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Barcomb K, Olah SS, Kennedy MJ, Ford CP. Properties and modulation of excitatory inputs to the locus coeruleus. J Physiol 2022; 600:4897-4916. [PMID: 36156249 PMCID: PMC9669264 DOI: 10.1113/jp283605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitatory inputs drive burst firing of locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenaline (NA) neurons in response to a variety of stimuli. Though a small number of glutamatergic LC afferents have been investigated, the overall landscape of these excitatory inputs is largely unknown. The current study used an optogenetic approach to isolate three glutamatergic afferents: the prefrontal cortex (PFC), lateral hypothalamus (LH) and periaqueductal grey (PAG). AAV5-DIO-ChR2 was injected into each region in male and female CaMKII-Cre mice and the properties of excitatory inputs on LC-NA cells were measured. Notably we found differences among these inputs. First, the pattern of axonal innervation differed between inputs such that LH afferents were concentrated in the posterior portion of the LC-NA somatic region while PFC afferents were denser in the medial dendritic region. Second, basal intrinsic properties varied for afferents, with LH inputs having the highest connectivity and the largest amplitude excitatory postsynaptic currents while PAG inputs had the lowest initial release probability. Third, while orexin and oxytocin had minimal effects on any input, dynorphin strongly inhibited excitatory inputs originating from the LH and PAG, and corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) selectively inhibited inputs from the PAG. Overall, these results demonstrate that individual afferents to the LC have differing properties, which may contribute to the modularity of the LC and its ability to mediate various behavioural outcomes. KEY POINTS: Excitatory inputs to the locus coeruleus (LC) are important for driving noradrenaline neuron activity and downstream behaviours in response to salient stimuli, but little is known about the functional properties of different glutamate inputs that innervate these neurons We used a virus-mediated optogenetic approach to compare glutamate afferents from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the periaqueductal grey (PAG). While PFC was predicted to make synaptic inputs, we found that the LH and PAG also drove robust excitatory events in LC noradrenaline neurons. The strength, kinetics, and short-term plasticity of each input differed as did the extent of neuromodulation by both dynorphin and corticotrophin releasing factor. Thus each input displayed a unique set of basal properties and modulation by peptides. This characterization is an important step in deciphering the heterogeneity of the LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Barcomb
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Samantha S. Olah
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Matthew J. Kennedy
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Christopher P. Ford
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
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2
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Chen Y, Xiong W, Zhang Y, Bai X, Cheng G, Zhang Y, Chen R, Guo Y, Kong H, Zhang Y, Qu H, Zhao Y. Carbon Dots Derived from Os Draconis and Their Anxiolytic Effect. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:4975-4988. [PMID: 36275482 PMCID: PMC9583237 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s382112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At present, people are susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress. However, there is no specific medicine for anxiety. Os Draconis (OD, named "Long gu" in Chinese) are fossilized bones that have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat neurological diseases for thousands of years. Thus, we conducted this study to determine the biological basis for the anxiolytic effect of OD. Methods In this study, novel carbon dots (OD-CDs) from OD decoctions were discovered and separated. OD-CDs were anatomized using nanomaterials characterization methods to characterize the morphological structure, optical properties, and functional group properties. Four behavioural tests were conducted to observe the behavioural activities of mice, including the open field test (OFT), light/dark box test (LDT), elevated plus maze test (EPMT), and novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT), to determine its anxiolytic effects. Moreover, we assessed the possible mechanisms of the OD-CDs by detecting hormones associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Results OD-CDs were spherical and monodispersed with a narrow size distribution between 1 and 5 nm and had a yield of 3.67%. OD-CDs increased the activity time of mice in the central zone in the OFT. The mice in the experimental group showed more frequent activity in the light compartment and the open arms, in LDT and EPMT, respectively. In addition, OD-CDs shortened the feeding latency in the NSFT. Furthermore, the results after OD-CDs intervention showed a significant increase in serum serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE). In addition, the concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH), and corticosterone (CORT) were decreased. Conclusion These results demonstrate a definite anxiolytic effect of OD-CDs and reveal the possible mechanism of action of OD-CDs' anxiolytic effect, which supports the research of OD for neurological disorders and a promising new trend of therapeutic approach and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Institutes of Health Research, Mayinglong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Bai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Kong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihua Qu
- Centre of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Waterhouse BD, Predale HK, Plummer NW, Jensen P, Chandler DJ. Probing the structure and function of locus coeruleus projections to CNS motor centers. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:895481. [PMID: 36247730 PMCID: PMC9556855 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.895481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brainstem nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) sends projections to the forebrain, brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord and is a source of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) in these areas. For more than 50 years, LC was considered to be homogeneous in structure and function such that NE would be released uniformly and act simultaneously on the cells and circuits that receive LC projections. However, recent studies have provided evidence that LC is modular in design, with segregated output channels and the potential for differential release and action of NE in its projection fields. These new findings have prompted a radical shift in our thinking about LC operations and demand revision of theoretical constructs regarding impact of the LC-NE system on behavioral outcomes in health and disease. Within this context, a major gap in our knowledge is the relationship between the LC-NE system and CNS motor control centers. While we know much about the organization of the LC-NE system with respect to sensory and cognitive circuitries and the impact of LC output on sensory guided behaviors and executive function, much less is known about the role of the LC-NE pathway in motor network operations and movement control. As a starting point for closing this gap in understanding, we propose using an intersectional recombinase-based viral-genetic strategy TrAC (Tracing Axon Collaterals) as well as established ex vivo electrophysiological assays to characterize efferent connectivity and physiological attributes of mouse LC-motor network projection neurons. The novel hypothesis to be tested is that LC cells with projections to CNS motor centers are scattered throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the nucleus but collectively display a common set of electrophysiological properties. Additionally, we expect to find these LC projection neurons maintain an organized network of axon collaterals capable of supporting selective, synchronous release of NE in motor circuitries for the purpose of coordinately regulating operations across networks that are responsible for balance and movement dynamics. Investigation of this hypothesis will advance our knowledge of the role of the LC-NE system in motor control and provide a basis for treating movement disorders resulting from disease, injury, or normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry D. Waterhouse
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States,*Correspondence: Barry D. Waterhouse,
| | - Haven K. Predale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Nicholas W. Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Daniel J. Chandler
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States
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4
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Yang K, Liu T, Wang Z, Liu J, Shen Y, Pan X, Wen R, Xie H, Ruan Z, Tan Z, Chen Y, Guo A, Liu H, Han H, Di Z, Zhang K. Classifying Drosophila Olfactory Projection Neuron Boutons by Quantitative Analysis of Electron Microscopic Reconstruction. iScience 2022; 25:104180. [PMID: 35494235 PMCID: PMC9038572 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- BNU-BUCM Hengqin Innovation Institute of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Tong Liu
- International Academic Center of Complex Systems, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Ze Wang
- International Academic Center of Complex Systems, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuxinyao Shen
- Huitong College, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Xinyi Pan
- Huitong College, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Ruyi Wen
- Huitong College, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Haotian Xie
- Huitong College, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Zhaoxuan Ruan
- Huitong College, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Zixiao Tan
- Huitong College, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Huitong College, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Aike Guo
- International Academic Center of Complex Systems, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
- Huitong College, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - He Liu
- International Academic Center of Complex Systems, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Hua Han
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zengru Di
- International Academic Center of Complex Systems, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- International Academic Center of Complex Systems, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
- Corresponding author
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Ross JA, Van Bockstaele EJ. The Locus Coeruleus- Norepinephrine System in Stress and Arousal: Unraveling Historical, Current, and Future Perspectives. Front Psychiatry 2021; 11:601519. [PMID: 33584368 PMCID: PMC7873441 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.601519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arousal may be understood on a spectrum, with excessive sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction, and inattention on one side, a wakeful state in the middle, and hypervigilance, panic, and psychosis on the other side. However, historically, the concepts of arousal and stress have been challenging to define as measurable experimental variables. Divergent efforts to study these subjects have given rise to several disciplines, including neurobiology, neuroendocrinology, and cognitive neuroscience. We discuss technological advancements that chronologically led to our current understanding of the arousal system, focusing on the multifaceted nucleus locus coeruleus. We share our contemporary perspective and the hypotheses of others in the context of our current technological capabilities and future developments that will be required to move forward in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Mäki-Marttunen V, Espeseth T. Uncovering the locus coeruleus: Comparison of localization methods for functional analysis. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117409. [PMID: 33011416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging of small brainstem structures in humans is gaining interest due to their potential importance in aging and many clinical conditions. Researchers have used different methods to measure activity in the locus coeruleus (LC), the main noradrenergic nucleus in the brain. However, the extent to which these different LC localization methods yield similar results is unclear. In the present article, we compared four different approaches to estimate localization of the LC in a large sample (N = 98): 1) a probabilistic map from a previous study, 2) masks segmented from neuromelanin-sensitive scans, both manually and semi-automatically, 3) components from a masked-independent components analysis of the functional data, and 4) a mask from pupil regression of the functional data. The four methods have all been used previously in the imaging community to localize the LC in vivo in humans. We report several measures of similarity between the LC masks obtained from the different methods. In addition, we compare functional connectivity maps obtained from the different masks. We conclude that sample-specific masks appear more suitable than masks obtained from an independent sample, that masks based on structural versus functional methods may capture different portions of LC, and that, at the group level, the creation of a "consensus" mask using more than one approach may give a better estimate of LC localization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Postboks 1094, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway; Bjørknes College, Lovisenberggata 13, 0456 Oslo, Norway
