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Sundar S, Thangamani L, Piramanayagam S, Natarajan J. Discovering mycobacterial lectins as potential drug targets and vaccine candidates for tuberculosis treatment: a theoretical approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 12:93-104. [PMID: 34025063 PMCID: PMC8129965 DOI: 10.1007/s42485-021-00065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
M. tuberculosis proliferates within the macrophages during infection and they are bounded by carbohydrates in the cell wall, called lectins. Despite their surface localization, the studies on exact functions of lectins are unexplored. Hence, in our study, using insilico approaches, 11 potential lectins of Mtb was explored as potential drug targets and vaccine candidates. Initially, a gene interaction network was constructed for the 11 potential lectins and identified its functional partners. A gene ontology analysis was also performed for the 11 mycobacterial lectins along with its functional partners and found most of the proteins are present in the extracellular region of the bacterium and belongs to the PE/PPE family of proteins. Further, molecular docking studies were performed for two of the potential lectins (Rv2075c and Rv1917c). A novel series of quinoxalinone and fucoidan derivatives have been made to dock against these selected lectins. Molecular docking study reveals that quinoxalinone derivatives showed better affinity against Rv2075c, whereas fucoidan derivatives have good binding affinity against Rv1917c. Moreover, the mycobacterial lectins can interact with the host and they are considered as potential vaccine candidates. Hence, immunoinformatics study was carried out for all the 11 potential lectins. B-cell and T-cell binding epitopes were predicted using insilico tools. Further, an immunodominant epitope 1062SIPAIPLSVEV1072 of Rv1917c was identified, which was predicted to bind B-cell and most of the MHC alleles. Thus, the study has explored that mycobacterial lectins could be potentially used as drug targets and vaccine candidates for tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobana Sundar
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu India
| | - Lokesh Thangamani
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu India
| | - Shanmughavel Piramanayagam
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu India
| | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Data Mining and Text Mining Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu India
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Rai PK, Chodisetti SB, Maurya SK, Nadeem S, Zeng W, Janmeja AK, Jackson DC, Agrewala JN. A lipidated bi-epitope vaccine comprising of MHC-I and MHC-II binder peptides elicits protective CD4 T cell and CD8 T cell immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Transl Med 2018; 16:279. [PMID: 30305097 PMCID: PMC6180631 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical trials conducted at Chingleput India suggest that BCG fails to protect against tuberculosis (TB) in TB-endemic population. Recent studies advocate that non-tuberculous mycobacteria and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection interferes in the antigen processing and presentation of BCG in inducing protective immunity against Mtb. Thereby, indicating that any vaccine that require extensive antigen processing may not be efficacious in TB-endemic zones. Recently, we have demonstrated that the vaccine candidate L91, which is composed of lipidated promiscuous MHC-II binder epitope, derived from latency associated Acr1 antigen of Mtb is immunogenic in the murine and Guinea pig models of TB and conferred better protection than BCG against Mtb. Methods In this study, we have used a multi-stage based bi-epitope vaccine, namely L4.8, comprising of MHC-I and MHC-II binding peptides of active (TB10.4) and latent (Acr1) stages of Mtb antigens, respectively. These peptides were conjugated to the TLR-2 agonist Pam2Cys. Results L4.8 significantly elicited both CD8 T cells and CD4 T cells immunity, as evidenced by increase in the enduring polyfunctional CD8 T cells and CD4 T cells. L4.8 efficiently declined Mtb-burden and protected animals better than BCG and L91, even at the late stage of Mtb infection. Conclusions The BCG-L4.8 prime boost strategy imparts a better protection against TB than the BCG alone. This study emphatically denotes that L4.8 can be a promising future vaccine candidate for controlling active and latent TB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1653-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Rai
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sathi Babu Chodisetti
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | | | - Sajid Nadeem
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ashok K Janmeja
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. .,Indian Institute of Technology, Rupnagar, 140001, India.
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Verma S, Sugadev R, Kumar A, Chandna S, Ganju L, Bansal A. Multi-epitope DnaK peptide vaccine against S.Typhi: An in silico approach. Vaccine 2018; 36:4014-4022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Rai PK, Chodisetti SB, Nadeem S, Maurya SK, Gowthaman U, Zeng W, Janmeja AK, Jackson DC, Agrewala JN. A novel therapeutic strategy of lipidated promiscuous peptide against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by eliciting Th1 and Th17 immunity of host. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23917. [PMID: 27052185 PMCID: PMC4823727 DOI: 10.1038/srep23917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the fact that potent drug-regimen is currently available, tuberculosis continues to kill 1.5 million people annually. Tuberculosis patients are not only inflicted by the trauma of disease but they also suffer from the harmful side-effects, immune suppression and drug resistance instigated by prolonged therapy. It is an exigency to introduce radical changes in the existing drug-regime and discover safer and better therapeutic measures. Hence, we designed a novel therapeutic strategy by reinforcing the efficacy of drugs to kill Mtb by concurrently boosting host immunity by L91. L91 is chimera of promiscuous epitope of Acr1 antigen of Mtb and TLR-2 agonist Pam2Cys. The adjunct therapy using drugs and L91 (D-L91) significantly declined the bacterial load in Mtb infected animals. The mechanism involved was through enhancement of IFN-γ+TNF-α+ polyfunctional Th1 cells and IL-17A+IFN-γ+ Th17 cells, enduring memory CD4 T cells and downregulation of PD-1. The down-regulation of PD-1 prevents CD4 T cells from undergoing exhaustion and improves their function against Mtb. Importantly, the immune response observed in animals could be replicated using T cells of tuberculosis patients on drug therapy. In future, D-L91 therapy can invigorate drugs potency to treat tuberculosis patients and reduce the dose and duration of drug-regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Rai
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Sajid Nadeem
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashok K Janmeja
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
