-related topics from 2006 to 2016 to provide an overview of the usefulness of said tool and be a point of reference for future research on the subject. Methods Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for selecting studies, we searched for the term “Google Trends” in the Scopus and PubMed databases from 2006 to 2016, applying specific criteria for types of publications and topics. A total of 109 published papers were extracted, excluding duplicates and those that did not fall inside the topics of health and medicine or the selected article types. We then further categorized the published papers according to their methodological approach, namely, visualization, seasonality, correlations, forecasting, and modeling. Results All the examined papers comprised, by definition, time series analysis, and all but two included data visualization. A total of 23.1% (24/104) studies used Google Trends data for examining seasonality, while 39.4% (41/104) and 32.7% (34/104) of the studies used correlations and modeling, respectively. Only 8.7% (9/104) of the studies used Google Trends data for predictions and forecasting in health-related topics; therefore, it is evident that a gap exists in forecasting using Google Trends data. Conclusions The monitoring of online queries can provide insight into human behavior, as this field is significantly and continuously growing and will be proven more than valuable in the future for assessing behavioral changes and providing ground for research using data that could not have been accessed otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaryllis Mavragani
- Department of Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Ochoa
- Department of Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Oldroyd RA, Morris MA, Birkin M. Identifying Methods for Monitoring Foodborne Illness: Review of Existing Public Health Surveillance Techniques. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2018; 4:e57. [PMID: 29875090 PMCID: PMC6010836 DOI: 10.2196/publichealth.8218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional methods of monitoring foodborne illness are associated with problems of untimeliness and underreporting. In recent years, alternative data sources such as social media data have been used to monitor the incidence of disease in the population (infodemiology and infoveillance). These data sources prove timelier than traditional general practitioner data, they can help to fill the gaps in the reporting process, and they often include additional metadata that is useful for supplementary research. Objective The aim of the study was to identify and formally analyze research papers using consumer-generated data, such as social media data or restaurant reviews, to quantify a disease or public health ailment. Studies of this nature are scarce within the food safety domain, therefore identification and understanding of transferrable methods in other health-related fields are of particular interest. Methods Structured scoping methods were used to identify and analyze primary research papers using consumer-generated data for disease or public health surveillance. The title, abstract, and keyword fields of 5 databases were searched using predetermined search terms. A total of 5239 papers matched the search criteria, of which 145 were taken to full-text review—62 papers were deemed relevant and were subjected to data characterization and thematic analysis. Results The majority of studies (40/62, 65%) focused on the surveillance of influenza-like illness. Only 10 studies (16%) used consumer-generated data to monitor outbreaks of foodborne illness. Twitter data (58/62, 94%) and Yelp reviews (3/62, 5%) were the most commonly used data sources. Studies reporting high correlations against baseline statistics used advanced statistical and computational approaches to calculate the incidence of disease. These include classification and regression approaches, clustering approaches, and lexicon-based approaches. Although they are computationally intensive due to the requirement of training data, studies using classification approaches reported the best performance. Conclusions By analyzing studies in digital epidemiology, computer science, and public health, this paper has identified and analyzed methods of disease monitoring that can be transferred to foodborne disease surveillance. These methods fall into 4 main categories: basic approach, classification and regression, clustering approaches, and lexicon-based approaches. Although studies using a basic approach to calculate disease incidence generally report good performance against baseline measures, they are sensitive to chatter generated by media reports. More computationally advanced approaches are required to filter spurious messages and protect predictive systems against false alarms. Research using consumer-generated data for monitoring influenza-like illness is expansive; however, research regarding the use of restaurant reviews and social media data in the context of food safety is limited. Considering the advantages reported in this review, methods using consumer-generated data for foodborne disease surveillance warrant further investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Oldroyd
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle A Morris
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Birkin
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Sié A, Diarra A, Millogo O, Zongo A, Lebas E, Bärnighausen T, Chodosh J, Porco TC, Deiner MS, Lietman TM, Keenan JD, Oldenburg CE. Seasonal and Temporal Trends in Childhood Conjunctivitis in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:229-232. [PMID: 29761759 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute conjunctivitis follows a seasonal pattern. Although its clinical course is typically self-limited, conjunctivitis epidemics incur a substantial economic burden because of missed school and work days. This study investigated seasonal and temporal trends of childhood conjunctivitis in the entire country of Burkina Faso from 2013 to 2016, using routine monthly surveillance from 2,444 government health facilities. A total of 783,314 cases were reported over the 4-year period. Conjunctivitis followed a seasonal pattern throughout the country, with a peak in April. A nationwide conjunctivitis outbreak with a peak in September 2016 was noted (P < 0.001), with an excess number of cases first detected in June 2016. Nationwide passive surveillance was able to detect an epidemic 3 months before its peak, which may aide in allocation of resources for containment and mitigation of transmission in future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Augustin Zongo
