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Liu W, Liu Y, Wei F, Chen J, Zhou L, Yu H, Zhang J, Hu J. NTR-1's essential contribution to asymmetric mating between two sibling nematode Species: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. Mucronatus. Gene 2024; 895:148006. [PMID: 37979950 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
The pine-wood invasive species nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus causes great forestry damage globally, particularly in Eurasia. B. xylophilus can hybridize with its native sibling, Bursaphelenchus mucronatus, with whom it shares an interestingly asymmetric mating behavior. However, the molecular mechanism underlying interspecific asymmetric mating has yet to be clarified. ntr-1, a nematocin receptor gene, is involved in an oxytocin/vasopressin-like signaling system that can regulate reproduction. Structural analysis using bioinformatics revealed that both Bxy- and Bmu-ntr-1 encode 7TM-GPCR, a conserved sequence. In situ hybridization and qPCR showed that both Bxy- and Bmu-ntr-1 were highly expressed in adult nematodes. Specifically, Bxy-ntr-1 was expressed in the vulva of females and caudal gonad of males, whereas Bmu-ntr-1 was expressed in the postal vulva and uterus of females and the whole gonads of males. Furthermore, RNAi of ntr-1 further demonstrated the biological function of interspecific mating: ntr-1 can regulate mating behavior, lead to male-female specificity, and ultimately result in interspecific differences. In B. mucronatus, ntr-1 influenced male mating more than female mating success, while downregulation of ntr-1 in B. xylophilus resulted in a significant decline in the female mating rate. Competitive tests revealed that the mating rate of the cross significantly declined after downregulation of Bxy♀- and Bmu♂-ntr-1, but no obvious change occurred in the reciprocal cross. Thus, we speculate that ntr-1 may be the key factor behind interspecific asymmetric mating. The current study (1) demonstrated the regulatory function of ntr-1 on mating behavior and (2) theoretically revealed the molecular basis of interspecific asymmetric mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Liu
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yinru Liu
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Fengyuan Wei
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lifeng Zhou
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hongshi Yu
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jiafu Hu
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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2
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Zhao W, Teng M, Zhang J, Wang K, Zhang J, Xu Y, Wang C. Insights into the mechanisms of organic pollutant toxicity to earthworms: Advances and perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 303:119120. [PMID: 35283202 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms play positive ecological roles in soil formation, structure, and fertility, environmental protection, and terrestrial food chains. For this review, we searched the Web of Science database for articles published from 2011 to 2021 using the keywords "toxic" and "earthworm" and retrieved 632 publications. From the perspective of bibliometric analysis, we conducted a co-occurrence network analysis using the keywords "toxic" and "earthworm" to identify the most and least reported topics. "Eisenia fetida," "bioaccumulation," "heavy metals," "oxidative stress," and "pesticides" were the most common terms, and "microbial community," "bacteria," "PFOS," "bioaugmentation," "potentially toxic elements," "celomic fluid," "neurotoxicity," "joint toxicity," "apoptosis," and "nanoparticles" were uncommon terms. Additionally, in this review we highlight the main routes of organic pollutant entry into soil, and discuss the adverse effects on the soil ecosystem. We then systematically review the mechanisms underlying organic pollutant toxicity to earthworms, including oxidative stress, energy and lipid metabolism disturbances, neurological toxicity, intestinal inflammation and injury, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and reproductive toxicity. We conclude by discussing future research perspectives, focusing on environmentally relevant concentrations and conditions, novel data processing approaches, technologies, and detoxification and mitigation methods. This review has implications for soil management in the context of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentian Zhao
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, People's Republic Of China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chengju Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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3
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Kim YJ, Lee JH, Jung SH, Kim KH, Choi CH, Jo S, Woo DH. An Octopus-Derived Peptide with Antidiuretic Activity in Rats. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:328. [PMID: 35621979 PMCID: PMC9144402 DOI: 10.3390/md20050328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering new drug candidates with high efficacy and few side effects is a major challenge in new drug development. The two evolutionarily related peptides oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are known to be associated with a variety of physiological and psychological processes via the association of OXT with three types of AVP receptors. Over decades, many synthetic analogs of these peptides have been designed and tested for therapeutic applications; however, only a few studies of their natural analogs have been performed. In this study, we investigated the bioactivity and usefulness of two natural OXT/AVP analogs that originate from the marine invertebrate Octopus vulgaris, named octopressin (OTP) and cephalotocin (CPT). By measuring the intracellular Ca2+ or cyclic AMP increase in each OXT/AVP receptor subtype-overexpressing cell, we found that CPT, but not OTP, acts as a selective agonist of human AVP type 1b and 2 receptors. This behavior is reminiscent of desmopressin, the most widely prescribed antidiuretic drug in the world. Similar to the case for desmopressin, a single intravenous tail injection of CPT into Sprague-Dawley rats reduced urine output and increased urinary osmolality. In conclusion, we suggest that CPT has a significant antidiuretic effect and that CPT might be beneficial for treating urological conditions such as nocturia, enuresis, and diabetes insipidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ji Kim
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (C.-H.C.)
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Jei Ha Lee
- Department of Genetic Resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea; (J.H.L.); (S.-H.J.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Seung-Hyun Jung
- Department of Genetic Resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea; (J.H.L.); (S.-H.J.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Department of Genetic Resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea; (J.H.L.); (S.-H.J.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Chang-Hoon Choi
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Seonmi Jo
- Department of Genetic Resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea; (J.H.L.); (S.-H.J.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Dong Ho Woo
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (C.-H.C.)
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
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4
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Kobayashi A, Hamada M, Yoshida MA, Kobayashi Y, Tsutsui N, Sekiguchi T, Matsukawa Y, Maejima S, Gingell JJ, Sekiguchi S, Hamamoto A, Hay DL, Morris JF, Sakamoto T, Sakamoto H. Vasopressin-oxytocin-type signaling is ancient and has a conserved water homeostasis role in euryhaline marine planarians. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk0331. [PMID: 35245108 PMCID: PMC8896804 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Vasopressin/oxytocin (VP/OT)-related peptides are essential for mammalian antidiuresis, sociosexual behavior, and reproduction. However, the evolutionary origin of this peptide system is still uncertain. Here, we identify orthologous genes to those for VP/OT in Platyhelminthes, intertidal planarians that have a simple bilaterian body structure but lack a coelom and body-fluid circulatory system. We report a comprehensive characterization of the neuropeptide derived from this VP/OT-type gene, identifying its functional receptor, and name it the "platytocin" system. Our experiments with these euryhaline planarians, living where environmental salinities fluctuate due to evaporation and rainfall, suggest that platytocin functions as an "antidiuretic hormone" and also organizes diverse actions including reproduction and chemosensory-associated behavior. We propose that bilaterians acquired physiological adaptations to amphibious lives by such regulation of the body fluids. This neuropeptide-secreting system clearly became indispensable for life even without the development of a vascular circulatory system or relevant synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoshi Kobayashi
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama 701-4303, Japan
| | - Mayuko Hamada
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama 701-4303, Japan
| | - Masa-aki Yoshida
- Oki Marine Biological Station, Shimane University, 194 Kamo, Okinoshima, Oki, Shimane 685-0024, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kobayashi
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama 701-4303, Japan
- Laboratory for Aquatic Biology, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Naoaki Tsutsui
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama 701-4303, Japan
- Department of Marine Bioresources, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yuta Matsukawa
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama 701-4303, Japan
| | - Sho Maejima
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama 701-4303, Japan
| | - Joseph J. Gingell
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon OX11 4RW, UK
| | - Shoko Sekiguchi
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama 701-4303, Japan
| | - Ayumu Hamamoto
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama 701-4303, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kita-ku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - John F. Morris
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetic, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama 701-4303, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sakamoto
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama 701-4303, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetic, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
- Corresponding author.
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5
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Bales KL, Ardekani CS, Baxter A, Karaskiewicz CL, Kuske JX, Lau AR, Savidge LE, Sayler KR, Witczak LR. What is a pair bond? Horm Behav 2021; 136:105062. [PMID: 34601430 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pair bonding is a psychological construct that we attempt to operationalize via behavioral and physiological measurements. Yet, pair bonding has been both defined differently in various taxonomic groups as well as used loosely to describe not just a psychological and affective phenomenon, but also a social structure or mating system (either social monogamy or just pair living). In this review, we ask the questions: What has been the historical definition of a pair bond? Has this definition differed across taxonomic groups? What behavioral evidence do we see of pair bonding in these groups? Does this observed evidence alter the definition of pair bonding? Does the observed neurobiology underlying these behaviors affect this definition as well? And finally, what are the upcoming directions in which the study of pair bonding needs to head?