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Chen W, Taché Y, Marvizón JC. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in the Brain and Blocking Spinal Descending Signals Induce Hyperalgesia in the Latent Sensitization Model of Chronic Pain. Neuroscience 2019; 381:149-158. [PMID: 29776484 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Latent sensitization is a model of chronic pain in which an injury triggers a period of hyperalgesia followed by an apparent recovery, but in which pain sensitization persists but is suppressed by opioid and adrenergic receptors. One important characteristic of latent sensitization is that hyperalgesia can be triggered by acute stress. To determine whether the effect of stress is mimicked by the activation of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling in the brain, rats with latent sensitization induced by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 50 μl) in one hind paw were given an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of CRF. The i.c.v. injection of CRF (0.6 μg, 10 μl), but not saline, induced bilateral mechanical hyperalgesia in rats with latent sensitization. In contrast, CRF i.c.v. did not induce hyperalgesia in rats without latent sensitization (injected with saline in the hind paw). To determine whether descending pain inhibition mediates the suppression of hyperalgesia in latent sensitization, rats with CFA-induced latent sensitization received an intrathecal injection of lidocaine (10%, 1 μl) at the cervical-thoracic spinal cord to produce a spinal block. Lidocaine-injected rats, but not rats injected intrathecally with saline, developed bilateral mechanical hyperalgesia. Intrathecal lidocaine did not induce hyperalgesia in rats without latent sensitization (injected with saline in the hind paw). These results show that i.c.v. CRF mimicked the hyperalgesic response triggered by stress during latent sensitization, possibly by blocking inhibitory spinal descending signals that suppress hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Chen
- Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States; Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Yvette Taché
- Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States; Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Juan Carlos Marvizón
- Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States; Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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8
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Reyes BAS, Zhang XY, Dufourt EC, Bhatnagar S, Valentino RJ, Van Bockstaele EJ. Neurochemically distinct circuitry regulates locus coeruleus activity during female social stress depending on coping style. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1429-1446. [PMID: 30767070 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress-related psychiatric diseases are nearly twice as prevalent in women compared to men. We recently showed in male rats that the resident-intruder model of social stress differentially engages stress-related circuitry that regulates norepinephrine-containing neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) depending on coping strategy as determined by the latency to assume a defeat posture. Here, we determined whether this social stress had similar effects in female rats. LC afferents were retrogradely labeled with Fluorogold (FG) and rats had one or five daily exposures to an aggressive resident. Sections through the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi), a source of enkephalin (ENK) afferents to the LC, and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), a source of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) afferents to the LC, were processed for immunocytochemical detection of c-fos, a marker of neuronal activity, FG and ENK or CRF. Like male rats, female rats defeated with a relatively short latency (SL) in response to a single resident-intruder exposure and showed significant c-fos activation of LC neurons, PGi-ENK LC afferents, and CeA-CRF-LC afferents. With repeated exposure, some rats exhibited a long latency to defeat (LL). LC neurons and CeA-CRF-LC afferents were activated in SL rats compared to control and LL, whereas PGi-ENK LC afferents were not. Conversely, in LL rats, PGi-ENK LC and CeA-CRF-LC afferents were activated compared to controls but not LC neurons. CRF type 1 receptor (CRF1) and µ-opioid receptor (MOR) expression levels in LC were decreased in LL rats. Finally, electron microscopy showed a relative increase in MOR on the plasma membrane of LL rats and a relative increase in CRF1 on the plasma membrane of SL rats. Together, these results suggest that as is the case for males, social stress engages divergent circuitry to regulate the LC in female rats depending on coping strategy, with a bias towards CRF influence in more subordinate rats and opioid influence in less subordinate rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Elsa C Dufourt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rita J Valentino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
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Nahvi RJ, Nwokafor C, Serova LI, Sabban EL. Single Prolonged Stress as a Prospective Model for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Females. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:17. [PMID: 30804766 PMCID: PMC6378310 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex plays an important role in susceptibility to stress triggered disorders. Posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD), a debilitating psychiatric disorder developed after exposure to a traumatic event, is two times more prevalent in women than men. However, the vast majority of animal models of PTSD, including single prolonged stress (SPS), were performed mostly with males. Here, we evaluated SPS as an appropriate PTSD model for females in terms of anxiety, depressive symptoms and changes in gene expression in the noradrenergic system in the brain. In addition, we examined intranasal neuropeptide Y (NPY) as a possible treatment in females. Female rats were subjected to SPS and given either intranasal NPY or vehicle in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, stressed females were compared to unstressed controls on forced swim test (FST) and for levels of expression of several genes in the locus coeruleus (LC) 12 days after SPS exposure. Using a separate cohort of animals, experiment two examined stressed females and unstressed controls on the elevated plus maze (EPM) and LC gene expression 7 days after SPS stressors. SPS led to increased anxiety-like behavior on EPM and depressive-like behavior on FST. Following FST, the rats displayed elevated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), CRHR1 and Y1R mRNA levels in the LC, consistent with increased activation of the noradrenergic system. The expression level of these mRNAs was unchanged following EPM, except Y1R. Intranasal NPY at the doses shown to be effective in males, did not prevent development of depressive or anxiety-like behavior or molecular changes in the LC. The results indicate that while SPS could be an appropriate PTSD model for females, sex differences, such as response to NPY, are important to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna J Nahvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Chiso Nwokafor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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10
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Campos-Lira E, Kelly L, Seifi M, Jackson T, Giesecke T, Mutig K, Koshimizu TAA, Hernandez VS, Zhang L, Swinny JD. Dynamic Modulation of Mouse Locus Coeruleus Neurons by Vasopressin 1a and 1b Receptors. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:919. [PMID: 30618551 PMCID: PMC6295453 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a brainstem nucleus distinguished by its supply of noradrenaline throughout the central nervous system. Apart from modulating a range of brain functions, such as arousal, cognition and the stress response, LC neuronal excitability also corresponds to the activity of various peripheral systems, such as pelvic viscera and the cardiovascular system. Neurochemically diverse inputs set the tone for LC neuronal activity, which in turn modulates these adaptive physiological and behavioral responses essential for survival. One such LC afferent system which is poorly understood contains the neurohormone arginine-vasopressin (AVP). Here we provide the first demonstration of the molecular and functional characteristics of the LC-AVP system, by characterizing its receptor-specific modulation of identified LC neurons and plasticity in response to stress. High resolution confocal microscopy revealed that immunoreactivity for the AVP receptor 1b (V1b) was located on plasma membranes of noradrenergic and non-noradrenergic LC neurons. In contrast, immunoreactivity for the V1a receptor was exclusively located on LC noradrenergic neurons. No specific signal, either at the mRNA or protein level, was detected for the V2 receptor in the LC. Clusters immunoreactive for V1a-b were located in proximity to profiles immunoreactive for GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic marker proteins. AVP immunopositive varicosities were also located adjacent to labeling for such synaptic markers. Whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology revealed that the pharmacological activation of V1b receptors significantly increased the spontaneous activity of 45% (9/20) of recorded noradrenergic neurons, with the remaining 55% (11/20) of cells exhibiting a significant decrease in their basal firing patterns. Blockade of V1a and V1b receptors on their own significantly altered LC neuronal excitability in a similar heterogeneous manner, demonstrating that endogenous AVP sets the basal LC neuronal firing rates. Finally, exposing animals to acute stress increased V1b, but not V1a receptor expression, whilst decreasing AVP immunoreactivity. This study reveals the AVP-V1a-b system as a considerable component of the LC molecular architecture and regulator of LC activity. Since AVP primarily functions as a regulator of homeostasis, the data suggest a novel pathway by modulating the functioning of a brain region that is integral to mediating adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elba Campos-Lira
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Louise Kelly
- Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Mohsen Seifi
- Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Torquil Jackson
- Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Torsten Giesecke
- Department of Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerim Mutig
- Department of Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Taka-Aki A Koshimizu
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Vito S Hernandez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Limei Zhang
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jerome D Swinny
- Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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11
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Enman NM, Reyes BAS, Shi Y, Valentino RJ, Van Bockstaele EJ. Sex differences in morphine-induced trafficking of mu-opioid and corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in locus coeruleus neurons. Brain Res 2018; 1706:75-85. [PMID: 30391476 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) system is a key nucleus in which endogenous opioid and stress systems intersect to regulate the stress response. LC neurons of male rats become sensitized to stress following chronic morphine administration. Whether sex dictates this pattern of opioid-induced plasticity has not been demonstrated. Delineating the neurobiological adaptations produced by chronic opioids will enhance our understanding of stress vulnerability in opioid-dependent individuals, and may reveal how stress negatively impacts addiction recovery. In the present study, the effect of chronic morphine on the subcellular distribution of mu-opioid (MOR) and CRF receptors (CRFR) was investigated in the LC of male and female rats using immunoelectron microscopy. Results showed that placebo-treated females exhibited higher MOR and CRFR cytoplasmic distribution ratio when compared to placebo-treated males. Chronic morphine exposure induced a shift in the distribution of MOR immunogold-silver particles from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm selectively in male LC neurons. Interestingly, chronic morphine exposure induced CRFR recruitment to the plasma membrane of both male and female LC neurons. These findings provide a potential mechanism by which chronic opioid administration increases stress vulnerability in males and females via an increase in surface availability of CRFR in LC neurons. However, our results also support the notion that cellular adaptations to chronic opioids differ across the sexes as redistribution of MOR following morphine exposure was only observed in male LC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Enman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - Yufan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Rita J Valentino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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12
