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Lang X, Tang J, Kou Y, Xing C, Mu H, Wang Y, Wang B. An effective LC-MS method for the simultaneous determination of a potential anti-rheumatoid arthritis drug, carboxyamidotriazole, and its major metabolite in rat plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5923. [PMID: 38837461 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) was previously recognized as a well-tolerated anticancer drug. It has also demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in various cell and animal model experiments, prompting its investigation as a potential treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, the potential biotransformation metabolites of CAI were identified both in vitro and in vivo. A sensitive, specific, and accurate LC-MS method was developed for the quantitative analysis of CAI and its major metabolite, CAI-OH, in rat plasma. CAI, CAI-OH, and telmisartan (used as an internal standard) were separated using a Zorbax SB C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of water (phase A, containing 0.1% formic acid) and acetonitrile (phase B, containing 0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The analytes were examined using a high-resolution mass spectrometer, with detected mass-to-charge ratios of m/z 424.01293 for CAI, m/z 440.00785 for CAI-OH, and m/z 515.24415 for telmisartan. Good linearity was observed within the range of 10-5000 ng/mL. Both inter- and intra-batch precision (relative standard deviation, %) were below 6%, and the accuracy ranged from 94.9% to 106.1%. The analytes remained stable throughout the entire experimental period. This method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study of CAI following oral administration in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuli Lang
- Department of Drug Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Tang
- Department of Drug Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Kou
- Guangdong Yinzhu Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengfeng Xing
- Guangdong Yinzhu Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongfei Mu
- Department of Drug Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolian Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Silvestri R, Nicolì V, Gangadharannambiar P, Crea F, Bootman MD. Calcium signalling pathways in prostate cancer initiation and progression. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:524-543. [PMID: 36964408 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells proliferate, differentiate and migrate by repurposing physiological signalling mechanisms. In particular, altered calcium signalling is emerging as one of the most widespread adaptations in cancer cells. Remodelling of calcium signalling promotes the development of several malignancies, including prostate cancer. Gene expression data from in vitro, in vivo and bioinformatics studies using patient samples and xenografts have shown considerable changes in the expression of various components of the calcium signalling toolkit during the development of prostate cancer. Moreover, preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that altered calcium signalling is a crucial component of the molecular re-programming that drives prostate cancer progression. Evidence points to calcium signalling re-modelling, commonly involving crosstalk between calcium and other cellular signalling pathways, underpinning the onset and temporal progression of this disease. Discrete alterations in calcium signalling have been implicated in hormone-sensitive, castration-resistant and aggressive variant forms of prostate cancer. Hence, modulation of calcium signals and downstream effector molecules is a plausible therapeutic strategy for both early and late stages of prostate cancer. Based on this premise, clinical trials have been undertaken to establish the feasibility of targeting calcium signalling specifically for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Nicolì
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Crea
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Martin D Bootman
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
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3
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Zhou Y, Yang X, Liu J, Yang M, Ye C, Zhu L. Carboxyamidotriazole alleviates pannus formation and cartilage erosion in rats with adjuvant arthritis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20105. [PMID: 37809969 PMCID: PMC10559848 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) was initially considered a non-cytotoxic anticancer agent. However, recently, pronounced anti-inflammatory properties of CAI have been reported. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by aberrant activation of signaling pathways. Therefore, this study explored the therapeutic effects and potential mechanism of action of CAI on RA in the adjuvant arthritis (AA) model. The results showed that CAI reduced the severity of arthritis in AA rats as demonstrated by inhibited hind paw swelling, reduced body weight, and decreased infiltration of joint pathological inflammatory cells. Importantly, pathological scoring of new blood vessels and immunohistochemical assays revealed that CAI inhibited pannus formation. CAI decreased the expression of pro-angiogenic growth factors, such as vascular epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and metalloproteinases (MMPs), namely, MMP-1 and MMP-3 in the synovium of AA rats. Furthermore, CAI significantly reduced the increased levels of phosphorylated p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 proteins in AA rats. In addition, the proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) was downregulated by CAI both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, this investigation illustrates the therapeutic effect of CAI on synovitis and erosion of articular cartilage in RA. Furthermore, the mechanism might involve inhibition of aberrantly activated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, as well as a decrease in pro-angiogenic factors, MMP expression, and FLS proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongting Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Xiyue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Caiying Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
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4
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Daba MY, Fan Z, Li Q, Yuan X, Liu B. The Role of Calcium Channels in Prostate Cancer Progression and Potential as a Druggable Target for Prostate Cancer Treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 186:104014. [PMID: 37119879 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most diagnosed cancer among men. Discovering novel prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets are critical. Calcium signaling has been implicated in PCa progression and development of treatment resistance. Altered modification of Ca2+ flows leads to serious pathophysiological processes, such as malignant transformation, tumor proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, evasion of apoptosis, and treatment resistance. Calcium channels control and contribute to these processes. PCa has shown defective Ca2+ channels, which subsequently promotes tumor metastasis and growth. Store-operated Ca2+ entry channels such as Orai and STIM channels and transient receptor potential channels play a significant role in PCa pathogenesis. Pharmacological modulation of these calcium channels or pumps has been suggested as a practical approach. In this review, we discuss the role of calcium channels in PCa development and progression, and we identify current novel discoveries of drugs that target specific calcium channels for the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motuma Yigezu Daba
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhijie Fan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Qinyu Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.
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5
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Sanchís J, Redondo-Hasselerharm PE, Villanueva CM, Farré MJ. Non targeted screening of nitrogen containing disinfection by-products in formation potential tests of river water and subsequent monitoring in tap water samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135087. [PMID: 35623424 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The generation of disinfection by-products during water chlorination is a major concern in water treatment, given the potential health risks that these substances may pose. In particular, nitrogen-containing DBPs are believed to have greater toxicological significance than carbon-based DBPs. Hence, high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) in positive mode was employed to identify new non-volatile nitrogen containing disinfection by-products (DBPs) and to assess their presence in potable water. Nine water samples were taken in the Llobregat river, in the context of a water reuse trial, near the catchment of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in 2019. River samples were disinfected with chlorine under controlled formation potential tests conditions and analysed with a non-target approach. The peak lists of raw and chlorinated samples were compared exhaustively, resulting in an extensive list of 495 DBPs that include bromine and/or chlorine atoms. 172 of these species were found frequently, in three or more chlorinated samples. The empirical formulae of these DBPs were unambiguously annotated on the basis of accurate m/z measurements, isotopic patterns and common heuristic rules. Most of the annotated species (310) contained bromide, which is consistent with the relatively high bromide content of the Llobregat basin (>0.3 mg/l). Drinking water samples were taken at the outlet of the DWTP during the same sampling period. According to their analysis, a large portion of the DBPs detected after the formation potential tests do not reach real-life drinking water, which suggests that the treatment train successfully removes a significant fraction of DBP precursors. However, 131 DBPs could still be detected in the final product water. A larger sampling was carried in the Barcelona water distribution network, during six consecutive weeks, and it revealed the presence of 78 halogenated DBPs in end-consumer water, most of which were nitrogen-containing. MS/MS fragmentation and retention times were employed to tentatively suggest molecular structure for these recalcitrant DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Sanchís
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain
| | | | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain.
