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Li CZ, Qiang YY, Liu ZJ, Zheng LS, Peng LX, Mei Y, Meng DF, Wei WW, Chen DW, Xu L, Lang YH, Xie P, Peng XS, Wang MD, Guo LL, Shu DT, Ding LY, Lin ST, Luo FF, Wang J, Li SS, Huang BJ, Chen JD, Qian CN. Ulinastatin inhibits the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by involving uPA/uPAR signaling. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1468-1481. [PMID: 37534761 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Distant metastasis is the primary reason for treatment failure in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, we investigated the effect of ulinastatin (UTI) on NPC metastasis and its underlying mechanism. Highly-metastatic NPC cell lines S18 and 58F were treated with UTI and the effect on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were determined by MTS and Transwell assays. S18 cells with luciferase-expressing (S18-1C3) were injected into the left hind footpad of nude mice to establish a model of spontaneous metastasis from the footpad to popliteal lymph node (LN). The luciferase messenger RNA (mRNA) was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and the metastasis inhibition rate was calculated. Key molecular members of the UTI-related uPA, uPAR, and JAT/STAT3 signaling pathways were detected by qPCR and immunoblotting. UTI suppressed the migration and infiltration of S18 and 5-8F cells and suppressed the metastasis of S18 cells in vivo without affecting cell proliferation. uPAR expression decreased from 24 to 48 h after UTI treatment. The antimetastatic effect of UTI is partly due to the suppression of uPA and uPAR. UTI partially suppresses NPC metastasis by downregulating the expression of uPA and uPAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Medical School, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qiang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Cerebrocranical Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Sheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Fang Meng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Wen Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong-Wen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Hong Lang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xing-Si Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-Dian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Ling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di-Tian Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu-Yan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Ting Lin
- The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, China
| | - Fei-Fei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha-Sha Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bi-Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Chao-Nan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Kumar AA, Vine KL, Ranson M. Recent Advances in Targeting the Urokinase Plasminogen Activator with Nanotherapeutics. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37119285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The aberrant proteolytic landscape of the tumor microenvironment is a key contributor of cancer progression. Overexpression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and/or its associated cell-surface receptor (uPAR) in tumor versus normal tissue is significantly associated with worse clinicopathological features and poorer patient survival across multiple cancer types. This is linked to mechanisms that facilitate tumor cell invasion and migration, via direct and downstream activation of various proteolytic processes that degrade the extracellular matrix─ultimately leading to metastasis. Targeting uPA has thus long been considered an attractive anticancer strategy. However, poor bioavailability of several uPA-selective small-molecule inhibitors has limited early clinical progress. Nanodelivery systems have emerged as an exciting method to enhance the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of existing chemotherapeutics, allowing increased circulation time, improved bioavailability, and targeted delivery to tumor tissue. Combining uPA inhibitors with nanoparticle-based delivery systems thus offers a remarkable opportunity to overcome existing PK challenges associated with conventional uPA inhibitors, while leveraging potent candidates into novel targeted nanotherapeutics for an improved anticancer response in uPA positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna A Kumar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kara L Vine
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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3
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Pandey H, Tang DWT, Wong SH, Lal D. Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer: Biological Role and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030866. [PMID: 36765824 PMCID: PMC9913759 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While CRC is thought to be an interplay between genetic and environmental factors, several lines of evidence suggest the involvement of gut microbiota in promoting inflammation and tumor progression. Gut microbiota refer to the ~40 trillion microorganisms that inhabit the human gut. Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies and metagenomics have provided new insights into the gut microbial ecology and have helped in linking gut microbiota to CRC. Many studies carried out in humans and animal models have emphasized the role of certain gut bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, and colibactin-producing Escherichia coli, in the onset and progression of CRC. Metagenomic studies have opened up new avenues for the application of gut microbiota in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CRC. This review article summarizes the role of gut microbiota in CRC development and its use as a biomarker to predict the disease and its potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Pandey
- Redcliffe Labs, Electronic City, Noida 201301, India
| | - Daryl W. T. Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Sunny H. Wong
- Centre for Microbiome Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Correspondence: (S.H.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Devi Lal
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
- Correspondence: (S.H.W.); (D.L.)
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Zhai BT, Tian H, Sun J, Zou JB, Zhang XF, Cheng JX, Shi YJ, Fan Y, Guo DY. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) as a therapeutic target in cancer. J Transl Med 2022; 20:135. [PMID: 35303878 PMCID: PMC8932206 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is an attractive target for the treatment of cancer, because it is expressed at low levels in healthy tissues but at high levels in malignant tumours. uPAR is closely related to the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumours, plays important roles in the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), tumour angiogenesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and is associated with the multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumour cells, which has important guiding significance for the judgement of tumor malignancy and prognosis. Several uPAR-targeted antitumour therapeutic agents have been developed to suppress tumour growth, metastatic processes and drug resistance. Here, we review the recent advances in the development of uPAR-targeted antitumor therapeutic strategies, including nanoplatforms carrying therapeutic agents, photodynamic therapy (PDT)/photothermal therapy (PTT) platforms, oncolytic virotherapy, gene therapy technologies, monoclonal antibody therapy and tumour immunotherapy, to promote the translation of these therapeutic agents to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Tao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Huan Tian
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Jun-Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Jiang-Xue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Ya-Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Dong-Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China.
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5
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El Salamouni NS, Buckley BJ, Ranson M, Kelso MJ, Yu H. Urokinase plasminogen activator as an anti-metastasis target: inhibitor design principles, recent amiloride derivatives, and issues with human/mouse species selectivity. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:277-301. [PMID: 35340592 PMCID: PMC8921380 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is a widely studied anticancer drug target with multiple classes of inhibitors reported to date. Many of these inhibitors contain amidine or guanidine groups, while others lacking these groups show improved oral bioavailability. Most of the X-ray co-crystal structures of small molecule uPA inhibitors show a key salt bridge with the side chain carboxylate of Asp189 in the S1 pocket of uPA. This review summarises the different classes of uPA inhibitors, their binding interactions and experimentally measured inhibitory potencies and highlights species selectivity issues with attention to recently described 6-substituted amiloride and 5‑N,N-(hexamethylene)amiloride (HMA) derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad S El Salamouni
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Buckley
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Michael J. Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Haibo Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
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6
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Agapov MA, Krivonosova DA, Semina E, Kakotkin VV, Garmanova TN, Markaryan DR. THE ROLE OF THE UROKINASE SYSTEM IN LYMPHOGENOUS METASTASIS OF COLORECTAL CANCER. SURGICAL PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.38181/2223-2427-2021-4-68-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the role and relationship of the levels of the components of the urokinase system with lymphogenous metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer.Materials and methods: the study was carried out on the basis of the Medical Scientific and Educational Center of the Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov from 2019 to 2021. The study included healthy donors (control group) and patients with a verified diagnosis of stage I-III colorectal cancer in accordance with the inclusion criteria; all patients underwent surgical resection of the primary tumor with lymphadenectomy of the appropriate level. All patients underwent determination of the level of uPA and uPAR in blood serum before surgery. We also analyzed the clinical and demographic data of the patients, as well as the pathomorphological characteristics of the tumor.Results. The study included 7 healthy donors and 49 patients with stage I-III colorectal cancer. The average level of serum urokinase in the control group was 2.7±1.04 ng / ml, in the study group – 4, 15±1.9 ng / ml (p = 0.071), the level of the urokinase receptor in the control and study groups was 1.36 ±0.8 ng / ml vs 3.22±2.06 ng / ml (p = 0.05). The average level of serum urokinase in patients without and with lesions of lymph nodes was 3.4±1.4 ng / ml and 4.4±2.3 ng / ml (p = 0.068).Conclusion. There is a tendency to an increase in the level of components of the urokinase system in the peripheral blood in patients with colon neoplasms in the preoperative period, depending on the presence of metastatic lesions of regional lymph nodes, which indicates the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Agapov
- Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine (Lomonosov Moscow State University)
| | - D. A. Krivonosova
- Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine (Lomonosov Moscow State University)
| | - E. Semina
- Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine (Lomonosov Moscow State University)
| | - V. V. Kakotkin
- Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine (Lomonosov Moscow State University)
| | - T. N. Garmanova
- Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine (Lomonosov Moscow State University)
| | - D. R. Markaryan
- Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine (Lomonosov Moscow State University)
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Blomberg K, Hansen TF, Brasen CL, Madsen JB, Jensen LH, Thomsen CB. The Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor as a Biomarker for Survival and Early Treatment Effect in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5100. [PMID: 34680247 PMCID: PMC8534079 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is prognostic for overall survival (OS) in colorectal cancer (CRC). Our study explored the association between baseline suPAR and OS and progression-free survival (PFS) in metastatic CRC (mCRC). It is also the first study to explore the association between the initial change in suPAR level and OS, PFS and the first CT response evaluation. The study included 132 patients with mCRC treated with chemotherapy (FOLFIRI) with or without an EGFR-inhibitor. Blood samples were drawn before the first treatment cycle and in between the first and second treatment cycle. suPAR levels were determined using an ELISA assay. Using the Kaplan-Meyer method, we demonstrated a significantly shorter OS for patients with suPAR levels above the median (HR = 1.79, 95%CI = 1.10-2.92, p = 0.01). We also showed association between plasma suPAR level, gender and performance status (PS). However, we could not show any association with PFS, and analysis on the change in suPAR level provided no significant results. The results showing association between baseline suPAR and OS are in line with previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Blomberg
- Department of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; (T.F.H.); (L.H.J.)