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Gutlapalli VR, Sykam A, Nayarisseri A, Suneetha S, Suneetha LM. Insights from the predicted epitope similarity between Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulent factors and its human homologs. Bioinformation 2015; 11:517-24. [PMID: 26770024 PMCID: PMC4702028 DOI: 10.6026/97320630011517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is known to be associated with several autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. This is attributed to sequence similarity between virulent factors and human proteins. Therefore, it is of interest to identify such regions in the virulent factors to assess potential autoimmune related information. M. tb specific virulent factors were downloaded from the VFDB database and its human homologs were identified using the sequence comparison search tool BLASTP. Both virulent proteins and their corresponding human homologs were further scanned for epitopes (B cell and HLA class I and II allele specific) using prediction programs (BCPRED and NETMHC). Data shows the presence of matching 22 B-cell, 79 HLA class II and 16 HLA class I specific predicted epitopes in these virulent factors having human homologs. A known peptide (HAFYLQYKNVKVDFA) associated with autoimmune atopic dermatitis is shown in the superoxide dismutase homolog structures of the bacterium (PDB ID: 1IDS) and human (PDB ID: 2QKC). This data provides insight into the understanding of infection-associated auto-immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Ravi Gutlapalli
- CODEWEL Nireekshana-ACET, Hyderabad, Telangana-500029, India
- Centre for Biotechnology, AcharyaNagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522510, India
| | - Aparna Sykam
- CODEWEL Nireekshana-ACET, Hyderabad, Telangana-500029, India
- Centre for Biotechnology, AcharyaNagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522510, India
| | - Anuraj Nayarisseri
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Vijaynagar, Indore - 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sujai Suneetha
- CODEWEL Nireekshana-ACET, Hyderabad, Telangana-500029, India
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Siddiqui KF, Amir M, Khan N, Rama Krishna G, Sheikh JA, Rajagopal K, Agrewala JN. Prime-boost vaccination strategy with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and liposomized alpha-crystalline protein 1 reinvigorates BCG potency. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:286-96. [PMID: 25845290 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains the only available and most widely administered vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), yet it fails to protect vaccinated individuals either from primary infection or reactivation of latent tuberculosis (TB). Despite BCG's variable efficacy against TB, the fact remains that BCG imparts protection in children against the disease, indicating that BCG possesses a wide protective antigenic repertoire. However, its failure to impart protection in adulthood can be linked to its failure to generate long-lived memory response and elicitation of an inadequate immune response against latency-associated antigens. Therefore, to improve the protective efficacy of BCG, a novel vaccination strategy is required. Consequently, in the present study, we have exploited the vaccination potential of liposomized α-crystalline 1 (Acr1L), a latency-associated antigen to induce enduring protective immunity against Mtb in BCG-primed animals. It is noteworthy that an increase in the multi-functional [interferon (IFN)-γ(hi) /tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α(hi) ] CD4 and CD8 T cells were observed in BCG-primed and Acr1L-boosted (BCG-Acr1L) animals, compared to BCG alone. Further, substantial expansion of both central memory (CD44(hi) /CD62L(hi) ) and effector memory (CD44(hi) /CD62L(lo) ) populations of CD4 and CD8 T cells was noted. Importantly, BCG-Acr1L exhibited significantly better protection than BCG, as evidenced by a reduction in the bacterial burden and histopathological data of the lungs. In essence, BCG-Acr1L could be a potent future vaccination strategy to reinvigorate BCG potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Siddiqui
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - M Amir
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - N Khan
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - G Rama Krishna
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - J A Sheikh
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - K Rajagopal
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - J N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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Gowthaman U, Mushtaq K, Tan AC, Rai PK, Jackson DC, Agrewala JN. Challenges and solutions for a rational vaccine design for TB-endemic regions. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 41:389-98. [PMID: 24495096 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.859125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines have been successful for global eradication or control of dreaded diseases such as smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, yellow fever, whooping cough, polio, and measles. Unfortunately, this success has not been achieved for controlling tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) is the only available vaccine against TB. Paradoxically, BCG has deciphered success in the Western world but has failed in TB-endemic areas. In this article, we highlight and discuss the aspects of immunity responsible for controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and factors responsible for the failure of BCG in TB-endemic countries. In addition, we also suggest strategies that contribute toward the development of successful vaccine in protecting populations where BCG has failed.
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Palitzsch B, Hartmann S, Stergiou N, Glaffig M, Schmitt E, Kunz H. Eine vollsynthetische Vier-Komponenten-Antitumor-Vakzine mit einem MUC1-Glycopeptid und drei verschiedenen T-Helferzell- Epitopen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Palitzsch B, Hartmann S, Stergiou N, Glaffig M, Schmitt E, Kunz H. A Fully Synthetic Four-Component Antitumor Vaccine Consisting of a Mucin Glycopeptide Antigen Combined with Three Different T-Helper-Cell Epitopes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:14245-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Adjunctive immunotherapy with α-crystallin based DNA vaccination reduces Tuberculosis chemotherapy period in chronically infected mice. Sci Rep 2014; 3:1821. [PMID: 23660989 PMCID: PMC3650662 DOI: 10.1038/srep01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By employing modified Cornell model, we have evaluated the potential of adjunctive immunotherapy with DNA vaccines to shorten the tuberculosis chemotherapy period and reduce disease reactivation. We demonstrate that α-crystallin based DNA vaccine (DNAacr) significantly reduced the chemotherapy period from 12 weeks to 8 weeks when compared with the chemotherapy alone. Immunotherapy with SodA based DNA vaccine (DNAsod) reduced the pulmonary bacilli only as much as DNAvec. Both DNAacr and DNAsod, although significantly delayed the reactivation in comparison to the chemotherapy alone, this delay was associated with the immunostimulatory sequences present in the vector backbone and was not antigen specific. Both DNA vaccines resulted in the production of significantly higher number of TEM cells than the chemotherapy alone, however, only in the case of DNAsod, this enhancement was significant over the DNAvec treatment. Overall, our findings emphasize the immunotherapeutic potential of DNAacr in shortening the duration of TB chemotherapy.