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6
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A Recent Overview of 1,2,3-Triazole-Containing Hybrids as Novel Antifungal Agents: Focusing on Synthesis, Mechanism of Action, and Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR). J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7884316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A pharmacophore system has been found as 1,2,3-triazole, a five-membered heterocycle ring with nitrogen heteroatoms. These heterocyclic compounds can be produced using azide-alkyne cycloaddition processes catalyzed by ruthenium or copper. The bioactive compounds demonstrated antitubercular, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, and antidiabetic properties. This heterocycle molecule, in particular, with one or more 1,2,3-triazole cores has been found to have the most powerful antifungal effects. The goal of this review is to highlight recent developments in the synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigation of this prospective fungicidal chemical. Also there have been explained drugs and mechanism of action of a triazole compound with antifungal activity. This review will be useful in a variety of fields, including medicinal chemistry, organic chemistry, mycology, and pharmacology.
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7
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Said MA, Khan DJO, Al-blewi FF, Al-Kaff NS, Ali AA, Rezki N, Aouad MR, Hagar M. New 1,2,3-Triazole Scaffold Schiff Bases as Potential Anti-COVID-19: Design, Synthesis, DFT-Molecular Docking, and Cytotoxicity Aspects. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091012. [PMID: 34579249 PMCID: PMC8472185 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schiff bases encompassing a 1,2,3-triazole motif were synthesized using an efficient multi-step synthesis. The formations of targeted Schiff base ligands were confirmed by different spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and CHN analysis). The spectral data analysis revealed that the newly designed hydrazones exist as a mixture of trans-E and cis-E diastereomers. Densityfunctional theory calculations (DFT) for the Schiff bases showed that the trans-trans form has the lowest energy structure with maximum stability compared to the other possible geometrical isomers that could be present due to the orientation of the amidic NH-C=O group. The energy differences between the trans-trans on one side and syn-syn and syn-trans isomers on the other side were 9.26 and 5.56 kcal/mol, respectively. A quantitative structure-activity relationship investigation was also performed in terms of density functional theory. The binding affinities of the newly synthesized bases are, maybe, attributed to the presence of hydrogen bonds together with many hydrophobic interactions between the ligands and the active amino acid residue of the receptor. The superposition of the inhibitor N3 and an example ligand into the binding pocket of 7BQY is also presented. Further interesting comparative docking analyses were performed. Quantitative structure-activity relationship calculations are presented, illustrating possible inhibitory activity. Further computer-aided cytotoxicity analysis by Drug2Way and PASS online software was carried out for Schiff base ligands against various cancer cell lines. Overall, the results of this study suggest that these Schiff base derivatives may be considered for further investigation as possible therapeutic agents for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa A. Said
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (D.J.O.K.); (F.F.A.-b.); (A.A.A.); (N.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Daoud J. O. Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (D.J.O.K.); (F.F.A.-b.); (A.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - Fawzia F. Al-blewi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (D.J.O.K.); (F.F.A.-b.); (A.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - Nadia S. Al-Kaff
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Adeeb A. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (D.J.O.K.); (F.F.A.-b.); (A.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - Nadjet Rezki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (D.J.O.K.); (F.F.A.-b.); (A.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - Mohamed Reda Aouad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (D.J.O.K.); (F.F.A.-b.); (A.A.A.); (N.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Mohamed Hagar
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu 30799, Saudi Arabia;
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
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8
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Liang X, Zhang N, Pan H, Xie J, Han W. Development of Store-Operated Calcium Entry-Targeted Compounds in Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:688244. [PMID: 34122115 PMCID: PMC8194303 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is the major pathway of Ca2+ entry in mammalian cells, and regulates a variety of cellular functions including proliferation, motility, apoptosis, and death. Accumulating evidence has indicated that augmented SOCE is related to the generation and development of cancer, including tumor formation, proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and antitumor immunity. Therefore, the development of compounds targeting SOCE has been proposed as a potential and effective strategy for use in cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize the current research on SOCE inhibitors and blockers, discuss their effects and possible mechanisms of action in cancer therapy, and induce a new perspective on the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ningxia Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiansheng Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Shawer H, Norman K, Cheng CW, Foster R, Beech DJ, Bailey MA. ORAI1 Ca 2+ Channel as a Therapeutic Target in Pathological Vascular Remodelling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653812. [PMID: 33937254 PMCID: PMC8083964 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are normally physiologically quiescent, arranged circumferentially in one or more layers within blood vessel walls. Remodelling of native VSMC to a proliferative state for vascular development, adaptation or repair is driven by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). A key effector downstream of PDGF receptors is store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) mediated through the plasma membrane calcium ion channel, ORAI1, which is activated by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium store sensor, stromal interaction molecule-1 (STIM1). This SOCE was shown to play fundamental roles in the pathological remodelling of VSMC. Exciting transgenic lineage-tracing studies have revealed that the contribution of the phenotypically-modulated VSMC in atherosclerotic plaque formation is more significant than previously appreciated, and growing evidence supports the relevance of ORAI1 signalling in this pathologic remodelling. ORAI1 has also emerged as an attractive potential therapeutic target as it is accessible to extracellular compound inhibition. This is further supported by the progression of several ORAI1 inhibitors into clinical trials. Here we discuss the current knowledge of ORAI1-mediated signalling in pathologic vascular remodelling, particularly in the settings of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and neointimal hyperplasia, and the recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms by which ORAI1 coordinates VSMC phenotypic remodelling, through the activation of key transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT). In addition, we discuss advances in therapeutic strategies aimed at the ORAI1 target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Shawer
- School of Medicine, The Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Norman
- School of Medicine, The Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Chew W Cheng
- School of Medicine, The Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Foster
- School of Medicine, The Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David J Beech
- School of Medicine, The Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Marc A Bailey
- School of Medicine, The Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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10
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Lu S, Duan M, Guo Z, Zhou Y, Wu D, Zhang X, Wang Y, Ye C, Ju R, Li J, Zhang D, Zhu L. Carboxyamidotriazole exerts anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophages by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPKs pathways. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1455-1466. [PMID: 32742379 PMCID: PMC7388320 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxyamidotriazole (CAI), originally developed as a non-cytotoxic anti-cancer drug, was shown to have anti-inflammatory activity according to recent studies in a number of animal models of inflammation. However, its mechanism of action has not been characterized. Therefore, the present study was performed to identify the anti-inflammatory action of CAI in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and to identify the signal transduction pathways involved. The in vitro results revealed that CAI had no direct effect on the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX), suggesting a different anti-inflammatory mechanism compared with that of COX-inhibiting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Further investigation in RAW264.7 macrophages revealed that CAI decreased the production of nitric oxide via decreasing the LPS-stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and downregulated both mRNA and protein expression levels of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. CAI also significantly reduced the increased DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor (NF)-κB induced by LPS stimulation. With respect to the mechanisms involved on NF-κB activity, CAI exhibited suppression of the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor-κBα (IκB), and decreased the phosphorylation levels of the p65 subunit and its subsequent nuclear translocation. In addition, CAI significantly decreased the phosphorylated forms of p38, JNK and ERK, which were increased following LPS stimulation, while the total expression levels of p38, JNK and ERK remained unaltered. The results in the present study indicate that CAI alleviates the inflammatory responses of RAW 264.7 macrophages in response to LPS stimulation via attenuating the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. This offers a novel perspective for understanding the anti-inflammatory mechanism of CAI and suggests its potential use as a therapeutic treatment in inflammatory diseases with excessive macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Mengyuan Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Zehao Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Yongting Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Danwei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Caiying Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Rui Ju