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States of America; Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, United States of America; California National Primate Research Center, United States of America.
| | - Cory S Ardekani
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Alexander Baxter
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States of America; California National Primate Research Center, United States of America
| | - Chloe L Karaskiewicz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States of America; California National Primate Research Center, United States of America
| | - Jace X Kuske
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Allison R Lau
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States of America; California National Primate Research Center, United States of America
| | - Logan E Savidge
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States of America; California National Primate Research Center, United States of America
| | - Kristina R Sayler
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Lynea R Witczak
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States of America; California National Primate Research Center, United States of America
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6
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Nagy NA, Németh Z, Juhász E, Póliska S, Rácz R, Kiss J, Kosztolányi A, Barta Z. Inotocin, a potential modulator of reproductive behaviours in a biparental beetle, Lethrus apterus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 132:104253. [PMID: 34022190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the highly conserved oxytocin/vasopressin neuropeptide family are involved in the regulation of reproductive and affiliative behaviours in numerous vertebrate and invertebrate species. Here we investigate gene expression patterns of inotocin, the insect ortholog of this peptide family, and its receptor to decipher their possible role in the control of reproductive behaviour in a beetle, Lethrus apterus, with biparental care. In an experiment performed on individuals of a wild population, we found that inotocin is not related to the control of water balance in this species because expression patterns did not change as a response to drought exposure. The expression levels of inotocin and its receptor, however, increased over the reproductive season i.e., when behaviour shifts from pair formation to parental care, suggesting that inotocin might be involved in the regulation of parental care in this insect. No difference was, however, found between sexes; a finding which might indicate that inotocin plays a similar role in both parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta A Nagy
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary; Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Németh
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary; Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
| | - Edit Juhász
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatic Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
| | - Rita Rácz
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary; Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
| | - Johanna Kiss
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary; MTA-DE "Lendület" Evolutionary Phylogenomic Research Group, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Kosztolányi
- Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Barta
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary; Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
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7
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Camerino C. Oxytocin Involvement in Body Composition Unveils the True Identity of Oxytocin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126383. [PMID: 34203705 PMCID: PMC8232088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of the Oxytocin/Vasopressin system dates back about 600 million years. Oxytocin (Oxt) together with Vasopressin (VP) regulate a diversity of physiological functions that are important for osmoregulation, reproduction, metabolism, and social behavior. Oxt/VP-like peptides have been identified in several invertebrate species and they are functionally related across the entire animal kingdom. Functional conservation enables future exploitation of invertebrate models to study Oxt’s functions not related to pregnancy and the basic mechanisms of central Oxt/VP signaling. Specifically, Oxt is well known for its effects on uteri contractility and milk ejection as well as on metabolism and energy homeostasis. Moreover, the striking evidence that Oxt is linked to energy regulation is that Oxt- and Oxytocin receptor (Oxtr)-deficient mice show late onset obesity. Interestingly Oxt−/− or Oxtr−/− mice develop weight gain without increasing food intake, suggesting that a lack of Oxt reduce metabolic rate. Oxt is expressed in a diversity of skeletal muscle phenotypes and regulates thermogenesis and bone mass. Oxt may increases skeletal muscle tonicity and/or increases body temperature. In this review, the author compared the three most recent theories on the effects of Oxt on body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Camerino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (Section of Pharmacology), School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, P.za G. Cesare 11, 70100 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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8
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Saetan J, Kornthong N, Duangprom S, Phanthong P, Kruangkum T, Sobhon P. The oxytocin/vasopressin-like peptide receptor mRNA in the central nervous system and ovary of the blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 258:110983. [PMID: 34004320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The authors recently reported the presence and distribution of oxytocin/vasopressin-like peptide in Portunus pelagicus as well as demonstrated its function to inhibit ovarian steroid release (Saetan et al., 2018). Here, the full-length receptor of this peptide, namely oxytocin/vasopressin-like peptide receptor (PpelOT/VP-like peptide receptor) is reported. The coding region of the PpelOT/VP-like peptide receptor contained 1497 bp which translationally corresponded to 499 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed its seven transmembrane characteristics, with -two N-linked glycosylation residues located before the first transmembrane domain (TM I). The phylogenetic tree revealed that the PpelOT/VP-like peptide receptor was placed in the group of invertebrate OT/VP-like receptors, and was clearly distinguishable from the V1R, V2R and OTR of vertebrates. Also, this receptor gene transcript was detected in several organs of the blue swimming crab with highest abundance found in brain tissue. In situ hybridization exhibited its distribution in all neuronal clusters of the eyestalk, brain, ventral nerve cord (VNC), as well as in the ovary. Comparative gene expressions between this receptor and its corresponding peptide in immature and mature female crabs revealed no significant difference of the PpelOT/VP-like peptide receptor gene expression in the central nervous system (CNS) and ovary. In contrast, the PpelOT/VP-like peptide gene was shown to significantly express higher in the VNC of immature crabs and in the ovary of mature crabs. Changes in expression of this peptide gene, but not its receptor, might result in ovarian steroid release inhibition. However, the detailed mechanism of this peptide in reproduction regulation will be included in our further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirawat Saetan
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Napamanee Kornthong
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Duangprom
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
| | - Phetcharat Phanthong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanapong Kruangkum
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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9
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Qiao Z, Yao X, Liu X, Zhang J, Du Q, Zhang F, Li X, Jiang X. Transcriptomics and enzymology combined five gene expressions to reveal the responses of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) to the long-term exposure of cyantraniliprole in soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111824. [PMID: 33360783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyantraniliprole is a novel diamide insecticide that acts upon the ryanodine receptor (RyR) and has broad application prospects. Accordingly, it is very important to evaluate the toxicity of cyantraniliprole to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) because of their vital role in maintaining a healthy soil ecosystem. In this study, an experiment was set up, using four concentrations (0.1, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) and solvent control group (0 mg/kg), to investigate the ecotoxicity of cyantraniliprole to earthworms. Our results showed that, after 28 days of exposure to cyantraniliprole, both cocoon production and the number of juvenile earthworms had decreased significantly at concentrations of either 5 or 10 mg/kg. On day 14, we measured the activities of digestive enzymes and ion pumps in the intestinal tissues of earthworms. These results revealed that cyantraniliprole exposure caused intestinal damage in earthworm, specifically changes to its intestinal enzyme activity and calcium ion content. Cyantraniliprole could lead to proteins' carbonylation under the high-dose treatments (i.e., 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg). At the same time, we also found that cyantraniliprole can cause the abnormal expression of key functional genes (including HSP70, CAT, RYR, ANN, and CAM genes). Moreover, the transcriptomics data showed that exposure to cyantraniliprole would affect the synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, as well as their absorption and transformation, while cyantraniliprole would also affect signal transduction. In general, high-dose exposure to cyantraniliprole causes reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and intestinal damage to earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Qiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiangfeng Yao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jianye Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Qingzhi Du
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Fengwen Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xingyin Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
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Cheng Y, Zhu L, Song W, Jiang C, Li B, Du Z, Wang J, Wang J, Li D, Zhang K. Combined effects of mulch film-derived microplastics and atrazine on oxidative stress and gene expression in earthworm (Eisenia fetida). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141280. [PMID: 32745867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With the wide use of mulch film and pesticides, mulch film-derived microplastics are very likely to produce combined effects with pesticides in agricultural soil. However, little is known about their combined toxicity on terrestrial organisms. This study aimed to investigate the combined toxicity of unused or farmland residual transparent low-density polyethylene mulch film-derived microplastics (MPs and MPs-aged, respectively) (550-1000 μm) and atrazine (ATZ; 0.02 and 2.0 mg/kg) on the earthworm (Eisenia fetida). After single and combined exposure to ATZ and microplastics for 28 d, the results showed an accumulation of reactive oxygen species, a decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities, an increase in the malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels, and abnormal expression of annetocin, heat shock protein 70, translationally controlled tumor protein and calreticulin genes. Integrated biological response (IBR) values calculated at the biochemical level indicated that the combined exposure to ATZ and microplastics, particularly to high concentrations of ATZ, induced greater oxidative stress in E. fetida compared with that of exposure to ATZ or microplastics alone. In addition, the IBR values calculated at the gene level did not show regular changes after combined exposure to ATZ and microplastics compared with those of a single exposure. The oxidative stress and abnormal expression of genes in E. fetida induced by MPs-aged were higher than those induced by MPs; a similar trend was observed for oxidative stress induced by MPs/MPs-aged + ATZ2.0, whereas an opposite trend was observed for the abnormal expression of genes in E. fetida induced by MPs/MPs-aged + ATZ0.02/ATZ2.0. Our results suggest that mulch film-derived microplastics have the potential to enhance the toxicity of ATZ within the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Wenhui Song
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Chunying Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Dengtan Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Kaihua Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, China
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11
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Ponz-Segrelles G, Ribeiro RP, Bleidorn C, Aguado Molina MT. Sex-specific gene expression differences in reproducing Syllis prolifera and Nudisyllis pulligera (Annelida, Syllidae). Mar Genomics 2020; 54:100772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2020.100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Plytycz B, Bigaj J, Rysiewska A, Osikowski A, Hofman S, Podolak A, Grzmil P. Impairment of reproductive capabilities in three subsequent generations of asymmetric hybrids between Eisenia andrei and E. fetida from French, Hungarian and Polish laboratory colonies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235789. [PMID: 32645117 PMCID: PMC7347191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eisenia andrei (Ea) and E. fetida (Ef) lumbricid earthworms are simultaneous hermaphrodites potentially capable of self-fertilization and hybridization. We have shown previously that reproductive isolation in these species is incomplete in Ea and Ef earthworms of French provenance, as viable offspring appeared in inter-specific pairs. Fertile asymmetric hybrids developed from Ea-derived ova fertilized by Ef-derived spermatozoa, as well as Ea or Ef specimens derived after self-fertilization (resulting from admixture of endogenously produced spermatozoa with sperm from a partner), but never Ef-hybrids from Ef-ova fertilized by Ea-spermatozoa. The latter appeared only in backcrosses of Ea-hybrids with the Ef. Here we show that these phenomena are not unique for French Ea/Ef earthworms, but are shared by earthworms from French, Hungarian, and Polish laboratory cultures. Semi-quantitative studies on fertility of Ea-derived hybrids revealed gradually decreasing numbers of offspring in three successive generations, more rapid in backcrosses with Ef than with Ea, and the absence of progeny in pairs of hybrids, despite the presence of cocoons in almost all pairs. Based on species specific mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, we provide the first examples of two unique sterile hybrids with mitonuclear mismatch and potential mitonuclear incompatibility among offspring of one of the hybrid+Ef pairs. Earthworms from the investigated populations did not reproduce when kept from hatching in isolation or with representatives of Dendrobaena veneta but started reproducing upon recognition of a related partner, such as Ea, Ef or their hybrids. The existence of Ea or Ef specimens among offspring of hybrid+Ea/Ef pairs might be explained either by partner-induced self-fertilization of Ea/Ef or hybrid-derived ova, or by cross-fertilization of Ea/Ef /hybrid ova by partner-derived spermatozoa; the latter might contribute to interspecific gene introgression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Plytycz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janusz Bigaj
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rysiewska
- Department of Malacology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur Osikowski
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sebastian Hofman
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Podolak
- Department of the Basis of Agriculture and Waste Management, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Land Management and Environmental Protection, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Pawel Grzmil
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionism, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Yang X, Li Y, Wang X. Effects of ciprofloxacin exposure on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114287. [PMID: 32146370 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) poses a serious risk to soil organisms. Here, earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were used to explore the effect of CIP exposure on growth, reproduction, mortality, antioxidant enzyme activity, DNA damage, and mRNA levels. The results showed that mortality, weight, and reproduction did not change in response to CIP exposure. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and glutathione (GSH) were inhibited after 10 mg/kg CIP exposure on day 21, and catalase (CAT) activity increased significantly on day 14. High concentrations (1-2 g/kg) of CIP pollution caused DNA damage in E. fetida on days 7 and 14. At a dose of 10 mg/kg, CIP altered antioxidant enzymes and gene expression, but was not harmful to the growth and reproduction of E. fetida. Moreover, mRNA expression of annetocin, metallothionein, heat shock protein 70, and translationally controlled tumor protein were significantly upregulated on day 28. These findings indicate that antioxidant enzymes, DNA damage, and mRNA levels of biomarkers are more sensitive than mortality, growth, and reproduction for detecting CIP pollution in the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuanbo Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xing Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Beijing, 100193, China.
