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Golomb BA, Han JH. Adverse effect propensity: A new feature of Gulf War illness predicted by environmental exposures. iScience 2023; 26:107363. [PMID: 37554469 PMCID: PMC10405325 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A third of 1990-1 Gulf-deployed personnel developed drug/chemical-induced multisymptom illness, "Gulf War illness" (GWI). Veterans with GWI (VGWI) report increased drug/exposure adverse effects (AEs). Using previously collected data from a case-control study, we evaluated whether the fraction of exposures that engendered AEs ("AE Propensity") is increased in VGWI (it was); whether AE Propensity is related to self-rated "chemical sensitivity" (it did); and whether specific exposures "predicted" AE Propensity (they did). Pesticides and radiation exposure were significant predictors, with copper significantly "protective"-in the total sample (adjusted for GWI-status) and separately in VGWI and controls, on multivariable regression. Mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress (OS) underlie AEs from many exposures irrespective of nominal specific mechanism. We hypothesize that mitochondrial toxicity and interrelated OS from pesticides and radiation position people on the steep part of the curve of mitochondrial impairment and OS versus symptom/biological disruption, amplifying impact of new exposures. Copper, meanwhile, is involved in critical OS detoxification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice A. Golomb
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jun Hee Han
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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2
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Yang F, Zhang Y, Meng X, Zhang T, Qu G, Wang K, Zhao W, Huang X, Zhong B, Xia L, Wang H. A new precursor to diversify BCN architectures with enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:155601. [PMID: 34488196 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac23f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal BCN (h-BCN) is considered to be a promising dielectric ceramic material with a hybrid B-C-N structure and an electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing material with tenable properties. H-BCN bulk and microtube architectures are simultaneously synthesized by precursor pyrolysis method using BCl3, aniline (AN) and diethylenetriamine (DETA) as the raw material. By analyzing its electromagnetic parameters, the effective absorption bandwidth of the sample cracking at 900 °C with the proportion of raw materials (DETA:AN = 1:1) can be up to 7.2 GHz, and the minimum reflection loss can reach -43.6 dB at 7.92 GHz with a thickness of 3.5 mm. Moreover, the EMW absorbing property of the ceramic can be tuned by adjusting the ratio of monomers, pyrolysis temperature, and cooling rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohuan Meng
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Huang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, People's Republic of China
| | - Huatao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, People's Republic of China
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3
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Mansourian M, Firoozabadi SMP, Hassan ZM. The effect of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields on biological pathways induced by electrochemotherapy. Electromagn Biol Med 2021; 40:158-168. [PMID: 33306410 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1856681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new and promising treatment strategy for cancer treatment. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) on the mechanisms of ECT (low voltage, high frequency) including cell permeability in vitro, and tumor hypoxia, immune system response in vivo, and on volume of tumors treated with ECT (70 V/cm, 5 kHz). The 4T1 cells were exposed to RF-EMFs at 17, 162, or 349 µW/cm2 power densities, using GSM900 simulator, 10 min. The cells were then put in individual groups, comprising of no treatment, chemotherapy, electric pulses (EPs), or ECT. The cell viability was evaluated. The mice with 4T1 tumor cells were exposed to RF field 10 min/day until the tumor volume reached about 8 mm. Then, the mice tumors were treated with ECT. Tumor hypoxia and immune system response was analyzed through immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay and ELISA technique, respectively. The volume of tumors was also calculated for 24 days following the treatment. The results showed that RF fields at 349 µW/cm2 could increase tumor hypoxia induced by ECT and cause a significant increase of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in comparison with group ECT alone. However, 900 MHz radiations did not affect the volume of tumors treated to ECT (70 V/cm, 5 kHz) significantly. In this study, 900 MHz EMF could improve some biological pathways induced by ECT. Such a positive effect could utilize in some other treatments to increase efficacy, which should be investigated in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Mansourian
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - S M P Firoozabadi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Science, Biomedical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Zuhair Mohammad Hassan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
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Alkis ME, Akdag MZ, Dasdag S. Effects of Low-Intensity Microwave Radiation on Oxidant-Antioxidant Parameters and DNA Damage in the Liver of Rats. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 42:76-85. [PMID: 33368426 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The continuously increasing usage of cell phones has raised concerns about the adverse effects of microwave radiation (MWR) emitted by cell phones on health. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have claimed that MWR may cause various kinds of damage in tissues. The aim of this study is to examine the possible effects of exposure to low-intensity MWR on DNA and oxidative damage in the livers of rats. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into three equal groups randomly (n = 6). Group 1 (Sham-control): rats were kept under conditions the same as those of other groups, except for MWR exposure. Group 2: rats exposed to 1800 MHz (SAR: 0.62 W/kg) at 0.127 ± 0.04 mW/cm2 power density, and Group 3: rats exposed to 2,100 MHz (SAR: 0.2 W/kg) at 0.038 ± 0.03 mW/cm2 power density. Microwave application groups were exposed to MWR 2 h/day for 7 months. At the end of the exposure period, the rats were sacrificed and DNA damage, malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and total oxidant-antioxidant parameter analyses were conducted in their liver tissue samples. It was found that 1800 and 2100 MHz low-intensity MWR caused a significant increase in MDA, 8-OHdG, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, and comet assay tail intensity (P < 0.05), while total antioxidant status levels (P < 0.05) decreased. The results of our study showed that whole-body exposure to 1800 and 2100 MHz low-intensity MWR emitted by cell phones can induce oxidative stress by altering oxidant-antioxidant parameters and lead to DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA damage in the liver of rats. Bioelectromagnetics. 2021;42:76-85. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet E Alkis
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Health School of Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Z Akdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Dasdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Gulati S, Kosik P, Durdik M, Skorvaga M, Jakl L, Markova E, Belyaev I. Effects of different mobile phone UMTS signals on DNA, apoptosis and oxidative stress in human lymphocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115632. [PMID: 33254645 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Different scientific reports suggested link between exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RF) from mobile communications and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage while other studies have not found such a link. However, the available studies are not directly comparable because they were performed at different parameters of exposure, including carrier frequency of RF signal, which was shown to be a critical for appearance of the RF effects. For the first time, we comparatively analyzed genotoxic effects of UMTS signals at different frequency channels used by 3G mobile phones (1923, 1947.47, and 1977 MHz). Genotoxicity was examined in human lymphocytes exposed to RF for 1 h and 3 h using complimentary endpoints such as induction of ROS by imaging flow cytometry, DNA damage by alkaline comet assay, mutations in TP53 gene by RSM assay, preleukemic fusion genes (PFG) by RT-qPCR, and apoptosis by flow cytometry. No effects of RF exposure on ROS, apoptosis, PFG, and mutations in TP53 gene were revealed regardless the UMTS frequency while inhibition of a bulk RNA expression was found. On the other hand, we found relatively small but statistically significant induction of DNA damage in dependence on UMTS frequency channel with maximal effect at 1977.0 MHz. Our data support a notion that each specific signal used in mobile communication should be tested in specially designed experiments to rule out that prolonged exposure to RF from mobile communication would induce genotoxic effects and affect the health of human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Gulati
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Kosik
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Matus Durdik
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Milan Skorvaga
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Lukas Jakl
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Markova
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Belyaev
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 05, Slovak Republic.