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Ivanyi J. Function and Potentials of M. tuberculosis Epitopes. Front Immunol 2014; 5:107. [PMID: 24715888 PMCID: PMC3970012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of the function of epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens contributed significantly toward better understanding of the immunopathogenesis and to efforts for improving infection and disease control. Characterization of genetically permissively presented immunodominant epitopes has implications for the evolution of the host–parasite relationship, development of immunodiagnostic tests, and subunit prophylactic vaccines. Knowledge of the determinants of cross-sensitization, relevant to other pathogenic or environmental mycobacteria and to host constituents has advanced. Epitope-defined IFNγ assay kits became established for the specific detection of infection with tubercle bacilli both in humans and cattle. The CD4 T-cell epitope repertoire was found to be more narrow in patients with active disease than in latently infected subjects. However, differential diagnosis of active TB could not be made reliably merely on the basis of epitope recognition. The mechanisms by which HLA polymorphism can influence the development of multibacillary tuberculosis (TB) need further analysis of epitopes, recognized by Th2 helper cells for B-cell responses. Future vaccine development would benefit from better definition of protective epitopes and from improved construction and formulation of subunits with enhanced immunogenicity. Epitope-defined serology, due to its operational advantages is suitable for active case finding in selected high disease incidence populations, aiming for an early detection of infectious cases and hence for reducing the transmission of infection. The existing knowledge of HLA class I binding epitopes could be the basis for the construction of T-cell receptor-like ligands for immunotherapeutic application. Continued analysis of the functions of mycobacterial epitopes, recognized by T cells and antibodies, remains a fertile avenue in TB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Ivanyi
- Guy's Hospital, Kings College London , London , UK
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Gowthaman U, Agrewala JN. In silicomethods for predicting T-cell epitopes: Dr Jekyll or Mr Hyde? Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 6:527-37. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.09.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jarduli LR, Sell AM, Reis PG, Sippert EÂ, Ayo CM, Mazini PS, Alves HV, Teixeira JJV, Visentainer JEL. Role of HLA, KIR, MICA, and cytokines genes in leprosy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:989837. [PMID: 23936864 PMCID: PMC3722889 DOI: 10.1155/2013/989837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many genes including HLA, KIR, and MICA genes, as well as polymorphisms in cytokines have been investigated for their role in infectious disease. HLA alleles may influence not only susceptibility or resistance to leprosy, but also the course of the disease. Some combinations of HLA and KIR may result in negative as well as positive interactions between NK cells and infected host cells with M. leprae, resulting in activation or inhibition of NK cells and, consequently, in death of bacillus. In addition, studies have demonstrated the influence of MICA genes in the pathogenesis of leprosy. Specifically, they may play a role in the interaction between NK cells and infected cells. Finally, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been influencing the clinical course of leprosy. Data from a wide variety of sources support the existence of genetic factors influencing the leprosy pathogenesis. These sources include twin studies, segregation analyses, family-based linkage and association studies, candidate gene association studies, and, most recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The purpose of this brief review was to highlight the importance of some immune response genes and their correlation with the clinical forms of leprosy, as well as their implications for disease resistance and susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Ribeiro Jarduli
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Sell
- Basic Health Sciences Department, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Guimarães Reis
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Emília Ângela Sippert
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Christiane Maria Ayo
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Priscila Saamara Mazini
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Hugo Vicentin Alves
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Jorge Juarez Vieira Teixeira
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
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T cell epitope mapping of JC polyoma virus-encoded proteome reveals reduced T cell responses in HLA-DRB1*04:01+ donors. J Virol 2013; 87:3393-408. [PMID: 23302880 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02803-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCV) infection is highly prevalent and usually kept in a persistent state without clinical signs and symptoms. It is only during immunocompromise and especially impaired CD4(+) T cell function in the brain, as seen in AIDS patients or natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients, that JCV may cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an often life-threatening brain disease. Since CD4(+) T cells likely play an important role in controlling JCV infection, we here describe the T cell response to JCV in a group of predominantly HLA-DR-heterozygotic healthy donors (HD) by using a series of overlapping 15-mer peptides spanning all JCV-encoded open reading frames. We identified immunodominant epitopes and compared T cell responses with anti-JCV VP1 antibody production and with the presence of urinary viral shedding. We observed positive JCV-specific T cell responses in 28.6% to 77.6%, humoral immune response in 42.6% to 89.4%, and urinary viral shedding in 36.4% to 45.5% of HD depending on the threshold. Four immunodominant peptides were mapped, and at least one immunogenic peptide per HLA-DRB1 allele was detected in DRB1*01(+), DRB1*07(+), DRB1*11(+), DRB1*13(+), DRB1*15(+), and DRB1*03(+) individuals. We show for the first time that JCV-specific T cell responses may be directed not only against JCV VP1 and large T antigen but also against all other JCV-encoded proteins. Heterozygotic DRB1*04:01(+) individuals showed very low T cell responses to JCV together with normal anti-VP1 antibody levels and no urinary viral shedding, indicating a dominant-negative effect of this allele on global JCV-directed T cell responses. Our data are potentially relevant for the development of vaccines against JCV.