| | - Torben F. Hansen
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; (T.F.H.); (L.H.J.)
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Claus L. Brasen
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
| | - Jeppe B. Madsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
| | - Lars H. Jensen
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; (T.F.H.); (L.H.J.)
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
- Open Patient Data Explorative Network, The Clinical Institute, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Caroline B. Thomsen
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; (T.F.H.); (L.H.J.)
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8
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Zhang LM, Schuitevoerder D, White MG, Feldt S, Krishnan P, Hyman N, Shogan BD. Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation is associated with prolonged recurrence-free survival following surgery for colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2021; 124:1106-1114. [PMID: 34310702 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Recent studies suggest that bacteria influence the pathogenesis of primary colorectal cancer (CRC), yet their role in recurrence after resection is largely unknown. We have discovered that collagenase-producing bacteria promote cancer recurrence in mice, and that antibiotic bowel decontamination decreases colonization of these same organisms in humans. We hypothesized that preoperative combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation would improve disease-free survival (DFS) in patients undergoing surgery for CRC. METHODS We reviewed a cancer registry of patients treated for CRC at a tertiary center. Patients who received bowel preparation were compared to those that did not via a 1:1-propensity score matched for follow-up, age, sex, BMI, stage, location, chemoradiation, infection, anastomotic leak, and blood transfusion. RESULTS One thousand two hundred and seventy-nine patients met inclusion criteria. Following propensity score matching, 264 patients receiving bowel prep were matched to 264 patients who did not. Kaplan-Meier estimates showed that patients who received bowel prep had a significantly improved 5-year DFS compared to those that did not (76.3% vs. 64.2%; p < .01). Cox regression demonstrated that bowel prep was associated with improved DFS (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.37-0.89; p < .01). CONCLUSION Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation is independently associated with improved recurrence-free survival in patients undergoing surgery for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Zhang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Michael G White
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Susan Feldt
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pranav Krishnan
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Neil Hyman
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Benjamin D Shogan
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Chen J, Song Y, Li M, Zhang Y, Lin T, Sun J, Wang D, Liu Y, Guo J, Yu W. Comprehensive analysis of ceRNA networks reveals prognostic lncRNAs related to immune infiltration in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:255. [PMID: 33750326 PMCID: PMC7941714 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) represents a class of RNAs (e.g., long noncoding RNAs [lncRNAs]) with microRNA (miRNA) binding sites, which can competitively bind miRNA and inhibit its regulation of target genes. Increasing evidence has underscored the involvement of dysregulated ceRNA networks in the occurrence and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The purpose of this study was to construct a ceRNA network related to the prognosis of CRC and further explore the potential mechanisms that affect this prognosis. METHODS RNA-Seq and miRNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), microRNAs (DEmiRNAs), and mRNAs (DEmRNAs), and a prognosis-related ceRNA network was constructed based on DElncRNA survival analysis. Subsequently, pathway enrichment, Pearson correlation, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were performed to determine the function of the genes in the ceRNA network. Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were also used to validate differential gene expression. Finally, the correlation between lncRNA and immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment was evaluated based on the CIBERSORT algorithm. RESULTS A prognostic ceRNA network was constructed with eleven key survival-related DElncRNAs (MIR4435-2HG, NKILA, AFAP1-AS1, ELFN1-AS1, AC005520.2, AC245884.8, AL354836.1, AL355987.4, AL591845.1, LINC02038, and AC104823.1), 54 DEmiRNAs, and 308 DEmRNAs. The MIR4435-2HG- and ELFN1-AS1-associated ceRNA subnetworks affected and regulated the expression of the COL5A2, LOX, OSBPL3, PLAU, VCAN, SRM, and E2F1 target genes and were found to be related to prognosis and tumor-infiltrating immune cell types. CONCLUSIONS MIR4435-2HG and ELFN1-AS1 are associated with prognosis and tumor-infiltrating immune cell types and could represent potential prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets in colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Yuxuan Song
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052 China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Tingru Lin
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Jingzhu Guo
- Department of Paediatrics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Weidong Yu
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
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10
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Kan L, Cui D, Chai Y, Ma L, Li X, Zhao M. TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis of antitumor mechanism of Sporisorium reilianum polysaccharide WM-NP-60 against HCT116 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1755-1764. [PMID: 33068624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sporisorium reilianum is an active edible and medicinal phytopathogenic fungus. Our study indicated that the S. reilianum polysaccharide WM-NP-60 could inhibit the growth of HCT116 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, WM-NP-60 could trigger the cell cycle of HCT116 arrest at the G1 phase and induce its apoptosis. In order to explore the anti-tumor mechanism of WM-NP-60, TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis was used. Results indicated that 369 differentially expressed proteins including 240 up-regulated and 129 down-regulated proteins in WM-NP-60 treated HCT116 cells compared with normal HCT116 cells. Furthermore, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that 192 pathways were enriched containing 15 metabolic pathways with significant difference (P < 0.05). The levels of mRNA and protein up-regulated TGFβR1, P107, DP1 and down-regulated THBS1 related to TGF-β signaling pathway were verified with qRT-PCR and Western Blot (WB). These findings will provide theoretical basis for the important role of fungal polysaccharides in the field of tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianbao Kan
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, PR China
| | - Daizong Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yangyang Chai
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Ling Ma
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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11
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Wang CH, Wang LK, Wu CC, Chen ML, Kuo CY, Shyu RY, Tsai FM. Cathepsin V Mediates the Tazarotene-induced Gene 1-induced Reduction in Invasion in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 78:483-494. [PMID: 32918681 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1) is a retinoid acid receptor-responsive gene involved in cell differentiation and tumorigenesis. Aberrant methylation of CpG islands in the TIG1 promoter is found in multiple cancers. Currently, the exact mechanism underlying the anticancer effect of TIG1 is unknown. Here, we show that TIG1 interacts with cathepsin V (CTSV), which reduces CTSV stability and subsequently affects the production of activated urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), an epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated protein. Ectopic expression of CTSV increased the expression of activated uPA and the number of migrated and invaded cells, whereas ectopic TIG1 expression reversed the effects of CTSV on the uPA signaling pathway. Similar patterns in the production of activated uPA and number of migrated and invaded cells were also observed in TIG1-expressing and CTSV-knockdown cells. The results suggest that CTSV may participate in TIG1-regulated uPA activity and the associated downstream signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Kai Wang
- Radiation Biology Core Laboratory, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chieh Wu
- Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital Keelung Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Keelung, 202, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Liang Chen
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Yen Kuo
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Yaun Shyu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan.
| | - Fu-Ming Tsai
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan.