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Selmaoui B, Touitou Y. Association Between Mobile Phone Radiation Exposure and the Secretion of Melatonin and Cortisol, Two Markers of the Circadian System: A Review. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 42:5-17. [PMID: 33238059 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The extremely important use of mobile phones in the world, at all ages of life, including children and adolescents, leads to significant exposure of these populations to electromagnetic waves of radiofrequency. The question, therefore, arises as to whether exposure to these radiofrequencies (RFs) could lead to deleterious effects on the body's biological systems and health. In the current article, we review the effects, in laboratory animals and humans, of exposure to RF on two hormones considered as endocrine markers: melatonin, a neurohormone produced by the pineal gland and cortisol, a glucocorticosteroid synthesized by the adrenal glands. These two hormones are also considered as markers of the circadian system. The literature search was performed using PubMed, Medline, Web of Sciences (ISI Web of Knowledge), Google Scholar, and EMF Portal. From this review on RF effects on cortisol and melatonin, it appears that scientific papers in the literature are conflicting, showing effects, no effects, or inconclusive data. This implies the need for additional research on higher numbers of subjects and with protocols perfectly controlled with follow-up studies to better determine whether the chronic effect of RF on the biological functioning and health of users exists (or not). Bioelectromagnetics. 2021;42:5-17. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Selmaoui
- Department of Experimental Toxicology, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PériTox Laboratory, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Picardie Jules Verne University, Amiens, France
| | - Yvan Touitou
- Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, Unité de Chronobiologie, Paris, France
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Melnick R. Regarding ICNIRP'S Evaluation of the National Toxicology Program's Carcinogenicity Studies on Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 118:678-682. [PMID: 32345908 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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de Seze R, Poutriquet C, Gamez C, Maillot-Maréchal E, Robidel F, Lecomte A, Fonta C. Repeated exposure to nanosecond high power pulsed microwaves increases cancer incidence in rat. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226858. [PMID: 32267859 PMCID: PMC7141660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-power microwaves are used to inhibit electronics of threatening military or civilian vehicles. This work aims to assess health hazards of high-power microwaves and helps to define hazard threshold levels of modulated radiofrequency exposures such as those emitted by the first generations of mobile phones. Rats were exposed to the highest possible field levels, under single acute or repetitive exposures for eight weeks. Intense microwave electric fields at 1 MV m-1 of nanoseconds duration were applied from two sources at different carrier frequencies of 10 and 3.7 GHz. The repetition rate was 100 pps, and the duration of train pulses lasted from 10 s to twice 8 min. The effects on the central nervous system were evaluated, by labelling brain inflammation marker GFAP and by performing different behavioural tests: rotarod, T-maze, beam-walking, open-field, and avoidance test. Long-time survival was measured in animals repeatedly exposed, and anatomopathological analysis was performed on animals sacrificed at two years of life or earlier in case of precocious death. Control groups were sham exposed. Few effects were observed on behaviour. With acute exposure, an avoidance reflex was shown at very high thermal level (22 W kg-1); GFAP was increased some days after exposure. Most importantly, with repeated exposures, survival time was 4-months shorter in the exposed group, with eleven animals exhibiting a large sub-cutaneous tumour, compared to two in the sham group. A residual X-ray exposure was also present in the beam (0.8 Gy), which is probably not a bias for the observed result. High power microwaves below thermal level in average, can increase cancer prevalence and decrease survival time in rats, without clear effects on behaviour. The parameters of this effect need to be further explored, and a more precise dosimetry to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- René de Seze
- Chronic Risks Division, PeriTox/Experimental Toxicology Unit UMR-I 01, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Carole Poutriquet
- Brain and Cognition Research Center CerCo, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5549, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Christelle Gamez
- Chronic Risks Division, PeriTox/Experimental Toxicology Unit UMR-I 01, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Emmanuelle Maillot-Maréchal
- Chronic Risks Division, PeriTox/Experimental Toxicology Unit UMR-I 01, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Franck Robidel
- Chronic Risks Division, PeriTox/Experimental Toxicology Unit UMR-I 01, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Anthony Lecomte
- Chronic Risks Division, PeriTox/Experimental Toxicology Unit UMR-I 01, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Caroline Fonta
- Brain and Cognition Research Center CerCo, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5549, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Durdik M, Kosik P, Markova E, Somsedikova A, Gajdosechova B, Nikitina E, Horvathova E, Kozics K, Davis D, Belyaev I. Microwaves from mobile phone induce reactive oxygen species but not DNA damage, preleukemic fusion genes and apoptosis in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16182. [PMID: 31700008 PMCID: PMC6838175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has been associated with the increased risk of childhood leukemia, which arises from mutations induced within hematopoietic stem cells often through preleukemic fusion genes (PFG). In this study we investigated whether exposure to microwaves (MW) emitted by mobile phones could induce various biochemical markers of cellular damage including reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA single and double strand breaks, PFG, and apoptosis in umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells including CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. UCB cells were exposed to MW pulsed signals from GSM900/UMTS test-mobile phone and ROS, apoptosis, DNA damage, and PFG were analyzed using flow cytometry, automated fluorescent microscopy, imaging flow cytometry, comet assay, and RT-qPCR. In general, no persisting difference in DNA damage, PFG and apoptosis between exposed and sham-exposed samples was detected. However, we found increased ROS level after 1 h of UMTS exposure that was not evident 3 h post-exposure. We also found that the level of ROS rise with the higher degree of cellular differentiation. Our data show that UCB cells exposed to pulsed MW developed transient increase in ROS that did not result in sustained DNA damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matus Durdik
- Deparment of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Pavol Kosik
- Deparment of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Markova
- Deparment of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Somsedikova
- Deparment of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Beata Gajdosechova
- Deparment of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ekaterina Nikitina
- Department of Oncovirology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Eva Horvathova
- Deparment of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarina Kozics
- Deparment of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Devra Davis
- The Hebrew University Hadassah School of Medicine, and Environmental Health Trust, Washington, USA
| | - Igor Belyaev
- Deparment of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Qin F, Shen T, Cao H, Qian J, Zou D, Ye M, Pei H. CeO 2NPs relieve radiofrequency radiation, improve testosterone synthesis, and clock gene expression in Leydig cells by enhancing antioxidation. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4601-4611. [PMID: 31296989 PMCID: PMC6598754 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s206561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The ratio of Ce3+/Ce4+ in their structure confers unique functions on cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) containing rare earth elements in scavenging free radicals and protecting against oxidative damage. The potential of CeO2NPs to protect testosterone synthesis in primary mouse Leydig cells during exposure to 1,800 MHz radiofrequency (RF) radiation was examined in vitro. Methods: Leydig cells were treated with different concentrations of CeO2NPs to identify the optimum concentration for cell proliferation. The cells were pretreated with the optimum dose of CeO2NPs for 24 hrs and then exposed to 1,800 MHz RF at a power density of 200.27 µW/cm2 (specific absorption rate (SAR), 0.116 W/kg) for 1 hr, 2 hrs, or 4 hrs. The medium was used to measure the testosterone concentration. The cells were collected to determine the antioxidant indices (catalase [CAT], malondialdehyde [MDA], and total antioxidant capacity [T-AOC]), and the mRNA expression of the testosterone synthase genes (Star, Cyp11a1, and Hsd-3β) and clock genes (Clock, Bmal1, and Rorα). Results: Our preliminary result showed that 128 μg/mL CeO2NPs was the optimum dose for cell proliferation. Cells exposed to RF alone showed reduced levels of testosterone, T-AOC, and CAT activities, increased MDA content, and the downregulated genes expression of Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd-3β, Clock, Bmal1, and Rorα. Pretreatment of the cells with 128 μg/mL CeO2NPs for 24 hrs followed by RF exposure significantly increased testosterone synthesis, upregulated the expression of the testosterone synthase and clock genes, and increased the resistance to oxidative damage in Leydig cells compared with those in cells exposed to RF alone. Conclusion: Exposure to 1,800 MHz RF had adverse effects on testosterone synthesis, antioxidant levels, and clock gene expression in primary Leydig cells. Pretreatment with CeO2NPs prevented the adverse effects on testosterone synthesis induced by RF exposure by regulating their antioxidant capacity and clock gene expression in vitro. Further studies of the mechanism underlying the protective function of CeO2NPs against RF in the male reproductive system are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenju Qin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China.,School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglong Cao