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Arlehamn CSL, Sidney J, Henderson R, Greenbaum JA, James EA, Moutaftsi M, Coler R, McKinney DM, Park D, Taplitz R, Kwok WW, Grey H, Peters B, Sette A. Dissecting mechanisms of immunodominance to the common tuberculosis antigens ESAT-6, CFP10, Rv2031c (hspX), Rv2654c (TB7.7), and Rv1038c (EsxJ). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5020-31. [PMID: 22504645 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of tuberculosis often relies on the ex vivo IFN-γ release assays QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube and T-SPOT.TB. However, understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying their diagnostic use is still incomplete. Accordingly, we investigated T cell responses for the TB Ags included in the these assays and other commonly studied Ags: early secreted antigenic target 6 kDa, culture filtrate protein 10 kDa, Rv2031c, Rv2654c, and Rv1038c. PBMC from latently infected individuals were tested in ex vivo ELISPOT assays with overlapping peptides spanning the entirety of these Ags. We found striking variations in prevalence and magnitude of ex vivo reactivity, with culture filtrate protein 10 kDa being most dominant, followed by early secreted antigenic target 6 kDa and Rv2654c being virtually inactive. Rv2031c and Rv1038c were associated with intermediate patterns of reactivity. Further studies showed that low reactivity was not due to lack of HLA binding peptides, and high reactivity was associated with recognition of a few discrete dominant antigenic regions. Different donors recognized the same core sequence in a given epitope. In some cases, the identified epitopes were restricted by a single specific common HLA molecule (selective restriction), whereas in other cases, promiscuous restriction of the same epitope by multiple HLA molecules was apparent. Definition of the specific restricting HLA allowed to produce tetrameric reagents and showed that epitope-specific T cells recognizing either selectively or promiscuously restricted epitopes were predominantly T effector memory. In conclusion, these results highlight the feasibility of more clearly defined TB diagnostic reagent.
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Chodisetti SB, Rai PK, Gowthaman U, Pahari S, Agrewala JN. Potential T cell epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can instigate molecular mimicry against host: implications in autoimmune pathogenesis. BMC Immunol 2012; 13:13. [PMID: 22435930 PMCID: PMC3359254 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular mimicry between microbial antigens and host-proteins is one of the etiological enigmas for the occurrence of autoimmune diseases. T cells that recognize cross-reactive epitopes may trigger autoimmune reactions. Intriguingly, autoimmune diseases have been reported to be prevalent in tuberculosis endemic populations. Further, association of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) has been implicated in different autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Although, in silico analyses have identified a number of M. tuberculosis specific vaccine candidates, the analysis on prospective cross-reactive epitopes, that may elicit autoimmune response, has not been yet attempted. Here, we have employed bioinformatics tools to determine T cell epitopes of homologous antigenic regions between M. tuberculosis and human proteomes. Results Employing bioinformatics tools, we have identified potentially cross-reactive T cell epitopes restricted to predominant class I and II alleles of human leukocyte antigens (HLA). These are similar to peptides of mycobacterial proteins and considerable numbers of them are promiscuous. Some of the identified antigens corroborated with established autoimmune diseases linked with mycobacterial infection. Conclusions The present study reveals many target proteins and their putative T cell epitopes that might have significant application in understanding the molecular basis of possible T cell autoimmune reactions during M. tuberculosis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathi Babu Chodisetti
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
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Gowthaman U, Singh V, Zeng W, Jain S, Siddiqui KF, Chodisetti SB, Gurram RK, Parihar P, Gupta P, Gupta UD, Jackson DC, Agrewala JN. Promiscuous peptide of 16 kDa antigen linked to Pam2Cys protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by evoking enduring memory T-cell response. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1328-38. [PMID: 21933875 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main reasons considered for BCG failure in tuberculosis-endemic areas is impediment by environmental mycobacteria in its processing and generation of memory T-cell response. To overcome this problem, we developed a unique lipopeptide (L91) by linking the promiscuous peptide (sequence 91-110) of 16 kDa antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Pam2Cys. L91 does not require extensive antigen processing and generates enduring Th1 memory response. This is evidenced by the fact that L91 significantly improved the activation, proliferation, and generation of protective T cells. Furthermore, L91 surmounts the barrier of major histocompatibility complex polymorphism and induces better protection than BCG. This peptide has self-adjuvanting properties and activates dendritic cells. Importantly, L91 activates T cells isolated from purified protein derivative-positive healthy volunteers that responded weakly to free peptide (F91). In essence, L91 can be a potent future vaccine candidate against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uthaman Gowthaman
- Immunology and Cell Biology Division, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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Siddiqui KF, Amir M, Agrewala JN. Understanding the biology of 16 kDa antigen ofMycobacterium tuberculosis: Scope in diagnosis, vaccine design and therapy. Crit Rev Microbiol 2011; 37:349-57. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2011.606425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hypoxia induces an immunodominant target of tuberculosis specific T cells absent from common BCG vaccines. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001237. [PMID: 21203487 PMCID: PMC3009603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
M. tuberculosis (MTB) species-specific antigenic determinants of the human T cell response are important for immunodiagnosis and vaccination. As hypoxia is a stimulus in chronic tuberculosis infection, we analyzed transcriptional profiles of MTB subject to 168 hours of hypoxia to test the hypothesis that upregulation by hypoxia might result in gene products being recognized as antigens. We identified upregulation of two region of difference (RD) 11 (Rv2658C and Rv2659c), and one RD2 (Rv1986) absent from commonly used BCG strains. In MTB infected persons, the IL-2 ELISpot response to Rv1986 peptides was several times greater than the corresponding IFN-γ response to the reference immunodominant ESAT-6 or CFP-10 antigens. The IL-2 response was confined to two epitopic regions containing residues 61–80 and 161–180. The biggest population of IL-2 secreting T cells was single cytokine positive central memory T cells. The IL-2 response to live MTB bacilli lacking Rv1986 was significantly lower than the response to wild type or mutant complemented with Rv1986. In addition, the IL-2 response to Rv1986 was significantly lower in HIV-TB co-infected persons than in HIV uninfected persons, and significantly increased during antiretroviral therapy. These findings demonstrate that Rv1986 is an immunodominant target of memory T cells and is therefore of relevance when considering the partial efficacy of currently used BCG vaccines and provide evidence for a clinical trial comparing BCG strains. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the cause of tuberculosis) can persist for many years in humans without causing disease but has the potential to reactivate. One of the conditions the bacterium must survive in these circumstances is hypoxia. In order to do so, the bacterium uses a characteristic set of genes that help alter its metabolism. It follows that the products of such genes may encode protein antigens that can be recognized by the immune response. We therefore analyzed gene response patterns of tuberculosis subject to prolonged hypoxia as a guide to the discovery of new antigens that might be useful as vaccines or diagnostic agents. Amongst the genes most strongly increased by low oxygen levels, one was identified (known as Rv1986) that is missing from most strains of the tuberculosis vaccine Mycobacterium bovis BCG. When we analyzed human immune responses to this protein in tuberculosis infected people our experiments showed it was particularly well recognized by cells that produce a chemical messenger (cytokine) called interleukin-2. Interleukin-2 is important for long-term immunological memory. The BCG vaccine is only partially effective and our experiments therefore suggest one of the reasons could be that an important immunological target is missing from many strains. Further evaluation of BCG strains in which Rv1986 is present or absent is therefore warranted in the hope that this might improve the efficacy of existing or new tuberculosis vaccines.