- National Health Information System, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Heidelberg Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James Chodosh
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Travis C Porco
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael S Deiner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeremy D Keenan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Catherine E Oldenburg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Berlinberg EJ, Deiner MS, Porco TC, Acharya NR. Monitoring Interest in Herpes Zoster Vaccination: Analysis of Google Search Data. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2018; 4:e10180. [PMID: 29720364 PMCID: PMC5956160 DOI: 10.2196/10180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A new recombinant subunit vaccine for herpes zoster (HZ or shingles) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration on October 20, 2017 and is expected to replace the previous live attenuated vaccine. There have been low coverage rates with the live attenuated vaccine (Zostavax), ranging from 12-32% of eligible patients receiving the HZ vaccine. Objective This study aimed to provide insight into trends and potential reasons for interest in HZ vaccination. Methods Internet search data were queried from the Google Health application programming interface from 2004-2017. Seasonality of normalized search volume was analyzed using wavelets and Fisher’s g test. Results The search terms “shingles vaccine,” “zoster vaccine,” and “zostavax” all exhibited significant periodicity in the fall months (P<.001), with sharp increases after recommendations for vaccination by public health-related organizations. Although the terms “shingles blisters,” “shingles itch,” “shingles rash,” “skin rash,” and “shingles medicine” exhibited statistically significant periodicities with a seasonal peak in the summer (P<.001), the terms “shingles contagious,” “shingles pain,” “shingles treatment,” and “shingles symptoms” did not reveal an annual trend. Conclusions There may be increased interest in HZ vaccination during the fall and after public health organization recommendations are broadcast. This finding points to the possibility that increased awareness of the vaccine through public health announcements could be evaluated as a potential intervention for increasing vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse J Berlinberg
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael S Deiner
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Travis C Porco
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nisha R Acharya
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Deiner MS, McLeod SD, Chodosh J, Oldenburg CE, Fathy CA, Lietman TM, Porco TC. Clinical Age-Specific Seasonal Conjunctivitis Patterns and Their Online Detection in Twitter, Blog, Forum, and Comment Social Media Posts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:910-920. [PMID: 29450538 PMCID: PMC5815847 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We sought to determine whether big data from social media might reveal seasonal trends of conjunctivitis, most forms of which are nonreportable. Methods Social media posts (from Twitter, and from online forums and blogs) were classified by age and by conjunctivitis type (allergic or infectious) using Boolean and machine learning methods. Based on spline smoothing, we estimated the circular mean occurrence time (a measure of central tendency for occurrence) and the circular variance (a measure of uniformity of occurrence throughout the year, providing an index of seasonality). Clinical records from a large tertiary care provider were analyzed in a similar way for comparison. Results Social media posts machine-coded as being related to infectious conjunctivitis showed similar times of occurrence and degree of seasonality to clinical infectious cases, and likewise for machine-coded allergic conjunctivitis posts compared to clinical allergic cases. Allergic conjunctivitis showed a distinctively different seasonal pattern than infectious conjunctivitis, with a mean occurrence time later in the spring. Infectious conjunctivitis for children showed markedly greater seasonality than for adults, though the occurrence times were similar; no such difference for allergic conjunctivitis was seen. Conclusions Social media posts broadly track the seasonal occurrence of allergic and infectious conjunctivitis, and may be a useful supplement for epidemiologic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Deiner
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Stephen D. McLeod
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - James Chodosh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Catherine E. Oldenburg
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Cherie A. Fathy
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Brockton Signature Hospital, Brockton, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Thomas M. Lietman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Travis C. Porco
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
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Deiner MS, Fathy C, Kim J, Niemeyer K, Ramirez D, Ackley SF, Liu F, Lietman TM, Porco TC. Facebook and Twitter vaccine sentiment in response to measles outbreaks. Health Informatics J 2017; 25:1116-1132. [PMID: 29148313 DOI: 10.1177/1460458217740723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Social media posts regarding measles vaccination were classified as pro-vaccination, expressing vaccine hesitancy, uncertain, or irrelevant. Spearman correlations with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-reported measles cases and differenced smoothed cumulative case counts over this period were reported (using time series bootstrap confidence intervals). A total of 58,078 Facebook posts and 82,993 tweets were identified from 4 January 2009 to 27 August 2016. Pro-vaccination posts were correlated with the US weekly reported cases (Facebook: Spearman correlation 0.22 (95% confidence interval: 0.09 to 0.34), Twitter: 0.21 (95% confidence interval: 0.06 to 0.34)). Vaccine-hesitant posts, however, were uncorrelated with measles cases in the United States (Facebook: 0.01 (95% confidence interval: -0.13 to 0.14), Twitter: 0.0011 (95% confidence interval: -0.12 to 0.12)). These findings may result from more consistent social media engagement by individuals expressing vaccine hesitancy, contrasted with media- or event-driven episodic interest on the part of individuals favoring current policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Deiner