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12
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Huang SF, Chu SC, Hsu LS, Tu YC, Chen PN, Hsieh YS. Antimetastatic effects of gossypol on colon cancer cells by targeting the u-PA and FAK pathways. Food Funct 2020; 10:8172-8181. [PMID: 31730141 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01306g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the most prevalent cause of treatment failure in patients with colon cancer. Gossypol is reported to exhibit antioxidant, anticancer, antivirus and antimicrobial properties. However, the effects of gossypol on cancer invasion and tumour growth of human colon cancer remain unclear. This study aimed to provide molecular evidence associated with the antimetastatic and anti-tumour effects of gossypol on human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells. Gossypol inhibited the viability of human colon cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Gossypol was sufficient to reduce the invasion, migration and adhesion in DLD-1 and COLO 205 cells. Zymography and western blot assay showed that gossypol reduced the activities and protein expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), respectively. Gossypol suppressed the level of p-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers, including N-cadherin, fibronectin and vimentin. Gossypol also inhibited the lung metastasis of DLD-1 cells, as indicated by the nude mouse model. These results suggested that gossypol inhibited the metastatic properties of human colon cancer cells by targeting u-PA through the FAK pathway, suggesting that gossypol could be used as an adjuvant therapeutic agent for the treatment of human colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- She-Fang Huang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
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13
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Juhl K, Christensen A, Rubek N, Karnov KKS, von Buchwald C, Kjaer A. Improved surgical resection of metastatic pancreatic cancer using uPAR targeted in vivo fluorescent guidance: comparison with traditional white light surgery. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6308-6316. [PMID: 31695839 PMCID: PMC6824874 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest cancers. The five-year survival rates have been reported as 3%. Radical surgical tumor resection is critical for improved outcome and the low survival rate for pancreatic cancer is due to lack of other effective treatments and here optical guided surgery could be a solution for better surgical outcome. In the present study, we targeted the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) with a peptide conjugated with the fluophore ICG (ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105) for optical imaging. In the first part of the study we aimed to validate ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 for resection of the primary tumor and metastases in an orthotopic human xenograft pancreatic cancer model. In the second part of the study we aimed to investigate if fluorescent-guided imaging could locate additional metastases following conventional removal of metastasis under normal white light surgery. Our study showed that ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 was an excellent probe for intraoperative optical imaging with a mean tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) for the primary tumor of 3.5 and a TBR for the metastases of 3.4. Further, a benefit using intraoperative fluorescent guidance yielded identification of an additional 14% metastases compared to using normal white light surgery. In 4 of 8 mice there were identified additional metastases with uPAR optical imaging compared to white light. In conclusion, the uPAR-targeted optical probe ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 enables intraoperative optical cancer imaging, including robotic surgery, and may be a benefit during intended radical resection of disseminated pancreas cancer by finding more metastasis than with traditional white light surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Juhl
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Christensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niclas Rubek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Kim Schmidt Karnov
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Kirstine Kim Schmidt Karnov sadly passed away before publishing of this article. We will miss her and our thoughts are with her family
| | - Christian von Buchwald
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Ahn SB, Mohamedali A, Pascovici D, Adhikari S, Sharma S, Nice EC, Baker MS. Proteomics Reveals Cell‐Surface Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Expression Impacts Most Hallmarks of Cancer. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1900026. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Beom Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Science Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Abidali Mohamedali
- Department of Molecular Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Dana Pascovici
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Subash Adhikari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Science Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Samridhi Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Science Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Mark S. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Science Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
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15
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Vasiljeva O, Hostetter DR, Moore SJ, Winter MB. The multifaceted roles of tumor-associated proteases and harnessing their activity for prodrug activation. Biol Chem 2019; 400:965-977. [PMID: 30913028 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of proteases in cancer was originally thought to be limited to the breakdown of basement membranes and extracellular matrix (ECM), thereby promoting cancer cell invasion into surrounding normal tissues. It is now well understood that proteases play a much more complicated role in all stages of cancer progression and that not only tumor cells, but also stromal cells are an important source of proteases in the tumor microenvironment. Among all the proteolytic enzymes potentially associated with cancer, some proteases have taken on heightened importance due to their significant up-regulation and ability to participate at multiple stages of cancer progression and metastasis. In this review, we discuss some of the advances in understanding of the roles of several key proteases from different classes in the development and progression of cancer and the potential to leverage their upregulated activity for the development of novel targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vasiljeva
- CytomX Therapeutics Inc., Platform Biology, 151 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Daniel R Hostetter
- CytomX Therapeutics Inc., Platform Biology, 151 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Stephen J Moore
- CytomX Therapeutics Inc., Platform Biology, 151 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Michael B Winter
- CytomX Therapeutics Inc., Platform Biology, 151 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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16
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Buckley BJ, Aboelela A, Minaei E, Jiang LX, Xu Z, Ali U, Fildes K, Cheung CY, Cook SM, Johnson DC, Bachovchin DA, Cook GM, Apte M, Huang M, Ranson M, Kelso MJ. 6-Substituted Hexamethylene Amiloride (HMA) Derivatives as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of the Human Urokinase Plasminogen Activator for Use in Cancer. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8299-8320. [PMID: 30130401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the cause of death in the majority (∼90%) of malignant cancers. The oral potassium-sparing diuretic amiloride and its 5-substituted derivative 5 -N, N-(hexamethylene)amiloride (HMA) reportedly show robust antitumor/metastasis effects in multiple in vitro and animal models. These effects are likely due, at least in part, to inhibition of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), a key protease determinant of cell invasiveness and metastasis. This study reports the discovery of 6-substituted HMA analogs that show nanomolar potency against uPA, high selectivity over related trypsin-like serine proteases, and minimal inhibitory effects against epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), the diuretic and antikaliuretic target of amiloride. Reductions in lung metastases were demonstrated for two analogs in a late-stage experimental mouse metastasis model, and one analog completely inhibited formation of liver metastases in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of pancreatic cancer. The results support further evaluation of 6-substituted HMA derivatives as uPA-targeting anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Buckley
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Ashraf Aboelela
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Elahe Minaei
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Longguang X Jiang
- National Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Centre on Photodynamic Technologies , Fuzhou University , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School , University of New South Wales, and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research , Liverpool , NSW 2170 , Australia
| | - Umar Ali
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Karen Fildes
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Graduate School of Medicine , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Otago , Otago 9016 , New Zealand
| | - Simon M Cook
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Darren C Johnson
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States.,Chemical Biology Program , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Otago , Otago 9016 , New Zealand
| | - Minoti Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School , University of New South Wales, and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research , Liverpool , NSW 2170 , Australia
| | - Mingdong Huang
- National Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Centre on Photodynamic Technologies , Fuzhou University , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Marie Ranson
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Michael J Kelso
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
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17
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Mahmood N, Mihalcioiu C, Rabbani SA. Multifaceted Role of the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) and Its Receptor (uPAR): Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Applications. Front Oncol 2018; 8:24. [PMID: 29484286 PMCID: PMC5816037 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen activator (PA) system is an extracellular proteolytic enzyme system associated with various physiological and pathophysiological processes. A large body of evidence support that among the various components of the PA system, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and -2 (PAI-1 and PAI-2) play a major role in tumor progression and metastasis. The binding of uPA with uPAR is instrumental for the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, which in turn initiates a series of proteolytic cascade to degrade the components of the extracellular matrix, and thereby, cause tumor cell migration from the primary site of origin to a distant secondary organ. The components of the PA system show altered expression patterns in several common malignancies, which have identified them as ideal diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets to reduce cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. This review summarizes the various components of the PA system and focuses on the role of uPA-uPAR in different biological processes especially in the context of malignancy. We also discuss the current state of knowledge of uPA-uPAR-targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for various malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Catalin Mihalcioiu
- Department of Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shafaat A. Rabbani
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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18
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Tumor Budding, uPA, and PAI-1 in Colorectal Cancer: Update of a Prospective Study. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:6504960. [PMID: 28286517 PMCID: PMC5327786 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6504960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims. The prognostic role of the proteases uPA and PAI-1, as well as tumor budding, in colon cancer, has been investigated previously. Methods. We provide 6-year follow-up data and results of the validation set. The initial test set and validation set consisted of 55 colon cancers and 68 colorectal cancers, respectively. Tissue samples were analyzed for uPA and PAI-1 using a commercially available Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Tumor budding was analyzed on cytokeratin-stained slides. Survival analyses were performed using cut-offs that were determined previously. Results. uPA was not prognostic for outcome. PAI-1 showed a trend towards reduced cancer specific survival in PAI-1 high-grade cases (68 versus 83 months; P = 0.091). The combination of high-grade PAI-1 and tumor budding was associated with significantly reduced cancer specific survival (60 versus 83 months; P = 0.021). After pooling the data from both sets, multivariate analyses revealed that the factors pN-stage, V-stage, and a combination of tumor budding and PAI-1 were independently prognostic for the association with distant metastases. Conclusions. A synergistic adverse effect of PAI-1 and tumor budding in uni- and multivariable analyses was found. PAI-1 could serve as a target for anticancer therapy.
