1
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He Q, Chen S, Hou T, Chen J. Juvenile hormone-induced microRNA miR-iab-8 regulates lipid homeostasis and metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39005109 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Metamorphosis plays an important role in the evolutionary success of insects. Accumulating evidence indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of processes associated with insect metamorphosis. However, the miRNAs coordinated with juvenile hormone (JH)-regulated metamorphosis remain poorly reported. In the present study, using high-throughput miRNA sequencing combined with Drosophila genetic approaches, we demonstrated that miR-iab-8, which primarily targets homeotic genes to modulate haltere-wing transformation and sterility was up-regulated by JH and involved in JH-mediated metamorphosis. Overexpression of miR-iab-8 in the fat body resulted in delayed development and failure of larval-pupal transition. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis results revealed that overexpression of miR-iab-8 caused severe energy metabolism defects especially the lipid metabolism, resulting in significantly reduced triacylglycerol (TG) content and glycerophospholipids but enhanced accumulation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). In line with this, Nile red staining demonstrated that during the third larval development, the TG content in the miR-iab-8 overexpression larvae was continuously decreased, which is opposite to the control. Additionally, the transcription levels of genes committed to TG synthesis and breakdown were found to be significantly increased and the expression of genes responsible for glycerophospholipids metabolism were also altered. Overall, we proposed that JH induced miR-iab-8 expression to perturb the lipid metabolism homeostasis especially the TG storage in the fat body, which in turn affected larval growth and metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu He
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Tianlan Hou
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jinxia Chen
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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2
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Khong H, Hattley KB, Suzuki Y. The BTB transcription factor, Abrupt, acts cooperatively with Chronologically inappropriate morphogenesis (Chinmo) to repress metamorphosis and promotes leg regeneration. Dev Biol 2024; 509:70-84. [PMID: 38373692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Many insects undergo the process of metamorphosis when larval precursor cells begin to differentiate to create the adult body. The larval precursor cells retain stem cell-like properties and contribute to the regenerative ability of larval appendages. Here we demonstrate that two Broad-complex/Tramtrack/Bric-à-brac Zinc-finger (BTB) domain transcription factors, Chronologically inappropriate morphogenesis (Chinmo) and Abrupt (Ab), act cooperatively to repress metamorphosis in the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Knockdown of chinmo led to precocious development of pupal legs and antennae. We show that although topical application of juvenile hormone (JH) prevents the decrease in chinmo expression in the final instar, chinmo and JH act in distinct pathways. Another gene encoding the BTB domain transcription factor, Ab, was also necessary for the suppression of broad (br) expression in T. castaneum in a chinmo RNAi background, and simultaneous knockdown of ab and chinmo led to the precocious onset of metamorphosis. Furthermore, knockdown of ab led to the loss of regenerative potential of larval legs independently of br. In contrast, chinmo knockdown larvae exhibited pupal leg regeneration when a larval leg was ablated. Taken together, our results show that both ab and chinmo are necessary for the maintenance of the larval tissue identity and, apart from its role in repressing br, ab acts as a crucial regulator of larval leg regeneration. Our findings indicate that BTB domain proteins interact in a complex manner to regulate larval and pupal tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesper Khong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Kayli B Hattley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Yuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA.
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3
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Zheng PH, Lu YP, Zhang XX, Luan KE, Zhang ZL, Li JJ, Xu T, Li JT, Xian JA, Guo H, Wang AL. New insights into the regulation mechanism of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) hepatopancreas under 4-nonylphenol exposure using transcriptome analysis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109050. [PMID: 37666313 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is one of the common endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in estuaries and coastal zones, which can exert detrimental effects on the physiological function of aquatic organisms. However, the molecular response triggered by 4-NP remains largely unknown in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). In this study, transcriptomic analysis was performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of 4-NP toxicity in the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei. Nine RNA-Seq libraries were generated from L. vannamei at 0 h, 24 h, and 48 h following exposure to 4-NP. Compared with 0 h vs 24 h, 962 up- and 463 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, indicating that many genes in L. vannamei were induced to resist adverse circumstances by 4-NP exposure. In contrast, 902 up- and 1027 down-regulated DEGs were revealed in the comparison of 0 h vs 48 h, demonstrating that prolonged exposure to the stress from 4-NP resulted in more inhibited genes. To validate the accuracy of the transcriptome data, eight DEGs were selected for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), which were consistent with the RNA-Seq results. Through KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, three specific pathways related to hormonal effects and endocrine function of L. vannamei were enriched significantly, including tyrosine metabolism, insect hormone biosynthesis, and melanogenesis. After 4-NP stress, genes involved in tyrosine metabolism (Tyr) and melanogenesis pathway (AC, CBP, Wnt, Frizzled, Tcf, and Ras) were induced to promote melanin pigment to help shrimp resist adverse environments. In the insect hormone biosynthesis, ALDH, CYP15A1, CYP15A1/C1, and JHE genes were activated to synthesize juvenile hormone (JH), while Spook, Phm, Sad, and CYP18A1 were induced to generate molting hormone. There is an enhanced interaction between the molting hormone and JH, with JH playing a dominant role and maintaining its "classic status quo action". Our study demonstrated that 4-NP exposure led to impairments of biological functions in L. vannamei hepatopancreas. The genes and pathways identified provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying 4-NP toxicity effects in prawns and enrich the information on the toxicity mechanism of crustaceans in response to EDCs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Zheng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou, 571101, PR China
| | - Yao-Peng Lu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou, 571101, PR China
| | - Xiu-Xia Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou, 571101, PR China
| | - Ke-Er Luan
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou, 571101, PR China
| | - Ze-Long Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou, 571101, PR China
| | - Jia-Jun Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou, 571101, PR China
| | - Tong Xu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou, 571101, PR China
| | - Jun-Tao Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou, 571101, PR China
| | - Jian-An Xian
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou, 571101, PR China.
| | - Hui Guo
- Guangdong South China Sea Key Laboratory of Aquaculture for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, PR China.
| | - An-Li Wang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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4
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Palli SR. Juvenile hormone receptor Methoprene tolerant: Functions and applications. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:619-644. [PMID: 37718000 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
During the past 15years, after confirming Methoprene tolerant (Met) as a juvenile hormone (JH) receptor, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the function of Met in supporting JH signal transduction. Met role in JH regulation of development, including metamorphosis, reproduction, diapause, cast differentiation, behavior, im`munity, sleep and epigenetic modifications, have been elucidated. Met's Heterodimeric partners involved in performing some of these functions were discovered. The availability of JH response elements (JHRE) and JH receptor allowed the development of screening assays in cell lines and yeast. These screening assays facilitated the identification of new chemicals that function as JH agonists and antagonists. These new chemicals and others that will likely be discovered in the near future by using JH receptor and JHRE will lead to highly effective species-specific environmentally friendly insecticides for controlling pests and disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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5
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Suzuki T, Akiba C, Izawa M, Iwami M. Steroid hormone-dependent changes in trehalose physiology in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Comp Physiol B 2023:10.1007/s00360-023-01497-2. [PMID: 37221306 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Holometabolous insects undergo metamorphosis to reconstruct their body to the adult form during pupal period. Since pupae cannot take any diets from the outside because of a hard pupal cuticle, those insects stock up on nutrients sufficient for successful metamorphosis during larval feeding period. Among those nutrients, carbohydrates are stored as glycogen or trehalose, which is the major blood sugar in insects. The hemolymph trehalose is constantly high during the feeding period but suddenly decreases at the beginning of the prepupal period. It is believed that trehalase, which is a trehalose-hydrolyzing enzyme, becomes highly active to reduce hemolymph trehalose level during prepupal period. This change in the hemolymph trehalose level has been interpreted as the physiological shift from storage to utilization of trehalose at that stage. Although this shift in trehalose physiology is indispensable for energy production required for successful metamorphosis, little is known on the regulatory mechanisms of trehalose metabolism in accordance with developmental progress. Here, we show that ecdysone, an insect steroid hormone, plays essential roles in the regulation of soluble trehalase activity and its distribution in the midgut of silkworm, Bombyx mori. In the end of larval period, soluble trehalase was highly activated in the midgut lumen. This activation was disappeared in the absence of ecdysone and also restored by ecdysone administration. Our present results suggest that ecdysone is essentially required for the changes in the function of the midgut on trehalose physiology as development progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Physiology, College of Science, Ibaraki University, 1-1-2 Bunkyo, Mito, 310-8512, Japan.
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Physiology, Division of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 1-1-2 Bunkyo, Mito, 310-8512, Japan.
| | - Chika Akiba
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Physiology, Division of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 1-1-2 Bunkyo, Mito, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Misaki Izawa
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Physiology, Division of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 1-1-2 Bunkyo, Mito, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Masafumi Iwami
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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6
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Okamoto N, Fujinaga D, Yamanaka N. Steroid hormone signaling: What we can learn from insect models. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:525-554. [PMID: 37717997 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are a group of steroid hormones in arthropods with pleiotropic functions throughout their life history. Ecdysteroid research in insects has made a significant contribution to our current understanding of steroid hormone signaling in metazoans, but how far can we extrapolate our findings in insects to other systems, such as mammals? In this chapter, we compare steroid hormone signaling in insects and mammals from multiple perspectives and discuss similarities and differences between the two lineages. We also highlight a few understudied areas and remaining questions of steroid hormone biology in metazoans and propose potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Okamoto
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daiki Fujinaga
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Naoki Yamanaka
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States.