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14
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An Allostatic Theory of Oxytocin. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:515-528. [PMID: 32360118 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin has garnered considerable interest for its role in social behavior, as well as for the potential of intranasal administration to treat social difficulties. However, current theoretical models for the role of oxytocin in social behavior pay little consideration to its evolutionary and developmental history. This article aims to broaden our understanding of the role of oxytocin in social behavior by adopting an ethological approach through the lens of Nikolaas Tinbergen's 'four questions' - how does oxytocin work; how does the role of oxytocin change during development; how does oxytocin enhance survival; and how did the oxytocin system evolve? We argue that oxytocin is most accurately described as an allostatic hormone that modulates both social and non-social behavior by maintaining stability through changing environments.
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Odekunle EA, Elphick MR. Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology of Vasopressin/ Oxytocin-Type Neuropeptide Signaling in Invertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:225. [PMID: 32362874 PMCID: PMC7181382 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of structurally related hypothalamic hormones that regulate blood pressure and diuresis (vasopressin, VP; CYFQNCPRG-NH2) or lactation and uterine contraction (oxytocin, OT; CYIQNCPLG-NH2) was a major advance in neuroendocrinology, recognized in the award of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1955. Furthermore, the discovery of central actions of VP and OT as regulators of reproductive and social behavior in humans and other mammals has broadened interest in these neuropeptides beyond physiology into psychology. VP/OT-type neuropeptides and their G-protein coupled receptors originated in a common ancestor of the Bilateria (Urbilateria), with invertebrates typically having a single VP/OT-type neuropeptide and cognate receptor. Gene/genome duplications followed by gene loss gave rise to variety in the number of VP/OT-type neuropeptides and receptors in different vertebrate lineages. Recent advances in comparative transcriptomics/genomics have enabled discovery of VP/OT-type neuropeptides in an ever-growing diversity of invertebrate taxa, providing new opportunities to gain insights into the evolution of VP/OT-type neuropeptide function in the Bilateria. Here we review the comparative physiology of VP/OT-type neuropeptides in invertebrates, with roles in regulation of reproduction, feeding, and water/salt homeostasis emerging as common themes. For example, we highlight recent reports of roles in regulation of oocyte maturation in the sea-squirt Ciona intestinalis, extraoral feeding behavior in the starfish Asterias rubens and energy status and dessication resistance in ants. Thus, VP/OT-type neuropeptides are pleiotropic regulators of physiological processes, with evolutionarily conserved roles that can be traced back to Urbilateria. To gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of VP/OT-type neuropeptide function it may be necessary to not only determine the actions of the peptides but also to characterize the transcriptomic/proteomic/metabolomic profiles of cells expressing VP/OT-type precursors and/or VP/OT-type receptors within the framework of anatomically and functionally identified neuronal networks. Furthermore, investigation of VP/OT-type neuropeptide function in a wider range of invertebrate species is now needed if we are to determine how and when this ancient signaling system was recruited to regulate diverse physiological and behavioral processes in different branches of animal phylogeny and in contrasting environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurice R. Elphick
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Local adaptation fuels cryptic speciation in terrestrial annelids. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 146:106767. [PMID: 32081763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Uncovering the genetic and evolutionary basis of cryptic speciation is a major focus of evolutionary biology. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) allows the identification of genome-wide local adaptation signatures, but has rarely been applied to cryptic complexes - particularly in the soil milieu - as it is the case with integrative taxonomy. The earthworm genus Carpetania, comprising six previously suggested putative cryptic lineages, is a promising model to study the evolutionary phenomena shaping cryptic speciation in soil-dwelling lineages. Genotyping-By-Sequencing (GBS) was used to provide genome-wide information about genetic variability between 17 populations, and geometric morphometrics analyses of genital chaetae were performed to investigate unexplored cryptic morphological evolution. Genomic analyses revealed the existence of three cryptic species, with half of the previously-identified potential cryptic lineages clustering within them. Local adaptation was detected in more than 800 genes putatively involved in a plethora of biological functions (most notably reproduction, metabolism, immunological response and morphogenesis). Several genes with selection signatures showed shared mutations for each of the cryptic species, and genes under selection were enriched in functions related to regulation of transcription, including SNPs located in UTR regions. Finally, geometric morphometrics approaches partially confirmed the phylogenetic signal of relevant morphological characters such as genital chaetae. Our study therefore unveils that local adaptation and regulatory divergence are key evolutionary forces orchestrating genome evolution in soil fauna.
