1
|
Topping LM, Romero-Castillo L, Urbonaviciute V, Bolinsson H, Clanchy FI, Holmdahl R, Bäckström BT, Williams RO. Standardization of Antigen-Emulsion Preparations for the Induction of Autoimmune Disease Models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892251. [PMID: 35769487 PMCID: PMC9234561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune murine disease models are vital tools for identifying novel targets and finding better treatments for human diseases. Complete Freund's adjuvant is commonly used to induce disease in autoimmune models, and the quality of the adjuvant/autoantigen emulsion is of critical importance in determining reproducibility. We have established an emulsification method using a standard homogenizer and specially designed receptacle. Emulsions are easy to prepare, form stable and uniform water-in-oil particles, are faster to make than the traditional syringe method, use less material and are designed to fill syringes with ease. In the present study, we have validated the emulsions for induction of experimental autoimmune encephalitis, collagen II induced arthritis, antigen induced arthritis, and delayed type hypersensitivity models. These models were induced consistently and reproducibly and, in some cases, the new method outperformed the traditional method. The method described herein is simple, cost-effective and will reduce variability, thereby requiring fewer animals for in vivo research involving animal models of autoimmune disease and in vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Topping
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Romero-Castillo
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilma Urbonaviciute
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Bolinsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Felix I. Clanchy
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B. Thomas Bäckström
- The Rausing Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Autoimmunity, BTB Emulsions AB, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Richard O. Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wemlinger SM, Parker Harp CR, Yu B, Hardy IR, Seefeldt M, Matsuda J, Mingueneau M, Spilker KA, Cameron TO, Larrick JW, Getahun A, Cambier JC. Preclinical Analysis of Candidate Anti-Human CD79 Therapeutic Antibodies Using a Humanized CD79 Mouse Model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1566-1584. [PMID: 35321883 PMCID: PMC8976721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The BCR comprises a membrane-bound Ig that is noncovalently associated with a heterodimer of CD79A and CD79B. While the BCR Ig component functions to sense extracellular Ag, CD79 subunits contain cytoplasmic ITAMs that mediate intracellular propagation of BCR signals critical for B cell development, survival, and Ag-induced activation. CD79 is therefore an attractive target for Ab and chimeric Ag receptor T cell therapies for autoimmunity and B cell neoplasia. Although the mouse is an attractive model for preclinical testing, due to its well-defined immune system, an obstacle is the lack of cross-reactivity of candidate therapeutic anti-human mAbs with mouse CD79. To overcome this problem, we generated knockin mice in which the extracellular Ig-like domains of CD79A and CD79B were replaced with human equivalents. In this study, we describe the generation and characterization of mice expressing chimeric CD79 and report studies that demonstrate their utility in preclinical analysis of anti-human CD79 therapy. We demonstrate that human and mouse CD79 extracellular domains are functionally interchangeable, and that anti-human CD79 lacking Fc region effector function does not cause significant B cell depletion, but induces 1) decreased expression of plasma membrane-associated IgM and IgD, 2) uncoupling of BCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium mobilization, and 3) increased expression of PTEN, consistent with the levels observed in anergic B cells. Finally, anti-human CD79 treatment prevents disease development in two mouse models of autoimmunity. We also present evidence that anti-human CD79 treatment may inhibit Ab secretion by terminally differentiated plasmablasts and plasma cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Wemlinger
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Bo Yu
- Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, CA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Matsuda
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Manouchehri N, Hussain RZ, Cravens PD, Esaulova E, Artyomov MN, Edelson BT, Wu GF, Cross AH, Doelger R, Loof N, Eagar TN, Forsthuber TG, Calvier L, Herz J, Stüve O. CD11c +CD88 +CD317 + myeloid cells are critical mediators of persistent CNS autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2014492118. [PMID: 33785592 PMCID: PMC8040603 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014492118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) against α4-integrin, reduces the number of dendritic cells (DC) in cerebral perivascular spaces in multiple sclerosis (MS). Selective deletion of α4-integrin in CD11c+ cells should curtail their migration to the central nervous system (CNS) and ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We generated CD11c.Cre+/-ITGA4fl/fl C57BL/6 mice to selectively delete α4-integrin in CD11c+ cells. Active immunization and adoptive transfer EAE models were employed and compared with WT controls. Multiparameter flow cytometry was utilized to immunophenotype leukocyte subsets. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to profile individual cells. α4-Integrin expression by CD11c+ cells was significantly reduced in primary and secondary lymphoid organs in CD11c.Cre+/-ITGA4fl/fl mice. In active EAE, a delayed disease onset was observed in CD11c.Cre+/-ITGA4fl/fl mice, during which CD11c+CD88+ cells were sequestered in the blood. Upon clinical EAE onset, CD11c+CD88+ cells appeared in the CNS and expressed CD317+ In adoptive transfer experiments, CD11c.Cre+/-ITGA4fl/fl mice had ameliorated clinical disease phenotype associated with significantly diminished numbers of CNS CD11c+CD88+CD317+ cells. In human cerebrospinal fluid from subjects with neuroinflammation, microglia-like cells display coincident expression of ITGAX (CD11c), C5AR1 (CD88), and BST2 (CD317). In mice, we show that only activated, but not naïve microglia expressed CD11c, CD88, and CD317. Finally, anti-CD317 treatment prior to clinical EAE substantially enhanced recovery in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Manouchehri
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Rehana Z Hussain
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Petra D Cravens
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Ekaterina Esaulova
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Anne H Cross
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Richard Doelger
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Nicolas Loof
- The Moody Foundation Flow Cytometry Facility, Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Todd N Eagar
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249
| | - Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs University, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75216