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Dubaniewicz A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock proteins and autoimmunity in sarcoidosis. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 9:419-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Gowthaman U, Agrewala JN. In SilicoTools for Predicting Peptides Binding to HLA-Class II Molecules: More Confusion than Conclusion. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:154-63. [DOI: 10.1021/pr070527b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Geluk A, Lin MY, van Meijgaarden KE, Leyten EMS, Franken KLMC, Ottenhoff THM, Klein MR. T-cell recognition of the HspX protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis correlates with latent M. tuberculosis infection but not with M. bovis BCG vaccination. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2914-21. [PMID: 17387166 PMCID: PMC1932904 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01990-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During stationary growth or in vitro conditions mimicking relevant aspects of latency, the HspX protein (Rv2031c) is specifically upregulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this study we compared T-cell responses against HspX and the secreted M. tuberculosis protein Ag85B (Rv1886c) in tuberculosis (TB) patients, tuberculin skin test-positive individuals, M. bovis BCG-vaccinated individuals, and healthy negative controls. Gamma interferon responses to HspX were significantly higher in M. tuberculosis-exposed individuals than in M. tuberculosis-unexposed BCG vaccinees. In contrast, no such differences were found with respect to T-cell responses against Ag85B. Therefore, BCG-based vaccines containing relevant fragments of HspX may induce improved responses against this TB latency antigen. To identify relevant major histocompatibility complex class I- and class II-restricted HspX-specific T-cell epitopes, we immunized HLA-A2/K(b) and HLA-DR3.Ab(0) transgenic (tg) mice with HspX. Two new T-cell epitopes were identified, p91-105 and p31-50, restricted via HLA-A*0201 and HLA-DRB1*0301, respectively. These epitopes were recognized by human T cells as well, underlining the relevance of HspX T-cell recognition both in vivo and in vitro. In line with the data in humans, BCG immunization of both tg strains did not lead to T-cell responses against HspX-derived epitopes, whereas nonlatency antigens were efficiently recognized. These data support the notion that BCG vaccination per se does not induce T-cell responses against the latency antigen, HspX. Thus, we suggest that subunit vaccines incorporating HspX and/or other latency antigens, as well as recombinant BCG strains expressing latency antigens need to be considered as new vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Singh V, Agrewala JN. Regulatory role of pro-Th1 and pro-Th2 cytokines in modulating the activity of Th1 and Th2 cells when B cell and macrophages are used as antigen presenting cells. BMC Immunol 2006; 7:17. [PMID: 16889674 PMCID: PMC1550426 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-7-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presence of antigen presenting cells, expression of costimulatory molecules, the strength of first signal and cytokine milieu are quite important in influencing the reactivation of differentiated Th1 and Th2 cells. RESULTS In the present study, we have analyzed the concerted action of pro-Th1 and pro-Th2 cytokines in the presence of B cells, peritoneal and splenic macrophages as antigen presenting cells and varied concentration of first (anti-CD3 Ab) and second (B7-1 transfectant) signals on the proliferation and cytokine secretion by Th1 and Th2 cells. Interesting observations were made that IFN-gamma significantly augmented the secretion of IL-4 by Th2 cells when either B cells or splenic or peritoneal macrophages were used as APC. Further, IFN-gamma significantly inhibited the proliferation of Th1 cells only in the presence of peritoneal macrophages. We have also observed that B cells could significantly respond to cytokines to further enhance the proliferation and cytokine release by Th1 and Th2 cells. But not much effect on addition of exogenous cytokines IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12 was observed on the proliferation of Th1 and Th2 cells in the presence of macrophages. In contrast, both IFN-gamma and IL-2 significantly enhanced the production of IL-4 and IL-5 respectively, by Th2 cells in presence of B cells, splenic and peritoneal macrophages. Another important observation was that the addition of B7-1 transfectants in the cultures, which were stimulated with low dose of anti-CD3 Ab significantly, enhanced the proliferation and cytokine secretion. CONCLUSION This study indicates involvement of different type of APCs, cytokine milieu, dose of first and second signals in a concerted manner in the outcome of the immune response. The significance of this study is that the immunization with antigen along with costimulatory molecules may significantly reduce the dose of antigen and can generate better immune response than antigen alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Singh
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
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Dubaniewicz A, Kämpfer S, Singh M. Serum anti-mycobacterial heat shock proteins antibodies in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2005; 86:60-7. [PMID: 16352470 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis (SA) is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology. Infectious organisms, e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, genetic factors and autoimmunity are considered as etiologic agents. Pathologic similarities between SA and tuberculosis (TB) suggest M. tuberculosis heat shock proteins (Mtb-hsp) as causative factors. To test the "mycobacterial" origin of SA, we evaluated the presence of serum anti-Mtb-hsp70, -Mtb-hsp65 and -Mtb-hsp16 antibodies in SA and TB. Analysis of anti-Mtb-hsp antibodies was carried out in 37 patients with SA, 29 patients with TB and 18 healthy individuals by ELISA. Our results show a significantly higher occurrence of anti-Mtb-hsp70 antibodies in SA and TB patients than in controls. The anti-Mtb-hsp65 and -Mtb-hsp16 antibodies occured significantly more often in TB than in controls and SA. We found significantly higher percentages of anti-Mtb-hsp70 and -Mtb-hsp65 antibodies in Stage II compared to Stage I of SA. Analysis of anti-Mtb-hsp antibodies levels revealed significantly higher anti-Mtb-hsp70 antibodies level in SA and TB than in controls. Significantly higher frequency and levels of anti-Mtb-hsp70 than anti-Mtb-hsp65 and -Mtb-hsp16 antibodies was found in SA only. In summary, the frequency and level of anti-Mtb-hsp70 antibodies were comparable between SA and TB but were significantly higher compared to controls and other tested Mtb-hsp. These data may suggest a role for Mtb-hsp70 protein in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dubaniewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gdańsk, Debinki 7, Poland.