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Dechang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
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11
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Yakantham T, Sreenivasulu R, Alluraiah G, Tej MB, Ramesh Raju R. Design, Synthesis, and Anticancer Activity of 1,2,3-Triazole Likned Thiazole-1,2-isoxazole Derivatives. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363219120314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Ju R, Fei K, Li S, Chen C, Zhu L, Li J, Zhang D, Guo L, Ye C. Metabolic Mechanisms and a Rational Combinational Application of Carboxyamidotriazole in Fighting Pancreatic Cancer Progression after Chemotherapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:20-27. [PMID: 30002095 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects of carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) have been demonstrated in several studies, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This study showed that CAI caused metabolic reprogramming of pancreatic cancer cells. The inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism by CAI led to increased glutamine-dependent reductive carboxylation and enhanced glycolytic metabolism. The presence of environmental substances that affect cellular metabolism, such as glutamine and pyruvate, attenuated the anticancer efficacy of CAI. Based on the action of CAI: 1) when glutamine was removed, the NAD+/NADH ratio was decreased, the synthesis of cellular aspartate was reduced, and autophagy flux was blocked; and 2) when glycolysis was pharmacologically inhibited, the ATP level was significantly decreased, the cell viability was greatly inhibited, and the compensatory rescue effect of glutamine was eliminated. When combined with chemotherapy, cotreatment with CAI and the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) inhibited the pancreatic cancer progression after chemotherapy. As the inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism can explain several anticancer activities of CAI reported previously, including inhibition of calcium entry and induction of reactive oxygen species, we demonstrate that inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation may be the fundamental mechanism of CAI. The combination of CAI and 2-DG causes energy depletion in cancer cells, eliminating the rescue effect of the metabolic environment. Inhibiting pancreatic cancer progression after chemotherapy is a rational application of this metabolism-disturbing combination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ju
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kailun Fei
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Siang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dechang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caiying Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Wang SB, Lee-Goldman A, Ravikrishnan J, Zheng L, Lin H. Manipulation of the sodium-potassium ratio as a lever for controlling cell growth and improving cell specific productivity in perfusion CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:921-931. [PMID: 29278412 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfusion processes typically require removal of a continuous or semi-continuous volume of cell culture in order to maintain a desired target cell density. For fast growing cell lines, the product loss from this stream can be upwards of 35%, significantly reducing the overall process yield. As volume removed is directly proportional to cell growth, the ability to modulate growth during perfusion cell culture production thus becomes crucial. Leveraging existing media components to achieve such control without introducing additional supplements is most desirable because it decreases process complexity and eliminates safety and clearance concerns. Here, the impact of extracellular concentrations of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) on cell growth and productivity is explored. High throughput small-scale models of perfusion revealed Na:K ratios below 1 can significantly suppress cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest in the G0/1 phase. A concomitant increase in cell specific productivity was also observed, reaching as high as 115 pg/cell/day for one cell line studied. Multiple recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines demonstrated similar responses to lower Na:K media, indicating the universal applicability of such an approach. Product quality attributes were also assessed and revealed that effects were cell line specific, and can be acceptable or manageable depending on the phase of the drug development. Drastically altering Na and K levels in perfusion media as a lever to impact cell growth and productivity is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lili Zheng
- Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fremont, California
| | - Henry Lin
- Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fremont, California
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Du X, Chen W, Wang Y, Chen C, Guo L, Ju R, Li J, Zhang D, Zhu L, Ye C. Therapeutic efficacy of carboxyamidotriazole on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis model is associated with the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 45:16-25. [PMID: 28152446 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Excess proinflammatory cytokines owing to the activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome play the key role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previously, we reported the anti-inflammatory activity of carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) resulting from decreasing cytokines. Therefore, we investigated the therapeutic effects of CAI in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced rat colitis and the involvement of CAI action with NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway. CAI was orally administered to TNBS-induced colitis rat. The severity of colitis was assessed, and NLRP3 inflammasome, NF-κB pathway and cytokines were determined. Our results showed that CAI significantly reduced weight loss and disease activity index (DAI) scores in colitis rats and alleviated the colonic macroscopic signs and pathological damage. In addition, the intestinal inflammatory markers and permeability index were markedly ameliorated by CAI treatment. The decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18 were also detected in the colon tissues of CAI-treated colitis rats. Moreover, the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in inflamed colon was significantly suppressed by showing an obvious reduction in the NLRP3 and activated caspase-1 levels. Furthermore, CAI reduced NF-κB p65 expression and IκBα phosphorylation and degradation in colitis rats. Therefore, CAI attenuates TNBS-induced colitis, which may be attributed to its inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB activation, and down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. These results provide further understanding of the intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of CAI and highlight it as a potential drug for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowan Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Ju
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dechang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Caiying Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Ju R, Guo L, Li J, Zhu L, Yu X, Chen C, Chen W, Ye C, Zhang D. Carboxyamidotriazole inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in cancer cells and exerts synergistic anti-cancer effect with glycolysis inhibition. Cancer Lett 2015; 370:232-41. [PMID: 26522259 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeting cancer cell metabolism is a promising strategy against cancer. Here, we confirmed that the anti-cancer drug carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) inhibited mitochondrial respiration in cancer cells for the first time and found a way to enhance its anti-cancer activity by further disturbing the energy metabolism. CAI promoted glucose uptake and lactate production when incubated with cancer cells. The oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in cancer cells was inhibited by CAI, and the decrease in the activity of the respiratory chain complex I could be one explanation. The anti-cancer effect of CAI was greatly potentiated when being combined with 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG). The cancer cells treated with the combination of CAI and 2-DG were arrested in G2/M phase. The apoptosis and necrosis rates were also increased. In a mouse xenograft model, this combination was well tolerated and retarded the tumor growth. The impairment of cancer cell survival was associated with significant cellular ATP decrease, suggesting that the combination of CAI and 2-DG could be one of the strategies to cause dual inhibition of energy pathways, which might be an effective therapeutic approach for a broad spectrum of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ju
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical Collage, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical Collage, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical Collage, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical Collage, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical Collage, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical Collage, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical Collage, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Caiying Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical Collage, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Dechang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical Collage, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China.