- School of Electronic & Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zou
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingkang Ye
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailong Pei
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Pérez-González A, Castañeda-Arriaga R, Álvarez-Idaboy JR, Reiter RJ, Galano A. Melatonin and its metabolites as chemical agents capable of directly repairing oxidized DNA. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12539. [PMID: 30417425 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress mediates chemical damage to DNA yielding a wide variety of products. In this work, the potential capability of melatonin and several of its metabolites to repair directly (chemically) oxidative lesions in DNA was explored. It was found that all the investigated molecules are capable of repairing guanine-centered radical cations by electron transfer at very high rates, that is, diffusion-limited. They are also capable of repairing C-centered radicals in the sugar moiety of 2'-deoxyguanosine (2dG) by hydrogen atom transfer. Although this was identified as a rather slow process, with rate constants ranging from 1.75 to 5.32 × 102 M-1 s-1 , it is expected to be fast enough to prevent propagation of the DNA damage. Melatonin metabolites 6-hydroxymelatonin (6OHM) and 4-hydroxymelatonin (4OHM) are also predicted to repair OH adducts in the imidazole ring. In particular, the rate constants corresponding to the repair of 8-OH-G adducts were found to be in the order of 104 M-1 s-1 and are assisted by a water molecule. The results presented here strongly suggest that the role of melatonin in preventing DNA damage might be mediated by its capability, combined with that of its metabolites, to directly repair oxidized sites in DNA through different chemical routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pérez-González
- CONACYT, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Iztapalapa, México City, México
| | - Romina Castañeda-Arriaga
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Iztapalapa, México City, México
| | - Juan Raúl Álvarez-Idaboy
- Departamento de Física y Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Iztapalapa, México City, México
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12
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Hardell L, Carlberg M. Comments on the US National Toxicology Program technical reports on toxicology and carcinogenesis study in rats exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at 900 MHz and in mice exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at 1,900 MHz. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:111-127. [PMID: 30365129 PMCID: PMC6254861 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the use of handheld mobile and cordless phones, the brain is the main target of radiofrequency (RF) radiation. An increased risk of developing glioma and acoustic neuroma has been found in human epidemiological studies. Primarily based on these findings, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at the World Health Organization (WHO) classified in May, 2011 RF radiation at the frequency range of 30 kHz‑300 GHz as a 'possible' human carcinogen, Group 2B. A carcinogenic potential for RF radiation in animal studies was already published in 1982. This has been confirmed over the years, more recently in the Ramazzini Institute rat study. An increased incidence of glioma in the brain and malignant schwannoma in the heart was found in the US National Toxicology Program (NTP) study on rats and mice. The NTP final report is to be published; however, the extended reports are published on the internet for evaluation and are reviewed herein in more detail in relation to human epidemiological studies. Thus, the main aim of this study was to compare earlier human epidemiological studies with NTP findings, including a short review of animal studies. We conclude that there is clear evidence that RF radiation is a human carcinogen, causing glioma and vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma). There is some evidence of an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer, and clear evidence that RF radiation is a multi‑site carcinogen. Based on the Preamble to the IARC Monographs, RF radiation should be classified as carcinogenic to humans, Group 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Hardell
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, SE-701 85 Örebro
- The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, SE 702 17 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Michael Carlberg
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, SE-701 85 Örebro
- The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, SE 702 17 Örebro, Sweden
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Belpomme D, Hardell L, Belyaev I, Burgio E, Carpenter DO. Thermal and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:643-658. [PMID: 30025338 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to low frequency and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at low intensities poses a significant health hazard that has not been adequately addressed by national and international organizations such as the World Health Organization. There is strong evidence that excessive exposure to mobile phone-frequencies over long periods of time increases the risk of brain cancer both in humans and animals. The mechanism(s) responsible include induction of reactive oxygen species, gene expression alteration and DNA damage through both epigenetic and genetic processes. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate adverse effects on male and female reproduction, almost certainly due to generation of reactive oxygen species. There is increasing evidence the exposures can result in neurobehavioral decrements and that some individuals develop a syndrome of "electro-hypersensitivity" or "microwave illness", which is one of several syndromes commonly categorized as "idiopathic environmental intolerance". While the symptoms are non-specific, new biochemical indicators and imaging techniques allow diagnosis that excludes the symptoms as being only psychosomatic. Unfortunately standards set by most national and international bodies are not protective of human health. This is a particular concern in children, given the rapid expansion of use of wireless technologies, the greater susceptibility of the developing nervous system, the hyperconductivity of their brain tissue, the greater penetration of radiofrequency radiation relative to head size and their potential for a longer lifetime exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Belpomme
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Paris V University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lennart Hardell
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Oncology, Orebro University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Igor Belyaev
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Laboratory of Radiobiology, Institute of General Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ernesto Burgio
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Instituto Scientifico Biomedico Euro Mediterraneo, Mesagne, Italy
| | - David O Carpenter
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA; Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia.
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14
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Golomb BA. Diplomats' Mystery Illness and Pulsed Radiofrequency/Microwave Radiation. Neural Comput 2018; 30:2882-2985. [PMID: 30183509 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance: A mystery illness striking U.S. and Canadian diplomats to Cuba (and now China) "has confounded the FBI, the State Department and US intelligence agencies" (Lederman, Weissenstein, & Lee, 2017). Sonic explanations for the so-called health attacks have long dominated media reports, propelled by peculiar sounds heard and auditory symptoms experienced. Sonic mediation was justly rejected by experts. We assessed whether pulsed radiofrequency/microwave radiation (RF/MW) exposure can accommodate reported facts in diplomats, including unusual ones. Observations: (1) Noises: Many diplomats heard chirping, ringing or grinding noises at night during episodes reportedly triggering health problems. Some reported that noises were localized with laser-like precision or said the sounds seemed to follow them (within the territory in which they were perceived). Pulsed RF/MW engenders just these apparent "sounds" via the Frey effect. Perceived "sounds" differ by head dimensions and pulse characteristics and can be perceived as located behind in or above the head. Ability to hear the "sounds" depends on high-frequency hearing and low ambient noise. (2) Signs/symptoms: Hearing loss and tinnitus are prominent in affected diplomats and in RF/MW-affected individuals. Each of the protean symptoms that diplomats report also affect persons reporting symptoms from RF/MW: sleep problems, headaches, and cognitive problems dominate in both groups. Sensations of pressure or vibration figure in each. Both encompass vision, balance, and speech problems and nosebleeds. Brain injury and brain swelling are reported in both. (3) Mechanisms: Oxidative stress provides a documented mechanism of RF/MW injury compatible with reported signs and symptoms; sequelae of endothelial dysfunction (yielding blood flow compromise), membrane damage, blood-brain barrier disruption, mitochondrial injury, apoptosis, and autoimmune triggering afford downstream mechanisms, of varying persistence, that merit investigation. (4) Of note, microwaving of the U.S. embassy in Moscow is historically documented. Conclusions and relevance: Reported facts appear consistent with pulsed RF/MW as the source of injury in affected diplomats. Nondiplomats citing symptoms from RF/MW, often with an inciting pulsed-RF/MW exposure, report compatible health conditions. Under the RF/MW hypothesis, lessons learned for diplomats and for RF/MW-affected civilians may each aid the other.
