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Zahoor I, Pan G, Cerghet M, Elbayoumi T, Mao-Draayer Y, Giri S, Palaniyandi SS. Current understanding of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35753. [PMID: 39170118 PMCID: PMC11337049 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), are proven to increase the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to a robust systemic immune response and inflammation. MS can lead to cardiovascular abnormalities that are related to autonomic nervous system dysfunction by causing inflammatory lesions surrounding tracts of the autonomic nervous system in the brain and spinal cord. CVD in MS patients can affect an already damaged brain, thus worsening the disease course by causing brain atrophy and white matter disease. Currently, the true prevalence of cardiovascular dysfunction and associated death rates in patients with MS are mostly unknown and inconsistent. Treating vascular risk factors is recommended to improve the management of this disease. This review provides an updated summary of CVD prevalence in patients with MS, emphasizing the need for more preclinical studies using animal models to understand the pathogenesis of MS better. However, no distinct studies exist that explore the temporal effects and etiopathogenesis of immune/inflammatory cells on cardiac damage and dysfunction associated with MS, particularly in the cardiac myocardium. To this end, a thorough investigation into the clinical presentation and underlying mechanisms of CVD must be conducted in patients with MS and preclinical animal models. Additionally, clinicians should monitor for cardiovascular complications while prescribing medications to MS patients, as some MS drugs cause severe CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insha Zahoor
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Guodong Pan
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mirela Cerghet
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tamer Elbayoumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence, Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Shailendra Giri
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Suresh Selvaraj Palaniyandi
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Vejar S, Pizarro IS, Pulgar-Sepúlveda R, Vicencio SC, Polit A, Amador CA, Del Rio R, Varas R, Orellana JA, Ortiz FC. A preclinical mice model of multiple sclerosis based on the toxin-induced double-site demyelination of callosal and cerebellar fibers. Biol Res 2024; 57:48. [PMID: 39034395 PMCID: PMC11265164 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an irreversible progressive CNS pathology characterized by the loss of myelin (i.e. demyelination). The lack of myelin is followed by a progressive neurodegeneration triggering symptoms as diverse as fatigue, motor, locomotor and sensory impairments and/or bladder, cardiac and respiratory dysfunction. Even though there are more than fourteen approved treatments for reducing MS progression, there are still no cure for the disease. Thus, MS research is a very active field and therefore we count with different experimental animal models for studying mechanisms of demyelination and myelin repair, however, we still lack a preclinical MS model assembling demyelination mechanisms with relevant clinical-like signs. RESULTS Here, by inducing the simultaneous demyelination of both callosal and cerebellar white matter fibers by the double-site injection of lysolecithin (LPC), we were able to reproduce CNS demyelination, astrocyte recruitment and increases levels of proinflammatory cytokines levels along with motor, locomotor and urinary impairment, as well as cardiac and respiratory dysfunction, in the same animal model. Single site LPC-injections either in corpus callosum or cerebellum only, fails in to reproduce such a complete range of MS-like signs. CONCLUSION We here report that the double-site LPC injections treatment evoke a complex MS-like mice model. We hope that this experimental approach will help to deepen our knowledge about the mechanisms of demyelinated diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Vejar
- Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio S Pizarro
- Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Pulgar-Sepúlveda
- Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sinay C Vicencio
- Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Polit
- Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian A Amador
- Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Rodrigo Varas
- Facultad de Ciencias de Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 8910060, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Orellana
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, 8330024, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Fernando C Ortiz
- Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Zuroff LR, Green AJ. The Study of Remyelinating Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis: Visual Outcomes as a Window Into Repair. J Neuroophthalmol 2024; 44:143-156. [PMID: 38654413 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000002149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amelioration of disability in multiple sclerosis requires the development of complementary therapies that target neurodegeneration and promote repair. Remyelination is a promising neuroprotective strategy that may protect axons from damage and subsequent neurodegeneration. METHODS A review of key literature plus additional targeted search of PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted. RESULTS There has been a rapid expansion of clinical trials studying putative remyelinating candidates, but further growth of the field is limited by the lack of consensus on key aspects of trial design. We have not yet defined the ideal study population, duration of therapy, or the appropriate outcome measures to detect remyelination in humans. The varied natural history of multiple sclerosis, coupled with the short time frame of phase II clinical trials, requires that we develop and validate biomarkers of remyelination that can serve as surrogate endpoints in clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the visual system may be the most well-suited and validated model for the study potential remyelinating agents. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of demyelination and summarize the current clinical trial landscape of remyelinating agents. We present some of the challenges in the study of remyelinating agents and discuss current potential biomarkers of remyelination and repair, emphasizing both established and emerging visual outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah R Zuroff
- Department of Neurology (LZ), Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Department of Neurology (AJG), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Di Pietro AA, Pasquini LA. A novel in vitro model for investigating oligodendroglial maturation and myelin deposition under demyelinating and remyelinating conditions: Impact of microglial depletion and repopulation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2024; 129:103937. [PMID: 38796120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2024.103937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of multiple sclerosis (MS) have significantly contributed to our understanding of pathophysiology and the development of therapeutic interventions. Various in vivo animal models have successfully replicated key features of MS and associated pathophysiological processes, shedding light on the sequence of events leading to disease initiation, progression, and resolution. Nevertheless, these models often entail substantial costs and prolonged treatment periods. In contrast, in vitro models offer distinct advantages, including cost-effectiveness and precise control over experimental conditions, thereby facilitating more reproducible results. We have developed a novel in vitro model tailored to the study of oligodendroglial maturation and myelin deposition under demyelinating and remyelinating conditions, which encompasses all the cell types present in the central nervous system (CNS). Of note, our model enables the evaluation of microglial cell commitment through a protocol involving their depletion and subsequent repopulation. Given that the development and survival of microglia are critically reliant on colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) signaling, we have employed CSF-1R inhibition to effectively deplete microglia. This versatile model holds promise for the assessment of potential therapies aimed at promoting oligodendroglial differentiation to safeguard and repair myelin, hence mitigate neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella Ayelen Di Pietro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Airess, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aire, Argentina.
| | - Laura Andrea Pasquini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Airess, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aire, Argentina.
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Martins DO, Marques DP, Chacur M. Enhancing nerve regeneration in infraorbital nerve injury rat model: effects of vitamin B complex and photobiomodulation. Lasers Med Sci 2024; 39:119. [PMID: 38679671 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-04067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Orofacial nerve injuries may result in temporary or long-term loss of sensory function and decreased quality of life in patients. B vitamins are required for DNA synthesis and the repair and maintenance of phospholipids. In particular, vitamins B1, B6, and B12 are essential for neuronal function. Deficiency in vitamin B complex (VBC) has been linked to increased oxidative stress, inflammation and demyelination. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has antioxidant activity and is neuroprotective. In addition, a growing literature attests to the positive effects of PBM on nerve repair. To assess the effect of PBM and VBC on regenerative process we evaluated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), myelin basic protein (MBP), laminin and neurofilaments (NFs) using Western blotting to identify regenerative pattern after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI IoN) treated by PBM, VBC or its combination. After CCI IoN, the rats were divided into six groups naive, sham, injured (CCI IoN), treated with photobiomodulation (904 nm, 6.23 J/cm2, CCI IoN + PBM), treated with VBC (containing B1, B6 and B12) 5 times, CCI IoN + VBC) and treated with PBM and VBC (CCI IoN + VBC + PBM). The treatments could revert low expression of BDNF, MBP and laminin. Also reverted the higher expression of neurofilaments and enhanced expression of NGF. PBM and VBC could accelerate injured infraorbital nerve repair in rats through reducing the expression of neurofilaments, increasing the expression of BDNF, laminin and MBP and overexpressing NGF. These data support the notion that the use of PBM and VBC may help in the treatment of nerve injuries. This finding has potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oliveira Martins
- Division of Neuroscience/Hospital Sírio-Libânes, Street Daher Cutait 69, São Paulo, SP, 01308-060, Brazil.