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Souza PS, Zaccaron RP, Vasconcellos FTF, De Paula CBV, Cunha EBB, de Noronha L, Feuser PE, Nesi RT, Paula MMS, Silveira PCL, Pinho RA. Neuroinflammatory Regulation of Gold Nanoparticles Conjugated to Ethylene Dicysteine Diethyl Ester in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1242-1251. [PMID: 33586954 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). A large amount of proinflammatory cytokines is released in the CNS from the self-reactive T cells infiltrate, leading to the destruction of the myelin sheath and contributing to the development of MS. Several drugs have emerged in recent years to treat MS, and studies have shown that gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have anti-inflammatory properties in autoimmune diseases. Thus, the effects of GNP conjugation to ethylene dicysteine diethyl ester (ECD) were evaluated in C57BL/6 female mice exposed to experimental MS. Animals were exposed to experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) in complete Freund's adjuvant supplemented with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The clinical and cerebral effects of the different doses of ECD-GNPs (0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 mg/kg) were first studied, and the results showed that the group treated with 0.6 mg/kg ECD-GNPs improved clinical symptoms, inflammatory infiltrate, and myelin integrity. In the following step, GNPs and ECD-GNPs (0.6 mg/kg) showed improvements in the clinical signs of the disease. Moreover, there was a reduction in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in both groups compared to EAE, and only the isolated use of GNPs increased IL-4 expression. Both NF-κB and TGFβ immunoexpression were significantly reduced following EAE + GNPs and EAE + ECD-GNPs treatment. In conclusion, GNPs and ECD-GNPs at 0.6 mg/kg attenuate the neurological signs of EAE likely due to inhibition of neuroinflammation induced by EAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila S Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rúbya P Zaccaron
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Franciane T F Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Caroline B V De Paula
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B B Cunha
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucia de Noronha
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Feuser
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Renata T Nesi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcos M S Paula
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69067-00, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Paulo C L Silveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sundaram G, Lim CK, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ. Kynurenine pathway modulation reverses the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse disease progression. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:176. [PMID: 32505212 PMCID: PMC7276083 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) results from acute and chronic neuroinflammation leading to both immune suppression and neurotoxicity. However, the exact effects of KP metabolites and changes in neurodegenerative diseases over time are not fully understood. Studies, including those in MS models, have reported that short-term KP activation is beneficial through immune tolerance. However, the effects of long-term KP activation are poorly understood. We hypothesized that such chronic activation is responsible for the neurodegeneration in MS, and further, modulating the KP in EAE-induced mice could significantly decrease the EAE disease severity. METHODS We biochemically altered the KP at different stages of the disease in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS and at two different enzymatic levels of the KP (IDO-1 (indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase)) and KMO (kynurenine monooxygenase). CNS tissue and blood samples were analyzed longitudinally using GCMS, HPLC, IHC, and RT-PCR. RESULTS We showed that the KP was steadily upregulated correlating with disease severity and associated with a shift towards increasing concentrations of the KP metabolite quinolinic acid, a neuro- and gliotoxin. KP modulation by inhibition of IDO-1 with 1-methyl tryptophan (1-MT) was dependent on the timing of treatment at various stages of EAE. IDO-1 inhibition at EAE score 2 led to significantly higher numbers of FoxP3 cells (p < 0.001) in the spleen than earlier IDO-1 inhibition (prophylactic 1-MT treatment group (p < 0.001)), 1-MT treatment after EAE induction (EAE score 0; p < 0.001), and 1-MT treatment at EAE score of 1 (p < 0.05). Significant improvement of disease severity was observed in EAE mice treated with 1-MT at EAE score 2 compared to the untreated group (p < 0.05). KP modulation by KMO inhibition with Ro 61-8048 led to significantly greater numbers of Foxp3 cells (p < 0.05) in Ro 61-8048 treated mice and even more significant amelioration of EAE disease compared to the 1-MT treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a new mechanistic link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and point to KP modulation at the KMO level to preserve immune tolerance and limit neurodegeneration in EAE. They provide the foundation for new clinical trials for MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Sundaram
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Acharya B, Meka RR, Venkatesha SH, Lees JR, Teesalu T, Moudgil KD. A novel CNS-homing peptide for targeting neuroinflammatory lesions in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 51:101530. [PMID: 32035108 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using phage peptide library screening, we identified peptide-encoding phages that selectively home to the inflamed central nervous system (CNS) of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of human multiple sclerosis (MS). A phage peptide display library encoding cyclic 9-amino-acid random peptides was first screened ex-vivo for binding to the CNS tissue of EAE mice, followed by in vivo screening in the diseased mice. Phage insert sequences that were present at a higher frequency in the CNS of EAE mice than in the normal (control) mice were identified by DNA sequencing. One of the phages selected in this manner, denoted as MS-1, was shown to selectively recognize CNS tissue in EAE mice. Individually cloned phages with this insert preferentially homed to EAE CNS after an intravenous injection. Similarly, systemically-administered fluorescence-labeled synthetic MS-1 peptide showed selective accumulation in the spinal cord of EAE mice. We suggest that peptide MS-1 might be useful for targeted drug delivery to CNS in EAE/MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bodhraj Acharya
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rakeshchandra R Meka
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shivaprasad H Venkatesha
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason R Lees