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16
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Zhu L, Li J, Guo L, Yu X, Wu D, Luo L, Zhu L, Chen W, Chen C, Ye C, Zhang D. Activation of NALP1 inflammasomes in rats with adjuvant arthritis; a novel therapeutic target of carboxyamidotriazole in a model of rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3446-59. [PMID: 25799914 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pro-inflammatory cytokines are important in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their production is mainly regulated by NF-κB and inflammasomes. Carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activities by decreasing cytokines. Here, we have investigated NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein (NALP) inflammasomes in a rat model of RA and explored the therapeutic effects of CAI in this model and the involvement of NF-κB and inflammasomes in the actions of CAI. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The anti-arthritic effects of CAI were assessed in the adjuvant arthritis (AA) model in rats, using radiological and histological techniques. NALP1 and NALP3 inflammasomes, NF-κB pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were measured with Western blots, immunohistochemistry and ELISA. KEY RESULTS CAI decreased the arthritis index, improved radiological and histological changes, and reduced synovial IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α levels in rats with AA. Compared with normal rats, the 70 kDa NALP1 isoform was up-regulated, NALP3 was down-regulated, and levels of the 165 kDa NALP1 isoform and the adaptor protein ASC were unchanged in synovial tissue from AA rats. CAI reduced the 70 kDa NALP1 isoform and restored NALP3 levels in AA rats; CAI inhibited caspase-1 activation in AA synovial tissue, but not its enzymic activity in vitro. In addition, CAI reduced expression of p65 NF-κB subunit and IκBα phosphorylation and degradation in AA rats. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS NALP1 inflammasomes were activated in synovial tissues from AA rats and appeared to be a novel therapeutic target for RA. CAI could have therapeutic value in RA by inhibiting activation of NF-κB and NALP1 inflammasomes and by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Danwei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caiying Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dechang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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17
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Chen R, Zeng X, Zhang R, Huang J, Kuang X, Yang J, Liu J, Tawfik O, Thrasher JB, Li B. Cav1.3 channel α1D protein is overexpressed and modulates androgen receptor transactivation in prostate cancers. Urol Oncol 2013; 32:524-36. [PMID: 24054868 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of L-type calcium channel blockers for treating hypertension has led to multiple epidemiologic studies to assess the risk of prostate cancer incidence. These studies revealed a reverse correlation between the likelihood of prostate cancer risk and the use of L-type calcium channel blockers among men without family history but the mechanism was not clear. In this study, we examined the expression profiles of multiple L-type calcium channel genes in prostate cancers and determined their functional roles in androgen receptor (AR) transactivation and cell growth. By reanalyzing the ONCOMINE database, we found that L-type calcium channel CACNA1D gene expression levels in cancer tissues were significantly higher than noncancer tissues in 14 of 15 published complementary deoxyribonucleic acid microarray data sets, of which 9 data sets showed an increase of 2- to 17-folds. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining experiments revealed that CACNA1D gene and its coding protein α1D were highly expressed in prostate cancers, especially in castration-resistant diseases, compared with benign prostate tissues. Consistent with the notion of CACNA1D as an ERG-regulated gene, CACNA1D gene expression levels were significantly higher in prostate cancers with TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion compared with the cases without this gene fusion. Blocking L-type channel's function or knocking down CACNA1D gene expression significantly suppressed androgen-stimulated Ca(2+) influx, AR transactivation, and cell growth in prostate cancer cells. Taken together, these data suggest that CACNA1D gene overexpression is associated with prostate cancer progression and might play an important role in Ca(2+) influx, AR activation, and cell growth in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibao Chen
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huanzhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Zeng
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huanzhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruitao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Anatomy and Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xiangxing Kuang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huanzhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huanzhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ossama Tawfik
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | | | - Benyi Li
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Anatomy and Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China.
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18
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Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines in tumour associated macrophages is a potential anti-cancer mechanism of carboxyamidotriazole. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:1085-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the most common non-cutaneous malignancy among American men. Since the advent of PSA testing, most men are diagnosed with localized disease, but a proportion of men will be diagnosed with metastatic disease, many will eventually receive chemotherapy with docetaxel and prednisone. However, responses are not durable and all men will ultimately progress on this treatment. As such, continued efforts are geared towards the discovery of new agents and mechanisms of targeting prostate cancer. Angiogenesis has been shown to play an important role in tumorigenesis, proliferation and metastasis in prostate cancer. Here we discuss the major angiogenic signaling pathway involving VEGF in prostate cancer progression and the role of various promising agents that targets this pathway. This includes bevacizumab, thalidomide and its analogues, tyrosine kinase inhibitors sorafenib and AZD2171, and other inhibitors of angiogenic signaling pathways. Results of key clinical trials associated with the use of these agents and future directions are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanny B Aragon-Ching
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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20
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Koslowski M, Sahin U, Dhaene K, Huber C, Türeci O. MS4A12 is a colon-selective store-operated calcium channel promoting malignant cell processes. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3458-66. [PMID: 18451174 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using a data mining approach for the discovery of new targets for antibody therapy of colon cancer, we identified MS4A12, a sequence homologue of CD20. We show that MS4A12 is a cell surface protein. Expression analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed MS4A12 to be a colonic epithelial cell lineage gene confined to the apical membrane of colonocytes with strict transcriptional repression in all other normal tissue types. Expression is maintained upon malignant transformation in 63% of colon cancers. Ca(2+) flux analyses disclosed that MS4A12 is a novel component of store-operated Ca(2+) entry in intestinal cells. Using RNAi-mediated gene silencing, we show that loss of MS4A12 in LoVo colon cancer cells attenuates epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated effects. In particular, proliferation, cell motility, and chemotactic invasion of cells are significantly impaired. Cancer cells expressing MS4A12, in contrast, are sensitized and respond to lower concentrations of epidermal growth factor. In summary, these findings have implications for both the physiology of colonic epithelium as well as for the biology and treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koslowski
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Experimental and Translational Oncology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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21
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Guo L, Ye C, Chen W, Ye H, Zheng R, Li J, Yang H, Yu X, Zhang D. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potency of carboxyamidotriazole, a tumorostatic agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:10-6. [PMID: 18182559 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.131888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) is a calcium influx inhibitor that is undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of various human cancers following the identification of its antiproliferative and antimetastatic activities. The exact mechanism of its action is not clearly understood, and whether it has other functions besides the established antitumor activity has not been reported either. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that CAI possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities using a variety of animal models, including croton oil-induced ear edema, cotton-induced granuloma, rat adjuvant-induced arthritis, acetic acid-induced writhing, and the formalin test. We also show that CAI significantly inhibits local vascular permeability stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor or histamine and decreases tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta levels at the site of inflammation and in serums, which may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect. These data suggest that CAI is a promising anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent, and they provide new insight into the biological activity of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Santiao, Dongdan, Beijing 100005, China.