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19
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Van Acker A, Louagie E, Filtjens J, Taveirne S, Van Ammel E, Kerre T, Elewaut D, Taghon T, Vandekerckhove B, Plum J, Leclercq G. The role of Ly49E receptor expression on murine intraepithelial lymphocytes in intestinal cancer development and progression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:1365-1375. [PMID: 27585789 PMCID: PMC11029008 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ly49E is a member of the Ly49 family of NK receptors and is distinct from other members of this family on the basis of its structural properties, expression pattern and ligand recognition. Importantly, Ly49E receptor expression is high on small intestinal and colonic intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Intestinal IELs are regulators of the mucosal immune system and contribute to front-line defense at the mucosal barrier, including anti-tumor immune response. Whereas most Ly49 receptors have MHC class-I ligands, we showed that Ly49E is instead triggered by urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). uPA has been extensively implicated in tumor development, where increased uPA expression correlates with poor prognosis. As such, we investigated the role of Ly49E receptor expression on intestinal IELs in the anti-tumor immune response. For this purpose, we compared Ly49E wild-type mice to Ly49E knockout mice in two established tumor models: ApcMin/+-mediated and azoxymethane-induced intestinal cancer. Our results indicate that Ly49E expression on IELs does not influence the development or progression of intestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Van Acker
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els Louagie
- Department of Rheumatology, Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jessica Filtjens
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Taveirne
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els Van Ammel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Department of Rheumatology, Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Taghon
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean Plum
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georges Leclercq
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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20
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Xu Z, Meng LL, Lin J, Ling Y, Chen SX, Lin N. Association between the polymorphisms of urokinase plasminogen activation system and cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:2493-502. [PMID: 26392776 PMCID: PMC4574847 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s85520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study aimed to investigate the potential association between the urokinase plasminogen activation (uPA) system polymorphisms (rs4065, rs2227564, and rs344781) and cancer risk. Methods An extensive search was performed to identify published case–control studies on the association between the uPA system polymorphisms and cancer risk. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the relationship between the uPA system polymorphisms and cancer risk. Results A total of 20 studies comprising 7,037 cancer cases and 10,094 controls were identified and included in the present meta-analysis. Overall, significantly increased cancer risk was associated with the uPA polymorphism rs4065 (T vs C: OR 1.50, 95% CI: 1.19–1.89; TT vs CC: OR 4.63, 95% CI: 3.10–6.91; dominant model: OR 1.93, 95% CI: 1.60–2.33; recessive model: OR 3.02, 95% CI: 1.26–7.25) and the uPA receptor polymorphism rs344781 (T vs C: OR 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04–1.23; TC vs CC: OR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.06–1.49; TT vs CC: OR 1.35, 95% CI: 1.13–1.63; dominant model: OR 1.29, 95% CI: 1.10–1.52). No significant association was found between the uPA polymorphism rs2227564 and cancer risk. Subgroup analysis suggests that the T allele of the rs4065 (T allele vs C allele: OR 1.50, 95% CI: 1.19–1.89) and rs344781 polymorphisms (T allele vs C allele: OR 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04–1.23) was associated with increased cancer risk in Asians. Conclusion Our results suggest that the uPA polymorphism rs4065 and the uPA receptor polymorphism rs344781 are associated with increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Meng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizong Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunbiao Ling
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Xian Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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21
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Tarpgaard LS, Christensen IJ, Høyer-Hansen G, Lund IK, Guren TK, Glimelius B, Sorbye H, Tveit KM, Nielsen HJ, Moreira JMA, Pfeiffer P, Brünner N. Intact and cleaved plasma soluble urokinase receptor in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with oxaliplatin with or without cetuximab. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2470-7. [PMID: 25664394 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Circulating forms of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) are associated with prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Preclinical studies have shown that uPAR can influence the state of phosphorylation and signalling activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in a ligand-independent manner. The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether plasma soluble intact and cleaved uPAR(I-III)+(II-III) levels could identify a subpopulation of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) where treatment with cetuximab would have a beneficial effect. Plasma samples were available from 453 patients treated in the NORDIC VII study. Patients were randomized between FLOX and FLOX + cetuximab. The levels of uPAR(I-III)+(II-III) were determined by time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay. We demonstrated that higher baseline plasma uPAR(I-III)+(II-III) levels were significantly associated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 1.30, 1.14-1.48, p = 0.0001) and overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.75, 1.52-2.02, p < 0.0001). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that plasma uPAR(I-III)+(II-III) was an independent biomarker of short OS (HR = 1.45, 1.20-1.75, p = 0.0001). There were no significant interactions between plasma uPAR(I-III)+(II-III) levels, KRAS mutational status and treatment either PFS (p = 0.43) or OS (p = 0.095). However, further explorative analyses indicated that patients with low levels of circulating suPAR and a KRAS wild-type tumor have improved effect from treatment with FLOX + cetuximab as compared to patients with KRAS wild-type and high levels of suPAR. These results thus support the preclinical findings and should be further tested in an independent clinical data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line S Tarpgaard
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ib J Christensen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunilla Høyer-Hansen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida K Lund
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tormod K Guren
- Department of Oncology and K. G. Jebsen Centre for Colorectal Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bengt Glimelius
- Department of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Halfdan Sorbye
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell M Tveit
- Department of Oncology and K. G. Jebsen Centre for Colorectal Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Jørgen Nielsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - José M A Moreira
- Institute of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Pfeiffer
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nils Brünner
- Institute of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Ahn SB, Chan C, Dent OF, Mohamedali A, Kwun SY, Clarke C, Fletcher J, Chapuis PH, Nice EC, Baker MS. Epithelial and stromal cell urokinase plasminogen activator receptor expression differentially correlates with survival in rectal cancer stages B and C patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117786. [PMID: 25692297 PMCID: PMC4333212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has been proposed as a potential prognostic factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) patient survival. However, CRC uPAR expression remains controversial, especially regarding cell types where uPAR is overexpressed (e.g., epithelium (uPARE) or stroma-associated cells (uPARS)) and associated prognostic relevance. In this study, two epitope-specific anti-uPAR monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) could discriminate expression of uPARE from uPARS and were used to examine this association with survival of stages B and C rectal cancer (RC) patients. Using immunohistochemistry, MAbs #3937 and R4 were used to discriminate uPARE from uPARS respectively in the central and invasive frontal regions of 170 stage B and 179 stage C RC specimens. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to determine association with survival. uPAR expression occurred in both epithelial and stromal compartments with differential expression observed in many cases, indicating uPARE and uPARS have different cellular roles. In the central and invasive frontal regions, uPARE was adversely associated with overall stage B survival (HR = 1.9; p = 0.014 and HR = 1.5; p = 0.031, respectively) reproducing results from previous studies. uPARS at the invasive front was associated with longer stage C survival (HR = 0.6; p = 0.007), reflecting studies demonstrating that macrophage peritumoural accumulation is associated with longer survival. This study demonstrates that different uPAR epitopes should be considered as being expressed on different cell types during tumour progression and at different stages in RC. Understanding how uPARE and uPARS expression affects survival is anticipated to be a useful clinical prognostic marker of stages B and C RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Beom Ahn
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Faculty of Human Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Charles Chan
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Concord Hospital and Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Owen F Dent
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Concord Hospital and Discipline of Surgery, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Abidali Mohamedali
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Faculty of Human Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Sun Young Kwun
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Concord Hospital and Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Candice Clarke