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15
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Akdag M, Dasdag S, Canturk F, Akdag MZ. Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phones induced DNA damage in human ear canal hair follicle cells. Electromagn Biol Med 2018; 37:66-75. [PMID: 29667447 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2018.1463246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate effect of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted from mobile phones on DNA damage in follicle cells of hair in the ear canal. The study was carried out on 56 men (age range: 30-60 years old)in four treatment groups with n = 14 in each group. The groups were defined as follows: people who did not use a mobile phone (Control), people use mobile phones for 0-30 min/day (second group), people use mobile phones for 30-60 min/day (third group) and people use mobile phones for more than 60 min/day (fourth group). Ear canal hair follicle cells taken from the subjects were analyzed by the Comet Assay to determine DNA damages. The Comet Assay parameters measured were head length, tail length, comet length, percentage of head DNA, tail DNA percentage, tail moment, and Olive tail moment. Results of the study showed that DNA damage indicators were higher in the RFR exposure groups than in the control subjects. In addition, DNA damage increased with the daily duration of exposure. In conclusion, RFR emitted from mobile phones has a potential to produce DNA damage in follicle cells of hair in the ear canal. Therefore, mobile phone users have to pay more attention when using wireless phones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Akdag
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Medical School of Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey
| | - Suleyman Dasdag
- b Department of Biophysics , Medical School of Istanbul Medeniyet University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Fazile Canturk
- c Department of Biophysics , Medical School of Erciyes University , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag
- d Department of Biophysics , Medical School of Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey
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16
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Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hedendahl LK. Radiofrequency radiation from nearby base stations gives high levels in an apartment in Stockholm, Sweden: A case report. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7871-7883. [PMID: 29725476 PMCID: PMC5920374 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to radiofrequency (RF) radiation was classified in 2011 as a possible human carcinogen, Group 2B, by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organisation. Evidence of the risk of cancer risk has since strengthened. Exposure is changing due to the rapid development of technology resulting in increased ambient radiation. RF radiation of sufficient intensity heats tissues, but the energy is insufficient to cause ionization, hence it is called non-ionizing radiation. These non-thermal exposure levels have resulted in biological effects in humans, animals and cells, including an increased cancer risk. In the present study, the levels of RF radiation were measured in an apartment close to two groups of mobile phone base stations on the roof. A total of 74,531 measurements were made corresponding to ~83 h of recording. The total mean RF radiation level was 3,811 µW/m2 (range 15.2–112,318 µW/m2) for the measurement of the whole apartment, including balconies. Particularly high levels were measured on three balconies and 3 of 4 bedrooms. The total mean RF radiation level decreased by 98% when the measured down-links from the base stations for 2, 3 and 4 G were disregarded. The results are discussed in relation to the detrimental health effects of non-thermal RF radiation. Due to the current high RF radiation, the apartment is not suitable for long-term living, particularly for children who may be more sensitive than adults. For a definitive conclusion regarding the effect of RF radiation from nearby base stations, one option would be to turn them off and repeat the measurements. However, the simplest and safest solution would be to turn them off and dismantle them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Hardell
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.,The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, SE-702 17 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Michael Carlberg
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.,The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, SE-702 17 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lena K Hedendahl
- The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, SE-702 17 Örebro, Sweden.,Independent Environment and Health Research Luleå, SE-972 53 Luleå, Sweden
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17
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Melatonin: A Versatile Protector against Oxidative DNA Damage. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030530. [PMID: 29495460 PMCID: PMC6017920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage to DNA has important implications for human health and has been identified as a key factor in the onset and development of numerous diseases. Thus, it is evident that preventing DNA from oxidative damage is crucial for humans and for any living organism. Melatonin is an astonishingly versatile molecule in this context. It can offer both direct and indirect protection against a wide variety of damaging agents and through multiple pathways, which may (or may not) take place simultaneously. They include direct antioxidative protection, which is mediated by melatonin's free radical scavenging activity, and also indirect ways of action. The latter include, at least: (i) inhibition of metal-induced DNA damage; (ii) protection against non-radical triggers of oxidative DNA damage; (iii) continuous protection after being metabolized; (iv) activation of antioxidative enzymes; (v) inhibition of pro-oxidative enzymes; and (vi) boosting of the DNA repair machinery. The rather unique capability of melatonin to exhibit multiple neutralizing actions against diverse threatening factors, together with its low toxicity and its ability to cross biological barriers, are all significant to its efficiency for preventing oxidative damage to DNA.
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Altun G, Kaplan S, Deniz OG, Kocacan SE, Canan S, Davis D, Marangoz C. Protective effects of melatonin and omega-3 on the hippocampus and the cerebellum of adult Wistar albino rats exposed to electromagnetic fields. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2017; 5:230-241. [PMID: 30023259 PMCID: PMC6025784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of pulsed digital electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones on the central nervous system of the adult Wistar albino rats. The study evaluated structural and functional impacts of four treatment arms: electromagnetic field (EMF) exposed; EMF exposed + melatonin treated group (EMF + Mel); EMF exposed + omega-3 (ω3) treated group (EMF + ω3); and control group (Cont). The 12-weeks-old rats were exposed to 900 MHz EMF for 60 min/day (4:00–5:00 p.m.) for 15 days. Stereological, biochemical and electrophysiological techniques were applied to evaluate protective effects of Mel and ω3. Significant cell loss in the CA1 and CA2 regions of hippocampus were observed in the EMF compared to other groups (p < 0.01). In the CA3 region of the EMF + ω3, a significant cell increase was found compared to other groups (p < 0.01). Granular cell loss was observed in the dentate gyrus of the EMF compared to the Cont (p < 0.01). EMF + ω3 has more granular cells in the cerebellum than the Cont, EMF + Mel (p < 0.01). Significant Purkinje cell loss was found in the cerebellum of EMF group compared to the other (p < 0.01). EMF + Mel and EMF + ω3 showed the same protection compared to the Cont (p > 0.05). The passive avoidance test showed that entrance latency into the dark compartment was significantly shorter in the EMF (p < 0.05). Additionally, EMF had a higher serum enzyme activity than the other groups (p < 0.01). In conclusion, our analyses confirm that EMF may lead to cellular damage in the hippocampus and the cerebellum, and that Mel and ω3 may have neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Altun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
- Corresponding author. E-mail address: (G. Altun)
| | - Suleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Omur Gulsum Deniz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | | | - Sinan Canan
- Department of Psychology, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Devra Davis
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Environmental Health Trust, Teton Village, WY, USA
| | - Cafer Marangoz
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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19
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Gong Y, Capstick M, Tillmann T, Dasenbrock C, Samaras T, Kuster N. Desktop exposure system and dosimetry for small scale in vivo radiofrequency exposure experiments. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 37:49-61. [PMID: 26769169 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a new approach to the risk assessment of exposure from wireless network devices, including an exposure setup and dosimetric assessment for in vivo studies. A novel desktop reverberation chamber has been developed for well-controlled exposure of mice for up to 24 h per day to address the biological impact of human exposure scenarios by wireless networks. The carrier frequency of 2.45 GHz corresponds to one of the major bands used in data communication networks and is modulated by various modulation schemes, including Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and wireless local area network, etc. The system has been designed to enable exposures of whole-body averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) of up to 15 W/kg for six mice of an average weight of 25 g or of up to 320 V/m incident time-averaged fields under loaded conditions without distortion of the signal. The dosimetry for whole-body SAR and organ-averaged SAR of the exposed mice, with analysis of uncertainty and variation analysis, is assessed. The experimental dosimetry based on temperature measurement agrees well with the numerical dosimetry, with a very good SAR uniformity of 0.4 dB in the chamber. Furthermore, a thermal analysis and measurements were performed to provide better understanding of the temperature load and distribution in the mice during exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijian Gong
- IT'IS Foundation, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.,Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Tillmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Dasenbrock
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Theodoros Samaras
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Niels Kuster
- IT'IS Foundation, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.,Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Wood AW, Lajevardipour A, McIntosh RL. Lessons and Perspectives from a 25-Year Bioelectromagnetics Research Program. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13100950. [PMID: 27669282 PMCID: PMC5086689 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The question of whether electromagnetic fields from electric power or telecommunications systems can be linked unequivocally to health detriments has occupied scientific research endeavors for nearly half a century. For 25 years, the bioelectromagnetic research group at Swinburne University in Melbourne, Australia, has pursued a series of investigations with relevant endpoints, such as neurophysiological and neuropsychological effects, cell calcium level changes, proliferation, and genotoxic effects. Most have shown no significant changes due to fields, however, in some pilot studies significant changes were revealed, but in most cases these were not replicated in follow-up studies. This highlights a feature of this research area, generally; the unambiguous identification of small changes in noisy data where the understanding of possible interaction mechanisms is lacking. On the other hand, mathematical modelling studies, particularly with respect to fields near metallic implants, in workers exposed to fields in harsh environmental conditions and at very high frequencies (THz), continue to add to the expanding knowledge database on the characteristics of the complex electromagnetic environment we live in today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Wood
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Alireza Lajevardipour
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Robert L McIntosh
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia.