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22
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Guo L, Li ZS, Wang HL, Ye CY, Zhang DC. Carboxyamido-triazole inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cells via G(2)/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 538:15-22. [PMID: 16696967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carboxyamido-triazole (CAI), a voltage-independent calcium channel inhibitor, has been shown to be able to induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in cancer cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that CAI significantly inhibits proliferation of cultured MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) of approximately 26 microM. Reduced proliferation of MCF-7 cells in the presence of CAI correlated with accumulation of cells in G(2)/M phase and induction of apoptosis. A treatment of MCF-7 cells with 30 microM CAI caused a time-dependent decrease in the levels of proteins that regulate G(2)/M progression, including Cdk1, Cyclin B1, and Cdc25C. A simultaneous increase in the expression of p21 protein was observed. We also demonstrated a concurrent decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. In conclusion, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that the antitumor effect of CAI in MCF-7 cells is based on G(2)/M cell cycle arrest and inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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23
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Armstrong AJ, Carducci MA. Chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer: Results of new clinical trials and future studies. Curr Oncol Rep 2005; 7:220-7. [PMID: 15847714 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-005-0077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer has improved considerably in 2004 with the publication of two large randomized phase III trials and the approval by the US Food and Drug Administration of docetaxel and prednisone for metastatic hormone-refractory disease. Although treatment is still considered palliative in nature, studies of chemotherapy for metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) have demonstrated improved overall survival compared with older regimens as well as clinically significant improvements in important endpoints, such as quality of life and time to progression. In particular, docetaxel has emerged as first-line therapy on an every-3-week schedule for metastatic HRPC, replacing mitoxantrone, as recently reported in the TAX327 trial. Docetaxel and estramustine combinations have the disadvantage of significant cardiovascular and gastrointestinal toxicity, and further use of estramustine is likely unwarranted as first-line therapy. Future trials examining novel biologic agents and combination therapies should use single-agent docetaxel as the reference standard. The role of chemotherapy for advanced disease in the neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting, in biochemically (PSA) relapsed patients, and as second-line therapy for relapsed disease, remains a subject of active clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Armstrong
- Prostate Cancer Research Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, CRB 1M88, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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24
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Enfissi A, Prigent S, Colosetti P, Capiod T. The blocking of capacitative calcium entry by 2-aminoethyl diphenylborate (2-APB) and carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) inhibits proliferation in Hep G2 and Huh-7 human hepatoma cells. Cell Calcium 2005; 36:459-67. [PMID: 15488595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Revised: 03/25/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcium entry is a component of the processes regulating the proliferative phenotype of some types of cancer. In non-excitable cells, capacitative calcium entry (CCE) and non-capacitative calcium entry (NCCE) are thought to be the main pathways of Ca2+ influx into cells. Thus, blocking calcium entry may prevent normal and pathological cell proliferation and there is evidence to suggest that molecules blocking calcium entry also have antiproliferative properties. Carboxyamidotriazole (CAI), a novel inhibitor of the non-voltage-dependent calcium entry has been shown to have such properties in model systems in vitro and in vivo. We used Hep G2 and Huh-7 human hepatoma cells to investigate the effects of calcium entry blockers on cell proliferation. CAI (10 microM) and 2-APB (20 microM) completely blocked CCE in thapsigargin-treated Huh-7, and CAI and 2-APB inhibited cell proliferation with IC50 of 4.5 and 43 microM, respectively. The plateau phase of the [Ca2+]i increases triggered by 10% FCS were abolished in the absence of external Ca2+ and in the presence of CAI or 2-APB. We, therefore, suggest that CCE is the main pathway involved in regulation of the processes leading to cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Enfissi
- INSERM U442, IFR-46, Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 443, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Kim BY, Cho CH, Song DK, Mun KC, Suh SI, Kim SP, Shin DH, Jang BC, Kwon TK, Cha SD, Bae I, Bae JH. Ciglitizone inhibits cell proliferation in human uterine leiomyoma via activation of store-operated Ca2+ channels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 288:C389-95. [PMID: 15469956 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00154.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the acute effects of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ ligand, ciglitizone, on cell proliferation and intracellular Ca2+ signaling in human normal myometrium and uterine leiomyoma. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were measured with fura-2 AM, and cellular viabilities were determined by viable cell count and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide reduction assay. Ciglitizone (100 μM) induced greater inhibition of cell proliferation in uterine leiomyoma than in myometrium. Ciglitizone also dose-dependently increased [Ca2+]i in both myometrium and uterine leiomyoma; these [Ca2+]i increases were inhibited by PPAR-γ antagonists and raloxifene. Ciglitizone-induced [Ca2+]i increase showed only an initial peak in normal myometrial cells, whereas in uterine leiomyoma there was a second sustained [Ca2+]i increase as well. The initial [Ca2+]i increase in both myometrium and uterine leiomyoma resulted from the release of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum via activation of ryanodine receptors. The second [Ca2+]i increase was observed only in uterine leiomyoma because of a Ca2+ influx via an activation of store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCCs). Cell proliferation was inhibited and secondary [Ca2+]i increase in uterine leiomyoma was attenuated by cotreatment of ciglitizone with a SOCC blocker, lanthanum. The results suggest that ciglitizone inhibits cell proliferation and increases [Ca2+]i through the activation of SOCCs, especially in human uterine leiomyoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Ywong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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26
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Hussain MM, Kotz H, Minasian L, Premkumar A, Sarosy G, Reed E, Zhai S, Steinberg SM, Raggio M, Oliver VK, Figg WD, Kohn EC. Phase II trial of carboxyamidotriazole in patients with relapsed epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 21:4356-63. [PMID: 14645425 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.04.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) is a cytostatic inhibitor of nonvoltage-operated calcium channels and calcium channel-mediated signaling pathways. It inhibits angiogenesis, tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. We hypothesized that CAI would promote disease stabilization lasting >/= 6 months in patients with relapsed ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with epithelial ovarian cancer, good end-organ function, measurable disease, and three or fewer prior regimens were eligible. Oral CAI was given daily using a pharmacokinetic-dosing approach to maintain plasma concentrations between 2 and 4 microg/mL. Radiographic imaging to assess response was performed every 8 weeks. Positive outcome included stabilization or improvement of disease lasting >/= 6 months. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-8, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 were measured. RESULTS Thirty-six patients were assessable for primary end point analysis, and 38 were assessable for toxicity. Forty-four percent of patients had three prior regimens, more than 50% had four or more disease sites, and 48% had liver metastases. Thirty-three patients reached the targeted concentration range during the first cycle. Eleven patients (31%) attained the >/= 6-month outcome end point, with one partial response (8 months) and three minor responses (8, 12+, and 13 months). Median time to progression was 3.6 months (range, 1.6 to 13.3 months). CAI was well tolerated, with mostly grade 1 to 2 toxicity. Grade 3 events included fatigue (5%), vomiting (2%), neutropenic fever (2%), and neutropenia (2%). There were no grade 4 adverse events. No associations between VEGF, IL-8, and MMP-2 with CAI concentration or clinical outcome were observed. CONCLUSION CAI is a potential agent for additional study in the stabilization of relapsed ovarian cancer. Given a limited toxicity profile, it may have utility as a maintenance therapeutic agent for this disease.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Calcium Channel Blockers/adverse effects
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacokinetics
- Calcium Channel Blockers/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/drug therapy
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Salvage Therapy
- Survival Rate
- Treatment Outcome
- Triazoles/adverse effects
- Triazoles/pharmacokinetics
- Triazoles/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahrukh M Hussain
- Medical Oncology Clinical Research Unit, Medical Ovarian Cancer Clinic and Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1500, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy S Herbst