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Concord Hospital and Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Julie Fletcher
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Concord Hospital and Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Pierre H Chapuis
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Concord Hospital and Discipline of Surgery, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mark S Baker
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Faculty of Human Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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23
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González-González M, Fontanillo C, Abad MM, Gutiérrez ML, Mota I, Bengoechea O, Santos-Briz Á, Blanco O, Fonseca E, Ciudad J, Fuentes M, De Las Rivas J, Alcazar JA, García J, Muñoz-Bellvis L, Orfao A, Sayagués JM. Identification of a characteristic copy number alteration profile by high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism arrays associated with metastatic sporadic colorectal cancer. Cancer 2014; 120:1948-59. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María González-González
- General Cytometry Service-Nucleus; Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Center; Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology of the University of Salamanca and Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; University of Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
| | - Celia Fontanillo
- Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Unit; Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology/Spanish National Research Council; University of Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
- Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe (CITRE); Seville Spain
| | - María M. Abad
- Department of Pathology; University Hospital of Salamanca-Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; Salamanca Spain
| | - María L. Gutiérrez
- General Cytometry Service-Nucleus; Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Center; Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology of the University of Salamanca and Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; University of Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
| | - Ines Mota
- General Cytometry Service-Nucleus; Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Center; Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology of the University of Salamanca and Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; University of Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
| | - Oscar Bengoechea
- Department of Pathology; University Hospital of Salamanca-Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; Salamanca Spain
| | - Ángel Santos-Briz
- Department of Pathology; University Hospital of Salamanca-Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; Salamanca Spain
| | - Oscar Blanco
- Department of Pathology; University Hospital of Salamanca-Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; Salamanca Spain
| | - Emilio Fonseca
- Service of Medical Oncology; University Hospital of Salamanca-Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; Salamanca Spain
| | - Juana Ciudad
- General Cytometry Service-Nucleus; Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Center; Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology of the University of Salamanca and Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; University of Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- General Cytometry Service-Nucleus; Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Center; Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology of the University of Salamanca and Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; University of Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
| | - Javier De Las Rivas
- Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Unit; Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology/Spanish National Research Council; University of Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
| | - José A. Alcazar
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery; University Hospital of Salamanca-Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; Salamanca Spain
| | - Jacinto García
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery; University Hospital of Salamanca-Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; Salamanca Spain
| | - Luís Muñoz-Bellvis
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery; University Hospital of Salamanca-Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; Salamanca Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- General Cytometry Service-Nucleus; Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Center; Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology of the University of Salamanca and Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; University of Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
| | - José M. Sayagués
- General Cytometry Service-Nucleus; Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Center; Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology of the University of Salamanca and Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research; University of Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
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24
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Mekkawy AH, Pourgholami MH, Morris DL. Involvement of urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer: an overview. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:918-56. [PMID: 24549574 DOI: 10.1002/med.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are several studies supporting the role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system in cancer. The association of uPA to its receptor triggers the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin. This process is regulated by the uPA inhibitors (PAI-1 and PAI-2). Plasmin promotes degradation of basement membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM) components as well as activation of ECM latent matrix metalloproteases. Degradation and remodeling of the surrounding tissues is crucial in the early steps of tumor progression by facilitating expansion of the tumor mass, release of tumor growth factors, activation of cytokines as well as induction of tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Hence, many tumors showed a correlation between uPA system component levels and tumor aggressiveness and survival. Therefore, this review summarizes the structure of the uPA system, its contribution to cancer progression, and the clinical relevance of uPA family members in cancer diagnosis. In addition, the review evaluates the significance of uPA system in the development of cancer-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Mekkawy
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Research Laboratories, St. George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
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25
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Morishita A, Zaidi MR, Mitoro A, Sankarasharma D, Szabolcs M, Okada Y, D'Armiento J, Chada K. HMGA2 is a driver of tumor metastasis. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4289-99. [PMID: 23722545 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The non-histone chromatin-binding protein HMGA2 is expressed predominantly in the mesenchyme before its differentiation, but it is also expressed in tumors of epithelial origin. Ectopic expression of HMGA2 in epithelial cells induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which has been implicated in the acquisition of metastatic characters in tumor cells. However, little is known about in vivo modulation of HMGA2 and its effector functions in tumor metastasis. Here, we report that HMGA2 loss of function in a mouse model of cancer reduces tumor multiplicity. HMGA2-positive cells were identified at the invasive front of human and mouse tumors. In addition, in a mouse allograft model, HMGA2 overexpression converted nonmetastatic 4TO7 breast cancer cells to metastatic cells that homed specifically to liver. Interestingly, expression of HMGA2 enhanced TGFβ signaling by activating expression of the TGFβ type II receptor, which also localized to the invasive front of tumors. Together our results argued that HMGA2 plays a critical role in EMT by activating the TGFβ signaling pathway, thereby inducing invasion and metastasis of human epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asahiro Morishita
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, USA
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26
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Eastman BM, Jo M, Webb DL, Takimoto S, Gonias SL. A transformation in the mechanism by which the urokinase receptor signals provides a selection advantage for estrogen receptor-expressing breast cancer cells in the absence of estrogen. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1847-55. [PMID: 22617030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Binding of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) to its receptor, uPAR, in estrogen receptor-α (ERα) expressing breast cancer cells, transiently activates ERK downstream of FAK, Src family kinases, and H-Ras. Herein, we show that when uPAR is over-expressed, in two separate ERα-positive breast cancer cell lines, ERK activation occurs autonomously of uPA and is sustained. Autonomous ERK activation by uPAR requires H-Ras and Rac1. A mutated form of uPAR, which does not bind vitronectin (uPAR-W32A), failed to induce autonomous ERK activation. Expression of human uPAR or mouse uPAR but not uPAR-W32A in MCF-7 cells provided a selection advantage when these cells were deprived of estrogen in cell culture for two weeks. Similarly, MCF-7 cells that express mouse uPAR formed xenografts in SCID mice that survived and increased in volume in the absence of estrogen supplementation, probably reflecting the pro-survival activity of phospho-ERK. Autonomous uPAR signaling to ERK was sensitive to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Erlotinib and Gefitinib. The transition in uPAR signaling from uPA-dependent and transient to autonomous and sustained is reminiscent of the transformation in ErbB2/HER2 signaling observed when this gene is amplified in breast cancer. uPAR over-expression may provide a pathway for escape of breast cancer cells from ERα-targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boryana M Eastman
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093‐0612, USA
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27