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7
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Hanna L, Lamouret T, Poças GM, Mirth CK, Moczek AP, Nijhout F, Abouheif E. Evaluating old truths: Final adult size in holometabolous insects is set by the end of larval development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B: MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2022; 340:270-276. [PMID: 35676886 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, it has been understood that the final size of adult holometabolous insects is determined by the end of the larval stage, and that once they transform to adults, holometabolous insects do not grow. Despite this, no previous study has directly tested these "old truths" across holometabolous insects. Here, we demonstrate that final adult size is set at the end of the last larval stage in species representing each of the four orders of holometabolous insects: the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera), the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera), the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera), and the Florida carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus (Hymenoptera). Furthermore, in both D. melanogaster and C. floridanus, we show that the size of adult individuals fluctuates but does not significantly change. Therefore, our study finally confirms these two basic assumptions in the biology of insects, which have for centuries served as the foundation for studies of insect growth, size, and allometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hanna
- Department of Biology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Tom Lamouret
- Department of Biology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Gonçalo M. Poças
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA) Oeiras Lisbon Portugal
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Christen K. Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Armin P. Moczek
- Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Indiana USA
| | | | - Ehab Abouheif
- Department of Biology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
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8
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Cai R, Tao G, Zhao P, Xia Q, He H, Wang Y. POU-M2 promotes juvenile hormone biosynthesis by directly activating the transcription of juvenile hormone synthetic enzyme genes in Bombyx mori. Open Biol 2022; 12:220031. [PMID: 35382568 PMCID: PMC8984382 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) plays a key role in preventing larval precocious metamorphosis, maintaining larval state, controlling adult sexual development and promoting insect egg maturation. Genetic studies have shown that POU factor ventral veins lacking regulates JH synthesis to control the timing of insect metamorphosis. However, how POU factor regulates JH synthesis is largely unknown. Here, we found POU-M2 was highly expressed in corpora allata (CA) and specifically localized in the nucleus of CA. The overexpression of POU-M2 promoted the expression of JH synthase genes and kr-h1 and enhanced the activity of JH synthase genes promoter. Further, POU-M2 promoted the transcription of JH acid O-methyltransferase (JHAMT) by directly binding to the key cis-regulatory elements -207, -249 and -453 within the proximal regions of JHAMT promoter. Both the POU domain and homeodomain were vital for the activation of POU-M2 on JHAMT transcription. Our study reveals the mechanism by which POU-M2 regulates JHAMT transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yejing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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9
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Liu X, Fu Z, Zhu Y, Gao X, Liu TX, Liang P. Sublethal and transgenerational effects of afidopyropen on biological traits of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sluzer). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 180:104981. [PMID: 34955174 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is a cosmopolitan agricultural pest and causes great damages each year. Afidopyropen is a novel insecticide with high efficacy against even the insecticides resistant M. persicae. However, the sublethal and transgenerational effects of afidopyropen on M. persicae is not clear. In the present paper, sublethal and transgenerational effects of afidopyropen on biological traits of M. persicae were determined based on the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The afidopyropen was more toxic against M. persicae than other widely used insecticides, with LC50 of 0.086 mg/L. The treatment with LC5, LC15 and LC25 concentrations of afidopyropen remarkably reduced the longevity and fecundity of F0M. persicae by 15.9-64.4% and 24.3-76.7%, respectively, compared with those of the control. The life history traits of F1 generation including the pre-adult development time, mean total longevity, pre-adult survival rate, total pre-oviposition period and fecundity were significantly affected after treatment of the F0 with afidopyropen, and the population parameters, including the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were also remarkably decreased, while the mean generation time (T) was extended by 6.94%. Among four development and reproduction related genes investigated, JHEH was downregulated by 31.8-38.0% in the afidopyropen treated F0 generation, while the EcR and JHAMT were overexpressed and the Vg was significantly downregulated in F1 generation compared to the control group. All these data indicated that the afidopyropen had significant sublethal and transgenerational effects on M. persicae. These results provide insights into comprehensively understanding of the insecticidal effects of afidopyropen on M. persicae as well as the management of resistant M. persicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhixiao Fu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Yanfei Zhu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China.
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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10
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Suzuki Y, Toh L. Constraints and Opportunities for the Evolution of Metamorphic Organisms in a Changing Climate. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.734031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We argue that developmental hormones facilitate the evolution of novel phenotypic innovations and timing of life history events by genetic accommodation. Within an individual’s life cycle, metamorphic hormones respond readily to environmental conditions and alter adult phenotypes. Across generations, the many effects of hormones can bias and at times constrain the evolution of traits during metamorphosis; yet, hormonal systems can overcome constraints through shifts in timing of, and acquisition of tissue specific responses to, endocrine regulation. Because of these actions of hormones, metamorphic hormones can shape the evolution of metamorphic organisms. We present a model called a developmental goblet, which provides a visual representation of how metamorphic organisms might evolve. In addition, because developmental hormones often respond to environmental changes, we discuss how endocrine regulation of postembryonic development may impact how organisms evolve in response to climate change. Thus, we propose that developmental hormones may provide a mechanistic link between climate change and organismal adaptation.
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11
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Yao S, Yang Y, Xue Y, Zhao W, Liu X, Du M, Yin X, Guan R, Wei J, An S. New insights on the effects of spinosad on the development of Helicoverpa armigera. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 221:112452. [PMID: 34198186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm) is one of the most destructive pests worldwide. Due to resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis and conventional insecticides, an effective management strategy to control this pest is urgently needed. Spinosad, a natural pesticide, is considered an alternative; however, the mechanism underlying the developmental effects of sublethal spinosad exposure remains elusive. In this study, the mechanism was examined using an insect model of H. armigera. Results confirmed that exposure to sublethal spinosad led to reduced larval wet weight, delayed larval developmental period, caused difficulty in molting, and deformed pupae. Further investigation demonstrated that exposure to sublethal spinosad caused a significant decrease in 20E titer and increase in JH titer, thereby leading to the discordance between 20E and JH titers, and consequently alteration in the expression levels of HR3 and Kr-h1. These results suggested that sublethal spinosad caused hormonal disorders in larvae, which directly affect insect development. Our study serves as a reference and basis for the toxicity evaluation of spinosad on molting and pupation in insect metamorphosis, which may contribute to identifying targets for effective control of cotton bollworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yuying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wenli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mengfang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xinming Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ruobing Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Jizhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Shiheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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12
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Nicewicz AW, Sawadro MK, Nicewicz Ł, Babczyńska AI. Juvenile hormone in spiders. Is this the solution to a mystery? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 308:113781. [PMID: 33862048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The juvenile hormone (JH) plays a crucial role in arthropod physiological processes, e.g., the regulation of metamorphosis, development, and reproduction (the vitellogenesis, the development of gonads, egg production). Still, data about this sesquiterpenoid hormone in spiders (Araneae) are rudimentary and equivocal. The presence of the JH or its precursors (e.g. methyl farnesoate) is not confirmed in spiders. The site of synthesis of its is still undetermined. No receptors of the JH are identified in spiders and thus, the molecular mechanism of action of this group of hormones is still unknown. Here we show by using the phylogenetic analysis and qPCR method the presence of the transcript of the enzyme catalyzing the last phase of the JH biosynthesis pathway (epox CYP15A1), the JH receptor (Met), and a possible candidate to the methyl farnesoate receptor (USP) in the various tissues and stages of ontogenesis in both sexes of spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. Our results indicate that the juvenile hormone and/or methyl farnesoate presence is possible in the species of spider P. tepidariorum. The presence of the Ptepox CYP15A1 gene suggests that the main site of the juvenile hormone synthesis can be the integument and not the Schneider organ 2. It also seems that the juvenile hormone and/or methyl farnesoate can be hormones with biological activity due to the presence of the transcript of insect and crustacean JH/MG receptor - Met. The Ptepox CYP15A1, PtMet, and Ptusp expression are sex-, tissue-and time-specific. This study is the first report about the presence of the Ptepox CYP15A1 and PtMet transcripts in the Arachnida, which may indicate the presence of the juvenile hormone and/or methyl farnesoate in spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Wanda Nicewicz
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Marta Katarzyna Sawadro
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Nicewicz
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Izabela Babczyńska
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland
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13
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Jeng ML, Suzuki Y, Chang CY, Chen TR. Do holometabolous insects molt spontaneously after adulthood? An exceptional case report in fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), with discussion of its inferred endocrine regulation especially in relation to neoteny. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 61:101013. [PMID: 33517027 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been a traditionally held view that winged insects stop molting after they reach adulthood. We observed a fascinating phenomenon of a post-imago molt occurring in the neotenic females of a firefly species in Taiwan over the last two years. By rearing Lamprigera minor larvae to adults, four out of the five unmated females studied were found undergoing an extra molt 8-18 days after adult eclosion. They were reproductively mature when the post-imago molt occurred, as evidenced by the eggs inside their bodies. The four females died without oviposition whereas the only normal female laid eggs. A comparison of exuviae of different stages confirmed the existence of post-imago ecdysis. The adult skin differed from the pupal one mainly in the mouthparts and leg structures. No mix of pupal and adult traits was seen in the adult skin. The females retained the same morphology after the extra molt. A close examination of the post-imago molting females revealed that their oviduct openings were all blocked by larval or pupal skin and thus unable to lay eggs. The reproductive stress may invoke an endocrine disorder and lead to an extra molt. We propose that L. minor females retain their prothoracic glands even as adults, allowing them to molt as adults under certain environmental or physiological conditions. Thus, neoteny of L. minor is reflected in both the external morphology as well as the internal physiology. The possible developmental changes associated with the evolution of neoteny are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Luen Jeng
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung City 40453, Taiwan.
| | - Yuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, MA 02481, USA
| | - Chih-Yuan Chang
- Chongde Elementary School, Xizhi District, New Taipei City 221, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Rong Chen
- Mercury Kindergarten, Xindian District, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
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14
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Aurori CM, Giurgiu A, Conlon BH, Kastally C, Dezmirean DS, Routtu J, Aurori A. Juvenile hormone pathway in honey bee larvae: A source of possible signal molecules for the reproductive behavior of Varroa destructor. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:1057-1068. [PMID: 33520186 PMCID: PMC7820148 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic mite Varroa destructor devastates honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies around the world. Entering a brood cell shortly before capping, the Varroa mother feeds on the honey bee larvae. The hormones 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH), acquired from the host, have been considered to play a key role in initiating Varroa's reproductive cycle. This study focuses on differential expression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of JH and ecdysone at six time points during the first 30 hr after cell capping in both drone and worker larvae of A. mellifera. This time frame, covering the conclusion of the honey bee brood cell invasion and the start of Varroa's ovogenesis, is critical to the successful initiation of a reproductive cycle. Our findings support a later activation of the ecdysteroid cascade in honey bee drones compared to worker larvae, which could account for the increased egg production of Varroa in A. mellifera drone cells. The JH pathway was generally downregulated confirming its activity is antagonistic to the ecdysteroid pathway during the larva development. Nevertheless, the genes involved in JH synthesis revealed an increased expression in drones. The upregulation of jhamt gene involved in methyl farnesoate (MF) synthesis came into attention since the MF is not only a precursor of JH but it is also an insect pheromone in its own right as well as JH-like hormone in Acari. This could indicate a possible kairomone effect of MF for attracting the mites into the drone brood cells, along with its potential involvement in ovogenesis after the cell capping, stimulating Varroa's initiation of egg laying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian M. Aurori
- Faculty of Animal Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of Agriculture Sciences and Veterinary MedicineCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Alexandru‐Ioan Giurgiu
- Faculty of Animal Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of Agriculture Sciences and Veterinary MedicineCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Benjamin H. Conlon
- Molecular EcologyInstitute of Biology/ZoologyMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
- Section for Ecology and EvolutionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Chedly Kastally
- Molecular EcologyInstitute of Biology/ZoologyMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
- Department of Ecology and Genetics and Biocenter OuluUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Daniel S. Dezmirean
- Faculty of Animal Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of Agriculture Sciences and Veterinary MedicineCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Jarkko Routtu
- Molecular EcologyInstitute of Biology/ZoologyMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
| | - Adriana Aurori
- Faculty of Animal Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of Agriculture Sciences and Veterinary MedicineCluj‐NapocaRomania
- Advanced Horticultural Research Institute of TransylvaniaUniversity of Agriculture Sciences and Veterinary MedicineCluj‐NapocaRomania
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15
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He LL, Shin SH, Wang Z, Yuan I, Weschler R, Chiou A, Koyama T, Nijhout HF, Suzuki Y. Mechanism of threshold size assessment: Metamorphosis is triggered by the TGF-beta/Activin ligand Myoglianin. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 126:103452. [PMID: 32822817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms that control growth are now well understood, the mechanism by which animals assess their body size remains one of the great puzzles in biology. The final larval instar of holometabolous insects, after which growth stops and metamorphosis begins, is specified by a threshold size. We investigated the mechanism of threshold size assessment in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. The threshold size was found to change depending on the amount of exposure to poor nutrient conditions whereas hypoxia treatment consistently led to a lower threshold size. Under these various conditions, the mass of the muscles plus integuments was correlated with the threshold size. Furthermore, the expression of myoglianin (myo) increased at the threshold size in both M. sexta and Tribolium castaneum. Knockdown of myo in T. castaneum led to larvae that underwent supernumerary larval molts and stayed in the larval stage permanently even after passing the threshold size. We propose that increasing levels of Myo produced by the growing tissues allow larvae to assess their body size and trigger metamorphosis at the threshold size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorrie L He
- Department of Biological Sciences, 106 Central St., Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Sara H Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, 106 Central St., Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, 106 Central St., Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Isabelle Yuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 106 Central St., Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Ruthie Weschler
- Department of Biological Sciences, 106 Central St., Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Allison Chiou
- Department of Biological Sciences, 106 Central St., Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Yuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, 106 Central St., Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA.
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16
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George S, Palli SR. Histone Deacetylase 11 Knockdown Blocks Larval Development and Metamorphosis in the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Front Genet 2020; 11:683. [PMID: 32719718 PMCID: PMC7348043 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTM) such as methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of histones and other proteins regulate expression of genes. The acetylation levels of these proteins are determined by the balance of expression of histone acetyltransferase (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). We recently reported that class I HDACs (HDAC1 and HDAC3) play important roles in juvenile hormone (JH) suppression of metamorphosis in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Here, we report on the function of a single class IV HDAC member, HDAC11. Injection of dsRNA targeting T. castaneum HDAC11 gene into newly molted last instar larvae induced knockdown of the target gene and arrested larval development and prevented metamorphosis into the pupal stage. Dark melanized areas were detected in larvae that showed developmental arrest and mortality. Developmental expression studies showed an increase in HDAC11 mRNA levels beginning at the end of the penultimate larval stage. These higher levels were maintained during the final instar larval and pupal stages. A JH analog, hydroprene, suppressed HDAC11 expression in the larvae. Sequencing of RNA isolated from control and dsHDAC11 injected larvae identified several differentially expressed genes, including those involved in JH action, ecdysone response, and melanization. The acetylation levels of core histones showed an increase in TcA cells exposed to dsHDAC11. Also, an increase in histone H3 acetylation, specifically H3K9, H3K18 and H3K27, were detected in HDAC11 knockdown larvae. These studies report the function of HDAC11 in insects other than Drosophila for the first time and show that HDAC11 influences the acetylation levels of histones and expression of multiple genes involved in T. castaneum larval development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha George
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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17
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Sarwar PF, McDonald IR, Wang VR, Suzuki Y. The POU factor Ventral veins lacking regulates ecdysone and juvenile hormone biosynthesis during development and reproduction of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. Dev Biol 2020; 459:181-193. [PMID: 31812605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated endocrine roles for the POU domain transcription factor Ventral veins lacking (Vvl) during larval development of holometabolous insects - insects that undergo complete metamorphosis. In this study, the role of Vvl was examined in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, a hemimetabolous insect. In the embryos, vvl was found to be expressed in the presumptive prothoracic glands. When vvl expression was knocked down using RNA interference (RNAi), embryos arrested their development after dorsal closure. Vvl double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-injected nymphs failed to molt and had reduced expression of the ecdysone response gene, hormone receptor 3 (HR3), the ecdysone biosynthesis genes, disembodied and spook, and the juvenile hormone (JH) response gene, Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1). Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone rescued the molting phenotype and HR3 expression in vvl knockdown nymphs. In adults, vvl RNAi inhibited egg laying and suppressed the expression of Kr-h1 and vitellogenin in the fat body. Application of JH III or methoprene restored oviposition in vvl knockdown adults, indicating that Vvl regulates JH biosynthesis during reproduction. Thus, Vvl functions as a critical regulator of hormone biosynthesis throughout all developmental stages of O. fasciatus. Our study demonstrates that Vvl is a critical transcription factor involved in JH and ecdysteroid biosynthesis in both hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects.
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18
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Liu L, Wang Y, Li Y, Ding C, Zhao P, Xia Q, He H. Cross-talk between juvenile hormone and ecdysone regulates transcription of fibroin modulator binding protein-1 in Bombyx mori. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:28-39. [PMID: 30682471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) are the most important hormones in silkworm and play vital roles in silkworm development, metamorphosis, and silk protein synthesis. Fibroin modulator binding protein-1 (FMBP-1) is a novel transcription factor regulating fibroin heavy chain (fib-H) transcription in Bombyx mori. The roles of JH and 20E on FMBP-1 transcription are less known. Here, we show FMBP-1 transcription is repressed by juvenile hormone analog (JHA) and activated by 20E. We identify two Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) binding sites (KBS1 and KBS2) and an E74A binding site (EBS) in the promoter of FMBP-1. We demonstrate Kr-h1 directly binds to KBS1 and KBS2 to repress FMBP-1 transcription, and 20E promotes FMBP-1 transcription through E74A. In the presence of JH and 20E, E74A abolishes the repression of Kr-h1 and activates FMBP-1 transcription through direct binding to EBS between KBS1 and KBS2 in FMBP-1 promoter. Further, JHA and 20E treatment and RNA interference confirm the effects of JH and 20E on FMBP-1 transcription in vivo, thus affecting fib-H transcription. Our results reveal the molecular mechanism of FMBP-1 transcription regulated by the cross-talk between JH and 20E in Bombyx mori, and provide novel insights into FMBP-1 transcriptional regulation and silk protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yejing Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaoxiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huawei He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
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19
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Suzuki Y, Chou J, Garvey SL, Wang VR, Yanes KO. Evolution and Regulation of Limb Regeneration in Arthropods. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 68:419-454. [PMID: 31598866 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23459-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration has fascinated both scientists and non-scientists for centuries. Many organisms can regenerate, and arthropod limbs are no exception although their ability to regenerate is a product shaped by natural and sexual selection. Recent studies have begun to uncover cellular and molecular processes underlying limb regeneration in several arthropod species. Here we argue that an evo-devo approach to the study of arthropod limb regeneration is needed to understand aspects of limb regeneration that are conserved and divergent. In particular, we argue that limbs of different species are comprised of cells at distinct stages of differentiation at the time of limb loss and therefore provide insights into regeneration involving both stem cell-like cells/precursor cells and differentiated cells. In addition, we review recent studies that demonstrate how limb regeneration impacts the development of the whole organism and argue that studies on the link between local tissue damage and the rest of the body should provide insights into the integrative nature of development. Molecular studies on limb regeneration are only beginning to take off, but comparative studies on the mechanisms of limb regeneration across various taxa should not only yield interesting insights into development but also answer how this remarkable ability evolved across arthropods and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA.