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Moody TW, Chiles J, Moody E, Sieczkiewicz GJ, Kohn EC. CAI inhibits the growth of small cell lung cancer cells. Lung Cancer 2003; 39:279-88. [PMID: 12609566 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(02)00525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of carboxyamido-triazole (CAI) on small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells were investigated. Using SCLC cell lines NCI-H209 or H345, 20 micro M CAI had little effect on basal cytosolic Ca(2+) but inhibited the ability of 10 nM bombesin (BB) or 1 nM neurotensin (NT) to elevate cytosolic Ca(2+). Also, CAI, impaired the ability of BB or NT to cause tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. In contrast, CAI did not affect the ability of (125I-Tyr(4))BB or 125I-NT to bind with high affinity to NCI-H345 cells. These results indicate that CAI impairs SCLC second messenger activation, but not neuropeptide receptor binding. Using a MTT growth assay, CAI inhibited the proliferation of NCI-H209 or H345 cells in a concentration-dependent manner with little proliferation occurring using 100 micro M CAI. Also, CAI inhibited colony formation of NCI-H209 or H345 cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. In vivo, CAI (2 mg/day by gavage) inhibited significantly NCI-H209 xenograft proliferation in nude mice. Animals treated daily with CAI had significantly reduced CD31 immunostaining of microvessels in the tumor. Also, CAI inhibited the increase in vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) mRNA after addition of BB to SCLC cells. These results suggest that CAI inhibits the growth of SCLC cells as well as the angiogenesis of SCLC tumors in a VEGF-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- National Cancer Institute, Office of the Director, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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29
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Rini BI, Weinberg V, Bok R, Small EJ. Prostate-specific antigen kinetics as a measure of the biologic effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with serologic progression of prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:99-105. [PMID: 12506177 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.04.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the biologic effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (sangramostim, GM-CSF; Immunex Corporation, Seattle, WA) as measured by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics in patients with serologic progression of prostate cancer after definitive local therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with prostate cancer who had undergone previous definitive surgical or radiation therapy with nonmetastatic, recurrent disease as manifested by a rising PSA between 0.4 ng/mL and 6.0 ng/mL were enrolled on this phase II trial. Patients received 250 micro g/m(2)/day of subcutaneous GM-CSF on days 1 through 14 of a 28-day cycle. PSA was measured at day 1 of each cycle. RESULTS Thirty patients with serologic progression of prostate cancer were treated. The median pretreatment PSA was 2.9 ng/mL. Of the 29 evaluable patients, three patients (10%; 95% confidence interval, 2% to 27%) achieved a 50% reduction in PSA. For the patients (n = 26) in whom the on-treatment PSA doubling time could be calculated, the median PSA doubling time increased from 8.4 months to 15 months (P =.001), and the median slope of the PSA versus time curve decreased with treatment (P =.004). Therapy was well tolerated by all patients, with an average treatment duration of 16.5 cycles (range, 5 to 33). CONCLUSION GM-CSF has a biologic effect in patients with serologic progression of prostate cancer after definitive local therapy, as measured by PSA declines and modulation of PSA kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian I Rini
- University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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30
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Figg WD, Kruger EA, Price DK, Kim S, Dahut WD. Inhibition of angiogenesis: treatment options for patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Invest New Drugs 2002; 20:183-94. [PMID: 12099578 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015626410273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer-related death in men in the United States. Unfortunately, at the current time, no curative treatments are available for metastatic prostate cancer. As is the case for most solid tumors, the recruitment of blood vessels (angiogenesis) is key for the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer. Inhibition of this process is an attractive approach to treatment. Many antiangiogenic agents are currently in clinical development. The following discussion will outline the importance of angiogenesis in the metastasis and progression of prostate cancer, summarize the current surrogate markers of angiogenesis available for the drug development of antiangiogenic agents, and review examples of investigational agents that target tumor angiogenesis (e.g., TNP-470, Thalidomide, CC5013, Carboxyamido-triazole (CAI), Endostatin. SU5416, SU6668, Bevacizumab (Anti-VEGFrhuMAb), and 2-Methoxyestradiol).
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Figg
- Medicine Branch, Division of Clinical Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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31
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Abstract
Suramin, a polysulphonated napthylurea, has been extensively evaluated over the past 10 years as an anticancer agent, with the most interest in the treatment of prostate cancer. Early clinical results were promising with response rates of up to 70% being reported. However, a recent double-blind study showed only modest palliative effect in patients with androgen independent prostate cancer. In retrospect, it appears those initial reports failed to control for confounding variables such as antiandrogen withdrawal and hydrocortisone. Suramin causes numerous reversible toxicities (lethargy, rash, fatigue, anemia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, coagulopathies, neutropenia, renal and hepatic complications). Neurotoxicity has been the most significant complication and appears to be related to the intensity of the dosing regimen. An optimal therapeutic dose has not been determined, but it is clear that adaptive controls add little benefit. Aside from moderate toxicities and the low therapeutic index in patients with prostate cancer, suramin's development has taught us some valuable lessons (i.e., anti-androgen withdrawal was noted during suramin's development, the use of PSA as an indicator of tumor burden was initiated during the evaluation of suramin). These lessons can be applied to all clinical trials in hormone refractory prostate cancer. Suramin has significantly enhanced the evolution of our knowledge in several areas of prostate cancer biology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maninderjeet Kaur
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Cancer Therapeutic Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Jiang JL, Zhou Q, Yu MK, Ho LS, Chen ZN, Chan HC. The involvement of HAb18G/CD147 in regulation of store-operated calcium entry and metastasis of human hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:46870-7. [PMID: 11591720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108291200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of hepatoma-associated antigen HAb18G (homologous to CD147) expression on the NO/cGMP-regulated Ca(2+) mobilization and metastatic process of human hepatoma cells. HAb18G/CD147 cDNA was transfected into human 7721 hepatoma cells to obtain a cell line stably expressing HAb18G/CD147, T7721, as demonstrated by Northern blot and immunocytochemical studies. 8-Bromo-cGMP (cGMP) inhibited the thapsigargin-induced Ca(2+) entry in a concentration-dependent manner in 7721 cells. The cGMP-induced inhibition was abolished by an inhibitor of protein kinase G, KT5823 (1 microm). However, expression of HAb18G/CD147 in T7721 cells decreased the inhibitory response to cGMP. A similar concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the Ca(2+) entry was observed in 7721 cells in response to a NO donor, (+/-)-S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP). The inhibitory effect of SNAP on the thapsigargin-induced Ca(2+) entry was significantly reduced in HAb18G/CD147-expressing T7721 cells, indicating a role for HAb18G/CD147 in NO/cGMP-regulated Ca(2+) entry. Experiments investigating metastatic potentials demonstrated that HAb18G/CD147-expressing T7721 cells attached to the Matrigel-coated culture plates and invaded through Matrigel-coated permeable filters at the rate significantly greater than that observed in 7721 cells. Both the attachment and invasion rates could be suppressed by SNAP, and the inhibitory effect of SNAP could be reversed by NO inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. The sensitivity of the attachment and invasion rates to cGMP was significantly reduced in T7721 cells as compared with 7721 cells when cells were pretreated with thapsigargin. The difference in the sensitivity between the two cells could be abolished by a Ca(2+) channel blocker, Ni(2+) (3 mm). These results suggest that HAb18G/CD147 enhances metastatic potentials in human hepatoma cells by disrupting the regulation of store-operated Ca(2+) entry by NO/cGMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Jiang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Huang JK, Jan CR. Mechanism of estrogens-induced increases in intracellular Ca(2+) in PC3 human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2001; 47:141-8. [PMID: 11351343 DOI: 10.1002/pros.