- Departmento de Anatomia, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Pereira Marques
- Departmento de Anatomia, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marucia Chacur
- Departmento de Anatomia, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Cisneros-Mejorado AJ, Ordaz RP, Garay E, Arellano RO. β-carbolines that enhance GABA A receptor response expressed in oligodendrocytes promote remyelination in an in vivo rat model of focal demyelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1369730. [PMID: 38694535 PMCID: PMC11061515 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1369730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Demyelination is typically followed by a remyelination process through mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) differentiated from precursor cells (OPCs) recruited into the lesioned areas, however, this event usually results in uncompleted myelination. Potentiation of the remyelination process is an important target for designing effective therapeutic strategies against white matter loss. Here, it was evaluated the remyelinating effect of different β-carbolines that present differential allosteric modulation on the GABAA receptor expressed in OLs. For this, we used a focalized demyelination model in the inferior cerebellar peduncle (i.c.p.) of rats (DRICP model), in which, demyelination by ethidium bromide (0.05%) stereotaxic injection was confirmed histologically by staining with Black-Gold II (BGII) and toluidine blue. In addition, a longitudinal analysis with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) was made by computing fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and diffusivity parameters to infer i.c.p. microstructural changes. First, dMRI analysis revealed FA decreases together with ADC and radial diffusivity (RD) increases after demyelination, which correlates with histological BGII observations. Then, we evaluated the effect produced by three allosteric GABAA receptor modulators, the N-butyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (β-CCB), ethyl 9H-pyrido [3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate (β-CCE), and 4-ethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-9H-pyrido [3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (DMCM). The results indicated that daily systemic β-CCB (1 mg/Kg) or β-CCE (1 mg/Kg) administration for 2 weeks, but not DMCM (0.35 mg/Kg), in lesioned animals increased FA and decreased ADC or RD, suggesting myelination improvement. This was supported by BGII staining analysis that showed a recovery of myelin content. Also, it was quantified by immunohistochemistry both NG2+ and CC1+ cellular population in the different experimental sceneries. Data indicated that either β-CCB or β-CCE, but not DMCM, produced an increase in the population of CC1+ cells in the lesioned area. Finally, it was also calculated the g-ratio of myelinated axons and observed a similar value in those lesioned animals treated with β-CCB or β-CCE compared to controls. Thus, using the DRICP model, it was observed that either β-CCB or β-CCE, positive modulators of the GABAA receptor in OLs, had a potent promyelinating effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rogelio O. Arellano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Mexico
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Asbelaoui N, Abi-Ghanem C, Schlecht-Louf G, Oukil H, Degerny C, Schumacher M, Ghoumari AM. Interplay between androgen and CXCR4 chemokine signaling in myelin repair. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:18. [PMID: 38291527 PMCID: PMC10826258 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In men, reduced levels of testosterone are associated with the prevalence and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic and disabling demyelinating disorder. Testosterone has been shown to promote myelin repair. Here, we demonstrate that the cooperation between testosterone and CXCR4 signaling involving astrocytes is required for myelin regeneration after focal demyelination produced in the ventral mouse spinal cord by the infusion of lysolecithin. The testosterone-dependent remyelination of axons by oligodendrocytes was accompanied by an increase in astrocytes expressing CXCR4, its ligand CXCL12 and the androgen receptor (AR) within the demyelinated area. Depriving males of their testosterone or pharmacological inhibition of CXCR4, with the selective antagonist AMD3100, prevented the appearance of astrocytes expressing CXCR4, CXCL12 and AR within the demyelinated area and the concomitant recruitment of myelin forming oligodendrocytes. Conditional genetic ablation of either CXCR4 or AR in astrocytes also completely blocked the formation of new myelin by oligodendrocytes. Interestingly, the gain of function mutation in CXCR4 causing WHIM syndrome allows remyelination to take place, even in the absence of testosterone, but its potentiating effects remained observable. After testosterone deprivation or CXCR4 inhibition, the absence of astrocytes within the demyelinated area led to the incursion of Schwann cells, most likely derived from spinal nerves, and the formation of peripheral nerve type myelin. In patients with progressive MS, astrocytes expressing CXCR4 and AR surrounded myelin lesions, and their presence opposed the incursion of Schwann cells. These results highlight a mechanism of promyelinating testosterone signaling and the importance of normalizing its levels in combined myelin repair therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimène Asbelaoui
- UMR1195, "Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System", Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 80, Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Charly Abi-Ghanem
- UMR1195, "Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System", Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 80, Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Géraldine Schlecht-Louf
- INSERM UMR 996, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Hania Oukil
- UMR1195, "Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System", Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 80, Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cindy Degerny
- UMR1195, "Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System", Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 80, Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Michael Schumacher
- UMR1195, "Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System", Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 80, Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Abdel Mouman Ghoumari
- UMR1195, "Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System", Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 80, Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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Zare L, Rezaei S, Esmaeili E, Khajeh K, Javan M. Targeted drug delivery into glial scar using CAQK peptide in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad325. [PMID: 38107502 PMCID: PMC10724044 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, lesions are formed in various areas of the CNS, which are characterized by reactive gliosis, immune cell infiltration, extracellular matrix changes and demyelination. CAQK peptide (peptide sequence: cysteine-alanine-glutamine-lysine) was previously introduced as a targeting peptide for the injured site of the brain. In the present study, we aimed to develop a multifunctional system using nanoparticles coated by CAQK peptide, to target the demyelinated lesions in animal model of multiple sclerosis. We investigated the binding of fluorescein amidite-labelled CAQK and fluorescein amidite-labelled CGGK (as control) on mouse brain sections. Then, the porous silicon nanoparticles were synthesized and coupled with fluorescein amidite-labelled CAQK. Five days after lysolecithin-induced demyelination, male mice were intravenously injected with methylprednisolone-loaded porous silicon nanoparticles conjugated to CAQK or the same amount of free methylprednisolone. Our results showed that fluorescein amidite-labelled CAQK recognizes demyelinated lesions in brain sections of animal brains injected with lysolecithin. In addition, intravenous application of methylprednisolone-loaded nanoparticle porous silicon conjugated to CAQK at a single dose of 0.24 mg reduced the levels of microglial activation and astrocyte reactivation in the lesions of mouse corpus callosum after 24 and 48 h. No significant effect was observed following the injection of the same dose of free methylprednisolone. CAQK seems a potential targeting peptide for delivering drugs or other biologically active chemicals/reagents to the CNS of patients with multiple sclerosis. Low-dose methylprednisolone in this targeted drug delivery system showed significant beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Zare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Brain and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safoura Rezaei
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Esmaeili
- Institute for Brain and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Brain and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
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Packer D, Fresenko EE, Harrington EP. Remyelination in animal models of multiple sclerosis: finding the elusive grail of regeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1207007. [PMID: 37448959 PMCID: PMC10338073 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1207007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Remyelination biology and the therapeutic potential of restoring myelin sheaths to prevent neurodegeneration and disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) has made considerable gains over the past decade with many regeneration strategies undergoing tested in MS clinical trials. Animal models used to investigate oligodendroglial responses and regeneration of myelin vary considerably in the mechanism of demyelination, involvement of inflammatory cells, neurodegeneration and capacity for remyelination. The investigation of remyelination in the context of aging and an inflammatory environment are of considerable interest for the potential translation to progressive multiple sclerosis. Here we review how remyelination is assessed in mouse models of demyelination, differences and advantages of these models, therapeutic strategies that have emerged and current pro-remyelination clinical trials.
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Buttigieg E, Scheller A, El Waly B, Kirchhoff F, Debarbieux F. Contribution of Intravital Neuroimaging to Study Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:22-38. [PMID: 36653665 PMCID: PMC10119369 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex and long-lasting neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by the loss of myelin within the white matter and cortical fibers, axonopathy, and inflammatory responses leading to consequent sensory-motor and cognitive deficits of patients. While complete resolution of the disease is not yet a reality, partial tissue repair has been observed in patients which offers hope for therapeutic strategies. To address the molecular and cellular events of the pathomechanisms, a variety of animal models have been developed to investigate distinct aspects of MS disease. Recent advances of multiscale intravital imaging facilitated the direct in vivo analysis of MS in the animal models with perspective of clinical transfer to patients. This review gives an overview of MS animal models, focusing on the current imaging modalities at the microscopic and macroscopic levels and emphasizing the importance of multimodal approaches to improve our understanding of the disease and minimize the use of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Buttigieg
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bilal El Waly
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Franck Debarbieux
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France.
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.
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Zawadzka M, Yeghiazaryan M, Niedziółka S, Miazga K, Kwaśniewska A, Bekisz M, Sławińska U. Forced Remyelination Promotes Axon Regeneration in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010495. [PMID: 36613945 PMCID: PMC9820536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries result in the loss of motor and sensory functions controlled by neurons located at the site of the lesion and below. We hypothesized that experimentally enhanced remyelination supports axon preservation and/or growth in the total spinal cord transection in rats. Multifocal demyelination was induced by injection of ethidium bromide (EB), either at the time of transection or twice during transection and at 5 days post-injury. We demonstrated that the number of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) significantly increased 14 days after demyelination. Most OPCs differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes by 60-90 dpi in double-EB-injected rats; however, most axons were remyelinated by Schwann cells. A significant number of axons passed the injury epicenter and entered the distant segments of the spinal cord in the double-EB-injected rats. Moreover, some serotoninergic fibers, not detected in control animals, grew caudally through the injury site. Behavioral tests performed at 60-90 dpi revealed significant improvement in locomotor function recovery in double-EB-injected rats, which was impaired by the blockade of serotonin receptors, confirming the important role of restored serotonergic fibers in functional recovery. Our findings indicate that enhanced remyelination per se, without substantial inhibition of glial scar formation, is an important component of spinal cord injury regeneration.