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Matsubara S, Shiraishi A, Osugi T, Kawada T, Satake H. The regulation of oocyte maturation and ovulation in the closest sister group of vertebrates. eLife 2019; 8:49062. [PMID: 31573508 PMCID: PMC6786877 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascidians are the closest living relatives of vertebrates, and their study is important for understanding the evolutionary processes of oocyte maturation and ovulation. In this study, we first examined the ovulation of Ciona intestinalis Type A by monitoring follicle rupture in vitro, identifying a novel mechanism of neuropeptidergic regulation of oocyte maturation and ovulation. Ciona vasopressin family peptide (CiVP) directly upregulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (CiErk1/2) via its receptor. CiVP ultimately activated a maturation-promoting factor, leading to oocyte maturation via germinal vesicle breakdown. CiErk1/2 also induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (CiMMP2/9/13) in the oocyte, resulting in collagen degradation in the outer follicular cell layer and liberation of fertile oocytes from the ovary. This is the first demonstration of essential pathways regulating oocyte maturation and ovulation in ascidians and will facilitate investigations of the evolutionary process of peptidergic regulation of oocyte maturation and ovulation throughout the phylum Chordata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Matsubara
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Osugi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawada
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
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18
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Odekunle EA, Semmens DC, Martynyuk N, Tinoco AB, Garewal AK, Patel RR, Blowes LM, Zandawala M, Delroisse J, Slade SE, Scrivens JH, Egertová M, Elphick MR. Ancient role of vasopressin/oxytocin-type neuropeptides as regulators of feeding revealed in an echinoderm. BMC Biol 2019; 17:60. [PMID: 31362737 PMCID: PMC6668147 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasopressin/oxytocin (VP/OT)-type neuropeptides are well known for their roles as regulators of diuresis, reproductive physiology and social behaviour. However, our knowledge of their functions is largely based on findings from studies on vertebrates and selected protostomian invertebrates. Little is known about the roles of VP/OT-type neuropeptides in deuterostomian invertebrates, which are more closely related to vertebrates than protostomes. RESULTS Here, we have identified and functionally characterised a VP/OT-type signalling system comprising the neuropeptide asterotocin and its cognate G-protein coupled receptor in the starfish (sea star) Asterias rubens, a deuterostomian invertebrate belonging to the phylum Echinodermata. Analysis of the distribution of asterotocin and the asterotocin receptor in A. rubens using mRNA in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry revealed expression in the central nervous system (radial nerve cords and circumoral nerve ring), the digestive system (including the cardiac stomach) and the body wall and associated appendages. Informed by the anatomy of asterotocin signalling, in vitro pharmacological experiments revealed that asterotocin acts as a muscle relaxant in starfish, contrasting with the myotropic actions of VP/OT-type neuropeptides in vertebrates. Furthermore, in vivo injection of asterotocin had a striking effect on starfish behaviour-triggering fictive feeding where eversion of the cardiac stomach and changes in body posture resemble the unusual extra-oral feeding behaviour of starfish. CONCLUSIONS We provide a comprehensive characterisation of VP/OT-type signalling in an echinoderm, including a detailed anatomical analysis of the expression of both the VP/OT-type neuropeptide asterotocin and its cognate receptor. Our discovery that asterotocin triggers fictive feeding in starfish provides important new evidence of an evolutionarily ancient role of VP/OT-type neuropeptides as regulators of feeding in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther A. Odekunle
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - Dean C. Semmens
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - Nataly Martynyuk
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK
| | - Ana B. Tinoco
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - Abdullah K. Garewal
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - Radhika R. Patel
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - Liisa M. Blowes
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - Meet Zandawala
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Jérôme Delroisse
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
- Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Susan E. Slade
- Waters/Warwick Centre for BioMedical Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX UK
| | - James H. Scrivens
- Waters/Warwick Centre for BioMedical Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
- School of Science, Engineering & Design, Teesside University, Stephenson Street, Tees Valley, TS1 3BA UK
| | - Michaela Egertová
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - Maurice R. Elphick
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
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Wang X, Zhu X, Peng Q, Wang Y, Ge J, Yang G, Wang X, Cai L, Shen W. Multi-level ecotoxicological effects of imidacloprid on earthworm (Eisenia fetida). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 219:923-932. [PMID: 30572241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a neurotoxic insecticide, imidacloprid (IMI) has been widely used for crop protection. However, continuous application of such pesticide in the environment may damage the non-target organisms in soil. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of IMI on earthworms in terms of survival, avoidance behavior, reproduction, detoxification enzyme activity and gene expression using a systematic experimental approach. The results showed that the 14-day LC50 value of IMI was 2.26 (2.09-2.43) mg a.i. kg-1, and the 2-day AC50 value (concentration inducing an avoidance rate of 50%) of IMI was 1.34 (1.02-1.91) mg a.i. kg-1 to E. fetida. For reproduction, the 56-day EC50 value of IMI was 0.87 (0.66-1.33) mg a.i. kg-1 to E. fetida, and there was a positive correlation between the growth rate of earthworms and the number of juveniles in IMI treatments. Activities of carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GST) in earthworms were disturbed by IMI exposure. Moreover, effects of IMI on the CarE activity in earthworms were more severe and sensitive compared with the GST activity. The expressions of annetocin (ann) and calreticulin (crt) at the transcriptional level were decreased upon IMI exposure, reaching the lowest levels of 0.09 fold and 0.16 fold on day 7 and day 14, respectively. Transcriptionally controlled tumor protein (tctp), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and gst exhibited relatively obvious variations (up-regulation or down-regulation) when the exposure duration was extended. Taken together, these results comprehensively contributed to further understandings of the impacts of IMI on earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- College of Grassland and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinping Zhu
- College of Grassland and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Qi Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Ge
- College of Grassland and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leiming Cai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weifeng Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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20
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Viana F, Paz LC, Methling K, Damgaard CF, Lalk M, Schramm A, Lund MB. Distinct effects of the nephridial symbionts Verminephrobacter and Candidatus Nephrothrix on reproduction and maturation of its earthworm host Eisenia andrei. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:4768062. [PMID: 29272384 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Verminephrobacter, the most common specific symbionts in the nephridia (excretory organs) of lumbricid earthworms, have been shown to improve reproduction of the garden earthworm Aporrectodea tuberculata under nutrient limitation. It is unknown how general this beneficial trait is in the Verminephrobacter-earthworm symbiosis, whether other nephridial symbionts also affect host fitness and what the mechanism of the fitness increase is. Here we report beneficial effects of Verminephrobacter and Candidatus Nephrothrix on life history traits of the compost worm Eisenia andrei, which in addition to these two symbionts also hosts Agromyces-like bacteria in its mixed nephridial community: while growth was identical between control, Verminephrobacter-free and aposymbiotic worms, control worms produced significantly more cocoons and offspring than both Verminephrobacter-free and aposymbiotic worms, confirming the reproductive benefit of Verminephrobacter in a second host with different ecology and feeding behavior. Furthermore, worms with Verminephrobacter and Ca. Nephrothrix, or with only Ca. Nephrothrix present, reached sexual maturity significantly earlier than aposymbiotic worms; this is the first evidence for a beneficial role of Ca. Nephrothrix in earthworms. Riboflavin content in cocoons and whole earthworms was unaffected by the presence or absence of nephridial symbionts, suggesting that nutritional supplementation with this vitamin does not play a major role in this symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Viana
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Laura-Carlota Paz
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karen Methling
- Institute of Biochemistry, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian F Damgaard
- Section for Plant and Insect Ecology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Michael Lalk
- Institute of Biochemistry, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Schramm
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie B Lund
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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21
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Liang J, Xia X, Yuan L, Zhang W, Lin K, Zhou B, Hu S. The reproductive responses of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in the presence of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:784-791. [PMID: 29128245 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive toxicity of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) along with coexisting decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) to earthworm Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) remains unknown. In the present study, the reproductive responses of E. fetida exposed to 100, 500 and 1000 mg kg-1 of nZVI showed a significant (P < 0.05) decline up to 35.6%, 60.0% and 93.3%, respectively, compared to the controls. Expression levels of annetocin (ANN) gene indicated a remarkable (P < 0.05) down-regulation (59.2%, 58.2% and 95.0%, correspondingly), and it was positively correlated with reproductive rates (R = 0.94). Iron contents in E. fetida were also relevant to reproductive behavior (R = 0.84) and ANN expression (R = 0.75). Additionally, seminal vesicles displayed a progressive degeneration with increasing nZVI levels. The addition of BDE209 to low level of nZVI-polluted group (100 mg kg-1 dw) barely caused clear changes on reproduction, histopathology and ANN, while the coexistence resulted in significant impacts in comparison with high level of single nZVI exposure (1000 mg kg-1 dw). These observations would provide some significant information concerning joint toxicity of the two chemicals in a soil system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoqian Xia
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuangqing Hu
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
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22
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Saetan J, Kruangkum T, Phanthong P, Tipbunjong C, Udomuksorn W, Sobhon P, Sretarugsa P. Molecular cloning and distribution of oxytocin/vasopressin-like mRNA in the blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus, and its inhibitory effect on ovarian steroid release. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 218:46-55. [PMID: 29382539 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to characterize the full length of mRNA of oxytocin/vasopressin (OT/VP)-like mRNA in female Portunus pelagicus (PpelOT/VP-like mRNA) using a partial PpelOT/VP-like sequence obtained previously in our transcriptome analysis (Saetan, 2014) to construct the primers. The PpelOT/VP-like mRNA was 626 bp long and it encoded the preprohormones containing 158 amino acids. This preprohormone consisted of a signal peptide, an active nonapeptide (CFITNCPPG) followed by the dibasic cleavage site (GKR), and the neurophysin domain. Sequence alignment of the PpelOT/VP-like peptide with those of other animals revealed strong molecular conservation. Phylogenetic analysis of encoded proteins revealed that the PpelOT/VP-like peptide was clustered within the group of crustacean OT/VP-like peptide. Analysis by RT-PCR revealed the expression of mRNA transcripts in the eyestalk, brain, ventral nerve cord (VNC), ovary, intestine and gill. The in situ hybridization demonstrated the cellular localizations of the transcripts in the central nervous system (CNS) and ovary tissues. In the eyestalk, the mRNA expression was observed in the neuronal clusters 1-5 but not in the sinus gland complex. In the brain and the VNC, the transcripts were detected in all neuronal clusters but not in the glial cell. In the ovary, the transcripts were found in all stages of oocytes (Oc1, Oc2, Oc3, and Oc4). In addition, synthetic PpelOT/VP-like peptide could inhibit steroid release from the ovary. The knowledge gained from this study will provide more understanding on neuro-endocrinological controls in this crab species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirawat Saetan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Thanapong Kruangkum