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Alpár A, Zahola P, Hanics J, Hevesi Z, Korchynska S, Benevento M, Pifl C, Zachar G, Perugini J, Severi I, Leitgeb P, Bakker J, Miklosi AG, Tretiakov E, Keimpema E, Arque G, Tasan RO, Sperk G, Malenczyk K, Máté Z, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Lubec G, Palkovits M, Giordano A, Hökfelt TG, Romanov RA, Horvath TL, Harkany T. Hypothalamic CNTF volume transmission shapes cortical noradrenergic excitability upon acute stress. EMBO J 2018; 37:e100087. [PMID: 30209240 PMCID: PMC6213283 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced cortical alertness is maintained by a heightened excitability of noradrenergic neurons innervating, notably, the prefrontal cortex. However, neither the signaling axis linking hypothalamic activation to delayed and lasting noradrenergic excitability nor the molecular cascade gating noradrenaline synthesis is defined. Here, we show that hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone-releasing neurons innervate ependymal cells of the 3rd ventricle to induce ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) release for transport through the brain's aqueductal system. CNTF binding to its cognate receptors on norepinephrinergic neurons in the locus coeruleus then initiates sequential phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and tyrosine hydroxylase with the Ca2+-sensor secretagogin ensuring activity dependence in both rodent and human brains. Both CNTF and secretagogin ablation occlude stress-induced cortical norepinephrine synthesis, ensuing neuronal excitation and behavioral stereotypes. Cumulatively, we identify a multimodal pathway that is rate-limited by CNTF volume transmission and poised to directly convert hypothalamic activation into long-lasting cortical excitability following acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alán Alpár
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Zahola
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Hanics
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Hevesi
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Solomiia Korchynska
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Benevento
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Pifl
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gergely Zachar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Patrick Leitgeb
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanne Bakker
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andras G Miklosi
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gloria Arque
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramon O Tasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther Sperk
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Malenczyk
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoltán Máté
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gert Lubec
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Human Brain Tissue Bank and Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tomas Gm Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A Romanov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Departments of Comparative Medicine and Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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13
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CRF modulation of central monoaminergic function: Implications for sex differences in alcohol drinking and anxiety. Alcohol 2018; 72:33-47. [PMID: 30217435 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research have described the importance of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling in alcohol addiction, as well as in commonly co-expressed neuropsychiatric diseases, including anxiety and mood disorders. However, CRF signaling can also acutely regulate binge alcohol consumption, anxiety, and affect in non-dependent animals, possibly via modulation of central monoaminergic signaling. We hypothesize that basal CRF tone is particularly high in animals and humans with an inherent propensity for high anxiety and alcohol consumption, and thus these individuals are at increased risk for the development of alcohol use disorder and comorbid neuropsychiatric diseases. The current review focuses on extrahypothalamic CRF circuits, particularly those stemming from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), found to play a role in basal phenotypes, and examines whether the intrinsic hyperactivity of these circuits is sufficient to escalate the expression of these behaviors and steepen the trajectory of development of disease states. We focus our efforts on describing CRF modulation of biogenic amine neuron populations that have widespread projections to the forebrain to modulate behaviors, including alcohol and drug intake, stress reactivity, and anxiety. Further, we review the known sex differences and estradiol modulation of these neuron populations and CRF signaling at their synapses to address the question of whether females are more susceptible to the development of comorbid addiction and stress-related neuropsychiatric diseases because of hyperactive extrahypothalamic CRF circuits compared to males.
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14
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McMorris T, Barwood M, Corbett J. Central fatigue theory and endurance exercise: Toward an interoceptive model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 93:93-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Theisen CC, Reyes BA, Sabban E, Van Bockstaele EJ. Ultrastructural Characterization of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Neuropeptide Y in the Rat Locus Coeruleus: Anatomical Evidence for Putative Interactions. Neuroscience 2018; 384:21-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Ross JA, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ. Amyloid beta peptides, locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system and dense core vesicles. Brain Res 2018; 1702:46-53. [PMID: 29577889 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of peptidergic signaling systems in the central nervous system serves a distinct and crucial role in brain processes and function. The diversity of physiological peptides and the complexity of their regulation and secretion from the dense core vesicles (DCV) throughout the brain is a topic greatly in need of investigation, though recent years have shed light on cellular and molecular mechanisms that are summarized in this review. Here, we focus on the convergence of peptidergic systems onto the Locus Coeruleus (LC), the sole provider of norepinephrine (NE) to the cortex and hippocampus, via large DCV. As the LC-NE system is one of the first regions of the brain to undergo degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and markers of DCV have consistently been demonstrated to have biomarker potential for AD progression, here we summarize the current literature linking the LC-NE system with DCV dysregulation and Aβ peptides. We also include neuroanatomical data suggesting that the building blocks of senile plaques, Aβ monomers, may be localized to DCV of the LC and noradrenergic axon terminals of the prefrontal cortex. Finally, we explore the putative consequences of chronic stress on Aβ production and the role that DCV may play in LC degeneration. Clinical data of immunological markers of DCV in AD patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.
| | - Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
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17
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Ross JA, Reyes BAS, Thomas SA, Van Bockstaele EJ. Localization of endogenous amyloid-β to the coeruleo-cortical pathway: consequences of noradrenergic depletion. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:267-284. [PMID: 28779307 PMCID: PMC5773352 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) system is an understudied circuit in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and is thought to play an important role in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases involving catecholamine neurotransmitters. Understanding the expression and distribution of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, a primary component of AD, under basal conditions and under conditions of NE perturbation within the coeruleo-cortical pathway may be important for understanding its putative role in pathological states. Thus, the goal of this study is to define expression levels and the subcellular distribution of endogenous Aβ with respect to noradrenergic profiles in the rodent LC and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and, further, to determine the functional relevance of NE in modulating endogenous Aβ42 levels. We report that endogenous Aβ42 is localized to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive somatodendritic profiles of the LC and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) immunoreactive axon terminals of the infralimbic mPFC (ILmPFC). Male and female naïve rats have similar levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage products demonstrated by western blot, as well as similar levels of endogenous Aβ42 as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two models of NE depletion, DSP-4 lesion and DβH knockout (KO) mice, were used to assess the functional relevance of NE on endogenous Aβ42 levels. DSP-4 lesioned rats and DβH-KO mice show significantly lower levels of endogenous Aβ42. Noradrenergic depletion did not change APP-cleavage products resulting from β-secretase processing. Thus, resultant decreases in endogenous Aβ42 may be due to decreased neuronal activity of noradrenergic neurons, or, by decreased stimulation of adrenergic receptors which are known to contribute to Aβ42 production by enhancing γ-secretase processing under normal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
| | - Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Steven A Thomas
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
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18
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Role of orexin type-1 receptors in paragiganto-coerulear modulation of opioid withdrawal and tolerance: A site specific focus. Neuropharmacology 2017; 126:25-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Valentino RJ, Bangasser DA. Sex-biased cellular signaling: molecular basis for sex differences in neuropsychiatric diseases. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28179810 PMCID: PMC5286724 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2016.18.4/rvalentino] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that there are fundamental biological sex differences that extend beyond those that define sexual behavior and reproductive function has inspired the drive toward inclusion of both sexes in research design. This is supported by an underlying clinical rationale that studying both sexes is necessary to elucidate pathophysiology and develop treatments for the entire population. However, at a more basic level, sex differences, like genetic differences, can be exploited to better understand biology. Here, we discuss how sex differences at the molecular level of cell signaling and protein trafficking are amplified to create a state of vulnerability that under the right conditions can result in symptoms of neuropsychiatry disease. Although this dialogue focuses on the specific example of corticotropin-releasing factor, the potential for analogous sex differences in signaling and/or trafficking of receptors for other neuromodulators has broad biological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita J Valentino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, USA
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20
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R Wyrofsky R, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ. Co-localization of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor with corticotropin-releasing factor-containing afferents in the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus: implications for the cognitive limb of the stress response. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3007-3023. [PMID: 28255675 PMCID: PMC8340878 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The noradrenergic system has been shown to play a key role in the regulation of stress responses, arousal, mood, and emotional states. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a primary mediator of stress-induced activation of noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). The endocannabinoid (eCB) system also plays a key role in modulating stress responses, acting as an "anti-stress" neuro-mediator. In the present study, we investigated the cellular sites for interactions between the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1r) and CRF in the LC. Immunofluorescence and high-resolution immunoelectron microscopy showed co-localization of CB1r and CRF in both the core and peri-LC areas. Semi-quantitative analysis revealed that 44% (208/468) of CRF-containing axon terminals in the core and 35% (104/294) in the peri-LC expressed CB1r, while 18% (85/468) of CRF-containing axon terminals in the core and 6.5% (19/294) in the peri-LC were presynaptic to CB1r-containing dendrites. In the LC core, CB1r + CRF axon terminals were more frequently of the symmetric (inhibitory) type; while in the peri-LC, a majority were of the asymmetric (excitatory) type. Triple label immunofluorescence results supported the ultrastructural analysis indicating that CB1r + CRF axon terminals contained either gamma amino butyric acid or glutamate. Finally, anterograde transport from the central nucleus of the amygdala revealed that CRF-amygdalar afferents projecting to the LC contain CB1r. Taken together, these results indicate that the eCB system is poised to directly modulate stress-integrative heterogeneous CRF afferents in the LC, some of which arise from limbic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Wyrofsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
| | - Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
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21
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Andreoli M, Marketkar T, Dimitrov E. Contribution of amygdala CRF neurons to chronic pain. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:1-12. [PMID: 28830762 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of amygdala corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in the perturbations of descending pain inhibition caused by neuropathic pain. Forced swim increased the tail-flick response latency in uninjured mice, a phenomenon known as stress-induced analgesia (SIA) but did not change the tail-flick response latency in mice with neuropathic pain caused by sciatic nerve constriction. Neuropathic pain also increased the expression of CRF in the central amygdala (CeAmy) and ΔFosB in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Next, we injected the CeAmy of CRF-cre mice with cre activated AAV-DREADD (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) vectors. Activation of CRF neurons by DREADD/Gq did not affect the impaired SIA but inhibition of CRF neurons by DREADD/Gi restored SIA and decreased allodynia in mice with neuropathic pain. The possible downstream circuitry involved in the regulation of SIA was investigated by combined injections of retrograde cre-virus (CAV2-cre) into the locus ceruleus (LC) and cre activated AAV-diphtheria toxin (AAV-FLEX-DTX) virus into the CeAmy. The viral injections were followed by a sciatic nerve constriction ipsilateral or contralateral to the injections. Ablation of amygdala projections to the LC on the side of injury but not on the opposite side, completely restored SIA, decreased allodynia and decreased ΔFosB expression in the spinal cord in mice with neuropathic pain. The possible lateralization of SIA impairment to the side of injury was confirmed by an experiment in which unilateral inhibition of the LC decreased SIA even in uninjured mice. The current view in the field of pain research attributes the process of pain chronification to abnormal functioning of descending pain inhibition. Our results demonstrate that the continuous activity of CRF neurons brought about by persistent pain leads to impaired SIA, which is a symptom of dysregulation of descending pain inhibition. Therefore, an over-activation of amygdala CRF neurons is very likely an important contributing factor for pain chronification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Andreoli
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, Unites States.
| | - Tanvi Marketkar
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, Unites States.
| | - Eugene Dimitrov
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, Unites States.
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22
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Liu J, Lv YW, Shi JL, Ma XJ, Chen Y, Zheng ZQ, Wang SN, Guo JY. Anti-Anxiety Effect of (-)-Syringaresnol-4-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside from Albizzia julibrissin Durazz (Leguminosae). Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081331. [PMID: 28800105 PMCID: PMC6152026 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Albizzia julibrissin Durazz, a Chinese Medicine, is commonly used for its anti-anxiety effects. (−)-syringaresnol-4-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside (SAG) is the main ingredient of Albizzia julibrissin Durazz. The present study investigated the anxiolytic effect and potential mechanisms on the HPA axis and monoaminergic systems of SAG on acute restraint-stressed rats. The anxiolytic effect of SAG was examined through an open field test and an elevated plus maze test. The concentration of CRF, ACTH, and CORT in plasma was examined by an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kit while neurotransmitters in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the brain were examined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). We show that repeated treatment with SAG (3.6 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased the number and time spent on the central entries in the open-field test when compared to the vehicle/stressed group. In the elevated plus maze test, 3.6 mg/kg SAG could increase the percentage of entries into and time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze. In addition, the concentration of CRF, ACTH, and CORT in plasma and neurotransmitters (NE, 5-HT, DA and their metabolites 5-HIAA, DOPAC, and HVA) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the brain were decreased after SAG treatment, as compared to the repeated acute restraint-stressed rats. These results suggest that SAG is a potential anti-anxiety drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11ANorth Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yue-Wei Lv
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11ANorth Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jin-Li Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11ANorth Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiao-Jie Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11ANorth Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yi Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11ANorth Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhi-Quan Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11ANorth Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Sheng-Nan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11ANorth Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jian-You Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4ADatun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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23
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Reyes BAS, Kravets JL, Connelly KL, Unterwald EM, Van Bockstaele EJ. Localization of the delta opioid receptor and corticotropin-releasing factor in the amygdalar complex: role in anxiety. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1007-1026. [PMID: 27376372 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that central nervous system norepinephrine (NE) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems are important mediators of behavioral responses to stressors. More recent studies have defined a role for delta opioid receptors (DOPR) in maintaining emotional valence including anxiety. The amygdala plays an important role in processing emotional stimuli, and has been implicated in the development of anxiety disorders. Activation of DOPR or inhibition of CRF in the amygdala reduces baseline and stress-induced anxiety-like responses. It is not known whether CRF- and DOPR-containing amygdalar neurons interact or whether they are regulated by NE afferents. Therefore, this study sought to better define interactions between the CRF, DOPR and NE systems in the basolateral (BLA) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) of the male rat using anatomical and functional approaches. Irrespective of the amygdalar subregion, dual immunofluorescence microscopy showed that DOPR was present in CRF-containing neurons. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that DOPR was localized to both dendritic processes and axon terminals in the BLA and CeA. Semi-quantitative dual immunoelectron microscopy analysis of gold-silver labeling for DOPR and immunoperoxidase labeling for CRF revealed that 55 % of the CRF neurons analyzed contained DOPR in the BLA while 67 % of the CRF neurons analyzed contained DOPR in the CeA. Furthermore, approximately 41 % of DOPR-labeled axon terminals targeted BLA neurons that expressed CRF while 29 % of DOPR-labeled axon terminals targeted CeA neurons that expressed CRF. Triple label immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that DOPR and CRF were co-localized in common cellular profiles that were in close proximity to NE-containing fibers in both subregions. These anatomical results indicate significant interactions between DOPR and CRF in this critical limbic region and reveal that NE is poised to regulate these peptidergic systems in the amygdala. Functional studies were performed to determine if activation of DOPR could inhibit the anxiety produced by elevation of NE in the amygdala using the pharmacological stressor yohimbine. Administration of the DOPR agonist, SNC80, significantly attenuated elevated anxiogenic behaviors produced by yohimbine as measured in the rat on the elevated zero maze. Taken together, results from this study demonstrate the convergence of three important systems, NE, CRF, and DOPR, in the amygdala and provide insight into their functional role in modulating stress and anxiety responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
| | - J L Kravets
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - K L Connelly
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - E M Unterwald
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - E J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
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Zitnik GA. Control of arousal through neuropeptide afferents of the locus coeruleus. Brain Res 2016; 1641:338-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Retson TA, Sterling R, Van Bockstaele EJ. Alcohol-induced dysregulation of stress-related circuitry: The search for novel targets and implications for interventions across the sexes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 65:252-9. [PMID: 26006055 PMCID: PMC4656147 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
While the ability to process fermented fruits and alcohols was once an adaptive trait that improved nutrition and quality of life, the availability and prevalence of high potency alcoholic drinks has contributed to alcohol abuse disorders in a vulnerable portion of the population. Although the neural reward systems take part in the initial response to alcohol, negative reinforcement and stress, which are normally adaptive responses, can intersect to promote continued alcohol use at all stages of the addiction cycle. Eventually a point is reached where these once adaptive responses become dysregulated resulting in uncontrolled intake that constitutes a clinically important condition termed alcohol use disorder (AUD). Current research is targeted at both the behavioral and molecular adaptations in AUDs in an effort to better develop novel approaches to intervention. In this review, historical context is provided demonstrating the societal burden of alcohol use and abuse disorders. The importance of gender in the mechanism of action of alcohol is discussed. Finally, the impact of alcohol on stress-related circuitry, uncovered by preclinical research, is outlined to provide insight into potential novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Retson
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - R.C. Sterling
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - E. J. Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102
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Social Stress Engages Neurochemically-Distinct Afferents to the Rat Locus Coeruleus Depending on Coping Strategy. eNeuro 2015; 2:eN-NWR-0042-15. [PMID: 26634226 PMCID: PMC4660134 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0042-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress increases vulnerability to psychiatric disorders, partly by affecting brain monoamine systems, such as the locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine system. During stress, LC activity is coregulated by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and endogenous opioids. This study identified neural circuitry that regulates LC activity of intruder rats during the resident-intruder model of social stress. LC afferents were retrogradely labeled with Fluorogold (FG) and rats were subjected to one or five daily exposures to an aggressive resident. Sections through the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) and central amygdalar nucleus (CNA), major sources of enkephalin (ENK) and CRF LC afferents, respectively, were immunocytochemically processed to detect c-fos, FG, and CRF or ENK. In response to a single exposure, intruder rats assumed defeat with a relatively short latency (SL). LC neurons, PGI-ENK LC afferents, and CNA-CRF LC afferents were activated in these rats as indicated by increased c-fos expression. With repeated stress, rats exhibited either a SL or long latency (LL) to defeat and these strategies were associated with distinct patterns of neuronal activation. In SL rats, LC neurons were activated, as were CNA-CRF LC afferents but not PGI-ENK LC afferents. LL rats had an opposite pattern, maintaining activation of PGi-ENK LC afferents but not CNA-CRF LC afferents or LC neurons. Together, these results indicate that the establishment of different coping strategies to social stress is associated with changes in the circuitry that regulates activity of the brain norepinephrine system. This may underlie differential vulnerability to the consequences of social stress that characterize these different coping strategies.