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12
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Garcia-Hernandez R, Cerdán Cerdá A, Trouve Carpena A, Drakesmith M, Koller K, Jones DK, Canals S, De Santis S. Mapping microglia and astrocyte activation in vivo using diffusion MRI. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2923. [PMID: 35622913 PMCID: PMC9140964 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
While glia are increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, available methods for imaging these cells in vivo involve either invasive procedures or positron emission tomography radiotracers, which afford low resolution and specificity. Here, we present a noninvasive diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method to image changes in glia morphology. Using rat models of neuroinflammation, degeneration, and demyelination, we demonstrate that diffusion-weighted MRI carries a fingerprint of microglia and astrocyte activation and that specific signatures from each population can be quantified noninvasively. The method is sensitive to changes in glia morphology and proliferation, providing a quantitative account of neuroinflammation, regardless of the existence of a concomitant neuronal loss or demyelinating injury. We prove the translational value of the approach showing significant associations between MRI and histological microglia markers in humans. This framework holds the potential to transform basic and clinical research by clarifying the role of inflammation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Drakesmith
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kristin Koller
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Derek K. Jones
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Santiago Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC/UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Silvia De Santis
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC/UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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13
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Pergande MR, Kang C, George D, Sutter PA, Crocker SJ, Cologna SM, Givogri MI. Lipidomic analysis identifies age-disease-related changes and potential new biomarkers in brain-derived extracellular vesicles from metachromatic leukodystrophy mice. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:32. [PMID: 35351138 PMCID: PMC8962106 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent findings show that extracellular vesicle constituents can exert short- and long-range biological effects on neighboring cells in the brain, opening an exciting avenue for investigation in the field of neurodegenerative diseases. Although it is well documented that extracellular vesicles contain many lipids and are enriched in sphingomyelin, cholesterol, phosphatidylserines and phosphatidylinositols, no reports have addressed the lipidomic profile of brain derived EVs in the context of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, a lysosomal storage disease with established metabolic alterations in sulfatides. METHODS In this study, we isolated and characterized the lipid content of brain-derived EVs using the arylsulfatase A knockout mouse as a model of the human condition. RESULTS Our results suggest that biogenesis of brain-derived EVs is a tightly regulated process in terms of size and protein concentration during postnatal life. Our lipidomic analysis demonstrated that sulfatides and their precursors (ceramides) as well as other lipids including fatty acids are altered in an age-dependent manner in EVs isolated from the brain of the knockout mouse. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the possible involvement of EVs in the pathology of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, our study underlines that measuring lipid signatures in EVs may be useful as biomarkers of disease, with potential application to other genetic lipidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Pergande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Christina Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S. Wood St. M/C 512, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Diann George
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S. Wood St. M/C 512, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Pearl A Sutter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.,Laboratory for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Maria I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S. Wood St. M/C 512, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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14
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Preclinical model of multiple sclerosis: Focal, chemical or viral demyelination. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 168:87-102. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Correale J, Ysrraelit MC. Multiple Sclerosis and Aging: The Dynamics of Demyelination and Remyelination. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221118502. [PMID: 35938615 PMCID: PMC9364177 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221118502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system
(CNS) leading to demyelination and neurodegeneration. Life expectancy and age of onset in
MS patients have been rising over the last decades, and previous studies have shown that
age affects disease progression. Therefore, age appears as one of the most important
factors in accumulating disability in MS patients. Indeed, the degeneration of
oligodendrocytes (OGDs) and OGD precursors (OPCs) increases with age, in association with
increased inflammatory activity of astrocytes and microglia. Similarly, age-related
neuronal changes such as mitochondrial alterations, an increase in oxidative stress, and
disrupted paranodal junctions can impact myelin integrity. Conversely, once myelination is
complete, the long-term integrity of axons depends on OGD supply of energy. These
alterations determine pathological myelin changes consisting of myelin outfolding,
splitting, and accumulation of multilamellar fragments. Overall, these data demonstrate
that old mature OGDs lose their ability to produce and maintain healthy myelin over time,
to induce de novo myelination, and to remodel pre-existing myelinated
axons that contribute to neural plasticity in the CNS. Furthermore, as observed in other
tissues, aging induces a general decline in regenerative processes and, not surprisingly,
progressively hinders remyelination in MS. In this context, this review will provide an
overview of the current knowledge of age-related changes occurring in cells of the
oligodendroglial lineage and how they impact myelin synthesis, axonal degeneration, and
remyelination efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Departamento de Neurología, 58782Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Nguyen V, Chavali M, Larpthaveesarp A, Kodali S, Gonzalez G, Franklin RJM, Rowitch DH, Gonzalez F. Neuroprotective effects of Sonic hedgehog agonist SAG in a rat model of neonatal stroke. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:1161-1170. [PMID: 33654279 PMCID: PMC8410885 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal stroke affects 1 in 2800 live births and is a major cause of neurological injury. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is critical for central nervous system (CNS) development and has neuroprotective and reparative effects in different CNS injury models. Previous studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of small molecule Shh-Smoothened agonist (SAG) against neonatal cerebellar injury and it improves Down syndrome-related brain structural deficits in mice. Here we investigated SAG neuroprotection in rat models of neonatal ischemia-reperfusion (stroke) and adult focal white matter injury. METHODS We used transient middle cerebral artery occlusion at P10 and ethidium bromide (EB) injection in adult rats to induce damage. Following surgery and SAG or vehicle treatment, we analyzed tissue loss, cell proliferation and fate, and behavioral outcome. RESULTS We report that a single dose of SAG administered following neonatal stroke preserved brain volume, reduced gliosis, enhanced oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) and EC proliferation, and resulted in long-term cognitive improvement. Single-dose SAG also promoted proliferation of OPCs following focal demyelination in the adult rat. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate benefit of one-time SAG treatment post insult in reducing brain injury and improving behavioral outcome after experimental neonatal stroke. IMPACT A one-time dose of small molecule Sonic hedgehog agonist protected against neonatal stroke and improved long-term behavioral outcomes in a rat model. This study extends the use of Sonic hedgehog in treating developing brain injury, previously shown in animal models of Down syndrome and cerebellar injury. Sonic hedgehog agonist is one of the most promising therapies in treating neonatal stroke thanks to its safety profile and low dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vien Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edyth Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Manideep Chavali
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edyth Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amara Larpthaveesarp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Srikirti Kodali
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ginez Gonzalez
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edyth Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Fernando Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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17
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Small molecule screening as an approach to encounter inefficient myelin repair. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 61:127-135. [PMID: 34753035 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While current multiple sclerosis therapies are focused on immunomodulation, thereby slowing down disease progression, scientific interest has nowadays been shifted toward regenerative therapies aiming at reversing already existing deficits. The application of chemical compounds was proven to be valuable for the understanding of oligodendrogenesis and for exposing mechanisms that can boost remyelination. However, sufficient myelin repair has not been achieved yet, thus underscoring the need for more studies toward this unmet clinical goal. In this regard, many research groups have significantly contributed to the field via developing compound screening approaches or using single substances. We, here, present an overview of recent studies addressing the identification of myelin repair drugs and provide insights into technical aspects and identified substances.
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18
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Zawadzka M, Kwaśniewska A, Miazga K, Sławińska U. Perspectives in the Cell-Based Therapies of Various Aspects of the Spinal Cord Injury-Associated Pathologies: Lessons from the Animal Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112995. [PMID: 34831217 PMCID: PMC8616284 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury of the spinal cord (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition often leading to severe dysfunctions, therefore an improvement in clinical treatment for SCI patients is urgently needed. The potential benefits of transplantation of various cell types into the injured spinal cord have been intensively investigated in preclinical SCI models and clinical trials. Despite the many challenges that are still ahead, cell transplantation alone or in combination with other factors, such as artificial matrices, seems to be the most promising perspective. Here, we reviewed recent advances in cell-based experimental strategies supporting or restoring the function of the injured spinal cord with a particular focus on the regenerative mechanisms that could define their clinical translation.