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25
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Dubaniewicz A, Moszkowska G, Szczerkowska Z. Frequency of DRB1–DQB1 two-locus haplotypes in tuberculosis: Preliminary report. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2005; 85:259-67. [PMID: 15958261 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Revised: 12/12/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of correlation between tuberculosis (TB) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in populations from Asia and Latin America has shown conflicting results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of HLA-DRB1-DQB1 two-locus haplotypes of 61 TB patients and 125 healthy volunteers in the same ethnic group in Poland. DRB1 and DQB1 alleles were determined by PCR-SSP "low-resolution" and "high-resolution" methods. Our study showed that DRB1*1601 and DQB1*0502 alleles were more frequent, whereas DQB1*0201 was rarer in TB than in controls. DRB1*16-DQB1*05, DRB1*04-DQB1*03 and DRB1*1601-DQB1*0502 haplotype were more common, and DRB1*11-DQB1*03 less frequent in TB in comparison to controls. Positive linkage disequilibrium (LD) for DRB1*01-DQB1*05, DRB1*03-DQB1*02, DRB1*11-DQB1*03, DRB1*13-DQB1*06 and DRB1*15-DQB1*06 was found in controls. A trend towards the positive LD for DRB1*01-DQB1*05, DRB1*03-DQB1*02, DRB1*11-DQB1*03, DRB1*15-DQB1*06 and DRB1*16-DQB1*05 was shown in TB. The trend towards the positive LD for DRB1*16-DQB1*05 haplotype in TB patients was not observed in the control group. It seems likely that the presence of DRB1*1601, DQB1*0502 alleles and DRB1*1601-DQB1*0502, DRB1*04-DQB1*03, DRB1*14-DQB1*05 haplotypes may be related to a higher risk of developing TB, whereas low frequency of DQB1*0201 and DRB1*11-DQB1*03 haplotype may be linked to the resistance to TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dubaniewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdansk, Debinki 7 Str., Poland.
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Wilkinson KA, Stewart GR, Newton SM, Vordermeier HM, Wain JR, Murphy HN, Horner K, Young DB, Wilkinson RJ. Infection Biology of a Novel α-Crystallin ofMycobacterium tuberculosis: Acr2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4237-43. [PMID: 15778386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.4237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins assist the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) but also provide a signal to the immune response. The gene most strongly induced by heat shock in MTB is Rv0251c, which encodes Acr2, a novel member of the alpha-crystallin family of molecular chaperones. The expression of acr2 increased within 1 h after infection of monocytes or macrophages, reaching a peak of 18- to 55-fold by 24 h. Inhibition of superoxide action reduced the intracellular increase in acr2. Despite this contribution to the stress response of MTB, the gene for acr2 appears dispensable; a deletion mutant (Deltaacr2) was unimpaired in log phase growth and persisted in IFN-gamma-activated human macrophages. Acr2 protein was strongly recognized by cattle with early primary Mycobacterium bovis infection and by healthy MTB-sensitized people. Within the latter group, those with recent exposure to infectious tuberculosis had, on average, 2.6 times the frequency of Acr2-specific IFN-gamma-secreting T cells than those with more remote exposure (p = 0.009). These data show that, by its up-regulation early after entry to cells, Acr2 gives away the presence of MTB to the immune response. The demonstration that there is infection stage-specific immunity to tuberculosis has implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin A Wilkinson
- Wellcome Trust Center for Research in Clinical Tropical Medicine and Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Wright Fleming Institute, UK
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Caccamo N, Meraviglia S, Dieli F, Romano A, Titone L, Salerno A. Th0 to Th1 switch of CD4 T cell clones specific from the 16-kDa antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after successful therapy: lack of involvement of epitope repertoire and HLA-DR. Immunol Lett 2004; 98:253-8. [PMID: 15860225 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have examined the influence of HLA-DR molecules and the structure of the epitope repertoire of the 16-kDa protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on the acquisition of the cytokine secretion pattern of CD4 T cell clones, obtained from tuberculous patients before and after anti-mycobacterial therapy. Our data indicate that TB patients have a predominant Th0 response against the 16-kDa protein and its epitopes and that healing, induced by anti-mycobacterial therapy, is associated with a shift toward a predominant Th1 phenotype. Moreover, both HLA-DR molecules restricting the clone specificity and the nature of the recognized epitope do not play any role in the generation of Th0 and Th1 clones. These findings indicate that additional factors, such as the cytokine environment and/or costimulatory molecules, determine the Th phenotype of CD4 T cells during tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Caccamo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory, 211, Palermo 90134, Italy
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Bosze S, Caccamo N, Majer Z, Mezo G, Dieli F, Hudecz F. In vitro T-cell immunogenicity of oligopeptides derived from the region 92-110 of the 16-kDa protein ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. Biopolymers 2004; 76:467-76. [PMID: 15386261 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The 16-kDa protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis provokes specific immune responses; it is thus a target for the development of peptide-based diagnostic reagents and subunit vaccines. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of several regions containing murine and human T-cell epitopes. Within the 91-110 immunodominant domain, we found that peptides comprising the sequence of 91SEFAYGSFVRTVSL104 elicit specific T-cell responses in both human T-cell clones and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from PPD+ (purified protein derivative) individuals. Elongation of this peptide towards the C-terminal end did not provide more effective peptides, but the removal of residue 91Ser resulted in an almost complete loss of functionality. However, the introduction of an acetyl group at the N-terminal of residue 92Glu produced a shorter peptide (Ac-92EFAYGSFVRTVSL104) exhibiting properties required for efficient T-cell responses. CD measurements indicated that peptide 91SEFAYGSFVRTVSLPVGADE110 adopts a helical conformation in trifluoroethanol. We found that the N-terminal part of this sequence plays a major role in the induction of proliferative T-cell responses and is responsible for the highly ordered, helical secondary structure. The "lead" structure described here could also be considered in the development of synthetic peptides or multicomponent peptide mixtures for the early detection, monitoring, or preventing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection with optimized T-cell response-provoking capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Bosze