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of estrogens (diethylstilbestrol [DES], 17 beta-estradiol) on intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)) in hormone-insensitive PC3 human prostate cancer cells was examined. METHODS [Ca(2+)](i) changes in suspended cells were measured by using the Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent dye fura-2. RESULTS Estrogens (1--20 microM) increased [Ca(2+)](i) concentration-dependently with DES being more potent. Ca(2+) removal inhibited 50 +/- 10% of the signal. In Ca(2+)-free medium, pretreatment with 20 microM estrogens abolished the [Ca(2+)](i) increases induced by 2 microM carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP, a mitochondrial uncoupler) and 1 microM thapsigargin (an endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump inhibitor), but pretreatment with CCCP and thapsigargin did not alter DES-induced Ca(2+) release and partly inhibited 17 beta-estradiol-induced Ca(2+) release. Addition of 3 mM Ca(2+) increased [Ca(2+)](i) in cells pretreated with 1- 20 microM estrogens in Ca(2+)-free medium. Pretreatment with 1 microM U73122 to block phospholipase C-coupled inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation did not alter estrogens-induced Ca(2+) release. The effect of 20 microM estrogen on [Ca(2+)](i) was not affected by pretreatment with 0.1 microM estrogens. CONCLUSIONS Estrogen induced significant Ca(2+) release and Ca(2+) influx in an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-independent manner in PC3 cells. These effects of estrogens on Ca(2+) signaling appear to be nongenomic. Prostate 47:141-148, 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Huang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is the outgrowth of new vessels from pre-existing ones. Tumour growth and metastasis is dependent on angiogenesis and many stimulatory and inhibitory factors have been described which play an active role in this process. Inhibition of tumour neovasculature may be one strategy to inhibit tumour growth. Naturally occurring inhibitors of angiogenesis have been discovered and synthetic agents have been designed. Many of these inhibitors are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. This review discusses the mechanism of action of these anti-angiogenics as well as a description of the clinical trials in which they are being evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Zogakis
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10/2B1710 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Foos G, Hauser CA. Altered Ets transcription factor activity in prostate tumor cells inhibits anchorage-independent growth, survival, and invasiveness. Oncogene 2000; 19:5507-16. [PMID: 11114728 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Ets family of transcription factors are important downstream targets in cellular transformation, as altering Ets activity has been found to reverse the transformed phenotype of Ras transformed mouse fibroblasts and of several human tumor cell lines. To determine whether Ets factors are important targets in the largely uncharacterized aberrant signaling in prostate cancer, we have altered Ets activity in the prostate tumor cell line PPC-1, by stable expression of either full-length Ets2, or a dominant inhibitor of Ets activity, the Ets2 DNA binding domain (Ets2DBD). Analysis of multiple independent clonal cell lines revealed that expression of either Ets2 or the Ets2DBD inhibited the anchorage-independent growth of PPC-1 cells up to 20-fold. In contrast to our previous findings with Ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells, PPC-1 cell lines expressing either Ets2 or the EtsDBD exhibited slower attached cell growth, increased Ets-dependent gene expression, and up to a 10-fold increase in apoptotic cell death. The p21cip gene was identified as a potential target of altered Ets signaling. Interestingly, the two distinct Ets2 constructs had strikingly different effects on in vitro invasiveness. Expression of the Ets2DBD almost completely blocked PPC-1 cell invasion through Matrigel, whereas over-expression of full-length Ets2 did not inhibit invasion. Overall, these results demonstrate that the balance of Ets factor activity can regulate multiple aspects of the transformed phenotype of PPC-1 prostate tumor cells, including anchorage-independent growth, survival, and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Foos
- La Jolla Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
Large-scale screening strategies aimed at finding anticancer drugs traditionally focus on identifying cytotoxic compounds that attack actively dividing cells. Because progression to malignancy involves acquisition of an aggressively invasive phenotype in addition to hyperproliferation, simple and effective screening strategies for finding compounds that target the invasive aspects of cancer progression may prove valuable for identifying alternative and preventative cancer therapies. Here, we describe a fluorescence-based automated assay for identifying antimigratory compounds, with the ability to discern cytotoxic from noncytotoxic modes of action. With this assay, we analyzed the effects of two drugs on tumorigenic (MDA-MB-435) and nontumorigenic (MCF-10A) human breast cell lines. We chose to compare carboxyamidotriazole (CAI), an experimental compound shown to inhibit migration of various cell types, with tamoxifen, a common preventative and therapeutic anticancer compound. Our assay demonstrated that both these compounds inhibit migration at sublethal concentrations. Furthermore, CAI was more effective than tamoxifen at inhibiting chemotactic and haptotactic migration of both cell lines at all concentrations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Rust
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas 89154, USA
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Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibitors target the neovascular development that is hypothesized to underlie tumor growth. The inhibitors that are undergoing the clinical testing phase can be divided into five categories based on their target activity: 1) drugs that block matrix breakdown; 2) drugs that inhibit endothelial cells directly; 3) drugs that block angiogenesis activators; 4) drugs that inhibit endothelial cell integrins or survival signaling; and 5) drugs with a currently unknown mechanism of action. The properties of these drugs and some specific agents in each class are reviewed in this article. Because growth inhibition rather than tumor shrinkage is expected to be the clinical effect of angiogenesis inhibitors, some of the challenges and potential solutions for clinical trial design are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Tennant
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Bubley GJ, Carducci M, Dahut W, Dawson N, Daliani D, Eisenberger M, Figg WD, Freidlin B, Halabi S, Hudes G, Hussain M, Kaplan R, Myers C, Oh W, Petrylak DP, Reed E, Roth B, Sartor O, Scher H, Simons J, Sinibaldi V, Small EJ, Smith MR, Trump DL, Wilding G. Eligibility and response guidelines for phase II clinical trials in androgen-independent prostate cancer: recommendations from the Prostate-Specific Antigen Working Group. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:3461-7. [PMID: 10550143 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1999.17.11.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein that is found almost exclusively in normal and neoplastic prostate cells. For patients with metastatic disease, changes in PSA will often antedate changes in bone scan. Furthermore, many but not all investigators have observed an association between a decline in PSA levels of 50% or greater and survival. Since the majority of phase II clinical trials for patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) have used PSA as a marker, we believed it was important for investigators to agree on definitions and values for a minimum set of parameters for eligibility and PSA declines and to develop a common approach to outcome analysis and reporting. We held a consensus conference with 26 leading investigators in the field of AIPC to define these parameters. RESULT We defined four patient groups: (1) progressive measurable disease, (2) progressive bone metastasis, (3) stable metastases and a rising PSA, and (4) rising PSA and no other evidence of metastatic disease. The purpose of determining the number of patients whose PSA level drops in a phase II trial of AIPC is to guide the selection of agents for further testing and phase III trials. We propose that investigators report at a minimum a PSA decline of at least 50% and this must be confirmed by a second PSA value 4 or more weeks later. Patients may not demonstrate clinical or radiographic evidence of disease progression during this time period. Some investigators may want to report additional measures of PSA changes (ie, 75% decline, 90% decline). Response duration and the time to PSA progression may also be important clinical end point. CONCLUSION Through this consensus conference, we believe we have developed practical guidelines for using PSA as a measurement of outcome. Furthermore, the use of common standards is important as we determine which agents should progress to randomized trials which will use survival as an end point.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Bubley
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Dana Farber Cancer Center, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Bos TJ, Margiotta P, Bush L, Wasilenko W. Enhanced cell motility and invasion of chicken embryo fibroblasts in response to Jun over-expression. Int J Cancer 1999; 81:404-10. [PMID: 10209955 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990505)81:3<404::aid-ijc14>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Malignant tumor cells exhibit a number of distinct properties involved not only with deregulated cell proliferation but also enhanced migration and invasion. The Jun oncogene has been well studied in regard to its role in cell proliferation. Many of the target genes deregulated by Jun encode matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) such as MMP1, MMP3 and MMP9. These targets implicate a prominent role for Jun in tumor cell invasion, in addition to its role in growth transformation. To investigate this possibility, we have examined the effect of over-expression of transforming and non-transforming versions of Jun on motility and invasion of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs). We found that over-expression of either form of Jun results in elevated intrinsic cellular motility as well as increased motility in response to several different chemo-attractants, including 3T3-conditioned media, basic fibroblast growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor and Matrigel. The capacity of these cells to invade through Matrigel is also elevated as a result of Jun over-expression. In addition to these effects, CEFs expressing Jun secrete factors that stimulate the motility of a human tongue carcinoma cell line. Our results suggest that Jun plays an important role in the potentiation of cell motility and invasion through multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Bos
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, USA.