| | - Jacquelyn Chou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Sarah L Garvey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Victoria R Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Katherine O Yanes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
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20
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Ruang-Rit K, Park Y. Endocrine system in supernumerary molting of the flour beetle, Tribolium freemani, under crowded conditions. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 101:76-84. [PMID: 30149057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the flour beetle, Tribolium freemani, a crowded environment in the last larval instar delays the development into a pupa, but the beetle continues to engage in larval-larval molting, which is an adaptive response to avoid being the victim of cannibalism as an immobile pupa. To understand the endocrine mechanism involved in this developmental process, we investigated the components of the juvenile hormone and ecdysone signaling systems. We examined whether elevated juvenile hormone levels in the crowded condition is the sole causal factor for the supernumerary molting. RNA interference (RNAi) of the JH acid methyltransferase (TfMT3) for lowering juvenile hormone titer in the crowded condition could not rescue pupation and instead resulted in lethality with developmental arrest at the prepupal stage. Kruppel-homolog 1 (TfKr-h1), the immediate downstream JH signal, was highly upregulated even in the RNAi of TfMT3 in a crowded condition. RNAi of TfKr-h1 resulted in a phenocopy of the lethal TfMT3 RNAi in a crowded condition. In addition, RNAi of TfMT3 in a crowded condition resulted in lack of the major ecdysone peak in the prepupal stage. We conclude that while a crowded condition induces supernumerary molts by elevating juvenile hormone levels, it can also inhibit metamorphosis by disrupting additional endocrine processes. The current study suggests that crowded conditions affect multiple independent factors in the endocrine and the downstream signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissana Ruang-Rit
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, United States
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, United States.
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21
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Taguchi S, Iwami M, Kiya T. Identification and Characterization of Novel Genes Expressed Preferentially in the Corpora Allata or Corpora Cardiaca During the Juvenile Hormone Synthetic Period in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Zoolog Sci 2017; 34:398-405. [DOI: 10.2108/zs170069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syusaku Taguchi
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masafumi Iwami
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Kiya
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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22
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Suang S, Manaboon M, Singtripop T, Hiruma K, Kaneko Y, Tiansawat P, Neumann P, Chantawannakul P. Larval diapause termination in the bamboo borer, Omphisa fuscidentalis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174919. [PMID: 28369111 PMCID: PMC5378396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) regulate larval growth and molting. However, little is known about how this cooperative control is terminating larval diapause especially in the bamboo borer, Omphisa fuscidentalis. In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we here measured the expression levels of genes which were affected by juvenile hormone analogue (JHA: S-methoprene) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in diapausing O. fuscidentalis larvae. Corresponding mRNA expression changes in the subesophageal ganglion (SG) and prothoracic gland (PG) were evaluated using qRT-PCR. The data showed similar response patterns of JH receptor gene (OfMet), diapause hormone gene (OfDH-PBAN), ecdysone receptor genes (OfEcR-A and OfEcR-B1) and ecdysone inducible genes (OfBr-C, OfE75A, OfE75B, OfE75C and OfHR3). JHA induced the expressions of OfMet and OfDH-PBAN in both SG and PG, whereas ecdysone receptor genes and ecdysone inducible genes were induced by JHA only in PG. For 20E treatment group, expressions of ecdysone receptor genes and ecdysone inducible genes in both SG and PG were increased by 20E injection. In addition, the in vitro experiments showed that OfMet and OfDH-PBAN were up-regulated by JHA alone, but ecdysone receptor genes and ecdysone inducible genes were up-regulated by JHA and 20E. However, OfMet and OfDH-PBAN in the SG was expressed faster than OfMet and OfDH-PBAN in the PG and the expression of ecdysone receptor genes and ecdysone inducible genes induced by JHA was much later than observed for 20E. These results indicate that JHA might stimulate the PG indirectly via factors (OfMet and OfDH-PBAN) in the SG, which might be a regulatory mechanism for larval diapause termination in O. fuscidentalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suphawan Suang
- Endocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Manaporn Manaboon
- Endocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Singtripop
- Endocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kiyoshi Hiruma
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yu Kaneko
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Pimonrat Tiansawat
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Peter Neumann
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Endocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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23
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Chiang RG, Chiang JA. Reproductive physiology in the blood feeding insect, Rhodnius prolixus, from copulation to the control of egg production. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 97:27-37. [PMID: 27286950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of copulation and the control of egg production in the blood-feeding insect, Rhodnius prolixus, continues to offer a fertile ground for the cultivation of new insights into the physiological processes associated with reproduction. We begin this paper by describing the male organs of copulation showing that the aedeagus contains a structure which may serve as part of a pumping mechanism or valve to enable the male to fully pack the vagina with his secretions. We then summarize previously published work which identifies possible sensory and chemical aids that can be used by the male as he forms a naked spermatophore within the vagina of the female. With respect to the control of egg production, published anatomical and endocrinological experiments give rise to the intriguing possibility that a vascular portal system exists in the head of this insect, and that this system explains why circulation is required for egg production. By documenting the steps taken by the male during copulation, and by providing a new paradigm to explain the control of egg production, this paper identifies some assumptions that need verification, and offers a foundation upon which future scientists can explore reproductive physiology in this incredible bug.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gary Chiang
- Biology Department, Redeemer University College, Ancaster, ON L9K 1J4, Canada.
| | - Jennifer A Chiang
- Biology Department, Redeemer University College, Ancaster, ON L9K 1J4, Canada
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Zhang Z, Liu X, Shiotsuki T, Wang Z, Xu X, Huang Y, Li M, Li K, Tan A. Depletion of juvenile hormone esterase extends larval growth in Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 81:72-79. [PMID: 28057597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two major hormones, juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), regulate insect growth and development according to their precisely coordinated titres, which are controlled by both biosynthesis and degradation pathways. Juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) is the primary JH-specific degradation enzyme that plays a key role in regulating JH titers, along with JH epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) and JH diol kinase (JHDK). In the current study, a loss-of-function analysis of JHE in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was performed by targeted gene disruption using the transgenic CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases) system. Depletion of B. mori JHE (BmJHE) resulted in the extension of larval stages, especially the penultimate and ultimate larval stages, without deleterious effects to silkworm physiology. The expression of JHEH and JHDK was upregulated in mutant animals, indicating the existence of complementary routes in the JH metabolism pathway in which inactivation of one enzyme will activate other enzymes. RNA-Seq analysis of mutant animals revealed that genes involved in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and in amino acid metabolism were affected by BmJHE depletion. Depletion of JHE and subsequent delayed JH metabolism activated genes in the TOR pathway, which are ultimately responsible for extending larval growth. The transgenic Cas9 system used in the current study provides a promising approach for analysing the actions of JH, especially in nondrosophilid insects. Furthermore, prolonging larval stages produced larger larvae and cocoons, which is greatly beneficial to silk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Takahiro Shiotsuki
- Insect Growth Regulation Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xia Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Muwang Li
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Anjiang Tan
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Yogindran S, Rajam MV. Artificial miRNA-mediated silencing of ecdysone receptor (EcR) affects larval development and oogenesis in Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 77:21-30. [PMID: 27476930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The insect pests are real threat to farmers as they affect the crop yield to a great extent. The use of chemical pesticides for insect pest control has always been a matter of concern as they pollute the environment and are also harmful for human health. Bt (Bacillus thuringensis) technology helped the farmers to get rid of the insect pests, but experienced a major drawback due to the evolution of insects gaining resistance towards these toxins. Hence, alternative strategies are high on demand to control insect pests. RNA-based gene silencing is emerging as a potential tool to tackle with this problem. In this study, we have shown the use of artificial microRNA (amiRNA) to specifically target the ecdysone receptor (EcR) gene of Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm), which attacks several important crops like cotton, tomato chickpea, pigeon pea, etc and causes huge yield losses. Insect let-7a precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA) backbone was used to replace the native miRNA with that of amiRNA. The precursor backbone carrying the 21 nucleotide amiRNA sequence targeting HaEcR was cloned in bacterial L4440 vector for in vitro insect feeding experiments. Larvae fed with Escherichia coli expressing amiRNA-HaEcR showed a reduction in the expression of target gene as well as genes involved in the ecdysone signaling pathway downstream to EcR and exhibited mortality and developmental defects. Stem-loop RT-PCR revealed the presence of amiRNA in the insect larvae after feeding bacteria expressing amiRNA-HaEcR, which was otherwise absent in controls. We also found a significant drop in the reproduction potential (oogenesis) of moths which emerged from treated larvae as compared to control. These results demonstrate the successful use of an insect pre-miRNA backbone to express amiRNA for gene silencing studies in insects. The method is cost effective and can be exploited as an efficient and alternative tool for insect pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Yogindran
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Manchikatla Venkat Rajam
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi 110021, India.