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eôtvos L. University Budapest 112, POB 32, H-1518, Hungary
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Agrewala JN, Suvas S, Singh V, Vohra H. Delivery of antigen in allogeneic cells preferentially generates CD(4+) Th1 cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 134:13-22. [PMID: 12974749 PMCID: PMC1808824 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the possibility of evoking antigen-specific T cell immune response by using allogeneic cells as a source of adjuvant and also as a vehicle to deliver antigen. The mice were immunized with different preparations of antigen-pulsed allogeneic and syngeneic splenocytes. It was observed during the study that the animals immunized with antigen-pulsed mitomycin C treated allogeneic cells elicited antigen specific CD(4+) Th1 cell response. Predominant release of IL-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma and IgG2a-isotype also occurred. In contrast, mice immunized with antigen-pulsed syngeneic cells chiefly enhanced the production of interleukin (IL)-4 and IgG1-isotype. Further, allogeneic macrophages induced better T cell response than B cells or splenocytes and prominently induced the expression of B7-1 and B7-2. Immunization with antigen-pulsed macrophages provided better recall responses compared to B cells. This was manifested by the high LFA-1alpha and low CD45RB expression on T cells. Because it is already known that mitomycin C-treated cells undergo apoptosis and dendritic cells engulf apoptotic cells, we therefore propose that generation of T cell response using antigen-pulsed allogeneic cells may be due to the engulfment of these cells by dendritic cells, which may then process and present antigen entrapped in allogeneic cells to activate naive CD(4+) T cells and differentiate them to Th1 cells. This study therefore provides a rational basis for manipulating antigen-specific responses by immunizing with antigen-pulsed allogeneic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Agrewala
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.
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Caccamo N, Barera A, Di Sano C, Meraviglia S, Ivanyi J, Hudecz F, Bosze S, Dieli F, Salerno A. Cytokine profile, HLA restriction and TCR sequence analysis of human CD4+ T clones specific for an immunodominant epitope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16-kDa protein. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 133:260-6. [PMID: 12869033 PMCID: PMC1808769 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of immunodominant and universal mycobacterial peptides could be applied to vaccine design and have an employment as diagnostic reagents. In this paper we have investigated the fine specificity, clonal composition and HLA class II restriction of CD4+ T cell clones specific for an immunodominant epitope spanning amino acids 91-110 of the 16-kDa protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Twenty-one of the tested 28 clones had a Th1 profile, while seven clones had a Th0 profile. None of the clones had a Th2 profile. While the TCR AV gene usage of the clones was heterogeneous, a dominant TCR BV2 gene family was used by 18 of the 28 clones. The CDR3 regions of BV2+ T cell clones showed variation in lengths, but a putative common motif R-L/V-G/S-Y/W-E/D was detected in 13 of the 18 clones. Moreover, the last two to three residues of the putative CDR3 loops, encoded by conserved BJ sequences, could also play a role in peptide recognition. Antibody blockade and fine restriction analysis using HLA-DR homozygous antigen-presenting cells established that 16 of 18 BV2+ peptide-specific clones were DR restricted and two clones were DR-DQ and DR-DP restricted. Additionally, five of the 18 TCRBV2+ clones recognized peptide 91-110 in association with both parental and diverse HLA-DR molecules, indicating their promiscuous recognition pattern. The ability of peptide 91-110 to bind a wide range of HLA-DR molecules, and to stimulate a Th1-type interferon (IFN)-gamma response more readily, encourage the use of this peptide as a subunit vaccine component.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Caccamo
- Department of Biopathology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
The ancient disease of leprosy can cause severe disability and disfigurement and is still a major health concern in many parts of the world. Only a subset of those individuals exposed to the pathogen will go on to develop clinical disease and there is a broad clinical spectrum amongst leprosy sufferers. The outcome of infection is in part due to host genes that influence control of the initial infection and the host's immune response to that infection. Identification of the host genes that influence host susceptibility/resistance will enable a greater understanding of disease pathogenesis. In turn, this should facilitate development of more effective therapeutics and vaccines. So far at least a dozen genes have been implicated in leprosy susceptibility and a genome-wide linkage study has lead to the identification of at least one positional candidate. These findings are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fitness
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
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Höhn H, Kortsik C, Nilges K, Necker A, Freitag K, Tully G, Neukirch C, Maeurer MJ. Human leucocyte antigen-A2 restricted and Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses are oligoclonal and exhibit a T-cell cytotoxic type 2 response cytokine-secretion pattern. Immunology 2001; 104:278-88. [PMID: 11722642 PMCID: PMC1783313 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells can be grouped into two different types of secretory T lymphocytes, based on the cytokine-secretion pattern upon antigen exposure: those with a T-cell cytotoxic type 1 response (Tc1), which secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), or those with a T-cell cytotoxic type 2 response, which secrete interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10. We examined the CD8+ T-cell response directed against an immunodominant human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-presented peptide derived from a 19-kDa Mycobacterium tuberculosis-associated antigen. T cells were examined by functional analysis and by T-cell receptor (TCR) complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3)-spectratyping, which defines the complexity of a T-cell response. T-cell stimulation with the immunodominant VLTDGNPPEV epitope yielded a Tc2 (IL-4) cytokine-secretion pattern and resulted in oligoclonal expansion of TCR-variable beta chain (VB) families, which differed from patient to patient. Generation of T-cell clones corroborated the notion that the CD8+ T-cell response directed against the HLA-A2-presented VLTDGNPPEV epitope leads to a Tc2 cytokine-secretion pattern in CD8+ T cells, as defined by IL-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) release. Characterization of the cytokine-secretion profile in HLA-A2/VLTDGNPPEV-tetramer sorted T cells from patients with active tuberculosis supported this observation: peptide-specific T cells from three of three patients secreted IL-4 and only one of three patients produced IFN-gamma in response to the nominal target epitope. Permutation of this T-cell epitope may aid to elicit a qualitatively different CD8+ T-cell response in patients with M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Höhn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Mainz, Hochhaus Augustusplatz, Mainz, Germany