- Chief Technology Office, Telstra Corporation, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia.
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21
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Neurodegenerative changes and apoptosis induced by intrauterine and extrauterine exposure of radiofrequency radiation. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 75:128-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Black B, Granja-Vazquez R, Johnston BR, Jones E, Romero-Ortega M. Anthropogenic Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Elicit Neuropathic Pain in an Amputation Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0144268. [PMID: 26760033 PMCID: PMC4712049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anecdotal and clinical reports have suggested that radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMFs) may serve as a trigger for neuropathic pain. However, these reports have been widely disregarded, as the epidemiological effects of electromagnetic fields have not been systematically proven, and are highly controversial. Here, we demonstrate that anthropogenic RF EMFs elicit post-neurotomy pain in a tibial neuroma transposition model. Behavioral assays indicate a persistent and significant pain response to RF EMFs when compared to SHAM surgery groups. Laser thermometry revealed a transient skin temperature increase during stimulation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence revealed an increased expression of temperature sensitive cation channels (TRPV4) in the neuroma bulb, suggesting that RF EMF-induced pain may be due to cytokine-mediated channel dysregulation and hypersensitization, leading to thermal allodynia. Additional behavioral assays were performed using an infrared heating lamp in place of the RF stimulus. While thermally-induced pain responses were observed, the response frequency and progression did not recapitulate the RF EMF effects. In vitro calcium imaging experiments demonstrated that our RF EMF stimulus is sufficient to directly contribute to the depolarization of dissociated sensory neurons. Furthermore, the perfusion of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α resulted in a significantly higher percentage of active sensory neurons during RF EMF stimulation. These results substantiate patient reports of RF EMF-pain, in the case of peripheral nerve injury, while confirming the public and scientific consensus that anthropogenic RF EMFs engender no adverse sensory effects in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Black
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, United States of America
| | - Rafael Granja-Vazquez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R. Johnston
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 222 Richmond St., Providence, RI, 02903, United States of America
| | - Erick Jones
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 West 1st St., Arlington, TX, 76019, United States of America
| | - Mario Romero-Ortega
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Akdag MZ, Dasdag S, Canturk F, Karabulut D, Caner Y, Adalier N. Does prolonged radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi devices induce DNA damage in various tissues of rats? J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 75:116-22. [PMID: 26775760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Wireless internet (Wi-Fi) providers have become essential in our daily lives, as wireless technology is evolving at a dizzying pace. Although there are different frequency generators, one of the most commonly used Wi-Fi devices are 2.4GHz frequency generators. These devices are heavily used in all areas of life but the effect of radiofrequency (RF) radiation emission on users is generally ignored. Yet, an increasing share of the public expresses concern on this issue. Therefore, this study intends to respond to the growing public concern. The purpose of this study is to reveal whether long term exposure of 2.4GHz frequency RF radiation will cause DNA damage of different tissues such as brain, kidney, liver, and skin tissue and testicular tissues of rats. The study was conducted on 16 adult male Wistar-Albino rats. The rats in the experimental group (n=8) were exposed to 2.4GHz frequency radiation for over a year. The rats in the sham control group (n=8) were subjected to the same experimental conditions except the Wi-Fi generator was turned off. After the exposure period was complete the possible DNA damage on the rat's brain, liver, kidney, skin, and testicular tissues was detected through the single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet) method. The amount of DNA damage was measured as percentage tail DNA value. Based on the DNA damage results determined by the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) method, it was found that the% tail DNA values of the brain, kidney, liver, and skin tissues of the rats in the experimental group increased more than those in the control group. The increase of the DNA damage in all tissues was not significant (p>0.05). However the increase of the DNA damage in rat testes tissue was significant (p<0.01). In conclusion, long-term exposure to 2.4GHz RF radiation (Wi-Fi) does not cause DNA damage of the organs investigated in this study except testes. The results of this study indicated that testes are more sensitive organ to RF radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty of Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Dasdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty of Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fazile Canturk
- Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty of Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Derya Karabulut
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Medical Faculty of Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Caner
- Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty of Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nur Adalier
- Student, Medical School of Koc University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Singh NP. The comet assay: Reflections on its development, evolution and applications. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 767:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Makale M, Kesari S. Cell Phones and Glioma Risk: An Update. Neurooncol Pract 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/nop/npv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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26
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Yakymenko I, Tsybulin O, Sidorik E, Henshel D, Kyrylenko O, Kyrylenko S. Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2015; 35:186-202. [PMID: 26151230 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1043557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to cover experimental data on oxidative effects of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation (RFR) in living cells. Analysis of the currently available peer-reviewed scientific literature reveals molecular effects induced by low-intensity RFR in living cells; this includes significant activation of key pathways generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of peroxidation, oxidative damage of DNA and changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. It indicates that among 100 currently available peer-reviewed studies dealing with oxidative effects of low-intensity RFR, in general, 93 confirmed that RFR induces oxidative effects in biological systems. A wide pathogenic potential of the induced ROS and their involvement in cell signaling pathways explains a range of biological/health effects of low-intensity RFR, which include both cancer and non-cancer pathologies. In conclusion, our analysis demonstrates that low-intensity RFR is an expressive oxidative agent for living cells with a high pathogenic potential and that the oxidative stress induced by RFR exposure should be recognized as one of the primary mechanisms of the biological activity of this kind of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Yakymenko
- a Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Olexandr Tsybulin
- b Department of Biophysics , Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University , Bila Tserkva , Ukraine
| | - Evgeniy Sidorik