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Reyes BAS, Heldt NA, Mackie K, Van Bockstaele EJ. Ultrastructural evidence for synaptic contacts between cortical noradrenergic afferents and endocannabinoid-synthesizing post-synaptic neurons. Neuroscience 2015; 303:323-37. [PMID: 26162236 PMCID: PMC4542008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are involved in a myriad of physiological processes that are mediated through the activation of cannabinoid receptors, which are ubiquitously distributed within the nervous system. One neurochemical target at which cannabinoids interact to have global effects on behavior is brain noradrenergic circuitry. We, and others, have previously shown that CB type 1 receptors (CB1r) are positioned to pre-synaptically modulate norepinephrine (NE) release in the rat frontal cortex (FC). Diacylglycerol lipase (DGL) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). While DGL-α is expressed in the FC in the rat brain, it is not known whether noradrenergic afferents target neurons expressing synthesizing enzymes for the endocannabinoid, 2-AG. In the present study, we employed high-resolution neuroanatomical approaches to better define cellular sites for interactions between noradrenergic afferents and FC neurons expressing DGL-α. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed close appositions between processes containing the norepinephrine transporter (NET) or dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) and cortical neurons expressing DGL-α-immunoreactivity. Ultrastructural analysis using immunogold-silver labeling for DGL-α and immunoperoxidase labeling for NET or DβH confirmed that NET-labeled axon terminals were directly apposed to FC somata and dendritic processes that exhibited DGL-α-immunoreactivity. Finally, tissue sections were processed for immunohistochemical detection of DGL-α, CB1r and DβH. Triple label immunofluorescence revealed that CB1r and DβH were co-localized in common cellular profiles and these were in close association with DGL-α. Taken together, these data provide anatomical evidence for direct synaptic associations between noradrenergic afferents and cortical neurons exhibiting endocannabinoid synthesizing machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.
| | - N A Heldt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - K Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - E J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
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Huang J, Tufan T, Deng M, Wright G, Zhu MY. Corticotropin releasing factor up-regulates the expression and function of norepinephrine transporter in SK-N-BE (2) M17 cells. J Neurochem 2015. [PMID: 26212818 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) has been implicated to act as a neurotransmitter or modulator in central nervous activation during stress. In this study, we examined the regulatory effect of CRF on the expression and function of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) in vitro. SK-N-BE (2) M17 cells were exposed to different concentrations of CRF for different periods. Results showed that exposure of cells to CRF significantly increased mRNA and protein levels of NET in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The CRF-induced increase in NET expression was mimicked by agonists of either CRF receptor 1 or 2. Furthermore, similar CRF treatments induced a parallel increase in the uptake of [(3) H] norepinephrine. Both increased expression and function of NET caused by CRF were abolished by simultaneous administration of CRF receptor antagonists, indicating a mediation by CRF receptors. However, there was no additive effect for the combination of both receptor antagonists. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirm an increased acetylation of histone H3 on the NET promoter following treatment with CRF. Taken together, this study demonstrates that CRF up-regulates the expression and function of NET in vitro. This regulation is mediated through CRF receptors and an epigenetic mechanism related to histone acetylation may be involved. This CRF-induced regulation on NET expression and function may play a role in development of stress-related depression and anxiety. This study demonstrated that corticotropin release factor (CRF) up-regulated the expression and function of norepinephrine transporter (NET) in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, through activation of CRF receptors and possible histone acetylation in NET promoter. The results indicate that their interaction may play an important role in stress-related physiological and pathological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Turan Tufan
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Maoxian Deng
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Jiangsu Polytechnic College of A&F, Jurong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gary Wright
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Meng-Yang Zhu
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Viral-genetic tracing of the input-output organization of a central noradrenaline circuit. Nature 2015; 524:88-92. [PMID: 26131933 PMCID: PMC4587569 DOI: 10.1038/nature14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering how neural circuits are anatomically organized with regard to input and output is instrumental in understanding how the brain processes information. For example, locus coeruleus noradrenaline (also known as norepinephrine) (LC-NE) neurons receive input from and send output to broad regions of the brain and spinal cord, and regulate diverse functions including arousal, attention, mood and sensory gating. However, it is unclear how LC-NE neurons divide up their brain-wide projection patterns and whether different LC-NE neurons receive differential input. Here we developed a set of viral-genetic tools to quantitatively analyse the input-output relationship of neural circuits, and applied these tools to dissect the LC-NE circuit in mice. Rabies-virus-based input mapping indicated that LC-NE neurons receive convergent synaptic input from many regions previously identified as sending axons to the locus coeruleus, as well as from newly identified presynaptic partners, including cerebellar Purkinje cells. The 'tracing the relationship between input and output' method (or TRIO method) enables trans-synaptic input tracing from specific subsets of neurons based on their projection and cell type. We found that LC-NE neurons projecting to diverse output regions receive mostly similar input. Projection-based viral labelling revealed that LC-NE neurons projecting to one output region also project to all brain regions we examined. Thus, the LC-NE circuit overall integrates information from, and broadcasts to, many brain regions, consistent with its primary role in regulating brain states. At the same time, we uncovered several levels of specificity in certain LC-NE sub-circuits. These tools for mapping output architecture and input-output relationship are applicable to other neuronal circuits and organisms. More broadly, our viral-genetic approaches provide an efficient intersectional means to target neuronal populations based on cell type and projection pattern.
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Uvnäs-Moberg K, Handlin L, Petersson M. Self-soothing behaviors with particular reference to oxytocin release induced by non-noxious sensory stimulation. Front Psychol 2015; 5:1529. [PMID: 25628581 PMCID: PMC4290532 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin, a hypothalamic nonapeptide, is linked to increased levels of social interaction, well-being and anti-stress effects. The effects of oxytocin that is released by sensory stimulation during different kinds of interactive behaviors are often underestimated or even forgotten. In fact, many of the positive effects caused during interaction, such a wellbeing, stress reduction and even health promotion, are indeed linked to oxytocin released in response to activation of various types of sensory nerves. Oxytocin is released in response to activation of sensory nerves during labor, breastfeeding and sexual activity. In addition oxytocin is released in response to low intensity stimulation of the skin, e.g., in response to touch, stroking, warm temperature, etc. Consequently oxytocin is not only released during interaction between mothers and infants, but also during positive interaction between adults or between humans and animals. Finally oxytocin is also released in response to suckling and food intake. Oxytocin released in the brain in response to sensory stimulation as a consequence of these types of interactive behaviors, contributes to every day wellbeing and ability to handle stress. Food intake or sex may be used or even abused to achieve oxytocin-linked wellbeing and stress relief to compensate for lack of good relationships or when the levels of anxiety are high. The present review article will summarize the role played by oxytocin released by sensory (in particular somatosensory) stimulation, during various kinds of interactive behaviors. Also the fact that the anti-stress effects of oxytocin are particularly strong when oxytocin is released in response to “low intensity” stimulation of the skin will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Uvnäs-Moberg
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Skara, Sweden ; School of Health and Education, University of Skövde , Skövde, Sweden
| | - Linda Handlin
- School of Health and Education, University of Skövde , Skövde, Sweden
| | - Maria Petersson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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McMorris T, Hale BJ, Corbett J, Robertson K, Hodgson CI. Does acute exercise affect the performance of whole-body, psychomotor skills in an inverted-U fashion? A meta-analytic investigation. Physiol Behav 2015; 141:180-9. [PMID: 25582516 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to examine, using meta-analytical measures, whether research into the performance of whole-body, psychomotor tasks following moderate and heavy exercise demonstrates an inverted-U effect. A secondary purpose was to compare the effects of acute exercise on tasks requiring static maintenance of posture versus dynamic, ballistic skills. Moderate intensity exercise was determined as being between 40% and 79% maximum power output (ẆMAX) or equivalent, while ≥80% ẆMAX was considered to be heavy. There was a significant difference (Zdiff=4.29, p=0.001, R(2)=0.42) between the mean effect size for moderate intensity exercise (g=0.15) and that for heavy exercise size (g=-0.86). These data suggest a catastrophe effect during heavy exercise. Mean effect size for static tasks (g=-1.24) was significantly different (Zdiff=3.24, p=0.001, R(2)=0.90) to those for dynamic/ballistic tasks (g=-0.30). The result for the static versus dynamic tasks moderating variables point to perception being more of an issue than peripheral fatigue for maintenance of static posture. The difference between this result and those found in meta-analyses examining the effects of acute exercise on cognition shows that, when perception and action are combined, the complexity of the interaction induces different effects to when cognition is detached from motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry McMorris
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Guildhall Walk, Portsmouth PO1 2BF, United Kingdom.