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu (UT), Estonia; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA. https://webmail.umaryland.edu/src/compose.php?send_to=kmoud001%40umaryland.edu
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hussain RZ, Cravens PC, Doelger R, Dentel B, Herndon E, Loof N, Tsai P, Okuda DT, Racke MK, Stüve O. TLR3 agonism re-establishes CNS immune competence during α4-integrin deficiency. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1543-1561. [PMID: 30564621 PMCID: PMC6292184 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Natalizumab blocks α4-integrin-mediated leukocyte migration into the central nervous system (CNS). It diminishes disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS), but carries a high risk of progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection with JV virus that may be prompted by diminished CNS immune surveillance. The initial host response to viral infections entails the synthesis of type I interferons (IFN) upon engagement of TLR3 receptors. We hypothesized that TLR3 agonism reestablishes CNS immune competence in the setting of α4-integrin deficiency. METHOD We generated the conditional knock out mouse strain Mx1.Cre+ α4-integrinfl/fl, in which the α4-integrin gene is ablated upon treatment with the TLR3 agonist poly I:C. Adoptive transfer of purified lymphocytes from poly I:C-treated Mx1.Cre+ α4-integrinfl/fl donors into naive recipients recapitulates immunosuppression under natalizumab. Active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Mx1.Cre+ α4-integrinfl/fl mice treated with poly I:C represents immune-reconstitution. RESULTS Adoptive transfer of T cells from poly I:C treated Mx1.Cre+ α4-integrinfl/fl mice causes minimal EAE. The in vitro migratory capability of CD45+ splenocytes from these mice is reduced. In contrast, actively-induced EAE after poly I:C treatment results in full disease susceptibility of Mx1.Cre+ α4-integrinfl/fl mice, and the number and composition of CNS leukocytes is similar to controls. Extravasation of Evans Blue indicates a compromised blood-brain barrier. Poly I:C treatment results in a 2-fold increase in IFN β transcription in the spinal cord. INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that TLR3 agonism in the setting of relative α4-integrin deficiency can reestablish CNS immune surveillance in an experimental model. This pathway may present a feasible treatment strategy to treat and prevent PML under natalizumab therapy and should be considered for further experimental evaluation in a controlled setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehana Z. Hussain
- Department of Neurology and NeurotherapeuticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Petra C. Cravens
- Department of Neurology and NeurotherapeuticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Richard Doelger
- Department of Neurology and NeurotherapeuticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Brianne Dentel
- Department of Neurology and NeurotherapeuticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Emily Herndon
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Nicolas Loof
- The Moody Foundation Flow Cytometry FacilityChildren's Research InstituteUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Peter Tsai
- Department of Neurology and NeurotherapeuticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Darin T. Okuda
- Department of Neurology and NeurotherapeuticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | | | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and NeurotherapeuticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
- Neurology SectionVA North Texas Health Care System, Medical ServiceDallasTexas
- Department of NeurologyKlinikum rechts der IsarTechnische Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Narayan RN, Forsthuber T, Stüve O. Emerging drugs for primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2018; 23:97-110. [DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2018.1463370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Narendra Narayan
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bjelobaba I, Begovic-Kupresanin V, Pekovic S, Lavrnja I. Animal models of multiple sclerosis: Focus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1021-1042. [PMID: 29446144 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects more than two million people worldwide. Several animal models resemble MS pathology; the most employed are experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and toxin- and/or virus-induced demyelination. In this review we will summarize our knowledge on the utility of different animal models in MS research. Although animal models cannot replicate the complexity and heterogeneity of the MS pathology, they have proved to be useful for the development of several drugs approved for treatment of MS patients. This review focuses on EAE because it represents both clinical and pathological features of MS. During the past decades, EAE has been effective in illuminating various pathological processes that occur during MS, including inflammation, CNS penetration, demyelination, axonopathy, and neuron loss mediated by immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bjelobaba
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Sanja Pekovic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shen B, Cao Z, Li W, Sabatier JM, Wu Y. Treating autoimmune disorders with venom-derived peptides. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1065-1075. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1346606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingzheng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Yingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tanaka Y, Arima Y, Higuchi K, Ohki T, Elfeky M, Ota M, Kamimura D, Murakami M. EAE Induction by Passive Transfer of MOG-specific CD4 + T Cells. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2370. [PMID: 34541112 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by focal demyelination and inflammatory responses mediated by myelin-specific autoreactive CD4+ T cells. Using a passive transfer model of EAE in mice, we have demonstrated that regional specific neural signals by sensory-sympathetic communications create gateways for immune cells at specific blood vessels of the CNS, a phenomenon known as the gateway reflex ( Arima et al., 2012 ; Tracey, 2012; Arima et al., 2013 ; Sabharwal et al., 2014 ; Arima et al., 2015b ). Here we describe protocols for passive transfer model of EAE using freshly isolated (MOG)-specific CD4+ T cells or periodically restimulated MOG-specific CD4+ T cell lines, which are suitable for tracking pathogenic CD4+ T cells in vivo, particularly in the CNS ( Ogura et al., 2008 ; Arima et al., 2012 and 2015b).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Arima
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Higuchi
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuto Ohki
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mohamed Elfeky
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Ota
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kamimura