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Huang WS, Chin CC, Chen CN, Kuo YH, Chen TC, Yu HR, Tung SY, Shen CH, Hsieh YY, Guo SE, Shi CS, Liu TJ, Kuo HC. Stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXC receptor 4 and β1 integrin interaction regulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression in human colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1114-22. [PMID: 21567400 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4) axis has been shown to play a role in colorectal cancer progression. In addition, the protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is an important factor in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. However, the mechanism by which SDF-1 mediates uPA expression in human colorectal cancer cells remains unknown. We investigated the molecular mechanism governing the interaction between SDF-1 stimulation and uPA expression in three human colon cancer cell lines (DLD-1, SW48, and COLO 205). We found that SDF-1 stimulation led to an increase in the expression and secretion of uPA in these cells. Experiments involving specific inhibitors and small interfering RNA demonstrated that the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways are critical for SDF-1-induced uPA expression. Analysis of transcription factor binding using ELISA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that SDF-1 increased Sp1- and AP-1-DNA-binding activities in DLD-1 cells. Inhibition of Sp1 and AP-1 activation blocked the SDF-1-induced expression and activity of the uPA promoter. The effect of SDF-1 on DLD-1 signaling and uPA expression was mediated by the CXCR4/β1 integrin axis. In summary, our findings elucidate the mechanisms of SDF-1/CXCR4 downstream signaling and provide insights into the function of SDF-1 in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shih Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
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28
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Jiang Y, Liu Y, Shi Z, Wang B, Shang L, Xu X, Zhang S, Wang M. [Expression and clinical relevance of uPA and ET-1 in non-small cell lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2011; 14:49-53. [PMID: 21219832 PMCID: PMC5999703 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2011.01.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
背景与目的 肺癌是世界第一大恶性肿瘤,其发病率及死亡率居高不下,本研究旨在探讨uPA和ET-1蛋白在非小细胞肺癌中的表达状况及其在临床诊断和预后判断方面的应用价值。 方法 采用组织微阵列联合免疫组织化学染色技术,研究155例非小细胞肺癌中uPA和ET-1蛋白的表达情况,分析其与临床病理参数的相关性。 结果 uPA阴性/弱、中度和高表达在鳞癌中的比例分别为12.3%、64.4%、23.3%,在腺癌中分别为12.2%、53.7%、34.1%,在全部病例中分别为12.3%、58.7%、29.0%。ET-1在鳞癌中阴性/弱、中度和高表达分别为2.7%、42.5%、54.8%,在腺癌中分别为11.0%、30.5%、58.5%,在全部病例中分别为7.1%、36.1%、56.8%。uPA和ET-1同时高表达多见于无淋巴结转移的腺癌中(P=0.017)。uPA高表达或与ET-1同时高表达的腺癌患者具有较长的术后生存时间(P=0.007, P=0.016)。 结论 检测uPA和ET-1蛋白表达水平变化可能有助于非小细胞肺癌的预后评估。
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui Province, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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29
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Märkl B, Renk I, Oruzio DV, Jähnig H, Schenkirsch G, Schöler C, Ehret W, Arnholdt HM, Anthuber M, Spatz H. Tumour budding, uPA and PAI-1 are associated with aggressive behaviour in colon cancer. J Surg Oncol 2010; 102:235-41. [PMID: 20740581 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The proteases PAI-1 and uPA play a major role in extracellular matrix degradation, which facilitates tumour progression. Tumour budding is a histomorphological expression of enhanced tumour cell migration. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate their prognostic value for and correlation with colon cancer, a prospective study was performed. We analysed tissue levels of uPA and PAI-1 of 55 colon cancer tumours employing a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tumour budding was analysed on cytokeratin-stained slides. RESULTS There was a strong correlation between uPA and tumour budding (R = 0.440; P < 0.001). uPA levels were increased in high grade tumours, whereas PAI-1 was elevated in cases with venous invasion (P = 0.004 and P = 0.028). PAI-1 values and tumour budding are associated significantly with the occurrence of distant metastases (P < 0.001 and P = 0.034, respectively). Tumour budding was significantly associated with lymph node metastases (P = 0.034). Multivariate analysis revealed PAI-1 and lymph node metastases to be independently predictive of distant metastases (P = 0.007 and P = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study show that tumour budding and the plasmin/plasminogen system are related. PAI-1 was independently predictive for the occurrence of distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Märkl
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.
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30
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Minoo P, Baker K, Baumhoer D, Terracciano L, Lugli A, Zlobec I. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator is a marker of aggressive phenotype and an independent prognostic factor in mismatch repair-proficient colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 2009; 41:70-8. [PMID: 19740518 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) in colorectal cancer stratified by mismatch repair status and to determine their contribution to the aggressive phenotype predicted by loss of E-cadherin and apoptosis protease activating factor-1 (APAF-1). Immunohistochemistry for uPA and uPAR was performed on a tissue microarray comprising 811 mismatch repair-proficient and 164 mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers. Immunoreactivity was scored semiquantitatively and the interobserver agreement between multiple pathologists was determined. Optimal cutoff scores for uPA and uPAR positivity were obtained by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Agreement between pathologists was excellent for uPA and uPAR. Cutoff scores of 60% for uPA and 75% for uPAR were validated by resampling of the data. In mismatch repair-proficient colorectal cancer, overexpression of uPA and uPAR was associated with advanced pT stage (P = .009, both), an infiltrating margin (P = .009 and P = .033, respectively), and poor prognosis (P = .002 and P < .001, respectively). uPA, but not uPAR, maintained its significant prognostic effect in multivariable analysis (P = .037). In addition to loss of APAF-1 (P = .002) and E-cadherin (P < .001), uPA independently predicted an infiltrating margin (P = .016). Our findings suggest that uPA, but not uPAR, is an independent prognostic factor and that this negative effect on survival is relevant specifically for mismatch repair-proficient colorectal cancers. Moreover, the combination of uPA with E-cadherin and APAF-1 is linked to an aggressive tumor phenotype and highly predictive of an infiltrating growth pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Minoo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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31
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Lee KH, Kim SW, Kim JR. Reactive oxygen species regulate urokinase plasminogen activator expression and cell invasion via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways after treatment with hepatocyte growth factor in stomach cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2009; 28:73. [PMID: 19497102 PMCID: PMC2698863 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-28-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are closely associated with the intracellular signal cascade, thus strongly implicating involvement in tumor progression. However, the mechanism by which ROS are generated and how ROS target downstream molecules to trigger tumor metastasis is unclear. In this study, we investigated the underlying signal pathways in ROS-induced urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) expression in the human gastric cancer cells, NUGC-3 and MKN-28. Methods and Results Intracellular ROS, as determined using the fluorescent probe, 2'-7' dichlorofluorescein diacetate, decreased after treatment with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). We confirmed that Rac-1 regulated ROS production after activation of the AKT pathway with HGF. Exogenously added H2O2 promoted the expression of HGF, but not in a dose-dependent manner and also showed negative expression of HGF after co-treatment with H2O2 and HGF. Treatment with NAC, an intracellular free radical scavenger, decreased the enhancement of uPA production and tumor invasion in both cells. We clarified the downstream pathways regulated by ROS after treatment with H2O2, which showed negative control between FRK and p38 kinase activities for uPA regulation. Conclusion HGF regulates Rac-1-induced ROS production through the Akt pathway and ROS regulates uPA production and invasion via MAP kinase, which provides novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the progression of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hee Lee
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea.
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32
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Abstract
Components of the plasminogen-plasmin system participate in a wide variety of physiologic and pathologic processes, including tumor growth, invasion and metastasis, through their effect on angiogenesis and cell migration. These components are found in most tumors and their expression not only signifies their function but also carries a prognostic value. Their expression is in turn modulated by cytokines and growth factors, many of which are up-regulated in cancer. Though both tPA and uPA are expressed in tumor cells, uPA with its receptor (uPAR) is mostly involved in cellular functions, while tPA with its receptor Annexin II on endothelial surface, regulates intravascular fibrin deposition. Among the inhibitors of fibrinolysis, PAI-1 is a major player in the pathogenesis of many vascular diseases as well as in cancer. Therapeutic interventions, either using plasminogen activators or experimental inhibitor agents against PAI-1, have shown encouraging results in experimental tumors but not been verified clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau C Kwaan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Sturgeon CM, Duffy MJ, Stenman UH, Lilja H, Brünner N, Chan DW, Babaian R, Bast RC, Dowell B, Esteva FJ, Haglund C, Harbeck N, Hayes DF, Holten-Andersen M, Klee GG, Lamerz R, Looijenga LH, Molina R, Nielsen HJ, Rittenhouse H, Semjonow A, Shih IM, Sibley P, Sölétormos G, Stephan C, Sokoll L, Hoffman BR, Diamandis EP. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for Use of Tumor Markers in Testicular, Prostate, Colorectal, Breast, and Ovarian Cancers. Clin Chem 2008; 54:e11-79. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Updated National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB) Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for the use of tumor markers in the clinic have been developed.
Methods: Published reports relevant to use of tumor markers for 5 cancer sites—testicular, prostate, colorectal, breast, and ovarian—were critically reviewed.