- a Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Diane Henshel
- c School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University Bloomington , Bloomington , IN , USA
| | - Olga Kyrylenko
- d A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Sergiy Kyrylenko
- e Department of Structural and Functional Biology , University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil
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Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:426-34. [PMID: 25565559 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1004466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate the effect of chronic electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure from radar on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels in occupationally exposed military personnel. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 166 male military personnel participated in the study out of which only 155 joined for blood draw. They were divided into three sets: Control group (n = 68), exposure group I (n = 40) exposed to 8-12 GHz and exposure group II (n = 58) working with radar at 12.5-18 GHz frequency. The three groups were further split into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10 years and > 10 years) in order to investigate the effect of years of exposure from radar. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated by enzyme immunoassay in fasting blood samples collected from 06:00-07:00 h. EMF measurements were recorded at different locations using Satimo EME Guard 'Personal Exposure Meter' and Narda 'Broad Band Field Meter'. RESULTS The group I exposed population registered a minor though not significant decrease in plasma melatonin concentration while the other group II exposed population registered statistically significant decline in melatonin concentration when compared with controls. Highly significant increase in plasma serotonin levels was found in exposure group II when compared to control whereas marginal non-significant rise was also registered in exposure group I in comparison to control. Exposure in terms of length of service up to 10 years did not produce any significant effect in the indoleamine levels in both the exposure groups when they were compared with their respective control groups. Whereas, length of service greater than 10 years was observed to decrease and increase respectively the melatonin and serotonin concentration significantly in exposure group II but not in exposure group I. However, correlation test did not yield any significant association between years of service and melatonin or serotonin levels respectively in both the exposure sets I and II. No significant association was observed between melatonin and serotonin levels as well. CONCLUSION The study showed the EMF ability to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentration in radar workers, significantly in 12.5-18 GHz range with service period greater than 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Science, Occupational Health , Delhi , India
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Sagioglou NE, Manta AK, Giannarakis IK, Skouroliakou AS, Margaritis LH. Apoptotic cell death duringDrosophilaoogenesis is differentially increased by electromagnetic radiation depending on modulation, intensity and duration of exposure. Electromagn Biol Med 2014; 35:40-53. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2014.971959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Health Implications of Electromagnetic Fields, Mechanisms of Action, and Research Needs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/198609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) have been implicated to influence a range of bodily functions. Given their ubiquitous nature, widespread applications, and capability to produce deleterious effects, conclusive investigations of the health risks are critical. Accordingly, this paper has been constructed to weigh the bioeffects, possible biointeraction mechanisms, and research areas in bioelectromagnetics seeking immediate attention. The several gaps in the existing knowledge do not permit one to reach a concrete conclusion but possibility for harmful effects cannot be underestimated in absence of consistent findings and causal mechanisms. Several studies with appropriate methodologies reflect the capacity of electromagnetic radiations to cause adverse health effects and there are several credible mechanisms that can account for the observed effects. Hence, need of the hour is to activate comprehensive well-coordinated blind scientific investigations, overcoming all limitations and demerits of previous investigations especially replication studies to concretize the earlier findings. Furthermore, appropriate exposure assessment is crucial for identification of dose-response relation if any, and the elucidation of biological interaction mechanism. For the time being, the public should follow the precautionary principle and limit their exposure as much as possible.
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Gürler HŞ, Bilgici B, Akar AK, Tomak L, Bedir A. Increased DNA oxidation (8-OHdG) and protein oxidation (AOPP) by low level electromagnetic field (2.45 GHz) in rat brain and protective effect of garlic. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:892-6. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.922717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are defined behaviorally, but they also involve multileveled disturbances of underlying biology that find striking parallels in the physiological impacts of electromagnetic frequency and radiofrequency radiation exposures (EMF/RFR). Part I (Vol 776) of this paper reviewed the critical contributions pathophysiology may make to the etiology, pathogenesis and ongoing generation of behaviors currently defined as being core features of ASCs. We reviewed pathophysiological damage to core cellular processes that are associated both with ASCs and with biological effects of EMF/RFR exposures that contribute to chronically disrupted homeostasis. Many studies of people with ASCs have identified oxidative stress and evidence of free radical damage, cellular stress proteins, and deficiencies of antioxidants such as glutathione. Elevated intracellular calcium in ASCs may be due to genetics or may be downstream of inflammation or environmental exposures. Cell membrane lipids may be peroxidized, mitochondria may be dysfunctional, and various kinds of immune system disturbances are common. Brain oxidative stress and inflammation as well as measures consistent with blood-brain barrier and brain perfusion compromise have been documented. Part II of this paper documents how behaviors in ASCs may emerge from alterations of electrophysiological oscillatory synchronization, how EMF/RFR could contribute to these by de-tuning the organism, and policy implications of these vulnerabilities. It details evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, neuroinflammation and brain blood flow alterations, altered electrophysiology, disruption of electromagnetic signaling, synchrony, and sensory processing, de-tuning of the brain and organism, with autistic behaviors as emergent properties emanating from this pathophysiology. Changes in brain and autonomic nervous system electrophysiological function and sensory processing predominate, seizures are common, and sleep disruption is close to universal. All of these phenomena also occur with EMF/RFR exposure that can add to system overload ('allostatic load') in ASCs by increasing risk, and can worsen challenging biological problems and symptoms; conversely, reducing exposure might ameliorate symptoms of ASCs by reducing obstruction of physiological repair. Various vital but vulnerable mechanisms such as calcium channels may be disrupted by environmental agents, various genes associated with autism or the interaction of both. With dramatic increases in reported ASCs that are coincident in time with the deployment of wireless technologies, we need aggressive investigation of potential ASC-EMF/RFR links. The evidence is sufficient to warrant new public exposure standards benchmarked to low-intensity (non-thermal) exposure levels now known to be biologically disruptive, and strong, interim precautionary practices are advocated.