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Leichner TM, Satake A, Harrison VS, Tanaka Y, Archambault AS, Kim BS, Siracusa MC, Leonard WJ, Naji A, Wu GF, Artis D, Kambayashi T. Skin-derived TSLP systemically expands regulatory T cells. J Autoimmun 2017; 79:39-52. [PMID: 28126203 PMCID: PMC5386815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4+ T cells with suppressive function and are critical for limiting inappropriate activation of T cells. Hence, the expansion of Tregs is an attractive strategy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Here, we demonstrate that the skin possesses the remarkable capacity to systemically expand Treg numbers by producing thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in response to vitamin D receptor stimulation. An ∼2-fold increase in the proportion and absolute number of Tregs was observed in mice treated topically but not systemically with the Vitamin D3 analog MC903. This expansion of Tregs was dependent on TSLP receptor signaling but not on VDR signaling in hematopoietic cells. However, TSLP receptor expression by Tregs was not required for their proliferation. Rather, skin-derived TSLP promoted Treg expansion through dendritic cells. Importantly, treatment of skin with MC903 significantly lowered the incidence of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice and attenuated disease score in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Together, these data demonstrate that the skin has the remarkable potential to control systemic immune responses and that Vitamin D-mediated stimulation of skin could serve as a novel strategy to therapeutically modulate the systemic immune system for the treatment of autoimmunity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Cholecalciferol/analogs & derivatives
- Cholecalciferol/pharmacology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Leichner
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Atsushi Satake
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Japan
| | | | - Yukinori Tanaka
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Angela S Archambault
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Brian S Kim
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Center for the Study of Itch, United States
| | - Mark C Siracusa
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, United States
| | | | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, United States
| | - David Artis
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, United States
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
IL-12/IL-23p40 Is Highly Expressed in Secondary Lymphoid Organs and the CNS during All Stages of EAE, but Its Deletion Does Not Affect Disease Perpetuation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165248. [PMID: 27780253 PMCID: PMC5079572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 are heterodimers that share the p40 subunit, and both cytokines are critical in the differentiation of T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells, respectively. Th1 and Th17 effector cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), an animal model of the human central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune demyelinating disorder multiple sclerosis (MS). However, ustekinumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against p40 failed to show efficacy over placebo in a phase II clinical trial in patients with MS. The role of p40 in initial T cell priming and maintenance in secondary lymphoid tissues is not yet well understood. Methods Active EAE was induced in the B6.129-IL12b strain of p40eYFP reporter mice (yet40 mice), and Th1 and Th17 polarized cells were adoptively transferred into p40-deficient mice. Cellular subsets were phenotyped by multi-parameter flow cytometry, and p40 tissue expression was identified by confocal microscopy. Results We show that yet40 mice are susceptible to EAE, and that p40 is highly expressed in secondary lymphoid organs and the CNS during all stages of the disease. Interestingly, p40 expression in the recipient is not required for EAE induction after adoptive transfer of activated and differentiated encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 cells into p40-deficient mice. Peripheral antagonism of T helper cell trophic factors critical for the differentiation and maintenance of Th1 and Th17 cells ameliorates EAE, indicating that p40 may play a critical role in the induction of CNS autoimmunity but not in its perpetuation. Conclusion Our data may explain why ustekinumab did not ameliorate paraclinical and clinical disease in patients with MS. In patients with already established disease, activated antigen-specific encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells are likely already differentiated, and are not dependent on p40 for maintenance. A clinical trial of longer duration with anti-p40 mAbs or other forms of pharmacological p40 antagonism, or sequential anti-p40 therapy following T cell depletion may show a benefit by affecting de novo generation of autoimmune T cells.
Collapse
|
14
|
Doran TM, Sarkar M, Kodadek T. Chemical Tools To Monitor and Manipulate Adaptive Immune Responses. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6076-94. [PMID: 27115249 PMCID: PMC5332222 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Methods to monitor and manipulate the immune system are of enormous clinical interest. For example, the development of vaccines represents one of the earliest and greatest accomplishments of the biomedical research enterprise. More recently, drugs capable of "reawakening" the immune system to cancer have generated enormous excitement. But, much remains to be done. All drugs available today that manipulate the immune system cannot distinguish between "good" and "bad" immune responses and thus drive general and systemic immune suppression or activation. Indeed, with the notable exception of vaccines, our ability to monitor and manipulate antigen-specific immune responses is in its infancy. Achieving this finer level of control would be highly desirable. For example, it might allow the pharmacological editing of pathogenic immune responses without restricting the ability of the immune system to defend against infection. On the diagnostic side, a method to comprehensively monitor the circulating, antigen-specific antibody population could provide a treasure trove of clinically useful biomarkers, since many diseases expose the immune system to characteristic molecules that are deemed foreign and elicit the production of antibodies against them. This Perspective will discuss the state-of-the-art of this area with a focus on what we consider seminal opportunities for the chemistry community to contribute to this important field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Doran
- Departments of Chemistry & Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Mohosin Sarkar
- Departments of Chemistry & Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Thomas Kodadek