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Chittipong Tipbunjong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Wandee Udomuksorn
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Prapee Sretarugsa
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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23
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Williams EA, Verasztó C, Jasek S, Conzelmann M, Shahidi R, Bauknecht P, Mirabeau O, Jékely G. Synaptic and peptidergic connectome of a neurosecretory center in the annelid brain. eLife 2017; 6:26349. [PMID: 29199953 PMCID: PMC5747525 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosecretory centers in animal brains use peptidergic signaling to influence physiology and behavior. Understanding neurosecretory center function requires mapping cell types, synapses, and peptidergic networks. Here we use transmission electron microscopy and gene expression mapping to analyze the synaptic and peptidergic connectome of an entire neurosecretory center. We reconstructed 78 neurosecretory neurons and mapped their synaptic connectivity in the brain of larval Platynereis dumerilii, a marine annelid. These neurons form an anterior neurosecretory center expressing many neuropeptides, including hypothalamic peptide orthologs and their receptors. Analysis of peptide-receptor pairs in spatially mapped single-cell transcriptome data revealed sparsely connected networks linking specific neuronal subsets. We experimentally analyzed one peptide-receptor pair and found that a neuropeptide can couple neurosecretory and synaptic brain signaling. Our study uncovered extensive networks of peptidergic signaling within a neurosecretory center and its connection to the synaptic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Csaba Verasztó
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sanja Jasek
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Réza Shahidi
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.,Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Olivier Mirabeau
- Genetics and Biology of Cancers Unit, Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.,Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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24
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Chérasse S, Aron S. Measuring inotocin receptor gene expression in chronological order in ant queens. Horm Behav 2017; 96:116-121. [PMID: 28919556 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates and invertebrates, oxytocin/vasopressin-like peptides modulate a variety of behaviors. The recent discovery of the gene and receptor sequences of inotocin, the insect ortholog of oxytocin/vasopressin, opens new opportunities for understanding the role of this peptide family in regulating behaviors in the most populated class of living animals. Ants live in highly organized colonies. Once a year, they produce future queens that soon leave the nest to mate and found new colonies. During the first months of their lives, ant queens display a sequence of behaviors ranging from copulation and social interactions to violent fighting. In order to investigate the potential roles of inotocin in shaping queen behavior, we measured gene expression of the inotocin receptor in the heads of Lasius niger ant queens at different points in time. The highest levels of expression occurred early in queen life when they experience crowded conditions in their mother nests and soon thereafter set out to mate. Inotocin could thus be involved in regulating social and reproductive behaviors as reported in other animals. While oxytocin and vasopressin are also involved in aggression in mammals, we found no direct link between these behaviors and inotocin receptor expression in L. niger. Our study provides a first glimpse into the roles the inotocin receptor might play in regulating important processes in ant physiology and behavior. Further studies are needed to understand the molecular function of this complex signaling system in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chérasse
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Département de Biologie des Organismes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Serge Aron
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Département de Biologie des Organismes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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25
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Lockard MA, Ebert MS, Bargmann CI. Oxytocin mediated behavior in invertebrates: An evolutionary perspective. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:128-142. [PMID: 27804275 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and functional conservation of oxytocin-related neuropeptides in behavior is striking. In animals separated by at least 600 million years of evolution, from roundworms to humans, oxytocin homologs play critical roles in the modulation of reproductive behavior and other biological functions. Here, we review the roles of oxytocin in invertebrate behavior from an evolutionary perspective. We begin by tracing the evolution of oxytocin through the invertebrate animal lineages, and then describe common themes in invertebrate behaviors that are mediated by oxytocin-related peptides, including reproductive behavior, learning and memory, food arousal, and predator/prey relationships. Finally, we discuss interesting future directions that have recently become experimentally tractable. Studying oxytocin in invertebrates offers precise insights into the activity of neuropeptides on well-defined neural circuits; the principles that emerge may also be represented in the more complex vertebrate brain. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 128-142, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Lockard
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, 10065
| | - Margaret S Ebert
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, 10065
| | - Cornelia I Bargmann
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, 10065.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, 10065
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26
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Semmens DC, Mirabeau O, Moghul I, Pancholi MR, Wurm Y, Elphick MR. Transcriptomic identification of starfish neuropeptide precursors yields new insights into neuropeptide evolution. Open Biol 2016; 6:150224. [PMID: 26865025 PMCID: PMC4772807 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are evolutionarily ancient mediators of neuronal signalling in nervous systems. With recent advances in genomics/transcriptomics, an increasingly wide range of species has become accessible for molecular analysis. The deuterostomian invertebrates are of particular interest in this regard because they occupy an ‘intermediate' position in animal phylogeny, bridging the gap between the well-studied model protostomian invertebrates (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans) and the vertebrates. Here we have identified 40 neuropeptide precursors in the starfish Asterias rubens, a deuterostomian invertebrate from the phylum Echinodermata. Importantly, these include kisspeptin-type and melanin-concentrating hormone-type precursors, which are the first to be discovered in a non-chordate species. Starfish tachykinin-type, somatostatin-type, pigment-dispersing factor-type and corticotropin-releasing hormone-type precursors are the first to be discovered in the echinoderm/ambulacrarian clade of the animal kingdom. Other precursors identified include vasopressin/oxytocin-type, gonadotropin-releasing hormone-type, thyrotropin-releasing hormone-type, calcitonin-type, cholecystokinin/gastrin-type, orexin-type, luqin-type, pedal peptide/orcokinin-type, glycoprotein hormone-type, bursicon-type, relaxin-type and insulin-like growth factor-type precursors. This is the most comprehensive identification of neuropeptide precursor proteins in an echinoderm to date, yielding new insights into the evolution of neuropeptide signalling systems. Furthermore, these data provide a basis for experimental analysis of neuropeptide function in the unique context of the decentralized, pentaradial echinoderm bauplan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean C Semmens
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Olivier Mirabeau
- Institut Curie, Genetics and Biology of Cancers Unit, INSERM U830, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Ismail Moghul
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Mahesh R Pancholi
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Yannick Wurm
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Maurice R Elphick
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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27
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Paré P, Paixão-Côrtes VR, Tovo-Rodrigues L, Vargas-Pinilla P, Viscardi LH, Salzano FM, Henkes LE, Bortolini MC. Oxytocin and arginine vasopressin receptor evolution: implications for adaptive novelties in placental mammals. Genet Mol Biol 2016; 39:646-657. [PMID: 27505307 PMCID: PMC5127151 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2015-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and arginine vasopressin receptors
(AVPR1a, AVPR1b, and AVPR2) are paralogous genes
that emerged through duplication events; along the evolutionary timeline, owing to
speciation, numerous orthologues emerged as well. In order to elucidate the
evolutionary forces that shaped these four genes in placental mammals and to reveal
specific aspects of their protein structures, 35 species were selected. Specifically,
we investigated their molecular evolutionary history and intrinsic protein disorder
content, and identified the presence of short linear interaction motifs.
OXTR seems to be under evolutionary constraint in placental
mammals, whereas AVPR1a, AVPR1b, and AVPR2 exhibit
higher evolutionary rates, suggesting that they have been under relaxed or
experienced positive selection. In addition, we describe here, for the first time,
that the OXTR, AVPR1a, AVPR1b, and AVPR2 mammalian orthologues preserve their
disorder content, while this condition varies among the paralogues. Finally, our
results reveal the presence of short linear interaction motifs, indicating possible
functional adaptations related to physiological and/or behavioral taxa-specific
traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Paré
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa R Paixão-Côrtes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Reprodução Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Pedro Vargas-Pinilla
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Henriques Viscardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco Mauro Salzano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz E Henkes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Catira Bortolini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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28
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Matsubara S, Kawada T, Sakai T, Aoyama M, Osugi T, Shiraishi A, Satake H. The significance of Ciona intestinalis as a stem organism in integrative studies of functional evolution of the chordate endocrine, neuroendocrine, and nervous systems. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 227:101-8. [PMID: 26031189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ascidians are the closest phylogenetic neighbors to vertebrates and are believed to conserve the evolutionary origin in chordates of the endocrine, neuroendocrine, and nervous systems involving neuropeptides and peptide hormones. Ciona intestinalis harbors various homologs or prototypes of vertebrate neuropeptides and peptide hormones including gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs), tachykinins (TKs), and calcitonin, as well as Ciona-specific neuropeptides such as Ciona vasopressin, LF, and YFV/L peptides. Moreover, molecular and functional studies on Ciona tachykinin (Ci-TK) have revealed the novel molecular mechanism of inducing oocyte growth via up-regulation of vitellogenesis-associated protease activity, which is expected to be conserved in vertebrates. Furthermore, a series of studies on Ciona GnRH receptor paralogs have verified the species-specific regulation of GnRHergic signaling including unique signaling control via heterodimerization among multiple GnRH receptors. These findings confirm the remarkable significance of ascidians in investigations of the evolutionary processes of the peptidergic systems in chordates, leading to the promising advance in the research on Ciona peptides in the next stage based on the recent development of emerging technologies including genome-editing techniques, peptidomics-based multi-color staining, machine-learning prediction, and next-generation sequencing. These technologies and bioinformatic integration of the resultant "multi-omics" data will provide unprecedented insights into the comprehensive understanding of molecular and functional regulatory mechanisms of the Ciona peptides, and will eventually enable the exploration of both conserved and diversified endocrine, neuroendocrine, and nervous systems in the evolutionary lineage of chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Matsubara
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawada
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Sakai
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan
| | - Masato Aoyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyahigashi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Osugi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan.