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19
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Schregel K, Baufeld C, Palotai M, Meroni R, Fiorina P, Wuerfel J, Sinkus R, Zhang YZ, McDannold N, White PJ, Guttmann CRG. Targeted Blood Brain Barrier Opening With Focused Ultrasound Induces Focal Macrophage/Microglial Activation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:665722. [PMID: 34054415 PMCID: PMC8149750 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.665722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a model of multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE reflects important histopathological hallmarks, dissemination, and diversity of the disease, but has only moderate reproducibility of clinical and histopathological features. Focal lesions are less frequently observed in EAE than in MS, and can neither be constrained to specific locations nor timed to occur at a pre-specified moment. This renders difficult any experimental assessment of the pathogenesis of lesion evolution, including its inflammatory, degenerative (demyelination and axonal degeneration), and reparatory (remyelination, axonal sprouting, gliosis) component processes. We sought to develop a controlled model of inflammatory, focal brain lesions in EAE using focused ultrasound (FUS). We hypothesized that FUS induced focal blood brain barrier disruption (BBBD) will increase the likelihood of transmigration of effector cells and subsequent lesion occurrence at the sonicated location. Lesion development was monitored with conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as with magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and further analyzed by histopathological means. EAE was induced in 12 6-8 weeks old female C57BL/6 mice using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide. FUS-induced BBBD was performed 6, 7, and 9 days after immunization in subgroups of four animals and in an additional control group. MRI and MRE were performed on a 7T horizontal bore small animal MRI scanner. Imaging was conducted longitudinally 2 and 3 weeks after disease induction and 1 week after sonication in control animals, respectively. The scan protocol comprised contrast-enhanced T1-weighted and T2-weighted sequences as well as MRE with a vibration frequency of 1 kHz. Animals were sacrificed for histopathology after the last imaging time point. The overall clinical course of EAE was mild. A total of seven EAE animals presented with focal T2w hyperintense signal alterations in the sonicated hemisphere. These were most frequent in the group of animals sonicated 9 days after immunization. Histopathology revealed foci of activated microglia/macrophages in the sonicated right hemisphere of seven EAE animals. Larger cellular infiltrates or apparent demyelination were not seen. Control animals showed no abnormalities on MRI and did not have clusters of activated microglia/macrophages at the sites targeted with FUS. None of the animals had hemorrhages or gross tissue damage as potential side effects of FUS. EAE-animals tended to have lower values of viscoelasticity and elasticity in the sonicated compared to the contralateral parenchyma. This trend was significant when comparing the right sonicated to the left normal hemisphere and specifically the right sonicated compared to the left normal cortex in animals that underwent FUS-BBBD 9 days after immunization (right vs. left hemisphere: mean viscoelasticity 6.1 vs. 7.2 kPa; p = 0.003 and mean elasticity 4.9 vs. 5.7 kPa, p = 0.024; right vs. left cortex: mean viscoelasticity 5.8 vs. 7.5 kPa; p = 0.004 and mean elasticity 5 vs. 6.5 kPa; p = 0.008). A direct comparison of the biomechanical properties of focal T2w hyperintensities with normal appearing brain tissue did not yield significant results. Control animals showed no differences in viscoelasticity between sonicated and contralateral brain parenchyma. We here provide first evidence for a controlled lesion induction model in EAE using FUS-induced BBBD. The observed lesions in EAE are consistent with foci of activated microglia that may be interpreted as targeted initial inflammatory activity and which have been described as pre-active lesions in MS. Such foci can be identified and monitored with MRI. Moreover, the increased inflammatory activity in the sonicated brain parenchyma seems to have an effect on overall tissue matrix structure as reflected by changes of biomechanical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schregel
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Baufeld
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Miklos Palotai
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Roberta Meroni
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jens Wuerfel
- MIAC AG and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Sinkus
- Division of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,INSERM UMR S1148 - Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, University Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yong-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nathan McDannold
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - P Jason White
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Charles R G Guttmann
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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20
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Reyes-Haro D, Cisneros-Mejorado A, Arellano RO. Therapeutic Potential of GABAergic Signaling in Myelin Plasticity and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662191. [PMID: 33889577 PMCID: PMC8056019 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) produce myelin to insulate axons. This accelerates action potential propagation, allowing nerve impulse information to synchronize within complex neuronal ensembles and promoting brain connectivity. Brain plasticity includes myelination, a process that starts early after birth and continues throughout life. Myelin repair, followed by injury or disease, requires new OLs differentiated from a population derived from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) that continue to proliferate, migrate and differentiate to preserve and remodel myelin in the adult central nervous system. OPCs represent the largest proliferative neural cell population outside the adult neurogenic niches in the brain. OPCs receive synaptic inputs from glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons throughout neurodevelopment, a unique feature among glial cells. Neuron-glia communication through GABA signaling in OPCs has been shown to play a role in myelin plasticity and repair. In this review we will focus on the molecular and functional properties of GABAA receptors (GABAARs) expressed by OPCs and their potential role in remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Reyes-Haro
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Juriquilla, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Abraham Cisneros-Mejorado
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Juriquilla, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Rogelio O Arellano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Juriquilla, Juriquilla, Mexico
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21
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Ramasamy R, Smith PP. PART 2: Mouse models for multiple sclerosis research. Neurourol Urodyn 2021; 40:958-967. [PMID: 33739481 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lower urinary tract symptoms and dysfunction (LUTS/LUTD) contribute to loss of quality of life, morbidity, and need for medical intervention in most patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Although MS is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease, clinical manifestations including continence control disorders have traditionally been attributed to the loss of neural signaling due to neurodegeneration. Clinical approaches to MS-LUTS/LUTD have focused on addressing symptoms in the context of urodynamic dysfunctions as pathophysiologic understandings are incomplete. The mouse model provides a useful research platform for discovery of more detailed molecular, cellular, and tissue-level knowledge of the disease and its clinical manifestations. The aim of this two-part review is to provide a state-of-the-art update on the use of the mouse model for MS research, with a focus on lower urinary tract symptoms. Part I presents a summary of current understanding of MS pathophysiology, the impact on lower urinary tract symptoms, and briefly introduces the types of mouse models available to study MS. Part II presents the common animal models that are currently available to study MS, their mechanism, relevance to MS-LUTS/LUTD and their urinary pathophysiology, advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalakshmi Ramasamy
- UConn Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Graduate School, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Phillip P Smith
- UConn Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Graduate School, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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22
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Duncan GJ, Simkins TJ, Emery B. Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions in the Structure and Integrity of Axons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653101. [PMID: 33763430 PMCID: PMC7982542 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelination of axons by oligodendrocytes is a highly complex cell-to-cell interaction. Oligodendrocytes and axons have a reciprocal signaling relationship in which oligodendrocytes receive cues from axons that direct their myelination, and oligodendrocytes subsequently shape axonal structure and conduction. Oligodendrocytes are necessary for the maturation of excitatory domains on the axon including nodes of Ranvier, help buffer potassium, and support neuronal energy metabolism. Disruption of the oligodendrocyte-axon unit in traumatic injuries, Alzheimer's disease and demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis results in axonal dysfunction and can culminate in neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which demyelination and loss of oligodendrocytes compromise axons. We highlight the intra-axonal cascades initiated by demyelination that can result in irreversible axonal damage. Both the restoration of oligodendrocyte myelination or neuroprotective therapies targeting these intra-axonal cascades are likely to have therapeutic potential in disorders in which oligodendrocyte support of axons is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J. Duncan