- Departments of Chemistry & Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sumoylation coordinates the repression of inflammatory and anti-viral gene-expression programs during innate sensing. Nat Immunol 2015; 17:140-9. [PMID: 26657003 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate sensing of pathogens initiates inflammatory cytokine responses that need to be tightly controlled. We found here that after engagement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in myeloid cells, deficient sumoylation caused increased secretion of transcription factor NF-κB-dependent inflammatory cytokines and a massive type I interferon signature. In mice, diminished sumoylation conferred susceptibility to endotoxin shock and resistance to viral infection. Overproduction of several NF-κB-dependent inflammatory cytokines required expression of the type I interferon receptor, which identified type I interferon as a central sumoylation-controlled hub for inflammation. Mechanistically, the small ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO operated from a distal enhancer of the gene encoding interferon-β (Ifnb1) to silence both basal and stimulus-induced activity of the Ifnb1 promoter. Therefore, sumoylation restrained inflammation by silencing Ifnb1 expression and by strictly suppressing an unanticipated priming by type I interferons of the TLR-induced production of inflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
|
16
|
Doran TM, Gao Y, Simanski S, McEnaney P, Kodadek T. High affinity binding of conformationally constrained synthetic oligomers to an antigen-specific antibody: Discovery of a diagnostically useful synthetic ligand for murine Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4910-4917. [PMID: 26067174 PMCID: PMC4607566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
'Antigen surrogates' are synthetic, non-natural molecules that recognize the antigen-binding sites of antibodies. These molecules are of interest as replacements for native antigens as antibody 'capture agents' in ELISA-like assays of potential diagnostic utility, for example when the antibody is indicative of a disease state. Antigen surrogates for disease-related antibodies can be mined from one-bead one-compound (OBOC) libraries by first denuding the library of ligands for antibodies present in the serum of control patients or animals, followed by screening the remainder of the library against serum from individuals with a particular disease of interest. Most of the work in this area has been done with peptoids (oligomers of N-alkylated glycine), which provide antibody ligands with only modest affinity and selectivity. Here, we explore the hypothesis that this is due to the 'floppiness' of the peptoid backbone by creating libraries of peptoid-like molecules that have conformation-restricting structural elements inserted into their backbones. Indeed, we show here that these libraries can provide high affinity and selectivity antigen surrogates and that this much-improved binding is completely dependent on conformational restriction of the oligomer chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Doran
- The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Yu Gao
- The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Scott Simanski
- The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Patrick McEnaney
- The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Thomas Kodadek
- The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Parker Harp CR, Archambault AS, Sim J, Ferris ST, Mikesell RJ, Koni PA, Shimoda M, Linington C, Russell JH, Wu GF. B cell antigen presentation is sufficient to drive neuroinflammation in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5077-84. [PMID: 25895531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cells are increasingly regarded as integral to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, in part as a result of the success of B cell-depletion therapy. Multiple B cell-dependent mechanisms contributing to inflammatory demyelination of the CNS have been explored using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a CD4 T cell-dependent animal model for multiple sclerosis. Although B cell Ag presentation was suggested to regulate CNS inflammation during EAE, direct evidence that B cells can independently support Ag-specific autoimmune responses by CD4 T cells in EAE is lacking. Using a newly developed murine model of in vivo conditional expression of MHC class II, we reported previously that encephalitogenic CD4 T cells are incapable of inducing EAE when B cells are the sole APC. In this study, we find that B cells cooperate with dendritic cells to enhance EAE severity resulting from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) immunization. Further, increasing the precursor frequency of MOG-specific B cells, but not the addition of soluble MOG-specific Ab, is sufficient to drive EAE in mice expressing MHCII by B cells alone. These data support a model in which expansion of Ag-specific B cells during CNS autoimmunity amplifies cognate interactions between B and CD4 T cells and have the capacity to independently drive neuroinflammation at later stages of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea R Parker Harp
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Angela S Archambault
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Julia Sim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stephen T Ferris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Robert J Mikesell
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Pandelakis A Koni
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Michiko Shimoda
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817; and
| | | | - John H Russell
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pharmaceutical integrated stress response enhancement protects oligodendrocytes and provides a potential multiple sclerosis therapeutic. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6532. [PMID: 25766071 PMCID: PMC4360920 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte death contributes to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Nevertheless, current MS therapies are mainly immunomodulatory and have demonstrated limited ability to inhibit MS progression. Protection of oligodendrocytes is therefore a desirable strategy for alleviating disease. Here we demonstrate that enhancement of the integrated stress response using the FDA-approved drug guanabenz increases oligodendrocyte survival in culture and prevents hypomyelination in cerebellar explants in the presence of interferon-γ, a pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in MS pathogenesis. In vivo, guanabenz treatment protects against oligodendrocyte loss caused by CNS-specific expression of interferon-γ. In a mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, guanabenz alleviates clinical symptoms, which correlates with increased oligodendrocyte survival and diminished CNS CD4+ T cell accumulation. Moreover, guanabenz ameliorates relapse in relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Our results provide support for a MS therapy that enhances the integrated stress response to protect oligodendrocytes against the inflammatory CNS environment. Current multiple sclerosis treatments focus on prevention of immune attack on oligodendrocytes and myelin. Here the authors show a different strategy to ameliorate disease in several mouse models, protecting oligodendrocytes from inflammation-induced death with an FDA-approved drug, guanabenz.