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Horti J, Dixon SC, Logothetis CJ, Guo Y, Reed E, Figg WD. Increased transcriptional activity of prostate-specific antigen in the presence of TNP-470, an angiogenesis inhibitor. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:1588-93. [PMID: 10188911 PMCID: PMC2362736 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen, PSA, is regarded as a reliable surrogate marker for androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC). Concern has been raised that investigational agents may affect PSA secretion without altering tumour growth or volume. In a phase I trial, several patients with AIPC had elevated serum PSA levels while receiving TNP-470 that reversed upon discontinuation. TNP-470 inhibits capillary growth in several angiogenesis models. These observations prompted us to determine if TNP-470, or its metabolite, AGM-1883, altered PSA secretion. Intracellular protein and transcriptional levels of PSA and androgen receptor were also determined. The highest TNP-470 concentration produced a 40.6% decrease in cell number; AGM-1883 had minimal effects on cell viability. PSA secretion per cell was induced 1.1- to 1.5-fold following TNP-470 exposure. The same trend was observed for AGM-1883. PSA and AR were transcriptionally up-regulated within 30 min after exposure to TNP-470. PSA transcription was increased 1.4-fold, while androgen receptor (AR) transcription was induced 1.2-fold. The increased PSA transcriptional activity accounts for the increased PSA secretion. Increased AR transcription was also reflected at the protein level. In conclusion, TNP-470 and AGM-1883 both up-regulated PSA making clinical utilization of this surrogate marker problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Horti
- Medicine Branch, Division of Clinical Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Farías EF, Aguirre Ghiso JA, Ladeda V, Bal de Kier Joffé E. Verapamil inhibits tumor protease production, local invasion and metastasis development in murine carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 1998; 78:727-34. [PMID: 9833766 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19981209)78:6<727::aid-ijc10>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The invasion and metastasis process involves degradation of the extracellular matrix mediated by tumor- and host-produced proteolytic enzymes. The main enzymes involved in this process are urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Calcium is a main co-factor in the signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation and protease production. We have studied here the effect of verapamil, a calcium channel blocker widely used to treat hypertensive diseases, on local tumor growth, spontaneous and experimental metastasis development, tumor-associated protease production and circulating MMP activity in tumor-bearing mice. BALB/c mice treated for 45 days with verapamil showed no toxic effects. Oral administration of verapamil to mice injected with F311 tumor cells, either pre-treated or not with verapamil, showed a significant decrease of local tumor invasion and both spontaneous and experimental metastasis development (51.3% inhibition of metastasis in both cases, p < 0.01). uPA and MMP-9 production by tumor cells in vitro was significantly inhibited by verapamil in a dose-dependent manner, showing a long-term inhibition after removal of the drug. Verapamil also exhibited a marked cytostatic effect on F311 cell proliferation in vitro. In addition, circulating MMP activity, usually enhanced in tumor-bearing mice, diminished significantly with all verapamil treatments. Our results suggest that modulation of the calcium-dependent signaling pathways that regulate tumor- or host-dependent production of proteases and tumor cell proliferation could contribute to the inhibition of metastasis development. Finally, we describe the inhibitory effects of a commonly used hypotensor in humans, verapamil, on the invasive and metastatic capacity of mammary tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Farías
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Bauer KS, Kohn EC, Lush RM, Steinberg SM, Davis P, Kohler D, Reed E, Figg WD. Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of carboxyamido-triazole with respect to food and time of administration: use of a single model for simultaneous determination of changing parameters. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS 1998; 26:673-87. [PMID: 10485080 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020750923542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Carboxyamido-triazole (CAI) is an anti-invasive, antimetastatic, antiangiogenic agent in clinical development for cancer treatment. It has been postulated that food might enhance the oral absorption of micronized CAI based on an apparent discrepancy in steady state maximum concentrations when taken without regard to meals vs. fasting. The purpose of this study was to determine if a standardized meal affects the absorption and pharmacokinetics of this agent. Twelve patients with refractory cancers and good end organ function were randomized to receive two doses of CAI (250 mg/m2) with and without a standardized high fat meal. One cohort of 6 patients received these doses at 9 AM, and the remaining 6 patients received CAI at 9 PM. Blood was obtained prior to each dose, and serially thereafter. A series of pharmacokinetic (PK) models were fit to the concentration-time data. PK parameters were ultimately calculated using a model which allows simultaneous estimation of parameters from both test doses using nonlinear least squares analysis with ADAPT II. This model estimates independent absorption rate constants and relative fraction absorbed for each condition. AUC0-t was determined using the trapezoidal method, extrapolated to infinity, and used to calculate the relative bioavailability. No significant differences in PK parameters were noted between the morning and evening cohorts. However, the relative bioavailability, as measured by AUC0-infinity, of CAI was significantly increased when administered with a high fat meal compared to fasting (138.9 vs. 52.2 micrograms * hr/ml; p = 0.0005). The magnitude of the increase in relative bioavailability of CAI taken with food could have profound implications for patients who may inadvertently take this medication shortly after eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Bauer
- Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Lambert PA, Somers KD, Kohn EC, Perry RR. Antiproliferative and antiinvasive effects of carboxyamido-triazole on breast cancer cell lines. Surgery 1997; 122:372-8; discussion 378-9. [PMID: 9288143 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(97)90029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basement membrane invasion is one of the critical components of the metastatic cascade. The antiproliferative and antiinvasive activity of carboxyamido-triazole (CAI), a calcium influx inhibitor, was studied in five human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MCF-7/ADRR, MDA-231, MDA-231R44, and BT-474). METHODS Sensitivity of the cell lines to CAI was measured with a microculture tetrazolium assay. The Boyden chamber Matrigel chemoinvasion assay was used to measure the antiinvasive activity of CAI. Matrix metalloproteinase activity was analyzed by gelatin zymography. RESULTS The 50% inhibitory concentrations of CAI were cell line dependent and ranged from 7.49 +/- 4.05 mumol/L to 46.1 +/- 8.6 mumol/L. CAI at a low, minimally toxic concentration (5 mumol/L) inhibited invasion by greater than 75% in the four invasive cell lines (MCF-7/ADRR, MDA-231, MDA-231R44, and BT-474) regardless of estrogen receptor or p-glycoprotein status (p < 0.01). CAI treatment also reduced matrix metalloproteinase activity in conditioned media from three of the four invasive lines (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CAI at clinically achievable concentrations is an effective antiproliferative and antiinvasive agent against human breast cancer cell lines regardless of estrogen receptor or p-glycoprotein status. Reduction in matrix metalloproteinase activity may be partially responsible for CAI inhibition of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Lambert
- Department of Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk 23507, USA
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