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tyrell J. Simkins
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Neurology, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ben Emery
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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23
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Holikova K, Laakso H, Salo R, Shatillo A, Nurmi A, Bares M, Vanicek J, Michaeli S, Mangia S, Sierra A, Gröhn O. RAFF-4, Magnetization Transfer and Diffusion Tensor MRI of Lysophosphatidylcholine Induced Demyelination and Remyelination in Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:625167. [PMID: 33746698 PMCID: PMC7969884 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.625167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination is a naturally occurring response to demyelination and has a central role in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury. Recently we demonstrated that a novel MRI technique entitled Relaxation Along a Fictitious Field (RAFF) in the rotating frame of rank n (RAFFn) achieved exceptional sensitivity in detecting the demyelination processes induced by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in rat brain. In the present work, our aim was to test whether RAFF4, along with magnetization transfer (MT) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), would be capable of detecting the changes in the myelin content and microstructure caused by modifications of myelin sheets around axons or by gliosis during the remyelination phase after LPC-induced demyelination in the corpus callosum of rats. We collected MRI data with RAFF4, MT and DTI at 3 days after injection (demyelination stage) and at 38 days after injection (remyelination stage) of LPC (n = 12) or vehicle (n = 9). Cell density and myelin content were assessed by histology. All MRI metrics detected differences between LPC-injected and control groups of animals in the demyelination stage, on day 3. In the remyelination phase (day 38), RAFF4, MT parameters, fractional anisotropy, and axial diffusivity detected signs of a partial recovery consistent with the remyelination evident in histology. Radial diffusivity had undergone a further increase from day 3 to 38 and mean diffusivity revealed a complete recovery correlating with the histological assessment of cell density attributed to gliosis. The combination of RAFF4, MT and DTI has the potential to differentiate between normal, demyelinated and remyelinated axons and gliosis and thus it may be able to provide a more detailed assessment of white matter pathologies in several neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Holikova
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hanne Laakso
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raimo Salo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Martin Bares
- First Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, Untied States
| | - Jiri Vanicek
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Shalom Michaeli
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, Untied States
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, Untied States
| | - Alejandra Sierra
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Uranbileg B, Ito N, Kurano M, Kano K, Uchida K, Sumitani M, Aoki J, Yatomi Y. Inhibition of autotaxin activity ameliorates neuropathic pain derived from lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3984. [PMID: 33597645 PMCID: PMC7889906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSS) or mechanical compression of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is one of the causes of low back pain and neuropathic pain (NP). Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent bioactive lipid mediator that is produced mainly from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) via autotaxin (ATX) and is known to induce NP via LPA1 receptor signaling in mice. Recently, we demonstrated that LPC and LPA were higher in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with LSS. Based on the possible potential efficacy of the ATX inhibitor for NP treatment, we used an NP model with compression of DRG (CD model) and investigated LPA dynamics and whether ATX inhibition could ameliorate NP symptoms, using an orally available ATX inhibitor (ONO-8430506) at a dose of 30 mg/kg. In CD model, we observed increased LPC and LPA levels in CSF, and decreased threshold of the pain which were ameliorated by oral administration of the ATX inhibitor with decreased microglia and astrocyte populations at the site of the spinal dorsal horn projecting from injured DRG. These results suggested possible efficacy of ATX inhibitor for the treatment of NP caused by spinal nerve root compression and involvement of the ATX-LPA axis in the mechanism of NP induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baasanjav Uranbileg
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ito
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanji Uchida
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masahiko Sumitani
- Department of Pain and Palliative Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Gillispie GJ, Sah E, Krishnamurthy S, Ahmidouch MY, Zhang B, Orr ME. Evidence of the Cellular Senescence Stress Response in Mitotically Active Brain Cells-Implications for Cancer and Neurodegeneration. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:153. [PMID: 33671362 PMCID: PMC7922097 DOI: 10.3390/life11020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular stress responses influence cell fate decisions. Apoptosis and proliferation represent opposing reactions to cellular stress or damage and may influence distinct health outcomes. Clinical and epidemiological studies consistently report inverse comorbidities between age-associated neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. This review discusses how one particular stress response, cellular senescence, may contribute to this inverse correlation. In mitotically competent cells, senescence is favorable over uncontrolled proliferation, i.e., cancer. However, senescent cells notoriously secrete deleterious molecules that drive disease, dysfunction and degeneration in surrounding tissue. In recent years, senescent cells have emerged as unexpected mediators of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review uses pre-defined criteria to evaluate evidence of cellular senescence in mitotically competent brain cells, highlights the discovery of novel molecular regulators and discusses how this single cell fate decision impacts cancer and degeneration in the brain. We also underscore methodological considerations required to appropriately evaluate the cellular senescence stress response in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Gillispie
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Eric Sah
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Sudarshan Krishnamurthy
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
- Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Mohamed Y. Ahmidouch
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
- Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Miranda E. Orr
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, NC 28144, USA
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26
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Chen CZ, Neumann B, Förster S, Franklin RJM. Schwann cell remyelination of the central nervous system: why does it happen and what are the benefits? Open Biol 2021; 11:200352. [PMID: 33497588 PMCID: PMC7881176 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin sheaths, by supporting axonal integrity and allowing rapid saltatory impulse conduction, are of fundamental importance for neuronal function. In response to demyelinating injuries in the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) migrate to the lesion area, proliferate and differentiate into new oligodendrocytes that make new myelin sheaths. This process is termed remyelination. Under specific conditions, demyelinated axons in the CNS can also be remyelinated by Schwann cells (SCs), the myelinating cell of the peripheral nervous system. OPCs can be a major source of these CNS-resident SCs-a surprising finding given the distinct embryonic origins, and physiological compartmentalization of the peripheral and central nervous system. Although the mechanisms and cues governing OPC-to-SC differentiation remain largely undiscovered, it might nevertheless be an attractive target for promoting endogenous remyelination. This article will (i) review current knowledge on the origins of SCs in the CNS, with a particular focus on OPC to SC differentiation, (ii) discuss the necessary criteria for SC myelination in the CNS and (iii) highlight the potential of using SCs for myelin regeneration in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robin J. M. Franklin
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
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27
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Nano-hesperetin enhances the functional recovery and endogenous remyelination of the optic pathway in focal demyelination model. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:392-399. [PMID: 32926949 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Our recent report demonstrated that hesperetin (Hst) as a citrus flavonoid, significantly reduces the levels of demyelination in optic chiasm of rats. Previous evidence also indicated that nano-hesperetin (nano-Hst) possesses beneficial impacts in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease and autism. In this study, the effects of nano-Hst on latency of visual signals, demyelination levels, glial activation, and expression of Olig2 and MBP were evaluated in lysolecithin (LPC)-induced demyelination model. Focal demyelination was induced by injection of LPC (1%, 2 μL) into the rat optic chiasm. Animals received oral administration of nano-Hst at dose of 20 mg/kg for 14 or 21 days post LPC injection. Visual evoked potential (VEP) recording showed that nano-Hst reduces the latency of visual signals and ameliorates the extent of demyelination areas and glial activation. Expression levels of the Olig2 and MBP were also significantly increased in nano-Hst treated rats. Overall, our data suggest that nano-Hst reduces the latency of visual signals through its protective effects on myelin sheath, amelioration of glial activation, and enhancement of endogenous remyelination.