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Hardell L, Carlberg M, Söderqvist F, Mild KH. Case-control study of the association between malignant brain tumours diagnosed between 2007 and 2009 and mobile and cordless phone use. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1833-45. [PMID: 24064953 PMCID: PMC3834325 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown a consistent association between long-term use of mobile and cordless phones and glioma and acoustic neuroma, but not for meningioma. When used these phones emit radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) and the brain is the main target organ for the hand-held phone. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified in May, 2011 RF-EMF as a group 2B, i.e. a ‘possible’ human carcinogen. The aim of this study was to further explore the relationship between especially long-term (>10 years) use of wireless phones and the development of malignant brain tumours. We conducted a new case-control study of brain tumour cases of both genders aged 18–75 years and diagnosed during 2007–2009. One population-based control matched on gender and age (within 5 years) was used to each case. Here, we report on malignant cases including all available controls. Exposures on e.g. use of mobile phones and cordless phones were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusting for age, gender, year of diagnosis and socio-economic index using the whole control sample. Of the cases with a malignant brain tumour, 87% (n=593) participated, and 85% (n=1,368) of controls in the whole study answered the questionnaire. The odds ratio (OR) for mobile phone use of the analogue type was 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.04–3.3, increasing with >25 years of latency (time since first exposure) to an OR=3.3, 95% CI=1.6–6.9. Digital 2G mobile phone use rendered an OR=1.6, 95% CI=0.996–2.7, increasing with latency >15–20 years to an OR=2.1, 95% CI=1.2–3.6. The results for cordless phone use were OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.1–2.9, and, for latency of 15–20 years, the OR=2.1, 95% CI=1.2–3.8. Few participants had used a cordless phone for >20–25 years. Digital type of wireless phones (2G and 3G mobile phones, cordless phones) gave increased risk with latency >1–5 years, then a lower risk in the following latency groups, but again increasing risk with latency >15–20 years. Ipsilateral use resulted in a higher risk than contralateral mobile and cordless phone use. Higher ORs were calculated for tumours in the temporal and overlapping lobes. Using the meningioma cases in the same study as reference entity gave somewhat higher ORs indicating that the results were unlikely to be explained by recall or observational bias. This study confirmed previous results of an association between mobile and cordless phone use and malignant brain tumours. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that RF-EMFs play a role both in the initiation and promotion stages of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Hardell
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden
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Liu C, Gao P, Xu SC, Wang Y, Chen CH, He MD, Yu ZP, Zhang L, Zhou Z. Mobile phone radiation induces mode-dependent DNA damage in a mouse spermatocyte-derived cell line: A protective role of melatonin. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:993-1001. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.811309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kesari KK, Meena R, Nirala J, Kumar J, Verma HN. Effect of 3G Cell Phone Exposure with Computer Controlled 2-D Stepper Motor on Non-thermal Activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK Stress Pathway in Rat Brain. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 68:347-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pall ML. Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:958-65. [PMID: 23802593 PMCID: PMC3780531 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct targets of extremely low and microwave frequency range electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in producing non-thermal effects have not been clearly established. However, studies in the literature, reviewed here, provide substantial support for such direct targets. Twenty-three studies have shown that voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) produce these and other EMF effects, such that the L-type or other VGCC blockers block or greatly lower diverse EMF effects. Furthermore, the voltage-gated properties of these channels may provide biophysically plausible mechanisms for EMF biological effects. Downstream responses of such EMF exposures may be mediated through Ca2+/calmodulin stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis. Potentially, physiological/therapeutic responses may be largely as a result of nitric oxide-cGMP-protein kinase G pathway stimulation. A well-studied example of such an apparent therapeutic response, EMF stimulation of bone growth, appears to work along this pathway. However, pathophysiological responses to EMFs may be as a result of nitric oxide-peroxynitrite-oxidative stress pathway of action. A single such well-documented example, EMF induction of DNA single-strand breaks in cells, as measured by alkaline comet assays, is reviewed here. Such single-strand breaks are known to be produced through the action of this pathway. Data on the mechanism of EMF induction of such breaks are limited; what data are available support this proposed mechanism. Other Ca2+-mediated regulatory changes, independent of nitric oxide, may also have roles. This article reviews, then, a substantially supported set of targets, VGCCs, whose stimulation produces non-thermal EMF responses by humans/higher animals with downstream effects involving Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide increases, which may explain therapeutic and pathophysiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Basic Medical Sciences, Washington State University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Panagopoulos DJ, Johansson O, Carlo GL. Evaluation of specific absorption rate as a dosimetric quantity for electromagnetic fields bioeffects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62663. [PMID: 23750202 PMCID: PMC3672148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate SAR as a dosimetric quantity for EMF bioeffects, and identify ways for increasing the precision in EMF dosimetry and bioactivity assessment. METHODS We discuss the interaction of man-made electromagnetic waves with biological matter and calculate the energy transferred to a single free ion within a cell. We analyze the physics and biology of SAR and evaluate the methods of its estimation. We discuss the experimentally observed non-linearity between electromagnetic exposure and biological effect. RESULTS WE FIND THAT: a) The energy absorbed by living matter during exposure to environmentally accounted EMFs is normally well below the thermal level. b) All existing methods for SAR estimation, especially those based upon tissue conductivity and internal electric field, have serious deficiencies. c) The only method to estimate SAR without large error is by measuring temperature increases within biological tissue, which normally are negligible for environmental EMF intensities, and thus cannot be measured. CONCLUSIONS SAR actually refers to thermal effects, while the vast majority of the recorded biological effects from man-made non-ionizing environmental radiation are non-thermal. Even if SAR could be accurately estimated for a whole tissue, organ, or body, the biological/health effect is determined by tiny amounts of energy/power absorbed by specific biomolecules, which cannot be calculated. Moreover, it depends upon field parameters not taken into account in SAR calculation. Thus, SAR should not be used as the primary dosimetric quantity, but used only as a complementary measure, always reporting the estimating method and the corresponding error. Radiation/field intensity along with additional physical parameters (such as frequency, modulation etc) which can be directly and in any case more accurately measured on the surface of biological tissues, should constitute the primary measure for EMF exposures, in spite of similar uncertainty to predict the biological effect due to non-linearity.
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Vijayalaxmi, Reddy AB, McKenzie RJ, McIntosh RL, Prihoda TJ, Wood AW. Incidence of micronuclei in human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to modulated and unmodulated 2450 MHz radiofrequency fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2013; 34:542-8. [PMID: 23720062 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood samples from four healthy volunteers were collected and aliquots were exposed in vitro for 2 h to either (i) modulated (wideband code division multiple access, WCDMA) or unmodulated continuous wave (CW) 2450 MHz radiofrequency (RF) fields at an average specific absorption rate of 10.9 W/kg or (ii) sham-exposed. Aliquots of the same samples that were exposed in vitro to an acute dose of 1.5 Gy ionizing gamma-radiation (GR) were used as positive controls. Half of the aliquots were treated with melatonin (Mel) to investigate if such treatment offers protection to the cells from the genetic damage, if any, induced by RF and GR. The cells in all samples were cultured for 72 h and the lymphocytes were examined to determine the extent of genetic damage assessed from the incidence of micronuclei (MN). The results indicated the following: (i) the incidence of MN was similar in incubator controls, and those exposed to RF/sham and Mel alone; (ii) there were no significant differences between WCDMA and CW RF exposures; (iii) positive control cells exposed to GR alone exhibited significantly increased MN; and (iv) Mel treatment had no effect on cells exposed to RF and sham, while such treatment significantly reduced the frequency of MN in GR-exposed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalaxmi
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kesari KK, Behari J. Evidence for mobile phone radiation exposure effects on reproductive pattern of male rats: role of ROS. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 31:213-22. [PMID: 22897402 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2012.700292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between radiofrequency electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phone and infertility is a matter of continuing debate. It is postulated that these radiations may affect the reproduction pattern spell by targeting biochemistry of sperm. In an attempt to expedite the issue, 70 days old Wistar rats (n = 6) were exposed to mobile phone radiofrequency (RF) radiation for 2 h per day for 45 days and data compared with sham exposed (n = 6) group. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the level of testosterone and an increase in caspase-3 activity were found in the RF-exposed animals. Distortions in sperm head and mid piece of sperm mitochondrial sheath were also observed as captured by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). In addition, progeny from RF-exposed rats showed significant decreases in number and weight as compared with that of sham-exposed animals. A reduction in testosterone, an increase in caspase-3, and distortion in spermatozoa could be caused by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in animals under mobile phone radiation exposure. Our findings on these biomarkers are clear indications of possible health implications of repeated exposure to mobile phone radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Bioelectromagnetic Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Tkalec M, Stambuk A, Srut M, Malarić K, Klobučar GIV. Oxidative and genotoxic effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 90:7-12. [PMID: 23352129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) can have various biological effects. In this study the oxidative and genotoxic effects were investigated in earthworms Eisenia fetida exposed in vivo to RF-EMF at the mobile phone frequency (900 MHz). Earthworms were exposed to the homogeneous RF-EMF at field levels of 10, 23, 41 and 120 V m(-1) for a period of 2h using a Gigahertz Transversal Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell. At the field level of 23 V m(-1) the effect of longer exposure (4h) and field modulation (80% AM 1 kHz sinusoidal) was investigated as well. All exposure treatments induced significant genotoxic effect in earthworms coelomocytes detected by the Comet assay, demonstrating DNA damaging capacity of 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation. Field modulation additionally increased the genotoxic effect. Moreover, our results indicated the induction of antioxidant stress response in terms of enhanced catalase and glutathione reductase activity as a result of the RF-EMF exposure, and demonstrated the generation of lipid and protein oxidative damage. Antioxidant responses and the potential of RF-EMF to induce damage to lipids, proteins and DNA differed depending on the field level applied, modulation of the field and duration of E. fetida exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation. Nature of detected DNA lesions and oxidative stress as the mechanism of action for the induction of DNA damage are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Tkalec
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Hekmat A, Saboury AA, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. The toxic effects of mobile phone radiofrequency (940 MHz) on the structure of calf thymus DNA. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 88:35-41. [PMID: 23164448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the biological effects of nonionizing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) including radiofrequency (RF) radiation have been the subject of numerous experimental and theoretical studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible biological effects of mobile phone RF (940 MHz, 15 V/m and SAR=40 mW/kg) on the structure of calf thymus DNA (ct DNA) immediately after exposure and 2 h after 45 min exposure via diverse range of spectroscopic instruments. The UV-vis and circular dichroism (CD) experiments depict that mobile phone EMFs can remarkably cause disturbance on ct DNA structure. In addition, the DNA samples, immediately after exposure and 2 h after 45 min exposure, are relatively thermally unstable compared to the DNA solution, which was placed in a small shielded box (unexposed ct DNA). Furthermore, the exposed DNA samples (the DNA samples that were exposed to 940 MHz EMF) have more fluorescence emission when compared with the unexposed DNA, which may have occurred attributable to expansion of the exposed DNA structure. The results of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential experiments demonstrate that RF-EMFs lead to increment in the surface charge and size of DNA. The structure of DNA immediately after exposure is not significantly different from the DNA sample 2 h after 45 min exposure. In other words, the EMF-induced conformational changes are irreversible. Collectively, our results reveal that 940 MHz can alter the structure of DNA. The displacement of electrons in DNA by EMFs may lead to conformational changes of DNA and DNA disaggregation. Results from this study could have an important implication on the health effects of RF-EMFs exposure. In addition, this finding could proffer a novel strategy for the development of next generation of mobile phone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Hekmat
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Xu S, Chen G, Chen C, Sun C, Zhang D, Murbach M, Kuster N, Zeng Q, Xu Z. Cell type-dependent induction of DNA damage by 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields does not result in significant cellular dysfunctions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54906. [PMID: 23355902 PMCID: PMC3552808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although IARC clarifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) as possible human carcinogen, the debate on its health impact continues due to the inconsistent results. Genotoxic effect has been considered as a golden standard to determine if an environmental factor is a carcinogen, but the currently available data for RF-EMF remain controversial. As an environmental stimulus, the effect of RF-EMF on cellular DNA may be subtle. Therefore, more sensitive method and systematic research strategy are warranted to evaluate its genotoxicity. OBJECTIVES To determine whether RF-EMF does induce DNA damage and if the effect is cell-type dependent by adopting a more sensitive method γH2AX foci formation; and to investigate the biological consequences if RF-EMF does increase γH2AX foci formation. METHODS Six different types of cells were intermittently exposed to GSM 1800 MHz RF-EMF at a specific absorption rate of 3.0 W/kg for 1 h or 24 h, then subjected to immunostaining with anti-γH2AX antibody. The biological consequences in γH2AX-elevated cell type were further explored with comet and TUNEL assays, flow cytometry, and cell growth assay. RESULTS Exposure to RF-EMF for 24 h significantly induced γH2AX foci formation in Chinese hamster lung cells and Human skin fibroblasts (HSFs), but not the other cells. However, RF-EMF-elevated γH2AX foci formation in HSF cells did not result in detectable DNA fragmentation, sustainable cell cycle arrest, cell proliferation or viability change. RF-EMF exposure slightly but not significantly increased the cellular ROS level. CONCLUSIONS RF-EMF induces DNA damage in a cell type-dependent manner, but the elevated γH2AX foci formation in HSF cells does not result in significant cellular dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xu
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangdi Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunjing Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Sun
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danying Zhang
- Institute of Occupational Health Assessment, Guangdong Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manuel Murbach
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niels Kuster
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qunli Zeng
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZX); (QZ)
| | - Zhengping Xu
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZX); (QZ)
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Hardell L, Carlberg M. Use of Mobile and Cordless Phones and Survival of Patients with Glioma. Neuroepidemiology 2013; 40:101-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000341905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Ozlem Nisbet H, Nisbet C, Akar A, Cevik M, Onder Karayigit M. Effects of exposure to electromagnetic field (1.8/0.9GHz) on testicular function and structure in growing rats. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1001-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Çam ST, Seyhan N. Single-strand DNA breaks in human hair root cells exposed to mobile phone radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:420-4. [PMID: 22348707 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.666005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the short-term effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure on genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of human hair root cells. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Hair samples were collected from eight healthy human subjects immediately before and after using a 900-MHz GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) mobile phone for 15 and 30 min. Single-strand DNA breaks of hair root cells from the samples were determined using the 'comet assay'. RESULTS The data showed that talking on a mobile phone for 15 or 30 min significantly increased (p < 0.05) single-strand DNA breaks in cells of hair roots close to the phone. Comparing the 15-min and 30-min data using the paired t-test also showed that significantly more damages resulted after 30 min than after 15 min of phone use. CONCLUSIONS A short-term exposure (15 and 30 min) to RFR (900-MHz) from a mobile phone caused a significant increase in DNA single-strand breaks in human hair root cells located around the ear which is used for the phone calls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Tepe Çam
- Seyhan Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Biophysics Department, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
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Tsybulin O, Sidorik E, Kyrylenko S, Henshel D, Yakymenko I. GSM 900 MHz microwave radiation affects embryo development of Japanese quails. Electromagn Biol Med 2012; 31:75-86. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.624656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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46
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Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Effect of 900 MHz Radio Frequency Radiation on Beta Amyloid Protein, Protein Carbonyl, and Malondialdehyde in the Brain. Electromagn Biol Med 2012; 31:67-74. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.624654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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47
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Mady MM, Allam MA. The influence of low power microwave on the properties of DPPC vesicles. Phys Med 2012; 28:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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48
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Güler G, Tomruk A, Ozgur E, Sahin D, Sepici A, Altan N, Seyhan N. The effect of radiofrequency radiation on DNA and lipid damage in female and male infant rabbits. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 88:367-73. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.646349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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49
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Sun W, Shen X, Lu D, Fu Y, Lu D, Chiang H. A 1.8-GHz radiofrequency radiation induces EGF receptor clustering and phosphorylation in cultured human amniotic (FL) cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 88:239-44. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.634882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zeng L, Ji X, Zhang Y, Miao X, Zou C, Lang H, Zhang J, Li Y, Wang X, Qi H, Ren D, Guo G. MnSOD expression inhibited by electromagnetic pulse radiation in the rat testis. Electromagn Biol Med 2011; 30:205-18. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.587929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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