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Canaday DH, Wilkinson RJ, Li Q, Harding CV, Silver RF, Boom WH. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells kill intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a perforin and Fas/Fas ligand-independent mechanism. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2734-42. [PMID: 11509617 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.5.2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic effector phenotype and function of MHC-restricted Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-reactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes were analyzed from healthy tuberculin skin test-positive persons. After stimulation in vitro with MTB, both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells up-regulated mRNA expression for granzyme A and B, granulysin, perforin, and CD95L (Fas ligand). mRNA levels for these molecules were greater for resting CD8(+) than CD4(+) T cells. After MTB stimulation, mRNA levels were similar for both T cell subsets. Increased perforin and granulysin protein expression was confirmed in both in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells by flow cytometry. Both T cell subsets lysed MTB-infected monocytes. Biochemical inhibition of the granule exocytosis pathway in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells decreased cytolytic function by >90% in both T cell subsets. Ab blockade of the CD95-CD95L interaction decreased cytolytic function for both T cell populations by 25%. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells inhibited growth of intracellular MTB in autologous monocytes by 74% and 84%, respectively. However, inhibition of perforin activity, the CD95-CD95L interaction, or both CTL mechanisms did not affect CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell mediated restriction of MTB growth. Thus, perforin and CD95-CD95L were not involved in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell mediated restriction of MTB growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Raghavendra V, Singh V, Shaji AV, Vohra H, Kulkarni SK, Agrewala JN. Melatonin provides signal 3 to unprimed CD4(+) T cells but failed to stimulate LPS primed B cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 124:414-22. [PMID: 11472402 PMCID: PMC1906083 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has supported the conclusion that melatonin, a pineal hormone, modulates the immune function. In our previous study, we evaluated in vivo the potential role of melatonin in the regulation of the antigen specific T and B cells. In the present study, we observe that melatonin down-regulated the expression of the co-stimulatory molecule B7-1 but not B7-2 on macrophages. Further, melatonin encouraged the proliferation of anti-CD3 antibody activated CD4(+) T cells only in the presence of antigen-presenting cells and promoted the production of Th2-like cytokines. Furthermore, it failed to influence the activity of B cells in a T-independent manner. Melatonin suppressed the release of TNF-alpha by LPS or IFN-gamma activated macrophages but failed to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) release. Thus the study shows that melatonin can engineer the growth of unprimed CD4(+) T cells if both the signals are provided by antigen-presenting cells. However, it could not regulate the function of B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Raghavendra
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Ahmad N, Khan MA, Owais M. Liposome mediated antigen delivery leads to induction of CD8+ T lymphocyte and antibody responses against the V3 loop region of HIV gp120. Cell Immunol 2001; 210:49-55. [PMID: 11485352 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2001.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is general consensus that the use of whole viruses for the development of a vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) would be unsafe. While currently available nonreplicating vaccines, composed of synthetic peptides or purified subunit antigens, can help in tricking the humoral immune responses, they fail to incite the other major arm of the immune defense system, i.e., cell mediated immunity (CMI). To overcome the difficulty in generating CMI, we have entrapped an immunodominant HIV envelope glycoprotein peptide in liposomes made up of fusogenic lipids isolated from Escherichia coli. We have established the role of fusogenic liposomes in stimulation of HIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Interestingly, the same liposomes elicit strong HIV-specific antibody production as well. Moreover, untoward manifestations such as skin damage or antibody production against lipid components were also not observed. Thus, E. coli lipid liposomes (escheriosomes) could prove to be a potent candidate vaccine, capable of eliciting both humoral and cell mediated immune responses against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Raghavendra V, Singh V, Kulkarni SK, Agrewala JN. Melatonin enhances Th2 cell mediated immune responses: lack of sensitivity to reversal by naltrexone or benzodiazepine receptor antagonists. Mol Cell Biochem 2001; 221:57-62. [PMID: 11506187 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010968611716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic administration of melatonin for 5 days to antigen-primed mice increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 but decreased the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. These results further confirm that melatonin activates Th2-like immune response. Whether melatonin-mediated Th2 response is dependent on opioid or central and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors was also examined. Hence, melatonin was administered to antigen-sensitised mice with either naltrexone (a mu opioid receptor antagonist) or flumazenil (a central benzodiazepine receptor antagonist) or PK11195 (a peripheral benzoidiazepine receptor antagonist). No significant difference in melatonin-induced Th2 cell response was observed by naltrexone, flumazenil or PK11195 treatment. These findings suggest that the Th2 cell response induced by melatonin in antigen sensitised mice neither dependent on endogenous opioid system nor is modulated through the central or peripheral benzodiazepine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Raghavendra
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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