- University of California, San Francisco, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Cherie Fathy
- Vanderbilt University, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jessica Kim
- University of California, San Francisco, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Katherine Niemeyer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Taylor J, Pagliari C. Mining social media data: How are research sponsors and researchers addressing the ethical challenges? RESEARCH ETHICS REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1747016117738559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Data representing people’s behaviour, attitudes, feelings and relationships are increasingly being harvested from social media platforms and re-used for research purposes. This can be ethically problematic, even where such data exist in the public domain. We set out to explore how the academic community is addressing these challenges by analysing a national corpus of research ethics guidelines and published studies in one interdisciplinary research area. Methods: Ethics guidelines published by Research Councils UK (RCUK), its seven-member councils and guidelines cited within these were reviewed. Guidelines referring to social media were classified according to published typologies of social media research uses and ethical considerations for social media mining. Using health research as an exemplar, PubMed was searched to identify studies using social media data, which were assessed according to their coverage of ethical considerations and guidelines. Results: Of the 13 guidelines published or recommended by RCUK, only those from the Economic and Social Research Council, the British Psychological Society, the International Association of Internet Researchers and the National Institute for Health Research explicitly mentioned the use of social media. Regarding data re-use, all four mentioned privacy issues but varied with respect to other ethical considerations. The PubMed search revealed 156 health-related studies involving social media data, only 50 of which mentioned ethical concepts, in most cases simply stating that they had obtained ethical approval or that no consent was required. Of the nine studies originating from UK institutions, only two referred to RCUK ethics guidelines or guidelines cited within these. Conclusions: Our findings point to a deficit in ethical guidance for research involving data extracted from social media. Given the growth of studies using these new forms of data, there is a pressing need to raise awareness of their ethical challenges and provide actionable recommendations for ethical research practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Taylor
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, UK
- Ernst and Young Ltd, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Pagliari
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, UK
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Blasco MA, Svider PF, Tenbrunsel T, Vellaichamy G, Yoo GH, Fribley AM, Raza SN. Recent trends in oropharyngeal cancer funding and public interest. Laryngoscope 2017; 127:1345-1350. [PMID: 28397339 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The incidence of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) has increased in the United States. This has been driven by an increase in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive OPC. Our objective is to determine trends in National Institutes (NIH)-supported research funding and public interest in OPC. METHODS The NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools database was evaluated for projects related to OPC between 2004 and 2015. Projects were evaluated for total funding, relation to HPV, principal investigator departmental affiliation and degree, and NIH agency or center responsible for grant. The Google Trends database was evaluated for relative Internet search popularity of oropharyngeal cancer and related search terms between 2004 and 2015. RESULTS In terms of NIH funding, 100 OPC-related projects representing 242 grant years and $108.5 million were funded between 2004 and 2015. Total NIH funding for OPC projects increased from $167,406 in 2004 to $16.2 million in 2015. Funding for HPV-related OPC increased from less than $2 million yearly between 2004 and 2010 up to $12.7 million in 2015. Principal investigators related to radiation oncology ($41.8 million) and with doctor of medicine degrees ($52.8 million) received the largest share of total funding. Relative Internet search popularity for oropharyngeal cancer has increased from 2004 to 2015 compared to control cancer search terms. CONCLUSION Increased public interest and NIH funding has paralleled the rising incidence of OPC. NIH funding has been driven by projects related to the role of HPV in OPC. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2c. Laryngoscope, 127:1345-1350, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Blasco
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Peter F Svider
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Troy Tenbrunsel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Gautham Vellaichamy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - George H Yoo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Andrew M Fribley
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.,Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - S Naweed Raza
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A
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