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28
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Licht-Mayer S, Campbell GR, Canizares M, Mehta AR, Gane AB, McGill K, Ghosh A, Fullerton A, Menezes N, Dean J, Dunham J, Al-Azki S, Pryce G, Zandee S, Zhao C, Kipp M, Smith KJ, Baker D, Altmann D, Anderton SM, Kap YS, Laman JD, Hart BA', Rodriguez M, Watzlawick R, Schwab JM, Carter R, Morton N, Zagnoni M, Franklin RJM, Mitchell R, Fleetwood-Walker S, Lyons DA, Chandran S, Lassmann H, Trapp BD, Mahad DJ. Enhanced axonal response of mitochondria to demyelination offers neuroprotection: implications for multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:143-167. [PMID: 32572598 PMCID: PMC7360646 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Axonal loss is the key pathological substrate of neurological disability in demyelinating disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the consequences of demyelination on neuronal and axonal biology are poorly understood. The abundance of mitochondria in demyelinated axons in MS raises the possibility that increased mitochondrial content serves as a compensatory response to demyelination. Here, we show that upon demyelination mitochondria move from the neuronal cell body to the demyelinated axon, increasing axonal mitochondrial content, which we term the axonal response of mitochondria to demyelination (ARMD). However, following demyelination axons degenerate before the homeostatic ARMD reaches its peak. Enhancement of ARMD, by targeting mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial transport from the cell body to axon, protects acutely demyelinated axons from degeneration. To determine the relevance of ARMD to disease state, we examined MS autopsy tissue and found a positive correlation between mitochondrial content in demyelinated dorsal column axons and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) deficiency in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuronal cell bodies. We experimentally demyelinated DRG neuron-specific complex IV deficient mice, as established disease models do not recapitulate complex IV deficiency in neurons, and found that these mice are able to demonstrate ARMD, despite the mitochondrial perturbation. Enhancement of mitochondrial dynamics in complex IV deficient neurons protects the axon upon demyelination. Consequently, increased mobilisation of mitochondria from the neuronal cell body to the axon is a novel neuroprotective strategy for the vulnerable, acutely demyelinated axon. We propose that promoting ARMD is likely to be a crucial preceding step for implementing potential regenerative strategies for demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Licht-Mayer
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Graham R Campbell
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Marco Canizares
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Arpan R Mehta
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Angus B Gane
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Katie McGill
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Aniket Ghosh
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Alexander Fullerton
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Niels Menezes
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jasmine Dean
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jordon Dunham
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, OH44195, USA
| | - Sarah Al-Azki
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Stephanie Zandee
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kenneth J Smith
- Department of Neuroinflammation, The UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - David Baker
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Daniel Altmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems and MS Center Noord Nederland (MSCNN), University Medical Center Groningen, University Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems and MS Center Noord Nederland (MSCNN), University Medical Center Groningen, University Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center (V|UMC|), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, MN55905, USA
| | - Ralf Watzlawick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Spinal Cord Injury Medicine, Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Roderick Carter
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas Morton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michele Zagnoni
- Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Rory Mitchell
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sue Fleetwood-Walker
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruce D Trapp
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, OH44195, USA
| | - Don J Mahad
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
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Tian Z, Chu T, Shields LBE, Zhu Q, Zhang YP, Kong M, Barnes GN, Wang Y, Shields CB, Cai J. Platelet-Activating Factor Deteriorates Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Demyelination Via Its Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Effects. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4069-4081. [PMID: 32661728 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that platelet-activating factor (PAF) increases the inflammatory response in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. However, PAF receptor (PAFR) antagonists do not show therapeutic efficacy for MS, and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of PAF on an ex vivo demyelination cerebellar model following lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC, 0.5 mg/mL) application using wild-type and PAFR conventional knockout (PAFR-KO) mice. Demyelination was induced in cerebellar slices that were cultured with LPC for 18 h. Exogenous PAF (1 μM) acting on cerebellar slices alone did not cause demyelination but increased the severity of LPC-induced demyelination in both wild-type and PAFR-KO mice. LPC inhibited the expression of PAF-AH, MBP, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 but facilitated the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in wild-type preparations. Of note, exogenous PAF stimulated microglial activation in both wild-type and PAFR-KO mice. The subsequent inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 demonstrated a diverse transcriptional profile with or without LPC treatment. PAF promoted TNF-α expression and suppressed TGF-β1 expression indiscriminately in wild-type and knockout slices; however, transcription of IL-1β and IL-6 was not significantly affected in both slices. The syntheses of IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly increased in LPC-induced demyelination preparations without PAF but showed a redundancy in PAF-treated wild-type and knockout slices. These data suggest that PAF can play a detrimental role in LPC-induced demyelination probably due to a redundant response of PAFR-dependent and PAFR-independent effects on inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisen Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Tianci Chu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Qingsan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Maiying Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville School of Public Health & Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Gregory N Barnes
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yuanyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Christopher B Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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30
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Dalenogare DP, Theisen MC, Peres DS, Fialho MFP, Lückemeyer DD, Antoniazzi CTDD, Kudsi SQ, Ferreira MDA, Ritter CDS, Ferreira J, Oliveira SM, Trevisan G. TRPA1 activation mediates nociception behaviors in a mouse model of relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Collins L, Brunjes P. Experimental Demyelination of the Lateral Olfactory Tract and Anterior Commissure. Neuroscience 2020; 434:93-101. [PMID: 32224229 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination significantly affects brain function. Several experimental methods, each inducing varying levels of myelin and neuronal damage, have been developed to understand the process of myelin loss and to find new therapies to promote remyelination. The present work investigates the effect of one such method, lysolecithin administration, on the white matter tracts in the olfactory system. The olfactory forebrain contains two distinct tracts with differing developmental histories, axonal composition, and function: the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), which carries ipsilateral olfactory information from the olfactory bulb to olfactory cortex, and the anterior commissure (AC), which interconnects olfactory regions across hemispheres. The effects of lysolecithin injections were assessed in two ways: (1) the expression of myelin basic protein, a component of compacted myelin sheaths, was quantified using immunohistochemistry and (2) electron microscopy was used to obtain measurements of myelin thickness of individual axons as well as qualitative descriptions of the extent of damage to myelin and surrounding tissue. Data were collected at 7, 14, 21, and 30 days post-injection (dpi). While both the LOT and AC exhibited significant demyelination at 7 dpi and had returned to control levels by 30 dpi, the process differed between the two tracts. Remyelination occurred more rapidly in the LOT: substantial recovery was observed in the LOT by 14 dpi, but not in the AC until 21 dpi. The findings indicate that (a) the LOT and AC are indeed suitable tracts for studying lysolecithin-induced de- and remyelination and (b) experimental demyelination proceeds differently between the two tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Collins
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, United States; University of Oregon, Institute of Neuroscience, United States.
| | - Peter Brunjes
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, United States
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32
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Gouvêa-Junqueira D, Falvella ACB, Antunes ASLM, Seabra G, Brandão-Teles C, Martins-de-Souza D, Crunfli F. Novel Treatment Strategies Targeting Myelin and Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:379. [PMID: 32425837 PMCID: PMC7203658 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the glial cells responsible for the formation of the myelin sheath around axons. During neurodevelopment, oligodendrocytes undergo maturation and differentiation, and later remyelination in adulthood. Abnormalities in these processes have been associated with behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions and the development of various mental illnesses like schizophrenia. Several studies have implicated oligodendrocyte dysfunction and myelin abnormalities in the disorder, together with altered expression of myelin-related genes such as Olig2, CNP, and NRG1. However, the molecular mechanisms subjacent of these alterations remain elusive. Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic psychiatric disorder affecting more than 23 million individuals worldwide and its symptoms usually appear at the beginning of adulthood. Currently, the major therapeutic strategy for schizophrenia relies on the use of antipsychotics. Despite their widespread use, the effects of antipsychotics on glial cells, especially oligodendrocytes, remain unclear. Thus, in this review we highlight the current knowledge regarding oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia, compiling data from (epi)genetic studies and up-to-date models to investigate the role of oligodendrocytes in the disorder. In addition, we examined potential targets currently investigated for the improvement of schizophrenia symptoms. Research in this area has been investigating potential beneficial compounds, including the D-amino acids D-aspartate and D-serine, that act as NMDA receptor agonists, modulating the glutamatergic signaling; the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, a precursor in the synthesis of glutathione, protecting against the redox imbalance; as well as lithium, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) signaling, contributing to oligodendrocyte survival and functioning. In conclusion, there is strong evidence linking oligodendrocyte dysfunction to the development of schizophrenia. Hence, a better understanding of oligodendrocyte differentiation, as well as the effects of antipsychotic medication in these cells, could have potential implications for understanding the development of schizophrenia and finding new targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gouvêa-Junqueira
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Brambilla Falvella
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - André Saraiva Leão Marcelo Antunes
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Seabra
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brandão-Teles
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
- D′Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Crunfli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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33
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Garcia-Diaz B, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Schwann cells: Rescuers of central demyelination. Glia 2020; 68:1945-1956. [PMID: 32027054 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The presence of peripheral myelinating cells in the central nervous system (CNS) has gained the neurobiologist attention over the years. Despite the confirmed presence of Schwann cells in the CNS in pathological conditions, and the long list of their beneficial effects on central remyelination, the cues that impede or allow Schwann cells to successfully conquer and remyelinate central axons remain partially undiscovered. A better knowledge of these factors stands out as crucial to foresee a rational therapeutic approach for the use of Schwann cells in CNS repair. Here, we review the diverse origins of Schwann cells into the CNS, both peripheral and central, as well as the CNS components that inhibit Schwann survival and migration into the central parenchyma. Namely, we analyze the astrocyte- and the myelin-derived components that restrict Schwann cells into the CNS. Finally, we highlight the unveiled mode of invasion of these peripheral cells through the central environment, using blood vessels as scaffolds to pave their ways toward demyelinated lesions. In short, this review presents the so far uncovered knowledge of this complex CNS-peripheral nervous system (PNS) relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Diaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Paris, France