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29
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Molnar L, Pollak E, Skopek Z, Gutt E, Kruk J, Morgan AJ, Plytycz B. Immune system participates in brain regeneration and restoration of reproduction in the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:269-79. [PMID: 25863277 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Earthworm decerebration causes temporary inhibition of reproduction which is mediated by certain brain-derived neurohormones; thus, cocoon production is an apposite supravital marker of neurosecretory center functional recovery during brain regeneration. The core aim of the present study was to investigate aspects of the interactions of nervous and immune systems during brain regeneration in adult Dendrobaena veneta (Annelida; Oligochaeta). Surgical brain extirpation was combined, either with (i) maintenance of immune-competent coelomic cells (coelomocytes) achieved by surgery on prilocaine-anesthetized worms or (ii) prior extrusion of fluid-suspended coelomocytes by electrostimulation. Both brain renewal and cocoon output recovery were significantly faster in earthworms with relatively undisturbed coelomocyte counts compared with individuals where coelomocyte counts had been experimentally depleted. These observations provide empirical evidence that coelomocytes and/or coelomocyte-derived factors (e.g. riboflavin) participate in brain regeneration and, by implication, that there is close functional synergy between earthworm neural and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Molnar
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Pecs University, Hungary
| | - Edit Pollak
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Pecs University, Hungary
| | - Zuzanna Skopek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Gutt
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University
| | - A John Morgan
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, Wales, UK
| | - Barbara Plytycz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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30
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Shu Y, Zhang Y, Cheng M, Zeng H, Wang J. Multilevel assessment of Cry1Ab Bt-maize straw return affecting the earthworm Eisenia fetida. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 137:59-69. [PMID: 26011413 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-target effects of two varieties of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-maize straw (5422Bt1 [event Bt11] and 5422CBCL [MON810]) return on the Eisenia fetida were investigated by using multilevel assessments, compared to near-isogenic non-Bt-maize (5422). 5422Bt1 straw return had no deleterious effects on adult earthworms and had significantly positive effects on juveniles over three generations. Negative, no, and positive effects on adults treated with 5422CBCL straw were observed in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation, respectively. Negative and positive effects were observed on juveniles produced from the 1st- and 2nd-generation adults treated with 5422CBCL straw, respectively. Glutathione peroxidase activity of earthworms from Bt-maize treatments was significantly higher than that of control on the 90th d. Translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes were down-regulated, while annetocin (ANN) expression was up-regulated in 5422Bt1 treatments. TCTP and SOD genes were up-regulated, while ANN and heat shock protein 70 were down-regulated in E. fetida from 5422CBCL treatments. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that Cry1Ab released from 5422Bt1 and 5422CBCL straw degraded rapidly on the 15th and 30th d and had a slow decline in the rest testing time. Cry1Ab concentrations in the soil, casts and guts of earthworm significantly decreased over the course of the experiment. This study was the first to evaluate generational effects of Bt-maize straw return on earthworms under laboratory conditions. The responses of enzymes activity and genes expression may contribute to better understand above different effects of Bt-maize straw return on earthworms from the 1st generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Shu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Miaomiao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huilan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Celik O, Aydin S, Celik N, Yilmaz M. Peptides: Basic determinants of reproductive functions. Peptides 2015; 72:34-43. [PMID: 26074346 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian reproduction is a costly process in terms of energy consumption. The critical information regarding metabolic status is signaled to the hypothalamus mainly through peripheral peptides from the adipose tissue and gastrointestinal tract. Changes in energy stores produce fluctuations in leptin, insulin, ghrelin and glucose signals that feedback mainly to the hypothalamus to regulate metabolism and fertility. In near future, possible effects of the nutritional status on GnRH regulation can be evaluated by measuring serum or tissue levels of leptin and ghrelin in patiens suffering from infertility. The fact that leptin and ghrelin are antagonistic in their effects on GnRH neurons, their respective agonistic and antagonistic roles make them ideal candidates to use instead of GnRH agonist and antagonist. Similarly, kisspeptin expressing neurons are likely to mediate the well-established link between energy balance and reproductive functions. Exogenous kisspeptin can be used for physiological ovarian hyperstimulation for in-vitro fertilization. Moreover, kisspeptin antagonist therapy can be used for the treatment of postmenapousal women, precocious puberty, PCOS, endometriosis and uterine fibroids. In this review, we will analyze the central mechanisms involved in the integration of metabolic information and their contribution to the control of the reproductive function. Particular attention will be paid to summarize the participation of leptin, kisspeptin, ghrelin, NPY, orexin, urocortin, VIP, insulin, galanin, galanin like peptide, oxytocin, agouti gene-related peptide, and POMC neurons in this process and their possible interactions to contribute to the metabolic control of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onder Celik
- Private Clinic, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), 23119 Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Nilufer Celik
- Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Musa Yilmaz
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), 23119 Elazig, Turkey
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32
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Evolutionary pattern in the OXT-OXTR system in primates: coevolution and positive selection footprints. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:88-93. [PMID: 25535371 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419399112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin is a nonapeptide involved in a wide range of physiologic and behavioral functions. Until recently, it was believed that an unmodified oxytocin sequence was present in all placental mammals. This study analyzed oxytocin (OXT) in 29 primate species and the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) in 21 of these species. We report here three novel OXT forms in the New World monkeys, as well as a more extensive distribution of a previously described variant (Leu8Pro). In structural terms, these OXTs share the same three low-energy conformations in solution during molecular dynamic simulations, with subtle differences in their side chains. A consistent signal of positive selection was detected in the Cebidae family, and OXT position 8 showed a statistically significant (P = 0.013) correlation with litter size. Several OXTR changes were identified, some of them promoting gain or loss of putative phosphorylation sites, with possible consequences for receptor internalization and desensitization. OXTR amino acid sites are under positive selection, and intramolecular and intermolecular coevolutionary processes with OXT were also detected. We suggest that some New World monkey OXT-OXTR forms can be correlated to male parental care through the increase of cross-reactivity with its correlated vasopressin system.
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33
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Kelly AM, Goodson JL. Social functions of individual vasopressin-oxytocin cell groups in vertebrates: what do we really know? Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:512-29. [PMID: 24813923 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vasopressin-oxytocin (VP-OT) nonapeptides modulate numerous social and stress-related behaviors, yet these peptides are made in multiple nuclei and brain regions (e.g., >20 in some mammals), and VP-OT cells in these areas often exhibit overlapping axonal projections. Furthermore, the magnocellular cell groups release peptide volumetrically from dendrites and soma, which gives rise to paracrine modulation in distal brain areas. Nonapeptide receptors also tend to be promiscuous. Hence, behavioral effects that are mediated by any given receptor type (e.g., the OT receptor) in a target brain region cannot be conclusively attributed to either VP or OT, nor to a specific cell group. We here review what is actually known about the social behavior functions of nonapeptide cell groups, with a focus on aggression, affiliation, bonding, social stress, and parental behavior, and discuss recent studies that demonstrate a diversity of sex-specific contributions of VP-OT cell groups to gregariousness and pair bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey M Kelly
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - James L Goodson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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34
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Chelini MC, Machado G. Multiple Lines of Egg Defense in a Neotropical Arachnid with Temporary Brood Desertion. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Chelini
- Departamento de Ecologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln NE USA
| | - Glauco Machado
- Departamento de Ecologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
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35
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Klatt JD, Goodson JL. Sex-specific activity and function of hypothalamic nonapeptide neurons during nest-building in zebra finches. Horm Behav 2013; 64:818-24. [PMID: 24126135 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate species from fish to humans engage in a complex set of preparatory behaviors referred to as nesting; yet despite its phylogenetic ubiquity, the physiological and neural mechanisms that underlie nesting are not well known. We here test the hypothesis that nesting behavior is influenced by the vasopressin-oxytocin (VP-OT) peptides, based upon the roles they play in parental behavior in mammals. We quantified nesting behavior in male and female zebra finches following both peripheral and central administrations of OT and V1a receptor (OTR and V1aR, respectively) antagonists. Peripheral injections of the OTR antagonist profoundly reduce nesting behavior in females, but not males, whereas comparable injections of V1aR antagonist produce relatively modest effects in both sexes. However, central antagonist infusions produce no effects on nesting, and OTR antagonist injections into the breast produce significantly weaker effects than those into the inguinal area, suggesting that antagonist effects are mediated peripherally, likely via the oviduct. Finally, immunocytochemistry was used to quantify nesting-induced Fos activation of nonapeptide neurons in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus and the medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Nest-building induced Fos expression within paraventricular VP neurons of females but not males. Because the avian forms of OT (Ile(8)-OT; mesotocin) and VP (Ile(3)-VP; vasotocin) exhibit high affinity for the avian OTR, and because both peptide forms modulate uterine contractility, we hypothesize that nesting-related stimuli induce peptide release from paraventricular vasotocin neurons, which then promote female nesting via peripheral feedback from OTR binding in the oviduct uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Klatt
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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36