Collapse
|
19
|
Solga AC, Pong WW, Walker J, Wylie T, Magrini V, Apicelli AJ, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Kohsaka S, Wu GF, Brody DL, Mardis ER, Gutmann DH. RNA-sequencing reveals oligodendrocyte and neuronal transcripts in microglia relevant to central nervous system disease. Glia 2014; 63:531-548. [PMID: 25258010 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Expression profiling of distinct central nervous system (CNS) cell populations has been employed to facilitate disease classification and to provide insights into the molecular basis of brain pathology. One important cell type implicated in a wide variety of CNS disease states is the resident brain macrophage (microglia). In these studies, microglia are often isolated from dissociated brain tissue by flow sorting procedures [fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)] or from postnatal glial cultures by mechanic isolation. Given the highly dynamic and state-dependent functions of these cells, the use of FACS or short-term culture methods may not accurately capture the biology of brain microglia. In the current study, we performed RNA-sequencing using Cx3cr1(+/GFP) labeled microglia isolated from the brainstem of 6-week-old mice to compare the transcriptomes of FACS-sorted versus laser capture microdissection (LCM). While both isolation techniques resulted in a large number of shared (common) transcripts, we identified transcripts unique to FACS-isolated and LCM-captured microglia. In particular, ∼50% of these LCM-isolated microglial transcripts represented genes typically associated with neurons and glia. While these transcripts clearly localized to microglia using complementary methods, they were not translated into protein. Following the induction of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, increased oligodendrocyte and neuronal transcripts were detected in microglia, while only the myelin basic protein oligodendrocyte transcript was increased in microglia after traumatic brain injury. Collectively, these findings have implications for the design and interpretation of microglia transcriptome-based investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Solga
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | - Winnie W Pong
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | - Jason Walker
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Todd Wylie
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Vincent Magrini
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Anthony J Apicelli
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | | | - Obi L Griffith
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Shinichi Kohsaka
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | - David L Brody
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chan MWY, Chang CB, Tung CH, Sun J, Suen JL, Wu SF. Low-dose 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine pretreatment inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by induction of regulatory T cells. Mol Med 2014; 20:248-56. [PMID: 24869907 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) is the major transcription factor controlling the development and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Previous studies have indicated epigenetic regulation of Foxp3 expression. Here, we investigated whether the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) applied peripherally could modulate central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, by using a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. We found that disease activity was inhibited in a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide-induced EAE mouse briefly pretreated with low-dose (0.15 mg/kg) 5-Aza, ameliorating significant CNS inflammatory responses, as indicated by greatly decreased proinflammatory cytokines. On the contrary, control EAE mice expressed high levels of IFN-γ and interleukin (IL)-17. In addition, 5-Aza treatment in vitro increased GFP expression in CD4(+)GFP(-) T cells isolated from GFP knock-in Foxp3 transgenic mice. Importantly, 5-Aza treatment increased Treg cell numbers, in EAE mice, at both disease onset and peak. However, Treg inhibition assays showed 5-Aza treatment did not enhance per-cell Treg inhibitory function, but did maintain a lower activation threshold for effector cells in EAE mice. In conclusion, 5-Aza treatment prevented EAE development and suppressed CNS inflammation, by increasing the number of Treg cells and inhibiting effector cells in the periphery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Y Chan
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung-Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Bin Chang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung-Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Hsueh Tung
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung-Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Dalin, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Justin Sun
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung-Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jau-Ling Suen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Fen Wu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung-Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shin S, Walz KA, Archambault AS, Sim J, Bollman BP, Koenigsknecht-Talboo J, Cross AH, Holtzman DM, Wu GF. Apolipoprotein E mediation of neuro-inflammation in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 271:8-17. [PMID: 24794230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) functions as a ligand in receptor-mediated endocytosis of lipoprotein particles and has been demonstrated to play a role in antigen presentation. To explore the contribution of ApoE during autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) demyelination, we examined the clinical, cellular immune function, and pathologic consequences of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induction in ApoE knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice. We observed reduced clinical severity of EAE in ApoE(-/-) mice in comparison to WT mice that was concomitant with an early reduction of dendritic cells (DCs) followed by a reduction of additional innate cells in the spinal cord at the peak of disease without any differences in axonal damage. While T cell priming was enhanced in ApoE(-/-) mice, reduced severity of EAE was also observed in ApoE(-/-) recipients of encephalitogenic wild type T cells. Expression of ApoE during EAE was elevated within the CNS of wild type mice, particularly by innate cells such as DCs. Overall, ApoE promotes clinical EAE, likely by mediation of inflammation localized within the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Shin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Katharine A Walz
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Angela S Archambault
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Julia Sim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Bryan P Bollman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Jessica Koenigsknecht-Talboo
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Anne H Cross