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Cloning and characterization of a riboflavin-binding hexamerin from the larval fat body of a lepidopteran stored grain pest, Corcyra cephalonica. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 194-195:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Planelló R, Herrero Ó, Gómez-Sande P, Ozáez I, Cobo F, Servia MJ. Ecdysone-Related Biomarkers of Toxicity in the Model Organism Chironomus riparius: Stage and Sex-Dependent Variations in Gene Expression Profiles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140239. [PMID: 26448051 PMCID: PMC4598127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being considered a model organism in toxicity studies, particularly in assessing the environmental impact of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and other chemicals, the molecular basis of development is largely unknown in Chironomus riparius. We have characterized the expression patterns of important genes involved in the ecdysone pathway from embryos to pupa, but specially during the different phases of C. riparius fourth larval instar, according to the development of genital and thoracic imaginal discs. Real-Time PCR was used to analyze: EcR and usp, two genes encoding the two dimerizing partners of the functional ecdysone receptor; E74, an early response gene induced by ecdysteroids; vg (vitellogenin), an effector gene; hsp70 and hsc70, two heat-shock genes involved in the correct folding of the ecdysone receptor; and rpL13, as a part of the ribosomal machinery. Our results show for the first time stage and sex-dependent variations in ecdysone-responsive genes, specially during the late larval stage of C. riparius. The induction in the expression of EcR and usp during the VII-VIII phase of the fourth instar is concomitant with a coordinated response in the activity of the other genes analyzed, suggesting the moment where larvae prepare for pupation. This work is particularly relevant given that most of the analyzed genes have been proposed previously in this species as sensitive biomarkers for the toxicological evaluation of aquatic ecosystems. Identifying the natural regulation of these molecular endpoints throughout the Chironomus development will contribute to a more in-depth and accurate evaluation of the disrupting effects of EDCs in ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Planelló
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Paseo de la Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Óscar Herrero
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Paseo de la Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gómez-Sande
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, USC, Campus Sur s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Estación de Hidrobioloxía “Encoro do Con”, EHEC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, USC, Castroagudín s/n, 36617 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Irene Ozáez
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Paseo de la Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Cobo
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, USC, Campus Sur s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Estación de Hidrobioloxía “Encoro do Con”, EHEC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, USC, Castroagudín s/n, 36617 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - María J. Servia
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, UDC, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
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Gu X, Kumar S, Kim E, Kim Y. A whole genome screening and RNA interference identify a juvenile hormone esterase-like gene of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 80:81-87. [PMID: 25721055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) plays a crucial role in preventing precocious metamorphosis and stimulating reproduction. Thus, its hemolymph titer should be under a tight control. As a negative controller, juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) performs a rapid breakdown of residual JH in the hemolymph during last instar to induce a larval-to-pupal metamorphosis. A whole genome of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, has been annotated and proposed 11 JHE candidates. Sequence analysis using conserved motifs commonly found in other JHEs proposed a putative JHE (Px004817). Px004817 (64.61 kDa, pI=5.28) exhibited a characteristic JHE expression pattern by showing high peak at the early last instar, at which JHE enzyme activity was also at a maximal level. RNA interference of Px004817 reduced JHE activity and interrupted pupal development with a significant increase of larval period. This study identifies Px004817 as a JHE-like gene of P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Gu
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjin Kim
- Department of Marine Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
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Villarreal CM, Darakananda K, Wang VR, Jayaprakash PM, Suzuki Y. Hedgehog signaling regulates imaginal cell differentiation in a basally branching holometabolous insect. Dev Biol 2015; 404:125-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li L, Shen L, Zhang X, Shui L, Sui B, Zhang X, Zhao X, Jin W. Multiplexed optical coding nanobeads and their application in single-molecule counting analysis for multiple gene expression analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 886:123-32. [PMID: 26320644 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A method for fabrication of multiplexed optical coding nanobeads (MOCNBs) was developed by hybridizing three types of coding DNAs labeled with different dyes (Cy5, FAM and AMCA) at precisely controlled ratios with biotinylated reporter DNA modified to magnetic streptavidin-coated nanobeads with a diameter of 300 nm. The color of the MOCNBs could be observed by overlapping three single-primary-color fluorescence images of the MOCNBs corresponding to emission of Cy5 (red), FAM (green) and AMCA (blue). The MOCNBs could be easily identified under a conventional fluorescence microscope. The MOCNBs with different colors could serve as the multiplexed optical coding labels for single-molecule counting analysis (SMCA) and be used in multi-gene expression analysis (MGEA). In the SMCA-based MGEA technique, multiple messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in cells could be simultaneously quantified through their complementary DNAs (cDNAs) by counting the bright dots with the same color corresponding to the single cDNA molecules labeled with the MOCNBs. We measured expression profiles of three genes from Lepidoptera insect Helicoverpa armigera in ∼100 HaEpi cells with and without steroid hormone inductions to demonstrate the SMCA-based MGEA technique using MOCNBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Liping Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lingling Shui
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Benhui Sui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhao
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Wenrui Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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Xie XJ, Hsu FN, Gao X, Xu W, Ni JQ, Xing Y, Huang L, Hsiao HC, Zheng H, Wang C, Zheng Y, Xiaoli AM, Yang F, Bondos SE, Ji JY. CDK8-Cyclin C Mediates Nutritional Regulation of Developmental Transitions through the Ecdysone Receptor in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2015. [PMID: 26222308 PMCID: PMC4519132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone ecdysone and its receptor (EcR) play critical roles in orchestrating developmental transitions in arthropods. However, the mechanism by which EcR integrates nutritional and developmental cues to correctly activate transcription remains poorly understood. Here, we show that EcR-dependent transcription, and thus, developmental timing in Drosophila, is regulated by CDK8 and its regulatory partner Cyclin C (CycC), and the level of CDK8 is affected by nutrient availability. We observed that cdk8 and cycC mutants resemble EcR mutants and EcR-target genes are systematically down-regulated in both mutants. Indeed, the ability of the EcR-Ultraspiracle (USP) heterodimer to bind to polytene chromosomes and the promoters of EcR target genes is also diminished. Mass spectrometry analysis of proteins that co-immunoprecipitate with EcR and USP identified multiple Mediator subunits, including CDK8 and CycC. Consistently, CDK8-CycC interacts with EcR-USP in vivo; in particular, CDK8 and Med14 can directly interact with the AF1 domain of EcR. These results suggest that CDK8-CycC may serve as transcriptional cofactors for EcR-dependent transcription. During the larval–pupal transition, the levels of CDK8 protein positively correlate with EcR and USP levels, but inversely correlate with the activity of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), the master regulator of intracellular lipid homeostasis. Likewise, starvation of early third instar larvae precociously increases the levels of CDK8, EcR and USP, yet down-regulates SREBP activity. Conversely, refeeding the starved larvae strongly reduces CDK8 levels but increases SREBP activity. Importantly, these changes correlate with the timing for the larval–pupal transition. Taken together, these results suggest that CDK8-CycC links nutrient intake to developmental transitions (EcR activity) and fat metabolism (SREBP activity) during the larval–pupal transition. During the larval-pupal transition in Drosophila, CDK8-CycC helps to link nutrient intake to development by activating ecdysone receptor-dependent transcription and to fat metabolism by inhibiting SREBP-activated gene expression. Arthropods are estimated to account for over 80% of animal species on earth. Characterized by their rigid exoskeletons, juvenile arthropods must periodically shed their thick outer cuticles by molting in order to grow. The steroid hormone ecdysone plays an essential role in regulating the timing of developmental transitions, but exactly how ecdysone and its receptor EcR activates transcription correctly after integrating nutritional and developmental cues remains unknown. Our developmental genetic analyses of two Drosophila mutants, cdk8 and cycC, show that they are lethal during the prepupal stage, with aberrant accumulation of fat and a severely delayed larval–pupal transition. As we have reported previously, CDK8-CycC inhibits fat accumulation by directly inactivating SREBP, a master transcription factor that controls the expression of lipogenic genes, which explains the abnormal fat accumulation in the cdk8 and cycC mutants. We find that CDK8 and CycC are required for EcR to bind to its target genes, serving as transcriptional cofactors for EcR-dependent gene expression. The expression of EcR target genes is compromised in cdk8 and cycC mutants and underpins the retarded pupariation phenotype. Starvation of feeding larvae precociously up-regulates CDK8 and EcR, prematurely down-regulates SREBP activity, and leads to early pupariation, whereas re-feeding starved larvae has opposite effects. Taken together, these results suggest that CDK8 and CycC play important roles in coordinating nutrition intake with fat metabolism by directly inhibiting SREBP-dependent gene expression and regulating developmental timing by activating EcR-dependent transcription in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Xie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fu-Ning Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xinsheng Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Jian-Quan Ni
- Gene Regulatory Laboratory, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Xing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Liying Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Hao-Ching Hsiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tianjin Radiation and Molecular Nuclear Medicine; Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yani Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alus M. Xiaoli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research and Training Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Fajun Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research and Training Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Bondos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jun-Yuan Ji
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Knockout silkworms reveal a dispensable role for juvenile hormones in holometabolous life cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015. [PMID: 26195792 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506645112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect juvenile hormones (JHs) prevent precocious metamorphosis and allow larvae to undergo multiple rounds of status quo molts. However, the roles of JHs during the embryonic and very early larval stages have not been fully understood. We generated and characterized knockout silkworms (Bombyx mori) with null mutations in JH biosynthesis or JH receptor genes using genome-editing tools. We found that embryonic growth and morphogenesis are largely independent of JHs in Bombyx and that, even in the absence of JHs or JH signaling, pupal characters are not formed in first- or second-instar larvae, and precocious metamorphosis is induced after the second instar at the earliest. We also show by mosaic analysis that a pupal specifier gene broad, which is dramatically up-regulated in the late stage of the last larval instar, is essential for pupal commitment in the epidermis. Importantly, the mRNA expression level of broad, which is thought to be repressed by JHs, remained at very low basal levels during the early larval instars of JH-deficient or JH signaling-deficient knockouts. Therefore, our study suggests that the long-accepted paradigm that JHs maintain the juvenile status throughout larval life should be revised because the larval status can be maintained by a JH-independent mechanism in very early larval instars. We propose that the lack of competence for metamorphosis during the early larval stages may result from the absence of an unidentified broad-inducing factor, i.e., a competence factor.