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Beets I, Temmerman L, Janssen T, Schoofs L. Ancient neuromodulation by vasopressin/oxytocin-related peptides. WORM 2013; 2:e24246. [PMID: 24058873 PMCID: PMC3704447 DOI: 10.4161/worm.24246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptidergic signaling is widely adopted by animals for the regulation of physiology and behavior in a rapidly changing environment. The vasopressin/oxytocin neuropeptide family originates from an ancestral peptide precursor in the antecedent of protostomian and deuterostomian animals. In vertebrates, vasopressin and oxytocin have both hormonal effects on peripheral target tissues, such as in the regulation of reproduction and water balance, and neuromodulatory actions in the central nervous system controlling social behavior and cognition. The recent identification of vasopressin/oxytocin-related signaling in C. elegans reveals that this peptidergic system is widespread among nematodes. Genetic analysis of the C. elegans nematocin system denotes vasopressin/oxytocin-like peptides as ancient neuromodulators of neuronal circuits involved in reproductive behavior and associative learning, whereas former invertebrate studies focused on conserved peripheral actions of this peptide family. Nematocin provides neuromodulatory input into the gustatory plasticity circuit as well as into distinct male mating circuits to generate a coherent mating behavior. Molecular interactions are comparable to those underlying vasopressin- and oxytocin-mediated effects in the mammalian brain. Understanding how the vasopressin/oxytocin family fine-tunes neuronal circuits for social behavior, learning and memory poses a major challenge. Functional conservation of these effects in nematodes and most likely in other invertebrates enables the development of future models to help answering this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Beets
- Department of Biology; Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group; KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
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37
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Abstract
New findings • What is the topic of this review? This article describes the discovery and function of invertebrate oxytocin and vasopressin neuropeptides. • What advances does it highlight? The novel discovery of oxytocin-like peptides in arthropods is described. An up-to date overview is gven of the functional role (physiology and behaviour) of oxytocin and vasopressin signalling. The application of natural peptides for drug development is discussed. Neuropeptides and regulatory peptide hormones control many developmental, physiological and behavioural processes in animals, including humans. The nonapeptides oxytocin and arginine vasopressin are produced and released by the pituitary gland and have actions on many organs and tissues. Receptive cells possess particular receptors to which the peptides bind as ligands, leading to activation of G-protein-coupled receptors, hence cellular responses. In humans and other mammalian species, oxytocin and vasopressin mediate a range of peripheral and central physiological functions that are important for osmoregulation, reproduction, complex social behaviours, memory and learning. The origin of the oxytocin/vasopressin signalling system is thought to date back more than 600 million years. All vertebrate oxytocin- and vasopressin-like peptides have presumably evolved from the ancestral nonapeptide vasotocin by gene duplication and today are present in vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. Oxytocin- and vasopressin-like peptides have been identified in several invertebrate species, including molluscs, annelids, nematodes and arthropods. Members of this peptide family share high sequence similarity, and it is possible that they are functionally related across the entire animal kingdom. However, it is evident that not all animals express oxytocin/vasopressin neuropeptides and that there is little information available about the biology and physiology of this signalling system of invertebrates and, in particular, of insects, which represent more than half of all known living organisms. This report describes the discovery of novel oxytocin- and vasopressin-like peptides in arthropods and summarizes the status quo of the functional relevance of this neuropeptide signalling system in invertebrates, which will have beneficial implications for the design of selective and potent ligands to human oxytocin and vasopressin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Gruber
- C. W. Gruber: Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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38
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Abstract
The emerging field of "neuro-evo-devo" is beginning to reveal how the molecular and neural substrates that underlie brain function are based on variations in evolutionarily ancient and conserved neurochemical and neural circuit themes. Comparative work across bilaterians is reviewed to highlight how early neural patterning specifies modularity of the embryonic brain, which lays a foundation on which manipulation of neurogenesis creates adjustments in brain size. Small variation within these developmental mechanisms contributes to the evolution of brain diversity. Comparing the specification and spatial distribution of neural phenotypes across bilaterians has also suggested some major brain evolution trends, although much more work on profiling neural connections with neurochemical specificity across a wide diversity of organisms is needed. These comparative approaches investigating the evolution of brain form and function hold great promise for facilitating a mechanistic understanding of how variation in brain morphology, neural phenotypes, and neural networks influences brain function and behavioral diversity across organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A O'Connell
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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39
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Novo M, Riesgo A, Fernández-Guerra A, Giribet G. Pheromone evolution, reproductive genes, and comparative transcriptomics in mediterranean earthworms (annelida, oligochaeta, hormogastridae). Mol Biol Evol 2013; 30:1614-29. [PMID: 23596327 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals inhabiting cryptic environments are often subjected to morphological stasis due to the lack of obvious agents driving selection, and hence chemical cues may be important drivers of sexual selection and individual recognition. Here, we provide a comparative analysis of de novo-assembled transcriptomes in two Mediterranean earthworm species with the objective to detect pheromone proteins and other reproductive genes that could be involved in cryptic speciation processes, as recently characterized in other earthworm species. cDNA libraries of unspecific tissue of Hormogaster samnitica and three different tissues of H. elisae were sequenced in an Illumina Genome Analyzer II or Hi-Seq. Two pheromones, Attractin and Temptin were detected in all tissue samples and both species. Attractin resulted in a reliable marker for phylogenetic inference. Temptin contained multiple paralogs and was slightly overexpressed in the digestive tissue, suggesting that these pheromones could be released with the casts. Genes involved in sexual determination and fertilization were highly expressed in reproductive tissue. This is thus the first detailed analysis of the molecular machinery of sexual reproduction in earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Novo
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, USA.
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40
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Beets I, Janssen T, Meelkop E, Temmerman L, Suetens N, Rademakers S, Jansen G, Schoofs L. Vasopressin/Oxytocin-Related Signaling Regulates Gustatory Associative Learning in C. elegans. Science 2012; 338:543-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1226860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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41
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Wu S, Zhang H, Zhao S, Wang J, Li H, Chen J. Biomarker responses of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposured to phenanthrene and pyrene both singly and combined in microcosms. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:285-293. [PMID: 22341400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microcosm studies were undertaken to relate biomarker responses to the toxicities in soil ecosystems contaminated by phenanthrene (Phe) and pyrene (Pyr), both singly and combined. Growth inhibition, enzyme activity, MDA content, sperm count, neutral-red retention time (NRRT) and annetocin and TCTP gene transcriptions were determined in earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to Phe and Pyr, both singly and combined pollution in microcosm. Exposure to 0.5 and 2.5 mg kg(-1) Phe or 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) Pyr alone significantly decreased E. fetida growth, NRRT and sperm count. Two-way ANOVA analysis shows that the combination of these two compounds decreased growth, SOD activities, NRRT and sperm count synergistically, but increased the CAT activities and MDA content. The highest suppression rate of growth was 48.12%, the lowest levels of SOD activities and NRRT were 51.66% and 45.57% of the control, respectively. The highest increase in CAT activities and MDA content were 120.05% and 121.03% greater than that of the control when exposed to 0.5 (Phe)+100 (Pyr) mg kg(-1) soils. A clear dose-related response with exposure concentration was established for the NRRT. Real-time PCR shows that Phe and Pyr increased the expression levels of annetocin and TCTP gene synergistically. These results demonstrate that earthworms were under physiological stress at field dose of 0.5 (Phe)+100 (Pyr) mg kg(-1) soils. Phe and Pyr synergistically decreased sperm count and NRRT, but antagonistically caused changes in antioxidant enzyme activities to disrupt the detoxification functions and inhibit earthworm growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Wu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People's Republic of China
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42
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Goodson JL, Kelly AM, Kingsbury MA. Evolving nonapeptide mechanisms of gregariousness and social diversity in birds. Horm Behav 2012; 61:239-50. [PMID: 22269661 PMCID: PMC3312996 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Of the major vertebrate taxa, Class Aves is the most extensively studied in relation to the evolution of social systems and behavior, largely because birds exhibit an incomparable balance of tractability, diversity, and cognitive complexity. In addition, like humans, most bird species are socially monogamous, exhibit biparental care, and conduct most of their social interactions through auditory and visual modalities. These qualities make birds attractive as research subjects, and also make them valuable for comparative studies of neuroendocrine mechanisms. This value has become increasingly apparent as more and more evidence shows that social behavior circuits of the basal forebrain and midbrain are deeply conserved (from an evolutionary perspective), and particularly similar in birds and mammals. Among the strongest similarities are the basic structures and functions of avian and mammalian nonapeptide systems, which include mesotocin (MT) and arginine vasotocin (VT) systems in birds, and the homologous oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) systems, respectively, in mammals. We here summarize these basic properties, and then describe a research program that has leveraged the social diversity of estrildid finches to gain insights into the nonapeptide mechanisms of grouping, a behavioral dimension that is not experimentally tractable in most other taxa. These studies have used five monogamous, biparental finch species that exhibit group sizes ranging from territorial male-female pairs to large flocks containing hundreds or thousands of birds. The results provide novel insights into the history of nonapeptide functions in amniote vertebrates, and yield remarkable clarity on the nonapeptide biology of dinosaurs and ancient mammals. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Goodson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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43