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Semon JA, Zhang X, Pandey AC, Alandete SM, Maness C, Zhang S, Scruggs BA, Strong AL, Sharkey SA, Beuttler MM, Gimble JM, Bunnell BA. Administration of murine stromal vascular fraction ameliorates chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:789-96. [PMID: 23981726 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) represents a promising therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases since they have been shown to have immunomodulatory properties. The uncultured, nonexpanded counterpart of ASCs, the stromal vascular fraction (SVF), is composed of a heterogeneous mixture of cells. Although administration of ex vivo culture-expanded ASCs has been used to study immunomodulatory mechanisms in multiple models of autoimmune diseases, less is known about SVF-based therapy. The ability of murine SVF cells to treat myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) was compared with that of culture-expanded ASCs in C57Bl/6J mice. A total of 1 × 10(6) SVF cells or ASCs were administered intraperitoneally concomitantly with the induction of disease. The data indicate that intraperitoneal administration of ASCs significantly ameliorated the severity of disease course. They also demonstrate, for the first time, that the SVF effectively inhibited disease severity and was statistically more effective than ASCs. Both cell therapies also demonstrated a reduction in tissue damage, a decrease in inflammatory infiltrates, and a reduction in sera levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-12. Based on these data, SVF cells effectively inhibited EAE disease progression more than culture-expanded ASCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Semon
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Satake A, Schmidt AM, Archambault A, Leichner TM, Wu GF, Kambayashi T. Differential targeting of IL-2 and T cell receptor signaling pathways selectively expands regulatory T cells while inhibiting conventional T cells. J Autoimmun 2013; 44:13-20. [PMID: 23834842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to expand regulatory T cells hold therapeutic potential for ameliorating T cell-mediated autoimmunity. Recently, we reported that the requirements for T cell receptor signaling in conventional T cell and regulatory T cell proliferation are different. Using mutant mice that display defective T cell receptor-mediated phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) activation, we hereby demonstrate that PLCγ activation is required for antigen-specific conventional T cell proliferation but not for IL-2-induced regulatory T cell proliferation. This led us to hypothesize that in conjunction with IL-2, pharmacological inhibition of T cell receptor-mediated PLCγ activation might offer a novel therapeutic strategy to expand regulatory T cells while simultaneously inhibiting conventional T cell proliferation. Indeed, using the calcineurin inhibitor Cyclosporine A to inhibit signaling downstream of PLCγ, we found that Cyclosporine A attenuated antigen-specific Tconv proliferation but permitted IL-2-induced regulatory T cell expansion in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the combination of Cyclosporine A and IL-2 was superior over either Cyclosporine A or IL-2 monotherapy in protection against the T cell-mediated demyelinating autoimmune disease mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thus, a combination of TCR signaling inhibition and IL-2 might be a beneficial strategy in expanding regulatory T cells and inhibiting conventional T cell proliferation in autoimmune settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Satake
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 10194, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Badawi AH, Siahaan TJ. Immune modulating peptides for the treatment and suppression of multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2012; 144:127-38. [PMID: 22722227 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease in which the immune system recognizes proteins of the myelin sheath as antigenic, thus initiating an inflammatory reaction in the central nervous system. This leads to demyelination of the axons, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and lesion formation. Current therapies for the treatment of MS are generally non-specific and weaken the global immune system, thus making the individual susceptible to opportunistic infections. Antigenic peptides and their derivatives are becoming more prevalent for investigation as therapeutic agents for MS because they possess immune-specific characteristics. In addition, other peptides that target vital components of the inflammatory immune response have also been developed. Therefore, the objectives of this review are to (a) summarize the immunological basis for the development of MS, (b) discuss specific and non-specific peptides tested in EAE and in humans, and (c) briefly address some problems and potential solutions with these novel therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Badawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wu GF, Corbo E, Schmidt M, Smith-Garvin JE, Riese MJ, Jordan MS, Laufer TM, Brown EJ, Maltzman JS. Conditional deletion of SLP-76 in mature T cells abrogates peripheral immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2064-73. [PMID: 21469089 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The adaptor protein Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte-specific protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) is central to the organization of intracellular signaling downstream of the T-cell receptor (TCR). Evaluation of its role in mature, primary T cells has been hampered by developmental defects that occur in the absence of WT SLP-76 protein in thymocytes. Here, we show that following tamoxifen-regulated conditional deletion of SLP-76, mature, antigen-inexperienced T cells maintain normal TCR surface expression but fail to transduce TCR-generated signals. Conditionally deficient T cells fail to proliferate in response to antigenic stimulation or a lymphopenic environment. Mice with induced deletion of SLP-76 are resistant to induction of the CD4+ T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Altogether, our findings demonstrate the critical role of SLP-76-mediated signaling in initiating T-cell-directed immune responses both in vitro and in vivo and highlight the ability to analyze signaling processes in mature T cells in the absence of developmental defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wu GF, Shindler KS, Allenspach EJ, Stephen TL, Thomas HL, Mikesell RJ, Cross AH, Laufer TM. Limited sufficiency of antigen presentation by dendritic cells in models of central nervous system autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2010; 36:56-64. [PMID: 21095100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS), is dependent upon the activation and effector functions of autoreactive CD4 T cells. Multiple interactions between CD4 T cells and major histocompatibility class II (MHCII)+ antigen presenting cells (APCs) must occur in both the periphery and central nervous system (CNS) to elicit autoimmunity. The identity of the MHCII+ APCs involved throughout this process remains in question. We investigated which APC in the periphery and CNS mediates disease using transgenic mice with MHCII expression restricted to dendritic cells (DCs). MHCII expression restricted to DCs results in normal susceptibility to peptide-mediated EAE. Indeed, radiation-sensitive bone marrow-derived DCs were sufficient for all APC functions during peptide-induced disease. However, DCs alone were inefficient at promoting disease after immunization with the myelin protein myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), even in the presence of MHCII-deficient B cells. Consistent with a defect in disease induction following protein immunization, antigen presentation by DCs alone was incapable of mediating spontaneous optic neuritis. These results indicate that DCs are capable of perpetuating CNS-targeted autoimmunity when antigens are readily available, but other APCs are required to efficiently initiate pathogenic cognate CD4 T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19004, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang C, Morley SC, Donermeyer D, Peng I, Lee WP, Devoss J, Danilenko DM, Lin Z, Zhang J, Zhou J, Allen PM, Brown EJ. Actin-bundling protein L-plastin regulates T cell activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7487-97. [PMID: 