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34
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Carradori D, Labrak Y, Miron VE, Saulnier P, Eyer J, Préat V, des Rieux A. Retinoic acid-loaded NFL-lipid nanocapsules promote oligodendrogenesis in focal white matter lesion. Biomaterials 2020; 230:119653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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35
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Torre-Fuentes L, Moreno-Jiménez L, Pytel V, Matías-Guiu J, Gómez-Pinedo U, Matías-Guiu J. Experimental models of demyelination and remyelination. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [PMCID: PMC7148713 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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36
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Chew LJ, Ming X, McEllin B, Dupree J, Hong E, Catron M, Fauveau M, Nait-Oumesmar B, Gallo V. Sox17 Regulates a Program of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Expansion and Differentiation during Development and Repair. Cell Rep 2019; 29:3173-3186.e7. [PMID: 31801081 PMCID: PMC7191642 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox17, a SoxF family member transiently upregulated during postnatal oligodendrocyte (OL) development, promotes OL cell differentiation, but its function in white matter development and pathology in vivo is unknown. Our analysis of oligodendroglial- and OL-progenitor-cell-targeted ablation in vivo using a floxed Sox17 mouse establishes a dependence of postnatal oligodendrogenesis on Sox17 and reveals Notch signaling as a mediator of Sox17 function. Following Sox17 ablation, reduced numbers of Olig2-expressing cells and mature OLs led to developmental hypomyelination and motor dysfunction. After demyelination, Sox17 deficiency inhibited OL regeneration. OL decline was unexpectedly preceded by transiently increased differentiation and a reduction of OL progenitor cells. Evidence of a dual role for Sox17 in progenitor cell expansion by Notch and differentiation involving TCF7L2 expression were found. A program of progenitor expansion and differentiation promoted by Sox17 through Notch thus contributes to OL production and determines the outcome of white matter repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jin Chew
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Xiaotian Ming
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Brian McEllin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Jeffrey Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Research Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Elim Hong
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Mackenzie Catron
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Melissa Fauveau
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Brahim Nait-Oumesmar
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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37
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Melchor GS, Khan T, Reger JF, Huang JK. Remyelination Pharmacotherapy Investigations Highlight Diverse Mechanisms Underlying Multiple Sclerosis Progression. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:372-386. [PMID: 32259071 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system characterized by a complex lesion microenvironment. Although much progress has been made in developing immunomodulatory treatments to reduce myelin damage and delay the progression of MS, there is a paucity in treatment options that address the multiple pathophysiological aspects of the disease. Currently available immune-centered therapies are able to reduce the immune-mediated damage exhibited in MS patients, however, they cannot rescue the eventual failure of remyelination or permanent neuronal damage that occurs as MS progresses. Recent advances have provided a better understanding of remyelination processes, specifically oligodendrocyte lineage cell progression following demyelination. Further there have been new findings highlighting various components of the lesion microenvironment that contribute to myelin repair and restored axonal health. In this review we discuss the complexities of myelin repair following immune-mediated damage in the CNS, the contribution of animal models of MS in providing insight on OL progression and myelin repair, and current and potential remyelination-centered therapeutic targets. As remyelination therapies continue to progress into clinical trials, we consider a dual approach targeting the inflammatory microenvironment and intrinsic remyelination mechanisms to be optimal in aiding MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Melchor
- Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Tahiyana Khan
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Joan F Reger
- Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Huang
- Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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38
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Neumann B, Baror R, Zhao C, Segel M, Dietmann S, Rawji KS, Foerster S, McClain CR, Chalut K, van Wijngaarden P, Franklin RJM. Metformin Restores CNS Remyelination Capacity by Rejuvenating Aged Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:473-485.e8. [PMID: 31585093 PMCID: PMC6863391 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The age-related failure to produce oligodendrocytes from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is associated with irreversible neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). Consequently, regenerative approaches have significant potential for treating chronic demyelinating diseases. Here, we show that the differentiation potential of adult rodent OPCs decreases with age. Aged OPCs become unresponsive to pro-differentiation signals, suggesting intrinsic constraints on therapeutic approaches aimed at enhancing OPC differentiation. This decline in functional capacity is associated with hallmarks of cellular aging, including decreased metabolic function and increased DNA damage. Fasting or treatment with metformin can reverse these changes and restore the regenerative capacity of aged OPCs, improving remyelination in aged animals following focal demyelination. Aged OPCs treated with metformin regain responsiveness to pro-differentiation signals, suggesting synergistic effects of rejuvenation and pro-differentiation therapies. These findings provide insight into aging-associated remyelination failure and suggest therapeutic interventions for reversing such declines in chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Neumann
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Roey Baror
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Michael Segel
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Sarah Foerster
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Crystal R McClain
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Kevin Chalut
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
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39
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Sanabria-Castro A, Flores-Díaz M, Alape-Girón A. Biological models in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:491-508. [PMID: 31571267 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considering the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unknown, experimental models resembling specific aspects of this immune-mediated demyelinating human disease have been developed to increase the understanding of processes related to pathogenesis, disease evolution, evaluation of therapeutic interventions, and demyelination and remyelination mechanisms. Based on the nature of the investigation, biological models may include in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assessments. Even though these approaches have disclosed valuable information, every disease animal model has limitations and can only replicate specific features of MS. In vitro and ex vivo models generally do not reflect what occurs in the organism, and in vivo animal models are more likely used; nevertheless, they are able to reproduce only certain stages of the disease. In vivo MS disease animal models in mammals include: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, viral encephalomyelitis, and induced demyelination. This review examines and describes the most common biological disease animal models for the study of MS, their specific characteristics and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sanabria-Castro
- Research Unit, San Juan de Dios Hospital CCSS, San José, Costa Rica.,School of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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40
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Evoked potentials as a translatable biomarker to track functional remyelination. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 99:103393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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41
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Segel M, Neumann B, Hill MFE, Weber IP, Viscomi C, Zhao C, Young A, Agley CC, Thompson AJ, Gonzalez GA, Sharma A, Holmqvist S, Rowitch DH, Franze K, Franklin RJM, Chalut KJ. Niche stiffness underlies the ageing of central nervous system progenitor cells. Nature 2019; 573:130-134. [PMID: 31413369 PMCID: PMC7025879 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ageing causes a decline in tissue regeneration owing to a loss of function of adult stem cell and progenitor cell populations1. One example is the deterioration of the regenerative capacity of the widespread and abundant population of central nervous system (CNS) multipotent stem cells known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs)2. A relatively overlooked potential source of this loss of function is the stem cell 'niche'-a set of cell-extrinsic cues that include chemical and mechanical signals3,4. Here we show that the OPC microenvironment stiffens with age, and that this mechanical change is sufficient to cause age-related loss of function of OPCs. Using biological and synthetic scaffolds to mimic the stiffness of young brains, we find that isolated aged OPCs cultured on these scaffolds are molecularly and functionally rejuvenated. When we disrupt mechanical signalling, the proliferation and differentiation rates of OPCs are increased. We identify the mechanoresponsive ion channel PIEZO1 as a key mediator of OPC mechanical signalling. Inhibiting PIEZO1 overrides mechanical signals in vivo and allows OPCs to maintain activity in the ageing CNS. We also show that PIEZO1 is important in regulating cell number during CNS development. Thus we show that tissue stiffness is a crucial regulator of ageing in OPCs, and provide insights into how the function of adult stem and progenitor cells changes with age. Our findings could be important not only for the development of regenerative therapies, but also for understanding the ageing process itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Segel
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Björn Neumann
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Myfanwy F E Hill
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabell P Weber
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlo Viscomi
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam Young
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chibeza C Agley
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amelia J Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ginez A Gonzalez
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amar Sharma
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Staffan Holmqvist
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Kevin J Chalut
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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42
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Rivera FJ, de la Fuente AG, Zhao C, Silva ME, Gonzalez GA, Wodnar R, Feichtner M, Lange S, Errea O, Priglinger E, O'Sullivan A, Romanelli P, Jadasz JJ, Brachtl G, Greil R, Tempfer H, Traweger A, Bátiz LF, Küry P, Couillard‐Despres S, Franklin RJM, Aigner L. Aging restricts the ability of mesenchymal stem cells to promote the generation of oligodendrocytes during remyelination. Glia 2019; 67:1510-1525. [PMID: 31038798 PMCID: PMC6618006 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to severe neurological deficits. Due to their immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activities and their ability to promote the generation of oligodendrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently being developed for autologous cell therapy in MS. As aging reduces the regenerative capacity of all tissues, it is of relevance to investigate whether MSCs retain their pro-oligodendrogenic activity with increasing age. We demonstrate that MSCs derived from aged rats have a reduced capacity to induce oligodendrocyte differentiation of adult CNS stem/progenitor cells. Aging also abolished the ability of MSCs to enhance the generation of myelin-like sheaths in demyelinated cerebellar slice cultures. Finally, in a rat model for CNS demyelination, aging suppressed the capability of systemically transplanted MSCs to boost oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation during remyelination. Thus, aging restricts the ability of MSCs to support the generation of oligodendrocytes and consequently inhibits their capacity to enhance the generation of myelin-like sheaths. These findings may impact on the design of therapies using autologous MSCs in older MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Rivera