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Otte KA, Schrank I, Fröhlich T, Arnold GJ, Laforsch C. Interclonal proteomic responses to predator exposure inDaphnia magnamay depend on predator composition of habitats. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3901-17. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin A. Otte
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA); Gene Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25 81377 Munich Germany
- Department Biology II; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Grosshaderner Street 2 82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Isabella Schrank
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA); Gene Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Georg J. Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA); Gene Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Christian Laforsch
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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Greb-Markiewicz B, Sadowska D, Surgut N, Godlewski J, Zarębski M, Ożyhar A. Mapping of the Sequences Directing Localization of the Drosophila Germ Cell-Expressed Protein (GCE). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133307. [PMID: 26186223 PMCID: PMC4505938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster germ cell-expressed protein (GCE) belongs to the family of bHLH-PAS transcription factors that are the regulators of gene expression networks that determine many physiological and developmental processes. GCE is a homolog of D. melanogaster methoprene tolerant protein (MET), a key mediator of anti-metamorphic signaling in insects and the putative juvenile hormone receptor. Recently, it has been shown that the functions of MET and GCE are only partially redundant and tissue specific. The ability of bHLH-PAS proteins to fulfill their function depends on proper intracellular trafficking, determined by specific sequences, i.e. the nuclear localization signal (NLS) and the nuclear export signal (NES). Nevertheless, until now no data has been published on the GCE intracellular shuttling and localization signals. We performed confocal microscopy analysis of the subcellular distribution of GCE fused with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and YFP-GCE derivatives which allowed us to characterize the details of the subcellular traffic of this protein. We demonstrate that GCE possess specific pattern of localization signals, only partially consistent with presented previously for MET. The presence of a strong NLS in the C-terminal part of GCE, seems to be unique and important feature of this protein. The intracellular localization of GCE appears to be determined by the NLSs localized in PAS-B domain and C-terminal fragment of GCE, and NESs localized in PAS-A, PAS-B domains and C-terminal fragment of GCE. NLSs activity can be modified by juvenile hormone (JH) and other partners, likely 14-3-3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Greb-Markiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Daria Sadowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natalia Surgut
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Godlewski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mirosław Zarębski
- Department of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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Zhang XQ, Li XR, Ren J, Li YB, Cai MJ, Wang JX, Zhao XF. β-Arrestin1 interacts with G protein-coupled receptor to desensitize signaling of the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone in the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera. Cell Signal 2015; 27:878-86. [PMID: 25660147 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) plays a critical role in insect development, particularly in larval molting and larval-pupal transition. Studies have indicated that 20E transmits its signal via a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated non-genomic pathway before a genomic pathway is initiated. However, the mechanism by which a 20E signal is desensitized remains unclear. We proposed that β-arrestin1 interacts with ecdysone-responsible GPCR (ErGPCR1) to desensitize a 20E signal in the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera. Results showed that β-arrestin1 was highly expressed in various tissues during metamorphosis. β-Arrestin1 knockdown by RNA interference in larvae caused advanced pupation and a larval-pupal chimera. The mRNA levels of 20E-response genes were increased after β-arrestin1 was knocked down but were decreased after β-arrestin1 was overexpressed. 20E induced the migration of β-arrestin1 from the cytosol to the cytoplasmic membrane to interact with ErGPCR1. The inhibitors suramin and chelerythrine chloride repressed 20E-induced β-arrestin1 phosphorylation and membrane migration. With ErGPCR1, 20E regulated β-arrestin1 phosphorylation on serines at positions 170 and 234. The double mutation of the amino acids Ser170 and Ser234 to asparagine inhibited phosphorylation and membrane migration of β-arrestin1 in 20E induction. Therefore, 20E via ErGPCR1 and PKC signaling induces β-arrestin1 phosphorylation; phosphorylated β-arrestin1 migrates to the cytoplasmic membrane to interact with ErGPCR1 to block 20E signaling via a feedback mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiang-Ru Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yong-Bo Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Mei-Juan Cai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
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Carvalho MJA, Mirth CK. Coordinating morphology with behavior during development: an integrative approach from a fly perspective. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Zhao XM, Liu C, Jiang LJ, Li QY, Zhou MT, Cheng TC, Mita K, Xia QY. A juvenile hormone transcription factor Bmdimm-fibroin H chain pathway is involved in the synthesis of silk protein in silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:972-86. [PMID: 25371208 PMCID: PMC4294524 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.606921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The genes responsible for silk biosynthesis are switched on and off at particular times in the silk glands of Bombyx mori. This switch appears to be under the control of endogenous and exogenous hormones. However, the molecular mechanisms by which silk protein synthesis is regulated by the juvenile hormone (JH) are largely unknown. Here, we report a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, Bmdimm, its silk gland-specific expression, and its direct involvement in the regulation of fibroin H-chain (fib-H) by binding to an E-box (CAAATG) element of the fib-H gene promoter. Far-Western blots, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Bmdimm protein interacted with another basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, Bmsage. Immunostaining revealed that Bmdimm and Bmsage proteins are co-localized in nuclei. Bmdimm expression was induced in larval silk glands in vivo, in silk glands cultured in vitro, and in B. mori cell lines after treatment with a JH analog. The JH effect on Bmdimm was mediated by the JH-Met-Kr-h1 signaling pathway, and Bmdimm expression did not respond to JH by RNA interference with double-stranded BmKr-h1 RNA. These data suggest that the JH regulatory pathway, the transcription factor Bmdimm, and the targeted fib-H gene contribute to the synthesis of fibroin H-chain protein in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bio-Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716 and the Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Chun Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bio-Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716 and
| | - Li-Jun Jiang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bio-Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716 and
| | - Qiong-Yan Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bio-Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716 and
| | - Meng-Ting Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bio-Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716 and
| | - Ting-Cai Cheng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bio-Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716 and
| | - Kazuei Mita
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and
| | - Qing-You Xia
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bio-Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716 and
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Kaneko Y, Hiruma K. Short neuropeptide F (sNPF) is a stage-specific suppressor for juvenile hormone biosynthesis by corpora allata, and a critical factor for the initiation of insect metamorphosis. Dev Biol 2014; 393:312-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cai MJ, Liu W, Pei XY, Li XR, He HJ, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Juvenile hormone prevents 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced metamorphosis by regulating the phosphorylation of a newly identified broad protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26630-26641. [PMID: 25096576 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.581876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) initiates insect molting and metamorphosis. By contrast, juvenile hormone (JH) prevents metamorphosis. However, the mechanism by which JH inhibits metamorphosis remains unclear. In this study, we propose that JH induces the phosphorylation of Broad isoform Z7 (BrZ7), a newly identified protein, to inhibit 20E-mediated metamorphosis in the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera. The knockdown of BrZ7 in larvae inhibited metamorphosis by repressing the expression of the 20E response gene. BrZ7 was weakly expressed and phosphorylated during larval growth but highly expressed and non-phosphorylated during metamorphosis. JH regulated the rapid phosphorylation of BrZ7 via a G-protein-coupled receptor-, phospholipase C-, and protein kinase C-triggered pathway. The phosphorylated BrZ7 bound to the 5'-regulatory region of calponin to regulate its expression in the JH pathway. Exogenous JH induced BrZ7 phosphorylation to prevent metamorphosis by suppressing 20E-related gene transcription. JH promoted non-phosphorylated calponin interacting with ultraspiracle protein to activate the JH pathway and antagonize the 20E pathway. This study reveals one of the possible mechanisms by which JH counteracts 20E-regulated metamorphosis by inducing the phosphorylation of BrZ7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Juan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xu-Yang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiang-Ru Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Hong-Juan He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
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The POU factor ventral veins lacking/Drifter directs the timing of metamorphosis through ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone signaling. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004425. [PMID: 24945490 PMCID: PMC4063743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although endocrine changes are known to modulate the timing of major developmental transitions, the genetic mechanisms underlying these changes remain poorly understood. In insects, two developmental hormones, juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroids, are coordinated with each other to induce developmental changes associated with metamorphosis. However, the regulation underlying the coordination of JH and ecdysteroid synthesis remains elusive. Here, we examined the function of a homolog of the vertebrate POU domain protein, Ventral veins lacking (Vvl)/Drifter, in regulating both of these hormonal pathways in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Tenebrionidae). RNA interference-mediated silencing of vvl expression led to both precocious metamorphosis and inhibition of molting in the larva. Ectopic application of a JH analog on vvl knockdown larvae delayed the onset of metamorphosis and led to a prolonged larval stage, indicating that Vvl acts upstream of JH signaling. Accordingly, vvl knockdown also reduced the expression of a JH biosynthesis gene, JH acid methyltransferase 3 (jhamt3). In addition, ecdysone titer and the expression of the ecdysone response gene, hormone receptor 3 (HR3), were reduced in vvl knockdown larvae. The expression of the ecdysone biosynthesis gene phantom (phm) and spook (spo) were reduced in vvl knockdown larvae in the anterior and posterior halves, respectively, indicating that Vvl might influence ecdysone biosynthesis in both the prothoracic gland and additional endocrine sources. Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) into vvl knockdown larvae could restore the expression of HR3 although molting was never restored. These findings suggest that Vvl coordinates both JH and ecdysteroid biosynthesis as well as molting behavior to influence molting and the timing of metamorphosis. Thus, in both vertebrates and insects, POU factors modulate the production of major neuroendocrine regulators during sexual maturation. Hormones play major roles in initiating major developmental transitions, such as puberty and metamorphosis. However, how organisms coordinate changes across multiple hormones remains unclear. In this study, we show that silencing the POU domain transcription factor Ventral veins lacking (Vvl)/Drifter in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum leads to precocious metamorphosis and an inability to molt. We show that Vvl regulates the biosynthesis and signaling of two key insect developmental hormones, juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroids. Vvl therefore appears to act as a potential central regulator of developmental timing by influencing two major hormones. Because POU factors are known as a major regulator of the onset of puberty, POU factors play a major role during sexual maturation in both vertebrates and insects.