21076065 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of TCRs induces actin rearrangements, which are critical for T cell activation. T cell responses require new actin polymerization, but the significance of higher-order actin structures, such as microfilament bundles, is unknown. To determine the role of the actin-bundling protein leukocyte-plastin (L-plastin; LPL) in this process, T cells from LPL(-/-) mice were studied. LPL(-/-) T cells were markedly defective in TCR-mediated cytokine production and proliferation. LPL(-/-) T cells also spread inefficiently on surfaces with immobilized TCR ligands and formed smaller immunological synapses with APCs, likely due to defective formation of lamellipodia. LPL(-/-) mice showed delayed rejection of skin allografts after release from immunosuppression. Moreover, LPL(-/-) mice developed much less severe neurologic symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which correlated with impaired T cell responses to Ag, manifested by reduced proliferation and production of IFN-γ and IL-17. Thus, LPL-dependent actin bundling facilitates the formation of lamellipodia and normal immunological synapses and thereby enables T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gocke AR, Udugamasooriya DG, Archer CT, Lee J, Kodadek T. Isolation of antagonists of antigen-specific autoimmune T cell proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 16:1133-9. [PMID: 19942136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cells play a major role in mediating the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune conditions as well as other diseases. In the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a murine model of multiple sclerosis, we present here a general approach to the discovery of highly specific ligands for autoreactive cells. These ligands are obtained from a combinatorial library of hundreds of thousands of synthetic peptoids that is screened simultaneously against two populations of CD4+ T cells. Peptoids that recognize autoreactive T cells with extremely high specificity can be identified in the library. Since no specific knowledge is required regarding the nature of the native antigens recognized by the autoreactive T cells, this technology provides a powerful tool for the enrichment and inhibition of autoimmune cells in a variety of disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Gocke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390-9185, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xu J, Wagoner G, Douglas JC, Drew PD. Liver X receptor agonist regulation of Th17 lymphocyte function in autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:401-9. [PMID: 19406833 PMCID: PMC2726767 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1008600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ Th17 cells are believed to play an important role in the development of a variety of autoimmune diseases including EAE, an animal model of MS. Previously, we and others demonstrated that LXR agonists suppressed the activation of primary glial cells and blocked the development of EAE. The present studies demonstrated that the LXR agonist T0901317 suppressed IL-17A expression from splenocytes derived from Valpha2.3/Vbeta8.2 TCR transgenic mice and from MOG(35-55)-immunized C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, in vitro treatment with IL-23 alone or in combination with MOG(35-55) induced IL-17A expression from splenocytes derived from MOG(35-55)-immunized mice, and T0901317 blocked this induction. In vitro treatment with the LXR agonist suppressed IL-23R expression by splenocytes. In addition, in vivo treatment with the LXR agonist suppressed IL-17A and IL-23R mRNA and protein expression in EAE mice. These studies suggest that LXR agonists suppress EAE, at least in part by suppressing IL-23 signaling. Recent studies indicate that the cytokines IL-21 and IL-22 are produced by Th17 cells and modulate immune responses. Our studies demonstrate that the LXR agonist T0901317 suppressed MOG(35-55)-induced expression of IL-21 and IL-22 mRNA in splenocytes derived from MOG(35-55)-immunized mice. Finally, we demonstrate that the LXR agonist T0901317 suppressed the development of EAE in an experimental paradigm involving treatment of established EAE. Collectively, these studies suggest that LXR agonists may be effective in the treatment of MS.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/drug effects
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/agonists
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated/pharmacology
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Interleukin-17/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-23/metabolism
- Interleukin-23/pharmacology
- Interleukins/genetics
- Liver X Receptors
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Orphan Nuclear Receptors
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Interleukin-22
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Emerging role of the cannabinoid receptor CB2 in immune regulation: therapeutic prospects for neuroinflammation. Expert Rev Mol Med 2009; 11:e3. [PMID: 19152719 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399409000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is now a large body of data indicating that the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) is linked to a variety of immune events. This functional relevance appears to be most salient in the course of inflammation, a process during which there is an increased number of receptors that are available for activation. Studies aimed at elucidating signal transduction events resulting from CB2 interaction with its native ligands, and of the role of exogenous cannabinoids in modulating this process, are providing novel insights into the role of CB2 in maintaining a homeostatic immune balance within the host. Furthermore, these studies suggest that the CB2 may serve as a selective molecular target for therapeutic manipulation of untoward immune responses, including those associated with a variety of neuropathies that exhibit a hyperinflammatory component.
Collapse
|
31
|
Kuerten S, Javeri S, Tary-Lehmann M, Lehmann PV, Angelov DN. Fundamental differences in the dynamics of CNS lesion development and composition in MP4- and MOG peptide 35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Immunol 2008; 129:256-67. [PMID: 18722816 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a dynamic inflammatory process in which CNS lesions of distinct cellular composition coexist. In particular the formation of B cell plaques has been ascribed an important role as predictor of disease progression. Here we show that the novel MBP-PLP fusion protein (MP4)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) of C57BL/6 mice fulfils these criteria inducing differential cellular infiltration of B cells, T cells, macrophages and granulocytes and permitting the quantification and staging of the disease. On the contrary, both key features - dynamic CNS inflammation and B cell infiltration - were absent in the classical MOG:35-55-induced EAE of C57BL/6 mice, which was characterized by a static CD4(+) T cell and macrophage-mediated CNS immunopathology throughout the disease. MP4-induced EAE may thus provide a unique opportunity for studying immune-pathomechanisms of the disease that have been previously neglected due to experimental shortcomings in murine EAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kuerten
- Institut I fuer Anatomie, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Frisoni L, McPhie L, Kang SA, Monestier M, Madaio M, Satoh M, Caricchio R. Lack of Chromatin and Nuclear Fragmentation In Vivo Impairs the Production of Lupus Anti-Nuclear Antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:7959-66. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|