| | - Beverley J Hale
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Corbett
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Guildhall Walk, Portsmouth PO1 2BF, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Robertson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher I Hodgson
- Department of Adventure Education, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Our dynamic environment regularly exposes us to potentially life-threatening challenges or stressors. To answer these challenges and maintain homeostasis, the stress response, an innate coordinated engagement of central and peripheral neural systems is initiated. Although essential for survival, the inappropriate initiation of the stress response or its continuation after the stressor is terminated has pathological consequences that have been linked to diverse neuropsychiatric and medical diseases. Substantial individual variability exists in the pathological consequences of stressors. A theme of this Special Issue is that elucidating the basis of individual differences in resilience or its flipside, vulnerability, will greatly advance our ability to prevent and treat stress-related diseases. This can be approached by studying individual differences in "pro-stress" mediators such as corticosteroids or the hypothalamic orchestrator of the stress response, corticotropin-releasing factor. More recently, the recognition of endogenous neuromodulators with "anti-stress" activity that have opposing actions or that restrain stress-response systems suggests additional bases for individual differences in stress pathology. These "anti-stress" neuromodulators offer alternative strategies for manipulating the stress response and its pathological consequences. This review uses the major brain norepinephrine system as a model stress-response system to demonstrate how co-regulation by opposing pro-stress (corticotropin-releasing factor) and anti-stress (enkephalin) neuromodulators must be fine-tuned to produce an adaptive response to stress. The clinical consequences of tipping this fine-tuned balance in the direction of either the pro- or anti-stress systems are emphasized. Finally, that each system provides multiple points at which individual differences could confer stress vulnerability or resilience is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita J. Valentino
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Zitnik GA, Clark BD, Waterhouse BD. Effects of intracerebroventricular corticotropin releasing factor on sensory-evoked responses in the rat visual thalamus. Brain Res 2014; 1561:35-47. [PMID: 24661913 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) coordinates the brain׳s responses to stress. Recent evidence suggests that CRF-mediated activation of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system contributes to alterations in sensory signal processing during stress. However, it remains unclear whether these actions are dependent upon the degree of CRF release. Using intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusions, we examine the dose-dependent actions of CRF on sensory-evoked discharges of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (dLGN). The LGN is the primary relay for visual signals from retina to cortex, receiving noradrenergic modulation from the LC. In vivo extracellular recording in anesthetized rats was used to monitor single dLGN neuron responses to light flashes at three different stimulus intensities before and after administration of CRF (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 or 10.0 μg). CRF produced three main effects on dLGN stimulus evoked activity: (1) increased magnitude of sensory evoked discharges at moderate doses, (2) decreased response latency, and (3) dose-dependent increases in the number of cells responding to a previously sub-threshold (low intensity) stimulus. These modulatory actions were blocked or attenuated by intra-LC infusion of a CRF antagonist prior to ICV CRF administration. Moreover, intra-LC administration of CRF (10 ng) mimicked the facilitating effects of moderate doses of ICV CRF on dLGN neuron responsiveness to light stimuli. These findings suggest that stressor-induced changes in sensory signal processing cannot be defined in terms of a singular modulatory effect, but rather are multi-dimensional and dictated by variable degrees of activation of the CRF-LC-NE system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Zitnik
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
| | - Brian D Clark
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
| | - Barry D Waterhouse
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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Ramos ADT, Homem KSDC, Suchecki D, Tufik S, Troncone LRP. Drug-induced suppression of ACTH secretion does not promote anti-depressive or anxiolytic effects. Behav Brain Res 2014; 265:69-75. [PMID: 24569014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammals respond to a real or perceived stress in an integrated physiological and psychological fashion. Psychiatric disorders like major depression and anxiety have been associated to stressful events. In a previous study we demonstrated that the stress-induced ACTH secretion can be robustly inhibited by the concurrent use of CRF1 (CP154,526 - Pfizer) and V1B (SSR149415 - Sanofi-Aventis) non-peptide antagonists. A proof of mechanism was offered by substituting CP154,526 by SSR125543 and obtaining the same results on three stress models: forced swimming, ether vapor inhalation and restraint. SSR125543 effectively blocked only restraint stress-induced ACTH secretion. We then challenged the hypothesis that the concurrent use of both antagonists would have a potent effect on behavioral models of anxiety and depression. Decreasing doses (30-0.1 mg/kg s.c.) of both drugs were tested in three behavioral models: Porsolt forced swimming test, elevated plus maze and social interaction. Results showed that these drugs had no effect on anxiety models (plus maze and social interaction) but significantly reduced immobility time in the forced swimming test, suggesting anti-depressive action in a dose-range from 1 to 30 mg/kg, not different from the reported in the literature referring to one drug or the other. This negates the proposed hypothesis of summation/potentiation of effects as observed in stress-induced ACTH secretion. These results point toward the involvement of extra-hypothalamic sites for the anti-depressive effects. Recent Phase II clinical research on anti-depressive effects of these drugs has failed rising strong criticisms against the predictive value of behavioral tests currently employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana de Toledo Ramos
- Department of Psycobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), R. Botucatú 862, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503900, Brazil
| | | | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psycobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), R. Botucatú 862, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Psycobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), R. Botucatú 862, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kovács KJ. CRH: The link between hormonal-, metabolic- and behavioral responses to stress. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 54:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kravets JL, Reyes BAS, Unterwald EM, Van Bockstaele EJ. Direct targeting of peptidergic amygdalar neurons by noradrenergic afferents: linking stress-integrative circuitry. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 220:541-58. [PMID: 24271021 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amygdalar norepinephrine (NE) plays a key role in regulating neural responses to emotionally arousing stimuli and is involved in memory consolidation of emotionally charged events. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and dynorphin (DYN), two neuropeptides that mediate the physiological and behavioral responses to stress, are abundant in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), and directly innervate brainstem noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. Whether the CRF- and DYN-containing amygdalar neurons receive direct noradrenergic innervation has not yet been elucidated. The present study sought to define cellular substrates underlying noradrenergic modulation of CRF- and DYN-containing neurons in the CeA using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that NE-labeled axon terminals form synapses with CRF- and DYN-containing neurons in the CeA. Semi-quantitative analysis showed that approximately 31 % of NET-labeled axon terminals targeted CeA neurons that co-expressed DYN and CRF. As a major source of CRF innervation to the LC, it is also not known whether CRF-containing CeA neurons are directly targeted by noradrenergic afferents. To test this, retrograde tract tracing using FluoroGold from the LC was combined with immunocytochemical detection of CRF and NET in the CeA. Our results revealed a population of LC-projecting CRF-containing CeA neurons that are directly innervated by NE afferents. Analysis showed that approximately 34 % of NET-labeled axon terminals targeted LC-projecting CeA neurons that contain CRF. Taken together, these results indicate significant interactions between NE, CRF and DYN in this critical limbic region and reveal direct synaptic interactions of NE with amygdalar CRF that influence the LC-NE arousal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Kravets
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
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37