Results: For testicular cancer, α-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase are recommended for diagnosis/case finding, staging, prognosis determination, recurrence detection, and therapy monitoring. α-Fetoprotein is also recommended for differential diagnosis of nonseminomatous and seminomatous germ cell tumors. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is not recommended for prostate cancer screening, but may be used for detecting disease recurrence and monitoring therapy. Free PSA measurement data are useful for distinguishing malignant from benign prostatic disease when total PSA is <10 μg/L. In colorectal cancer, carcinoembryonic antigen is recommended (with some caveats) for prognosis determination, postoperative surveillance, and therapy monitoring in advanced disease. Fecal occult blood testing may be used for screening asymptomatic adults 50 years or older. For breast cancer, estrogen and progesterone receptors are mandatory for predicting response to hormone therapy, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 measurement is mandatory for predicting response to trastuzumab, and urokinase plasminogen activator/plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 may be used for determining prognosis in lymph node–negative patients. CA15-3/BR27–29 or carcinoembryonic antigen may be used for therapy monitoring in advanced disease. CA125 is recommended (with transvaginal ultrasound) for early detection of ovarian cancer in women at high risk for this disease. CA125 is also recommended for differential diagnosis of suspicious pelvic masses in postmenopausal women, as well as for detection of recurrence, monitoring of therapy, and determination of prognosis in women with ovarian cancer.
Conclusions: Implementation of these recommendations should encourage optimal use of tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine M Sturgeon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael J Duffy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St Vincent’s University Hospital and UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans Lilja
- Departments of Clinical Laboratories, Urology, and Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Nils Brünner
- Section of Biomedicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel W Chan
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard Babaian
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Robert C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Francisco J Esteva
- Departments of Breast Medical Oncology, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Frauenklinik der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel F Hayes
- Breast Oncology Program, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mads Holten-Andersen
- Section of Biomedicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George G Klee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Rolf Lamerz
- Department of Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Leendert H Looijenga
- Laboratory of Experimental Patho-Oncology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, and Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rafael Molina
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Hospital Clinico Provincial, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hans Jørgen Nielsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Axel Semjonow
- Prostate Center, Department of Urology, University Clinic Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ie-Ming Shih
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Paul Sibley
- Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics, Glyn Rhonwy, Llanberis, Gwynedd, UK
| | | | - Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité Hospital, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lori Sokoll
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Barry R Hoffman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Serum cathepsin B and plasma urokinase-type plasminogen activator levels in gastrointestinal tract cancers. Eur J Cancer Prev 2008; 17:438-45. [PMID: 18714186 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0b013e328305a130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CATB) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (UPA) play an important part in cancer invasion and metastasis. The behavior of CATB and UPA has not been evaluated in the same experimental setting in different gastrointestinal tumors and in precancerous lesions. Serum CATB and plasma UPA levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay and their sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy have been calculated in patients with colorectal (n=72), gastric (n=30), hepatocellular (n=28), and pancreatic cancer (n=15) as well as in gastric epithelial dysplasia (n=25), colorectal adenomas (n=30), and tumor-free control patients (n=44). Serum CATB and plasma UPA antigen concentrations were significantly higher in patients with cancer than in controls. When all tumors were considered, the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of CATB (89, 86, and 89%) were higher than that of UPA (76, 70, and 74%). CATB demonstrated in all types of tumors a better diagnostic accuracy than UPA. The positive predictive values of CATB (95%) and UPA (89%) may suggest their use in the evaluation of patients with a suspicion of malignancy. CATB and UPA were significantly higher in patients with gastric epithelial dysplasia and colorectal adenomas than in controls. Antigen levels of CATB and UPA were significantly correlated in both cancers and precancerous lesions. At the time of clinical presentation, serum CATB and plasma UPA antigen levels are sensitive indicators of gastrointestinal malignancies. Determination of serum CATB and plasma UPA levels may be useful to identify patients at a higher risk for progression to cancer, who could be subjected to a more strict follow-up protocol.
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Saldanha RG, Xu N, Molloy MP, Veal DA, Baker MS. Differential proteome expression associated with urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) suppression in malignant epithelial cancer. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:4792-806. [PMID: 18808175 DOI: 10.1021/pr800357h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the plasminogen activation cascade is a prototypic feature in many malignant epithelial cancers. Principally, this is thought to occur through activation of overexpressed urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) concomitant with binding to its high specificity cell surface receptor urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). Up-regulation of uPA and uPAR in cancer appears to potentiate the malignant phenotype, either (i) directly by triggering plasmin-mediated degradation or activation of uPA's or plasmin's proteolytic targets (e.g., extracellular matrix zymogen proteases or nascent growth factors) or indirectly by simultaneously altering a range of downstream functions including signal transduction pathways ( Romer, J. ; Nielsen, B. S. ; Ploug, M. The urokinase receptor as a potential target in cancer therapy Curr. Pharm. Des. 2004, 10 ( 19), 235976 ). Because many malignant epithelial cancers express high levels of uPAR, uPA or other components of the plasminogen activation cascade and because these are often associated with poor prognosis, characterizing how uPAR changes the downstream cellular "proteome" is fundamental to understanding any role in cancer. This study describes a carefully designed proteomic study of the effects of antisense uPAR suppression in a previously studied colon cancer cell line (HCT116). The study utilized replicate 2DE gels and two independent gel image analysis software packages to confidently identify 64 proteins whose expression levels changed (by > or =2 fold) coincident with a moderate ( approximately 40%) suppression of cell-surface uPAR. Not surprisingly, many of the altered proteins have previously been implicated in the regulation of tumor progression (e.g., p53 tumor suppressor protein and c-myc oncogene protein among many others). In addition, through a combination of proteomics and immunological methods, this study demonstrates that stathmin 1alpha, a cytoskeletal protein implicated in tumor progression, undergoes a basic isoelectric point shift (p I) following uPAR suppression, suggesting that post-translational modification of stathmin occur secondary to uPAR suppression. Overall, these results shed new light on the molecular mechanisms involved in uPAR signaling and how it may promulgate the malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit G Saldanha
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Drug development against metastasis-related genes and their pathways: a rationale for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2008; 1786:87-104. [PMID: 18692117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that the majority of cancer related deaths is caused by metastatic diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of therapeutic intervention specifically targeted to the metastatic process. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in this research field, and many new concepts have emerged that shed light on the molecular mechanism of metastasis cascade which is often portrayed as a succession of six distinct steps; localized invasion, intravasation, translocation, extravasation, micrometastasis and colonization. Successful metastasis is dependent on the balance and complex interplay of both the metastasis promoters and suppressors in each step. Therefore, the basic strategy of our interventions is aimed at either blocking the promoters or potentiating the suppressors in this disease process. Toward this goal, various kinds of antibodies and small molecules have been designed. These include agents that block the ligand-recepter interaction of metastasis promoters (HGF/c-Met), antagonize the metastasis-promoting enzymes (AMF, uPA and MMP) and inhibit the transcriptional activity of metastasis promoter (beta-Catenin). On the other hand, the intriguing roles of metastasis suppressors and their signal pathways have been extensively studied and various attempts have been made to potentiate these factors. Small molecules have been developed to restore the expression or mimic the function of metastasis-suppressor genes such as NM23, E-cadherin, Kiss-1, MKK4 and NDRG1, and some of them are under clinical trials. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular pathway of tumor metastasis and discusses strategies and recent development of anti-metastatic drugs.
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Herszényi L, Farinati F, Cardin R, István G, Molnár LD, Hritz I, De Paoli M, Plebani M, Tulassay Z. Tumor marker utility and prognostic relevance of cathepsin B, cathepsin L, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, CEA and CA 19-9 in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:194. [PMID: 18616803 PMCID: PMC2474636 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin B and L (CATB, CATL), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor PAI-1 play an important role in colorectal cancer invasion. The tumor marker utility and prognostic relevance of these proteases have not been evaluated in the same experimental setting and compared with that of CEA and CA-19-9. METHODS Protease, CEA and CA 19-9 serum or plasma levels were determined in 56 patients with colorectal cancer, 25 patients with ulcerative colitis, 26 patients with colorectal adenomas and 35 tumor-free control patients. Protease, CEA, CA 19-9 levels have been determined by ELISA and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, respectively; their sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy have been calculated and correlated with clinicopathological staging. RESULTS The protease antigen levels were significantly higher in colorectal cancer compared with other groups. Sensitivity of PAI-1 (94%), CATB (82%), uPA (69%), CATL (41%) were higher than those of CEA or CA 19-9 (30% and 18%, respectively). PAI-1, CATB and uPA demonstrated a better accuracy than CEA or CA 19-9. A combination of PAI-1 with CATB or uPA exhibited the highest sensitivity value (98%). High CATB, PAI-1, CEA and CA 19-9 levels correlated with advanced Dukes stages. CATB (P = 0.0004), CATL (P = 0.02), PAI-1 (P = 0.01) and CA 19-9 (P = 0.004) had a significant prognostic impact. PAI-1 (P = 0.001), CATB (P = 0.04) and CA 19-9 (P = 0.02) proved as independent prognostic variables. CONCLUSION At the time of clinical detection proteases are more sensitive indicators for colorectal cancer than the commonly used tumor markers. Determinations of CATB, CATL and PAI-1 have a major prognostic impact in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Herszényi
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest Hungarian Academy of Science, Clinical Gastroenterology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary.