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and PathologyFaculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe)Universidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative MedicineParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Alerie G. de la Fuente
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Maria E. Silva
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and PathologyFaculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe)Universidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative MedicineParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of SciencesUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Ginez A. Gonzalez
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Roman Wodnar
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative MedicineParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Martina Feichtner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative MedicineParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Simona Lange
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative MedicineParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Oihana Errea
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Eleni Priglinger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative MedicineParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyAUVA Research CenterLinz/ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Anna O'Sullivan
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative MedicineParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Institute of Experimental NeuroregenerationParacelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Pasquale Romanelli
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Institute of Experimental NeuroregenerationParacelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Janusz J. Jadasz
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of OphthalmologyUniversity Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Gabriele Brachtl
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, 3rd Medical Department for Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostasiology, Infectious Diseases, and RheumatologyFederal Hospital of Salzburg and Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy InstituteParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Richard Greil
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, 3rd Medical Department for Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostasiology, Infectious Diseases, and RheumatologyFederal Hospital of Salzburg and Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Herbert Tempfer
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
- Institute of Tendon and Bone RegenerationParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
- Institute of Tendon and Bone RegenerationParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Luis F. Bátiz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe)Universidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIB), Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de los AndesSantiagoChile
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Sebastien Couillard‐Despres
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
- Institute of Experimental NeuroregenerationParacelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Robin J. M. Franklin
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative MedicineParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
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Rajizadeh MA, Sheibani V, Bejeshk MA, Mohtashami Borzadaran F, Saghari H, Esmaeilpour K. The effects of high intensity exercise on learning and memory impairments followed by combination of sleep deprivation and demyelination induced by etidium bromide. Int J Neurosci 2019; 129:1166-1178. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1640695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbas Bejeshk
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Hasan Saghari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Cisneros-Mejorado AJ, Garay E, Ortiz-Retana J, Concha L, Moctezuma JP, Romero S, Arellano RO. Demyelination-Remyelination of the Rat Caudal Cerebellar Peduncle Evaluated with Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Neuroscience 2019; 439:255-267. [PMID: 31299350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Remyelination is common under physiological conditions and usually occurs as a response to a pathological demyelinating event. Its potentiation is an important goal for the development of therapies against pathologies such as multiple sclerosis and white matter injury. Visualization and quantification in vivo of demyelination and remyelination processes are essential for longitudinal studies that will allow the testing and development of pro-myelinating strategies. In this study, ethidium bromide (EB) was stereotaxically injected into the caudal cerebellar peduncle (c.c.p.) in rats to produce demyelination; the resulting lesion was characterized (i) transversally through histology using Black-Gold II (BGII) staining, and (ii) longitudinally through diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), by computing fractional anisotropy (FA) and diffusivity parameters to detect microstructural changes. Using this characterization, we evaluated, in the lesioned c.c.p., the effect of N-butyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (β-CCB), a potentiator of GABAergic signaling in oligodendrocytes. The dMRI analysis revealed significant changes in the anisotropic and diffusivity properties of the c.c.p. A decreased FA and increased radial diffusivity (λ⊥) were evident following c.c.p. lesioning. These changes correlated strongly with an apparent decrease in myelin content as evidenced by BGII. Daily systemic β-CCB administration for 2 weeks in lesioned animals increased FA and decreased λ⊥, suggesting an improvement in myelination, which was supported by histological analysis. This study shows that structural changes in the demyelination-remyelination of the caudal cerebellar peduncle (DRCCP) model can be monitored longitudinally by MRI, and it suggests that remyelination is enhanced by β-CCB treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Honoring Ricardo Miledi - outstanding neuroscientist of XX-XXI centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Cisneros-Mejorado
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Edith Garay
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Juan Ortiz-Retana
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Luis Concha
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Juan P Moctezuma
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Samuel Romero
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Rogelio O Arellano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Baror R, Neumann B, Segel M, Chalut KJ, Fancy SPJ, Schafer DP, Franklin RJM. Transforming growth factor-beta renders ageing microglia inhibitory to oligodendrocyte generation by CNS progenitors. Glia 2019; 67:1374-1384. [PMID: 30861188 PMCID: PMC6563458 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
It is now well-established that the macrophage and microglial response to CNS demyelination influences remyelination by removing myelin debris and secreting a variety of signaling molecules that influence the behaviour of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Previous studies have shown that changes in microglia contribute to the age-related decline in the efficiency of remyelination. In this study, we show that microglia increase their expression of the proteoglycan NG2 with age, and that this is associated with an altered micro-niche generated by aged, but not young, microglia that can divert the differentiation OPCs from oligodendrocytes into astrocytes in vitro. We further show that these changes in ageing microglia are generated by exposure to high levels of TGFβ. Thus, our findings suggest that the rising levels of circulating TGFβ known to occur with ageing contribute to the age-related decline in remyelination by impairing the ability of microglia to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation from OPCs, and therefore could be a potential therapeutic target to promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roey Baror
- Wellcome‐MRC Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Björn Neumann
- Wellcome‐MRC Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael Segel
- Wellcome‐MRC Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Chalut
- Wellcome‐MRC Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. J. Fancy
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Dorothy P. Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology and the Brudnik Neuropsychiatric InstituteUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
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Wooliscroft L, Silbermann E, Cameron M, Bourdette D. Approaches to Remyelination Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2019; 21:34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11940-019-0574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Models and Acute Injury Mechanisms. Front Neurol 2019; 10:282. [PMID: 30967837 PMCID: PMC6439316 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life changing neurological condition with substantial socioeconomic implications for patients and their care-givers. Recent advances in medical management of SCI has significantly improved diagnosis, stabilization, survival rate and well-being of SCI patients. However, there has been small progress on treatment options for improving the neurological outcomes of SCI patients. This incremental success mainly reflects the complexity of SCI pathophysiology and the diverse biochemical and physiological changes that occur in the injured spinal cord. Therefore, in the past few decades, considerable efforts have been made by SCI researchers to elucidate the pathophysiology of SCI and unravel the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of tissue degeneration and repair in the injured spinal cord. To this end, a number of preclinical animal and injury models have been developed to more closely recapitulate the primary and secondary injury processes of SCI. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of SCI. We will also discuss the neurological outcomes of human SCI and the available experimental model systems that have been employed to identify SCI mechanisms and develop therapeutic strategies for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Alizadeh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Scott Matthew Dyck
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Remyelination promoting therapies in multiple sclerosis animal models: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:822. [PMID: 30696832 PMCID: PMC6351564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An unmet but urgent medical need is the development of myelin repair promoting therapies for Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Many such therapies have been pre-clinically tested using different models of toxic demyelination such as cuprizone, ethidium bromide, or lysolecithin and some of the therapies already entered clinical trials. However, keeping track on all these possible new therapies and their efficacy has become difficult with the increasing number of studies. In this study, we aimed at summarizing the current evidence on such therapies through a systematic review and at providing an estimate of the effects of tested interventions by a meta-analysis. We show that 88 different therapies have been pre-clinically tested for remyelination. 25 of them (28%) entered clinical trials. Our meta-analysis also identifies 16 promising therapies which did not enter a clinical trial for MS so far, among them Pigment epithelium-derived factor, Plateled derived growth factor, and Tocopherol derivate TFA-12.We also show that failure in bench to bedside translation from certain therapies may in part be attributable to poor study quality. By addressing these problems, clinical translation might be smoother and possibly animal numbers could be reduced.
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS), particularly, in young adults. Current MS treatments aim to reduce demyelination; however, these have limited efficacy, display side effects and lack of regenerative activities. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) represents the major source for new myelin. Upon demyelination, OPCs get activated, proliferate, migrate towards the lesion, and differentiate into remyelinating oligodendrocytes. Although myelin repair (remyelination) represents a robust response to myelin damage, during MS, this regenerative phenomenon decays in efficiency or even fails. CNS-resident pericytes (CNS-PCs) are essential for vascular homeostasis regulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and stability as well as endothelial cells (ECs) function during angiogenesis and neovascularization. Recent studies indicate that CNS-PCs also play a crucial role regulating OPC function during remyelination, and very importantly, these cells are substantially affected in MS. This chapter summarizes important aspects of MS and CNS remyelination as well as it provides new insights supporting the contribution of CNS-PCs to myelin regeneration and to MS pathology. Currently, there is evidence arguing in favor of CNS-PCs as novel therapeutic targets for the development of future treatments for MS.
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Abstract
Clinical myelin diseases, and our best experimental approximations, are complex entities in which demyelination and remyelination proceed unpredictably and concurrently. These features can make it difficult to identify mechanistic details. Toxin-based models offer lesions with predictable spatiotemporal patterns and relatively discrete phases of damage and repair: a simpler system to study the relevant biology and how this can be manipulated. Here, we discuss the most widely used toxin-based models, with a focus on lysolecithin, ethidium bromide, and cuprizone. This includes an overview of their respective mechanisms, strengths, and limitations and step-by-step protocols for their use.
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