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Chen C, Xue S, Zhou Q, Xie X. Multilevel ecotoxicity assessment of polycyclic musk in the earthworm Eisenia fetida using traditional and molecular endpoints. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:1949-1958. [PMID: 21789675 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicity assessment of galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) was investigated in the earthworm Eisenia fetida using traditional and novel molecular endpoints. The median lethal concentration (LC(50)) for 7-day and 14-day exposures was 573.2 and 436.3 μg g(-1) for AHTN, and 489.0 and 392.4 μg g(-1) for HHCB, respectively. There was no observed significant effect on the growth rate of E. fetida after a 28-day exposure except that at the highest concentration (100 μg g(-1)) of AHTN and HHCB, whereas a significant decrease of cocoon production was found in earthworms exposed to 50 and 100 μg g(-1). To assess molecular-level effect, the expression of encoding antioxidant enzymes and stress protein genes were investigated upon sublethal exposures using the quantitative real time PCR assay. The expression level of SOD, CAT and calreticulin genes was up-regulated significantly, while the level of annetocin (ANN) and Hsp70 gene expression was down-regulated in E. fetida. Importantly, the level of ANN expression had a significant positive correlation with the reproduction rate of earthworms. Furthermore, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOECs) of ANN expression level was 3 μg g(-1) for AHTN and 10 μg g(-1) for HHCB, suggesting that ANN gene expression can serve as a more sensitive indicator of exposure to AHTN and HHCB than traditional endpoints such as cocoon production. The transcriptional responses of these genes may provide early warning molecular biomarkers for identifying contaminant exposure, and the data obtained from this study will contribute to better understand the toxicological effect of AHTN and HHCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Roch GJ, Busby ER, Sherwood NM. Evolution of GnRH: diving deeper. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 171:1-16. [PMID: 21185290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays a central role in vertebrate reproduction. The evolutionary origin of this neuropeptide and its receptor is not obvious, but the advent of genomics makes it possible to examine the roots of GnRH and delve deeper into its ancestral relationships. New peptide sequences identified in invertebrates from annelids to tunicates reveal GnRH-like peptides of 10-12 amino acids. Structural conservation suggests homology between the 15 known invertebrate peptides and the 15 known vertebrate GnRHs. The functions of the invertebrate GnRH-like peptides are not necessarily related to reproduction. We suggest that structurally related families of invertebrate peptides including corazonin and adipokinetic hormone (AKH) form a superfamily of neuropeptides with the GnRH family. GnRH receptors have also been identified in invertebrates from annelids to tunicates suggesting that the origin of GnRH and its receptor extends deep in evolution to the origin of bilaterian animals. To resolve the relationship of invertebrate and vertebrate receptors, we conducted large-scale phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood. The data support a superfamily that includes GnRH, AKH and corazonin receptors derived from both published sequences and unpublished gene model predictions. Closely related to the GnRHR superfamily is the vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily of receptors. Phylogenetic analysis suggests a shared ancestry with deep roots. A functional role for GnRH in vertebrates or invertebrates leads to questions about the evolutionary origin of the pituitary. Our analysis suggests a functioning pituitary was the result of genomic duplications in early vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J Roch
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3N5
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45
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Urano A, Ando H. Diversity of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system and its hormonal genes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 170:41-56. [PMID: 20888825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic neurosecretory cells (NSCs) which produce and release neurohypophysial hormones are involved in controls of diverse physiological phenomena including homeostatic controls of unconscious functions and reproduction. The far and wide distribution of neurosecretory processes in the discrete brain loci and the neurohypophysis is appropriate for coordination of neural and endocrine events that are required for the functions of NSCs. The presence of dye couplings and intimate contacts among NSCs supports harmonious production and release of hormone to maintain the plasma level within a certain range which is adequate for a particular physiological condition. Neurosecretory cells integrate diverse input signals from internal and external sources that define this particular physiological condition, although reactions of NSCs vary among different species, and among different cell types. An input signal to NSC is received by specific receptors and transduced as unique intracellular signals, important for the various functions of neurohypophysial hormones. Orchestration of multiple intracellular signaling systems, activities of which are individually modulated by input signals, determines the rates of synthesis and release of hormone through regulation of gene expression. The first step of gene expression, i.e., transcription, is amenable for diverse reaction of NSCs, because the 5' upstream regions of genes encoding neurohypophysial hormones are highly variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Urano
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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INOMATA KEN, KOBARI FUMIKO, YOSHIDA-NORO CHIKAKO, MYOHARA MAROKO, TOCHINAI SHIN. Possible neural control of asexually reproductive fragmentation in Enchytraeus japonensis (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2000.9652398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KEN INOMATA
- a Division of Biological Sciences , Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan Phone: Fax: E-mail:
| | - FUMIKO KOBARI
- a Division of Biological Sciences , Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan Phone: Fax: E-mail:
| | - CHIKAKO YOSHIDA-NORO
- b Brainway Group , Brain Science Institute, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) , Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - MAROKO MYOHARA
- c Department of Insect Genetics and Breeding , National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science , Tsukuba, 305-8634, Japan
| | - SHIN TOCHINAI
- a Division of Biological Sciences , Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan Phone: Fax: E-mail:
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Minakata H. Oxytocin/vasopressin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone from cephalopods to vertebrates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1200:33-42. [PMID: 20633131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in peptide search methods have revealed two peptide systems that have been conserved through metazoan evolution. Members of the oxytocin/vasopressin-superfamily have been identified from protostomian and deuterostomian animals, indicating that the oxytocin/vasopressin hormonal system represents one of the most ancient systems. In most protostomian animals, a single member of the superfamily shares oxytocin-like and vasopressin-like actions. Co-occurrence of two members has been discovered in modern cephalopods, octopus, and cuttlefish. We propose that cephalopods have developed two peptides in the molluscan evolutionary lineage like vertebrates have established two lineages in the oxytocin/vasopressin superfamily. The existence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in protostomian animals was initially suggested by immunohistochemical analysis using chordate GnRH antibodies. A peptide with structural features similar to those of chordate GnRHs was originally isolated from octopus, and an identical peptide has been characterized from squid and cuttlefish. Novel forms of GnRH-like molecules from other molluscs, an annelid, arthropods, and nematodes demonstrate somewhat conserved structures at the N-terminal regions; but structures of the C-terminal regions critical to gonadotropin-releasing activity are diverse. These findings may be important for the study of the molecular evolution of GnRH in protostomian animals.
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Kawada T, Sekiguchi T, Sakai T, Aoyama M, Satake H. Neuropeptides, hormone peptides, and their receptors in Ciona intestinalis: an update. Zoolog Sci 2010; 27:134-53. [PMID: 20141419 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.27.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The critical phylogenetic position of ascidians leads to the presumption that neuropeptides and hormones in vertebrates are highly likely to be evolutionarily conserved in ascidians, and the cosmopolitan species Ciona intestinalis is expected to be an excellent deuterostome Invertebrate model for studies on neuropeptides and hormones. Nevertheless, molecular and functional characterization of Ciona neuropeptides and hormone peptides was restricted to a few peptides such as a cholecystokinin (CCK)/gastrin peptide, cionin, and gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs). In the past few years, mass spectrometric analyses and database searches have detected Ciona orthologs or prototypes of vertebrate peptides and their receptors, including tachykinin, insulin/relaxin, calcitonin, and vasopressin. Furthermore, studies have shown that several Ciona peptides, including vasopressin and a novel GnRH-related peptide, have acquired ascidian-specific molecular forms and/or biological functions. These findings provided indisputable evidence that ascidians, unlike other invertebrates (including the traditional protostome model animals), possess neuropeptides and hormone peptides structurally and functionally related to vertebrate counterparts, and that several peptides have uniquely diverged in ascidian evolutionary lineages. Moreover, recent functional analyses of Ciona tachykinin in the ovary substantiated the novel tachykininergic protease-assoclated oocyte growth pathway, which could not have been revealed in studies on vertebrates. These findings confirm the outstanding advantages of ascidians in understanding the neuroscience, endocrinology, and evolution of vertebrate neuropeptides and hormone peptides. This article provides an overview of basic findings and reviews new knowledge on ascidian neuropeptides and hormone peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kawada
- Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan
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Crisp KM. Behavioral neurobiology: leech lust in the lab. Curr Biol 2010; 20:R276-8. [PMID: 20334835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Crisp
- Biology Department, Saint Olaf College, 1520 Saint Olaf Avenue Northfield, MN 55024, USA
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Wagenaar DA, Hamilton MS, Huang T, Kristan WB, French KA. A hormone-activated central pattern generator for courtship. Curr Biol 2010; 20:487-95. [PMID: 20226670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicinal leeches (Hirudo spp.) are simultaneous hermaphrodites. Mating occurs after a stereotyped twisting and oral exploration that result in the alignment of the male and/or female gonopores of one leech with the complementary gonopores of a partner. The neural basis of this behavior is presently unknown and currently impossible to study directly because electrophysiological recording techniques disrupt the behavior. RESULTS Here we report that (Arg(8))-conopressin G and two other members of the oxytocin/vasopressin family of peptide hormones induce in Hirudo verbana a sequence of behaviors that closely mimic elements of spontaneous reproductive behavior. Through a series of progressively more reduced preparations, we show that one of these behaviors, a stereotyped twisting that is instrumental in aligning gonopores in preparation for copulation, is the product of a central pattern generator that consists of oscillators in ganglia M5 and M6 (the ganglia in the reproductive segments of the leech), and also in ganglion M4, which was not previously known to play a role in reproductive behavior. We find that the behavior is periodic, with a remarkably long cycle period of around five minutes, placing it among the slowest behavioral rhythms (other than diurnal and annual rhythms) yet described. CONCLUSION These results establish the leech as a new model system for studying aspects of the neuronal basis of reproductive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Wagenaar
- Broad Fellows Program and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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