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Nishita Y. Ecdysone response elements in the distal promoter of the Bombyx Broad-Complex gene, BmBR-C. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 23:341-356. [PMID: 24576019 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Bombyx mori silkworm's homologue of the Broad-Complex gene (BmBR-C) is transcribed from two promoters: a distal promoter (Pdist) and a proximal promoter (Pprox). As determined by a luciferase assay, the transcriptional activity of Pdist, but not Pprox, was activated by ecdysone. Further analyses using reporters driven by sequential deletion Pdist mutants indicated that two regions, ecdysone responsive element (EcRE)-D and EcRE-P, -4950 bp and -3480 bp upstream from the distal transcription start site, respectively, were important in the responsiveness of Pdist to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E); however, no significant sequence similarities were found between the canonical EcRE and the EcRE-D or EcRE-P regions. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that both the EcRE-D and -P sequences specifically bound to Bombyx protein(s). Sequence analyses and competition assays suggested that the protein(s) bound to EcRE-P might include components other than the ecdysone receptor (EcR), suggesting that BmBR-C transcription was indirectly activated by ecdysone through the EcRE-P. Remarkably, protein binding to the mid-region of the EcRE-D, EcRE-Db, was competitively inhibited by an oligonucleotide containing the Drosophila hsp27 EcRE sequence. Furthermore, an anti-EcR antibody interfered with the formation of the protein-EcRE-Db complex. These results indicated that a functional Bombyx ecdysone receptor binds to EcRE-D and activates the expression of BmBR-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nishita
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Genome Dynamics, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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42
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Erezyilmaz DF, Hayward A, Huang Y, Paps J, Acs Z, Delgado JA, Collantes F, Kathirithamby J. Expression of the pupal determinant broad during metamorphic and neotenic development of the strepsipteran Xenos vesparum Rossi. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93614. [PMID: 24709670 PMCID: PMC3977908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Derived members of the endoparasitic order Strepsiptera have acquired an extreme form of sexual dimorphism whereby males undergo metamorphosis and exist as free-living adults while females remain larviform, reaching sexual maturity within their hosts. Expression of the transcription factor, broad (br) has been shown to be required for pupal development in insects in which both sexes progress through metamorphosis. A surge of br expression appears in the last larval instar, as the epidermis begins pupal development. Here we ask if br is also up-regulated in the last larval instar of male Xenos vesparum Rossi (Stylopidae), and whether such expression is lost in neotenic larviform females. We clone three isoforms of br from X. vesparum (Xv’br), and show that they share greatest similarity to the Z1, Z3 and Z4 isoforms of other insect species. By monitoring Xv’br expression throughout development, we detect elevated levels of total br expression and the Xv’Z1, Xv’Z3, and Xv’Z4 isoforms in the last larval instar of males, but not females. By focusing on Xv’br expression in individual samples, we show that the levels of Xv’BTB and Xv’Z3 in the last larval instar of males are bimodal, with some males expressing 3X greater levels of Xv’br than fourth instar femlaes. Taken together, these data suggest that neoteny (and endoparasitism) in females of Strepsiptera Stylopidia could be linked to the suppression of pupal determination. Our work identifies a difference in metamorphic gene expression that is associated with neoteny, and thus provides insights into the relationship between metamorphic and neotenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz F. Erezyilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alex Hayward
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jordi Paps
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Acs
- Kaposvar University, Faculty of Animal Science, Kaposvar, Hungary
| | - Juan A. Delgado
- Departamento de Zoologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Collantes
- Departamento de Zoologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Microarray Analysis of the Juvenile Hormone Response in Larval Integument of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Int J Genomics 2014; 2014:426025. [PMID: 24809046 PMCID: PMC3997853 DOI: 10.1155/2014/426025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) coordinates with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) to regulate larval growth and molting in insects. However, little is known about how this cooperative control is achieved during larval stages. Here, we induced silkworm superlarvae by applying the JH analogue (JHA) methoprene and used a microarray approach to survey the mRNA expression changes in response to JHA in the silkworm integument. We found that JHA application significantly increased the expression levels of most genes involved in basic metabolic processes and protein processing and decreased the expression of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation in the integument. Several key genes involved in the pathways of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) and 20E signaling were also upregulated after JHA application. Taken together, we suggest that JH may mediate the nutrient-dependent IIS pathway by regulating various metabolic pathways and further modulate 20E signaling.
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Hepat R, Kim Y. JH modulates a cellular immunity of Tribolium castaneum in a Met-independent manner. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 63:40-47. [PMID: 24607640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) regulates diverse physiological processes in insects during entire developmental stages. Especially, the identification of Methoprene-tolerant (Met), a JH nuclear receptor, allows us to better understand molecular actions of JH to control gene expressions related with metamorphosis. However, several physiological processes including cellular immune response and some molecular actions of JH have been suspected to be mediated via its non-genomic actions. To prove its non-genomic action, JH nuclear signals were suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi) of Met or its downstream gene, Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1), in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. These RNAi-treated larvae failed to undergo a normal development and suffered precocious metamorphosis. Hemocytes of T. castaneum exhibited their spreading behavior on extracellular matrix and nodule formation in response to bacterial challenge. When the larvae were treated with either RNAi of Met or Kr-h1, the hemocytes of the treated larvae were responsive to JH without any significant difference with those of control larvae. These results suggest that the response of hemocytes to JH is not mediated by its nuclear signal. On the other hand, the JH modulation of hemocyte behaviors of T. castaneum was significantly influenced by membrane and cytosolic protein activities, in which ethoxyzolamide (a specific inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase), calphostin C (a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C) or ouabain (a specific inhibitor of Na(+)-K(+) ATPase) significantly suppressed the responsiveness of hemocytes to JH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Hepat
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
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Koyama T, Mendes CC, Mirth CK. Mechanisms regulating nutrition-dependent developmental plasticity through organ-specific effects in insects. Front Physiol 2013; 4:263. [PMID: 24133450 PMCID: PMC3783933 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition, via the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IIS)/Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway, can provide a strong molding force for determining animal size and shape. For instance, nutrition induces a disproportionate increase in the size of male horns in dung and rhinoceros beetles, or mandibles in staghorn or horned flour beetles, relative to body size. In these species, well-fed male larvae produce adults with greatly enlarged horns or mandibles, whereas males that are starved or poorly fed as larvae bear much more modest appendages. Changes in IIS/TOR signaling plays a key role in appendage development by regulating growth in the horn and mandible primordia. In contrast, changes in the IIS/TOR pathway produce minimal effects on the size of other adult structures, such as the male genitalia in fruit flies and dung beetles. The horn, mandible and genitalia illustrate that although all tissues are exposed to the same hormonal environment within the larval body, the extent to which insulin can induce growth is organ specific. In addition, the IIS/TOR pathway affects body size and shape by controlling production of metamorphic hormones important for regulating developmental timing, like the steroid molting hormone ecdysone and sesquiterpenoid hormone juvenile hormone. In this review, we discuss recent results from Drosophila and other insects that highlight mechanisms allowing tissues to differ in their sensitivity to IIS/TOR and the potential consequences of these differences on body size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koyama
- Development, Evolution and the Environment Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência Oeiras, Portugal
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Establishment of a versatile cell line for juvenile hormone signaling analysis in Tribolium castaneum. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1570. [PMID: 23535851 PMCID: PMC3610134 DOI: 10.1038/srep01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, has been widely used as a laboratory model for analyzing gene function. In this study, we established a novel cell line (Tc81) from T. castaneum embryos and validated the utility of this cell line by analyzing the juvenile hormone (JH) signaling pathway. In Tc81 cells, the Krüppel homolog 1 gene (Kr-h1), which is a JH-dependent repressor of insect metamorphosis, was rapidly induced by subnanomolar levels of JHs. Bioinformatics analysis and reporter assays identified 2 JH response elements (kJHREs) located in the region upstream of the transcription start site and in the first intron of Kr-h1. Furthermore, methoprene tolerant (Met) and steroid receptor co-activator (SRC) RNAi reduced JH-dependent induction of Kr-h1 transcripts and kJHRE-reporter activities. Thus, this novel Tc81 cell line is useful for the elucidation of JH signaling and is a promising tool for the functional analysis of genes by RNAi and reporter assays.