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Al-Hasani R, McCall JG, Foshage AM, Bruchas MR. Locus coeruleus kappa-opioid receptors modulate reinstatement of cocaine place preference through a noradrenergic mechanism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2484-97. [PMID: 23787819 PMCID: PMC3799068 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Activation of kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) in monoamine circuits results in dysphoria-like behaviors and stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking in both conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration models. Noradrenergic (NA) receptor systems have also been implicated in similar behaviors. Dynorphinergic projections terminate within the locus coeruleus (LC), a primary source of norepinephrine in the forebrain, suggesting a possible link between the NA and dynorphin/kappa opioid systems, yet the implications of these putative interactions have not been investigated. We isolated the necessity of KORs in the LC in kappa opioid agonist (U50,488)-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP by blocking KORs in the LC with NorBNI (KOR antagonist). KOR-induced reinstatement was significantly attenuated in mice injected with NorBNI in the LC. To determine the sufficiency of KORs in the LC on U50,488-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP, we virally re-expressed KORs in the LC of KOR knockout mice. We found that KORs expression in the LC alone was sufficient to partially rescue KOR-induced reinstatement. Next we assessed the role of NA signaling in KOR-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP in the presence and absence of a α2-agonist (clonidine), β-adrenergic receptor antagonist (propranolol), and β(1)- and β(2)-antagonist (betaxolol and ICI-118,551 HCl). Both the blockade of postsynaptic β(1)-adrenergic receptors and the activation of presynaptic inhibitory adrenergic autoreceptors selectively potentiated the magnitude of KOR-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP but not cocaine-primed CPP reinstatement. Finally, viral restoration of KORs in the LC together with β-adrenergic receptor blockade did not potentiate KOR-induced reinstatement to cocaine CPP, suggesting that adrenergic receptor interactions occur at KOR-expressing regions external to the LC. These results identify a previously unknown interaction between KORs and NA systems and suggest a NA regulation of KOR-dependent reinstatement of cocaine CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ream Al-Hasani
- Basic Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jordan G McCall
- Basic Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Audra M Foshage
- Basic Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Basic Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8054, St Louis, MO 63110, USA, Tel: +1 314 747 5754, Fax: +1 314 362 8571, E-mail:
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Chaijale NN, Curtis AL, Wood SK, Zhang XY, Bhatnagar S, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ, Valentino RJ. Social stress engages opioid regulation of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons and induces a state of cellular and physical opiate dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1833-43. [PMID: 23660707 PMCID: PMC3746692 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress is implicated in diverse psychiatric disorders including substance abuse. The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system is a major stress response system that is also a point of intersection between stress neuromediators and endogenous opioids and so may be a site at which stress can influence drug-taking behaviors. As social stress is a common stressor for humans, this study characterized the enduring impact of repeated social stress on LC neuronal activity. Rats were exposed to five daily consecutive sessions of social stress using the resident-intruder model or control manipulation. LC discharge rate recorded 2 days after the last manipulation was decreased in stressed rats compared with controls. By 10 days after the last manipulation, LC rates were comparable between groups. Systemic administration of the opiate antagonist, naloxone, robustly increased LC discharge rate in a manner suggestive of opiate withdrawal, selectively in stressed rats when administered 2 or 10 days after the last manipulation. This was accompanied by behavioral signs of mild opiate withdrawal. Western blot and electron microscopic studies indicated that repeated social stress decreased corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 receptor and increased μ-opioid receptor levels in the LC. Together, the results suggest that repeated social stress engages endogenous opioid modulation of LC activity and induces signs of cellular and physical opiate dependence that endure after the stress. These cellular effects may predispose individuals with a history of repeated social stress to substance abuse behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayla N Chaijale
- Division of Stress Neurobiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Andre L Curtis
- Division of Stress Neurobiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan K Wood
- Division of Stress Neurobiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- Division of Stress Neurobiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Division of Stress Neurobiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beverly AS Reyes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Rita J Valentino
- Division of Stress Neurobiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sex-specific cell signaling: the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor model. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:437-44. [PMID: 23849813 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the biological basis for sex differences in diseases can reveal their pathophysiology and guide the development of individualized treatments. Here, we review evidence for the novel concept that receptor signaling can be sex biased such that the specific pathways engaged by ligand binding are determined by sex. As an example, this review focuses on the receptor for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a stress-related peptide implicated in diverse psychiatric and medical disorders that are more prevalent in females. There is evidence for sex biases in CRF receptor coupling to G proteins and β-arrestin that render females more sensitive to acute stress and less able to adapt to chronic stress. Taken with evidence for sex biased signaling in other receptor systems, the studies demonstrate the broad potential impact of this characteristic in determining sex differences in disease and therapeutic efficacy and underscore the importance of studying females in medical and pharmacological research.
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Retson TA, Van Bockstaele EJ. Coordinate regulation of noradrenergic and serotonergic brain regions by amygdalar neurons. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 52:9-19. [PMID: 23651691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on the importance of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system and the dorsal raphe nucleus-serotonergic (DRN-5-HT) system in stress-related pathologies, additional understanding of brain regions coordinating their activity is of particular interest. One such candidate is the amygdalar complex, and specifically, the central nucleus (CeA), which has been implicated in emotional arousal and is known to send monosynaptic afferent projections to both these regions. Our present data using dual retrograde tract tracing is the first to demonstrate a population of amygdalar neurons that project in a collateralized manner to the LC and DRN, indicating that amygdalar neurons are positioned to coordinately regulate the LC and DRN, and links these brain regions by virtue of a common set of afferents. Further, we have also characterized the phenotype of a population of these collaterally projecting neurons from the amygdala as containing corticotropin releasing factor or dynorphin, two peptides heavily implicated in the stress response. Understanding the co-regulatory influences of this limbic region on 5HT and NE regions may help fill a gap in our knowledge regarding neural circuits impacting these systems and their adaptations in stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Retson
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
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Increased vulnerability of the brain norepinephrine system of females to corticotropin-releasing factor overexpression. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:166-73. [PMID: 22508464 PMCID: PMC3402704 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stress-related psychiatric disorders are more prevalent in women than men. As hypersecretion of the stress neuromediator, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) has been implicated in these disorders, sex differences in CRF sensitivity could underlie this disparity. Hyperarousal is a core symptom that is shared by stress-related disorders and this has been attributed to CRF regulation of the locus ceruleus (LC)-norepinephrine arousal system. We recently identified sex differences in CRF(1) receptor (CRF(1)) signaling and trafficking that render LC neurons of female rats more sensitive to CRF and potentially less able to adapt to excess CRF compared with male rats. The present study used a genetic model of CRF overexpression to test the hypothesis that females would be more vulnerable to LC dysregulation by conditions of excess CRF. In both male and female CRF overexpressing (CRF-OE) mice, the LC was more densely innervated by CRF compared with wild-type controls. Despite the equally dense CRF innervation of the LC in male and female CRF-OE mice, LC discharge rates recorded in slices in vitro were selectively elevated in female CRF-OE mice. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that this sex difference resulted from differential CRF(1) trafficking. In male CRF-OE mice, CRF(1) immunolabeling was prominent in the cytoplasm of LC neurons, indicative of internalization, a process that would protect cells from excessive CRF. However, in female CRF-OE mice, CRF(1) labeling was more prominent on the plasma membrane, suggesting that the compensatory response of internalization was compromised. Together, the findings suggest that the LC-norepinephrine system of females will be particularly affected by conditions resulting in elevated CRF because of differences in receptor trafficking. As excessive LC activation has been implicated in the arousal components of stress-related psychiatric disorders, this may be a cellular mechanism that contributes to the increased incidence of these disorders in females.
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Van Bockstaele EJ, Valentino RJ. Neuropeptide regulation of the locus coeruleus and opiate-induced plasticity of stress responses. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 68:405-20. [PMID: 24054155 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411512-5.00019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress has been implicated as a risk factor in vulnerability to the initiation and maintenance of opiate abuse and is thought to play an important role in relapse in subjects with a history of abuse. Conversely, chronic opiate use and withdrawal are stressors and can potentially predispose individuals to stress-related psychiatric disorders. Because the interaction of opiates with stress response systems has potentially widespread clinical consequences, it is important to delineate how specific substrates of the stress response and endogenous opioid systems interact and the specific points at which stress circuits and endogenous opioid systems intersect. The purpose of this review is to present and discuss the results of studies that have unveiled the complex circuitry by which stress-related neuropeptides and endogenous opioids coregulate activity of the locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) system and how chronic morphine, or stress, disturbs this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Valentino RJ, Bangasser D, Van Bockstaele EJ. Sex-biased stress signaling: the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor as a model. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 83:737-45. [PMID: 23239826 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.083550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the prevalence or severity of many diseases and in the response to pharmacological agents are well recognized. Elucidating the biologic bases of these differences can advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of disease and facilitate the development of treatments. Despite the importance to medicine, this has been an area of limited research. Here, we review physiologic, cellular, and molecular findings supporting the idea that there are sex differences in receptor signaling and trafficking that can be determinants of pathology. The focus is on the receptor for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), the orchestrator of the stress response, which has been implicated in diverse stress-related diseases that show a female prevalence. Data are reviewed that show sex differences in the association of the CRF receptor (CRF1) with the Gs protein and β-arrestin 2 that would render females more responsive to acute stress and less able to adapt to chronic stress as a result of compromised CRF1 internalization. Because β-arrestin 2 serves to link CRF1 to Gs-independent signaling pathways, this sex-biased signaling is proposed to result in distinct cellular responses to stress that are translated to different physiologic and behavioral coping mechanisms and that can have different pathologic consequences. Because stress has been implicated in diverse medical and psychiatric diseases, these sex differences in CRF1 signaling could explain sex differences in a multitude of disorders. The possibility that analogous sex differences may occur with other G-protein-coupled receptors underscores the impact of this effect and is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita J Valentino
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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McFadden K, Griffin TA, Levy V, Wolfe JH, Valentino RJ. Overexpression of corticotropin-releasing factor in Barrington's nucleus neurons by adeno-associated viral transduction: effects on bladder function and behavior. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:3356-64. [PMID: 22882375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The stress-related neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), is prominent in neurons of the pontine micturition center, Barrington's nucleus. These neurons co-innervate spinal preganglionic neurons that control the bladder, and locus coeruleus (LC) neurons that provide norepinephrine innervation throughout the brain. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated transfer of CRF cDNA was used to increase CRF expression in Barrington's nucleus neurons and investigate the impact of a gain of function in Barrington's nucleus spinal and LC projections. AAV transfer of the reverse CRF cDNA sequence served as the control. Bladder urodynamics and behavior were assessed 4 weeks after vector injection into Barrington's nucleus. Rats with bilateral injections of AAV-CRF cDNA into Barrington's nucleus had immunohistochemical evidence of CRF overexpression in neurons and transport to the spinal cord and LC. The bladder : body weight ratio was greater and micturition pressure was less in these rats compared with controls, consistent with an inhibitory influence on bladder function. Other indices of urodynamic function were not altered. CRF innervation of the LC was increased in rats with bilateral Barrington's nucleus injections of AAV-CRF cDNA, and this was associated with increased burying behavior, an endpoint of LC activation by CRF. The results provide immunohistochemical evidence for viral vector-induced CRF overexpression in Barrington's nucleus neurons and underscore the ability of AAV vector-mediated transfer to increase CRF function in selective circuits. The findings support an inhibitory influence of CRF in Barrington's nucleus regulation of the bladder and an excitatory influence on the brain norepinephrine system that translates to behavioral activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kile McFadden
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Corticotropin-releasing factor acting at the locus coeruleus disrupts thalamic and cortical sensory-evoked responses. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:2020-30. [PMID: 22510725 PMCID: PMC3398725 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stress and stress-related psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder, are associated with disruptions in sensory information processing. The neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), coordinates the physiological and behavioral responses to stress, in part, by activating the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) projection system. Although the LC-NE system is an important modulator of sensory information processing, to date, the consequences of CRF activation of this system on sensory signal processing are poorly understood. The current study examined the dose-dependent actions of CRF at the LC on spontaneous and sensory-evoked discharge of neurons within the thalamus and cortex of the vibrissa somatosensory system in the awake, freely moving rat. Peri-LC infusions of CRF resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of sensory-evoked discharge in ventral posterior medial thalamic and barrel field cortical neurons. A concurrent increase in spontaneous activity was observed. This latter action is generally not found with iontophoretic application of NE to target neurons or stimulation of the LC-NE pathway. Net decreases in signal-to-noise of sensory-evoked responses within both regions suggest that under conditions associated with CRF release at the LC, including stress, the transfer of afferent information within sensory systems is impaired. Acutely, a suppression of certain types of sensory information may represent an adaptive response to an immediate unexpected stressor. Persistence of such effects could contribute to abnormalities of information processing seen in sensorimotor gating associated with stress and stress-related psychopathology.
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46
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Chandley M, Ordway G. Noradrenergic Dysfunction in Depression and Suicide. THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS OF SUICIDE 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b12215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Bangasser DA, Valentino RJ. Sex differences in molecular and cellular substrates of stress. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:709-23. [PMID: 22488525 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Women are twice as likely as men to suffer from stress-related psychiatric disorders, like unipolar depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Although the underlying neural mechanisms are not well characterized, the pivotal role of stress in the onset and severity of these diseases has led to the idea that sex differences in stress responses account for this sex bias. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) orchestrates stress responses by acting both as a neurohormone to initiate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and as a neuromodulator in the brain. One target of CRF modulation is the locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine system, which coordinates arousal components of the stress response. Hypersecretion of CRF and dysregulation of targets downstream from CRF, such as the HPA axis and LC-norepinephrine system, are characteristic features of many stress-related psychiatric diseases, suggesting a causal role for CRF and its targets in the development of these disorders. This review will describe sex differences in CRF and the LC-norepinephrine system that can increase stress sensitivity in females, making them vulnerable to stress-related disorders. Evidence for gonadal hormone regulation of hypothalamic CRF is discussed as an effect that can lead to increased HPA axis activity in females. Sex differences in the structure of LC neurons that create the potential for hyperarousal in response to emotional stimuli are described. Finally, sex differences at the molecular level of the CRF(1) receptor that make the LC-norepinephrine system more reactive in females are reviewed. The implications of these sex differences for the treatment of stress-related psychiatric disorders also will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Chen Y, Andres AL, Frotscher M, Baram TZ. Tuning synaptic transmission in the hippocampus by stress: the CRH system. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:13. [PMID: 22514519 PMCID: PMC3322336 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To enhance survival, an organism needs to remember—and learn from—threatening or stressful events. This fact necessitates the presence of mechanisms by which stress can influence synaptic transmission in brain regions, such as hippocampus, that subserve learning and memory. A major focus of this series of monographs is on the role and actions of adrenal-derived hormones, corticosteroids, and of brain-derived neurotransmitters, on synaptic function in the stressed hippocampus. Here we focus on the contribution of hippocampus-intrinsic, stress-activated CRH-CRH receptor signaling to the function and structure of hippocampal synapses. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is expressed in interneurons of adult hippocampus, and is released from axon terminals during stress. The peptide exerts time- and dose-dependent effects on learning and memory via modulation of synaptic function and plasticity. Whereas physiological levels of CRH, acting over seconds to minutes, augment memory processes, exposure to presumed severe-stress levels of the peptide results in spine retraction and loss of synapses over more protracted time-frames. Loss of dendritic spines (and hence of synapses) takes place through actin cytoskeleton collapse downstream of CRHR1 receptors that reside within excitatory synapses on spine heads. Chronic exposure to stress levels of CRH may promote dying-back (atrophy) of spine-carrying dendrites. Thus, the acute effects of CRH may contribute to stress-induced adaptive mechanisms, whereas chronic or excessive exposure to the peptide may promote learning problems and premature cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncai Chen
- Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy/Neurobiology, and Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine CA, USA
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Kubota N, Amemiya S, Motoki C, Otsuka T, Nishijima T, Kita I. Corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist reduces activation of noradrenalin and serotonin neurons in the locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe in the arousal response accompanied by yawning behavior in rats. Neurosci Res 2012; 72:316-23. [PMID: 22285921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist attenuates the arousal response during yawning behavior in rats. However, the CRF-related pathway involved in the arousal response during yawning is still unclear. In the present study, we assessed the involvement of the CRF-containing pathway from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to the locus coeruleus (LC) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in the arousal response during frequent spontaneous yawning, which was induced by several microinjections of l-glutamate into the PVN in anesthetized rats, using c-Fos immunohistochemistry. The PVN stimulation showed significant increases in activation of PVN CRF neurons, LC noradrenalin (NA) neurons and DRN serotonin (5-HT) neurons as well as arousal response during yawning. But icv administration of a CRF receptor antagonist, α-helical CRF (9-41), significantly inhibited the activation of both LC NA neurons and DRN 5-HT neurons except the activation of CRF neurons in the PVN, and significantly suppressed the arousal response during yawning. These results suggest that the CRF-containing pathway from PVN CRF neurons to LC NA neurons and DRN 5-HT neurons can be involved in the arousal response during yawning behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Kubota
- Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
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50
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Snyder K, Wang WW, Han R, McFadden K, Valentino RJ. Corticotropin-releasing factor in the norepinephrine nucleus, locus coeruleus, facilitates behavioral flexibility. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:520-30. [PMID: 21993205 PMCID: PMC3242313 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), the stress-related neuropeptide, acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain norepinephrine nucleus, locus coeruleus (LC), to activate this system during stress. CRF shifts the mode of LC discharge from a phasic to a high tonic state that is thought to promote behavioral flexibility. To investigate this, the effects of CRF administered either intracerebroventricularly (30-300 ng, i.c.v.) or directly into the LC (intra-LC; 2-20 ng) were examined in a rat model of attentional set shifting. CRF differentially affected components of the task depending on dose and route of administration. Intracerebroventricular CRF impaired intradimensional set shifting, reversal learning, and extradimensional set shifting (EDS) at different doses. In contrast, intra-LC CRF did not impair any aspect of the task. The highest dose of CRF (20 ng) facilitated reversal learning and the lowest dose (2 ng) improved EDS. The dose-response relationship for CRF on EDS performance resembled an inverted U-shaped curve with the highest dose having no effect. Intra-LC CRF also elicited c-fos expression in prefrontal cortical neurons with an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship. The number of c-fos profiles was positively correlated with EDS performance. Given that CRF excites LC neurons, the ability of intra-LC CRF to activate prefrontal cortical neurons and facilitate EDS is consistent with findings implicating LC-norepinephrine projections to medial prefrontal cortex in this process. Importantly, the results suggest that CRF release in the LC during stress facilitates shifting of attention between diverse stimuli in a dynamic environment so that the organism can adapt an optimal strategy for coping with the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Snyder
- The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei-Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Rebecca Han
- The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kile McFadden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rita J Valentino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 402D Abramson Pediatric Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Tel: +1 215 590 0650, Fax: +1 215 590 3364, E-mail:
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