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47
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Hao W, Zhang Y, Xu YS. Identification of a juvenile hormone esterase binding protein gene and its developmental and hormone regulation in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:906-912. [PMID: 23831642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of the juvenile hormone (JH) titer is critical for insect development. Consequently, both regulators of JH such as juvenile hormone esterase (JHE; EC 3.1.1.1) and the appropriate regulation of these regulators are also critically important for development. To better characterize and understand JHE regulation, we identified a putative JHE binding protein gene named BmJHEBP in Bombyx mori. The full-length cDNA of BmJHEBP is 963 bp and encodes a 243 amino acid polypeptide. Its molecular weight is ∼29 kDa, as confirmed by Western blotting, and transcripts of BmJHEBP were found to be expressed in all tissues. The mRNA level of BmJHEBP in the fat body was high on day 1 of the fifth instar, followed by a decrease from day 2 to day 5; thereafter, the mRNA level increased simultaneously with an increase in the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer. This temporary expression pattern was similar to that of BmJHE in the fat body and of the JHE enzyme activity in the hemolymph. The BmJHEBP level in the fat body of male larvae was slightly higher than that of the fat body in female larvae. Moreover, this protein expression pattern is consistent with the qRT-PCR results. The in vitro fat body culture results indicate that the high titer JH III induced BmJHEBP mRNA expression, while the lower titer exhibited no significant difference at the mRNA level to the group cultivated with DMSO. These studies demonstrate that BmJHEBP might function in JHE transportation and degradation when the JH III titer is high. BmJHEBP was upregulated by 20E cultivation, but this cultivation induced less upregulation and later responses to the JH pulse. Thus, BmJHEBP is regulated by both JH and ecdysone in a balanced manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hao
- Institute of Sericulture & Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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48
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Sláma K. Insect hormones: more than 50-years after the discovery of insect juvenile hormone analogues (JHA, juvenoids). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1163/18749836-06041073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the over half-centennial history of research on insect juvenile hormone (JH) as well as its natural and synthetic bioanalogues (JHA or juvenoids).The leading theories of insect hormone action in growth and metamorphosis were created more than 50 years ago by the pioneers of insect endocrinology, V. B. Wigglesworth, C. M. Williams, V. J. A. Novák, H. Piepho, H. A. Schneiderman and L. I. Gilbert. There are two principal categories of hormones released from the central neuroendocrine system (neurosecretory cells of the brain, corpora cardiaca, corpora allata) that regulate insect growth and metamorphosis. The first is a complex set of neurohormones (neuropeptides) originating in the neurosecretory cells of the insect brain, which are released from the neurohaemal organs, the corpora cardiaca. These neuropeptides are responsible for stimulation of various developmental events, such as the release of the activation hormone, AH. The second category of centrally produced hormones in insects is the morphogenesis inhibiting hormone, or juvenile hormone (JH), produced by the associated endocrine glands, the corpora allata. JH is responsible for induction of the somatic larval growth in young instar larvae and stimulation of reproduction in the feeding adult stages.Wigglesworth (1935) first described JH as an inhibitory hormone; Williams (1957) discovered its active extracts. Sláma (1961) discovered the hormonomimetic or pseudojuvenile effects of various lipid extracts and free fatty acids. In addition to lipid extracts with JH activity, a phenomenon found in various human organs, microorganisms and plants, JH-mimetic materials were found in American paper products in 1964. The source of the so-called “paper factor” was the wood of the Canadian balsam fir. The potential use of these and other analogues of JH as nontoxic, selectively acting “third generation pesticides” stimulated an enormous boom of activity among industrial and academic institutions all over the world, in the pursuit of synthetic JH analogues for replacement of toxic insecticides.For practical reasons, in this review the chemical structures of the synthetic juvenoids have been divided into three categories: a) natural and synthetic, predominantly terpenoid juvenoids known before 1970; b) terpenoid and nonterpenoid juvenoids synthesized and tested before 1980, and; c) predominantly nonterpenoid, polycyclic juvenoids with relatively high JH activity, found and selected for practical use after 1980. Chemical structures of several juvenoids of theoretical or practical importance, together with the essential structure-activity relationships, are outlined in several figures and tables. The total number of all juvenoids reported active in one or more insects species has been estimated to be more than 4000 compounds. A juvenoid molecule has, more or less, a similar molecular size, roughly equivalent to a chain of 15 to 17 carbon atoms, with the presence of some slightly polar functional groups and a more or less lipophilic physico-chemical properties. Beyond these similarities, there are many variations in the structural types of juvenoids, including, derivatives of acyclic terpenoids, arylterpenoids, peptides, heterocyclic and polycyclic juvenoids, phenoxyphenyl juvenoids, juvenoid carbamates, and pyridyl-derivatives.In addition to the generally known and intensively studied effects of juvenoids, such as inhibition of metamorphosis, inhibition of embryogenesis, and stimulation of ovarian growth, there are certain less remarkable and largely unexplored biological effects of juvenoids. Some of those phenomena, which are briefly described in this review, are: a) the effects of juvenoids on embryonic development (ovicidal effects); b) delayed effects of JH on metamorphosis from egg stage; c) sexually transmitted female sterility caused by juvenoid treatments of the males; d) the nonvolatile, biochemically activated juvenogen complexes, generating hormonally active juvenoids by enzymatic hydrolysis of the complex, and; e) antihormones with antijuvenile activity.There are two basic hormonal theories on the regulation of insect metamorphosis by JH that have been proposed during the past 50 years. The first is the theory of Gilbert-Riddiford, which has been widely disseminated at universities worldwide, through textbooks on insect physiology, biochemistry and endocrinology. The second, less renowned, hormonal theory of insect development is that of Novák-Sláma. Briefly, the Gilbert-Riddiford theory is based on several fundamental principles. These are: a) the brain hormone-prothoracic gland (PG) concept created more than 50 years ago and later disproved by Williams; b) the conclusions of Piepho, who suggested that a large concentration of JH would cause a single epidermal cell to develop larval patterns, pupal patterns at medium concentrations, and adult epidermal patterns at zero concentration; c) small amounts of JH are necessary in the last larval instars of endopterygote insects for preventing precocious proliferation of imaginal discs; d) metamorphosis is stimulated by PG through a small endogenous peak of ecdysteroid preceding the large prepupal one; e) ecdysteroids are released from the PG in response to superimposed prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) from the brain; f) the true juvenile hormone of the corpora allata is a sesquiterpenoid compound known as epoxy homofarnesoate (JH-I), isolated from the adult male abdomens of the Cecropia silkmoths, and; g) physiological functions of JH and other hormones are regulated at the peripheral level by enzymes (esterase) or genes (methoprene tolerant,Metor a Broad complex gene).The Novák-Sláma theory is based on completely different building blocks. Briefly, these are: a) the PG represent a peripheral organ which is not involved in the regulation of the moulting cycles, instead; b) the PG are a subordinated target of JH (not PTTH), they are inactive during the last larval instar and their removal does not abolish the cycles of moults; c) the PG are used to generate metabolic water during the growth of young larval instars by secreting of an adipokinetic superhormone, which stimulates total combustion of the dietary lipids; d) small, medium, or large concentrations of JH are unimportant, the hormone only needs to be present in the minimum, physiologically effective concentrations; e) an imperative condition for metamorphosis to occur is a virtual absence of JH starting from the second half of the penultimate larval instar; f) JH acts according to an “all-or-none” rule at the single cell level, and the temporal sensitivity to JH is strictly limited to a narrow period at the beginning of the moulting cycle, before the cells begin to divide; g) the corpus allatum never produces JH in a nonfeeding stage, and the sesquiterpenoid juvenoid JH-I cannot be the true JH of insects (it has very low JH activity, 100,000-fold smaller in comparison to human made peptidic juvenoids); h) the developmental cycles are stimulated exclusively by neuropeptides produced by the brain’s neurosecretory cells (AH); i) developmental stimulation by AH has nothing in common with the PTTH or PG; j) when environmental interventions in the hormonal system become obsolete, the regulation of moulting cycles becomes autonomic (hormone independent), supported by the stereotypic instructions coded on the genome; k) during the millions of years of insect evolution, the central neuroendocrine system acquired the superimposed, epigenetic ability to adapt gene functions and synchronize them with essential changes in the environment. A model based on the regulation of insect metamorphosis by simple combination of two hormones (AH, JH) of the central neuroendocrine system is outlined. A possibility that the 4000 known juvenoid molecules act as the feedback or homeostatic factors affecting permeability of the epidermal cell membranes has been suggested. Speculations about possible peptidic or proteinic nature of the corpus allatum hormone have been emphasized.
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Daimon T, Shinoda T. Function, diversity, and application of insect juvenile hormone epoxidases (CYP15). Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2013; 60:82-91. [PMID: 23586995 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile hormones (JHs) represent a family of sesquiterpenoid hormones in insects, and they play a key role in regulating development, metamorphosis, and reproduction. The last two steps of the JH biosynthetic pathway, epoxidation and methyl esterification of farnesoic acid to JH, are insect specific, and thus have long been considered a promising target for biorational insecticides. Recently, the enzymes involved in the last two steps have been molecularly identified: JH acid methyltransferase catalyzes the esterification step and the cytochrome P450 CYP15 enzyme catalyzes the epoxidation step. In this review, we describe the recent progress on the characterization of JH biosynthetic enzymes, with special focus on the function and diversity of the CYP15 family. CYP15 genes have evolved lineage-specific substrate specificity and regulatory mechanisms in insects, which appear to be associated with the lineage-specific acquisition of unique JH structure and function. In addition, the lack of CYP15 genes in crustacean (Daphnia pulex) and arachnid (Tetranychus urticae) species, whose genomes have been fully sequenced, may imply that CYP15 enzymes are an evolutionary innovation in insects to use the epoxide forms of methylated farnesoid molecules as their principal JHs. Molecular identification and characterization of CYP15 genes from broad taxa of insects have paved the way to the design of target-specific, biorational anti-JH agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Daimon
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Hiruma K, Kaneko Y. Hormonal Regulation of Insect Metamorphosis with Special Reference to Juvenile Hormone Biosynthesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 103:73-100. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385979-2.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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