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Angenete E, Langenskiöld M, Palmgren I, Falk P, Oresland T, Ivarsson ML. uPA and PAI-1 in rectal cancer--relationship to radiotherapy and clinical outcome. J Surg Res 2008; 153:46-53. [PMID: 18533186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that the fibrinolytic system is of importance in inflammation, wound healing, and fibrosis development. However, it is also important in the process of tumor invasion and metastasis. We have investigated protein levels of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in rectal cancer and effects of radiotherapy, links to clinical outcome, and potential use as prognostic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-one patients with rectal cancer were studied. Blood samples and biopsies were taken during surgery and assayed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for uPA and PAI-1, and patients were followed prospectively (0-96 mo). RESULTS Higher levels of uPA (P < 0.0001) and PAI-1 (P < 0.0001) were found in tumor compared with mucosa. Mucosa exposed to radiotherapy had higher levels of uPA (P < 0.0001) and of PAI-1 (P < 0.0001). Irradiated tumor tissue had higher levels of PAI-1 (P < 0.001). PAI-1 in tumor was correlated with T stage (P < 0.001) and N stage (P < 0.01). PAI-1 in plasma was higher in patients with synchronous distant metastases (P < 0.001). Cox regression was used to identify high levels of PAI-1 in tumor as an independent factor related to short disease-free survival (P < 0.01) and the ratio of uPA/PAI-1 to development of metastases (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS There is a relationship between PAI-1 in plasma and rectal cancer metastases. PAI-1 in tumor tissue is correlated to histopathological data and to outcome of rectal cancer. If these findings can be confirmed in larger trials, there will be a possibility to use PAI-1 as a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Angenete
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Ploplis VA, Tipton H, Menchen H, Castellino FJ. A urokinase-type plasminogen activator deficiency diminishes the frequency of intestinal adenomas in ApcMin/+ mice. J Pathol 2007; 213:266-74. [PMID: 17893885 DOI: 10.1002/path.2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor, uPAR, on cell surfaces facilitates the generation of cell-bound plasmin, thus allowing cells to establish a proteolytic front that enables their migration through protein barriers. This complex also activates cell signalling pathways that influence cell functions. Clinical studies have identified uPA as an indicator of poor overall survival in patients with colorectal cancer. In the current study, a mouse model of colon cancer, Apc(Min/+), with an additional deficiency of uPA (Apc(Min/+)/Plau-/-) was used to determine the effects of uPA on tumour initiation and growth. Utilizing this model, it was found that the number of tumours was diminished in these mice relative to Apc(Min/+) mice, which correlated with the decreased leukocyte infiltration in the tumours. However, tumour growth was not impeded in Apc(Min/+)/Plau-/- mice, and proliferation and tumour vascularization were, in fact, enhanced in Apc(Min/+)/Plau-/- mice. These latter effects are consistent with a mechanism involving up-regulation of COX-2 expression and Akt pathway activation in Apc(Min/+)/Plau-/- mice. The results from this study suggest that uPA plays dual and opposing roles in regulating lesion development: one early, during the transition from normal epithelia to dysplastic lesions, and another later during tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Ploplis
- WM Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Nogueira M, Kim HL. Molecular markers for predicting prognosis of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2007; 26:113-24. [PMID: 18312928 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2007.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic or recurrent renal cell carcinoma (RCC) carries a poor prognosis and long term survival is rare. However, many small RCCs that are incidentally discovered have an indolent course even without treatment. The variability in clinical outcome is a reflection of the underlying tumor biology. Currently, clinical variables such as tumor stage and histologic grade are widely accepted surrogates for tumor-specific cellular and molecular processes. Ongoing advances in genomic and proteomic technologies have produced an expanding list of molecular markers for predicting prognosis. We review expression array studies evaluating molecular signatures for predicting prognosis in patients with RCC and describe specific prognostic markers that have been validated in at least 50 cases of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nogueira
- Department of Urologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Pulukuri SMK, Gorantla B, Rao JS. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity promotes invasion of human cancer cells through activation of urokinase plasminogen activator. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:35594-603. [PMID: 17923479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705867200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation plays an important role in chromatin remodeling and gene expression. The molecular mechanisms involved in differential regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) gene expression are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether histone deacetylation was involved in repression of uPA expression in human cancer cells. Induction of uPA expression by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA), sodium butyrate, and scriptaid was observed in all three different types of human cancer cells examined. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that the induction of uPA expression by TSA was accompanied by a remarkable increase of acetylation of histones H3 and H4, which are associated with the uPA promoter region in human cancer cells. These results were further substantiated by the findings of a restriction enzyme accessibility assay and TSA-stimulated uPA promoter activity through the inhibition of HDAC activity. In vitro Matrigel invasion assays showed that induction of uPA expression by HDAC inhibitors in human cancer cells resulted in a significant increase of cancer cell invasion. Furthermore, HDAC1 knockdown by small interference RNA stimulated uPA expression and cancer cell invasion. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the important role of histone modifications in regulating uPA gene expression and raises a possibility that the use of HDAC inhibitors in patients as cancer therapy may paradoxically establish metastasis through up-regulation or reactivation of uPA.
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Smith R, Xue A, Gill A, Scarlett C, Saxby A, Clarkson A, Hugh T. High expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) is a predictor of improved survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. World J Surg 2007; 31:493-502; discussion 503. [PMID: 17219285 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-006-0289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent findings suggest that the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and -2 (PAI-2) play key roles in cancer invasion. The prognostic value of components of this system is well established in breast cancer. However, little is known of its involvement in pancreatic cancer (PC). METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) was used on tissue-banked specimens and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on paraffin specimens was used to measure expression of uPA, uPAR, PAI-1, and PAI-2 proteins in 46 PC and 12 cystadenoma specimens. Results were related to survival using Cox's proportional hazards testing. RESULTS Increased expression of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 in PC tissue were independently associated with a higher Union Internationale Contre le Cancer [International Union Against Cancer (UICC)] tumor stage (P < 0.001) and were intercorrelated (P < 0.001). Overexpression of uPAR indicated reduced survival (P = 0.03). Conversely, PAI-2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) overexpression, which occurred in 21 of 46 tumors, negatively correlated with tumor size (P = 0.008) and survival (P < 0.007) but not with uPA, uPAR, or tumor stage. There was good agreement between PAI-2 mRNA value and IHC score (P < 0.001). Using Cox's stepwise analysis, PAI-2 mRNA value (HR = 0.24; P = 0.001) and UICC tumor stage (HR = 2.014; P = 0.001) independently predicted survival. An IHC score for PAI-2 of 3+ or 4+ also independently predicted improved survival (HR = 2.72; P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS The uPA/uPAR/PAI-1 system is activated in advanced pancreatic cancer and may account for the tumor's aggressive behavior, whereas PAI-2 expression appears to be independent of uPA/uPAR/PAI-1 and is associated with improved prognosis. Because of its intercorrelation with mRNA expression, PAI-2 IHC may be used as an indicator of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia.
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Försti A, Lei H, Tavelin B, Enquist K, Palmqvist R, Altieri A, Hallmans G, Hemminki K, Lenner P. Polymorphisms in the genes of the urokinase plasminogen activation system in relation to colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2007; 18:1990-4. [PMID: 17804466 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular matrix degradation, mediated by the urokinase plasminogen activation (uPA) system, is a critical step in tumor invasion and metastasis. High tumor levels of uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1 have been correlated with poor cancer prognosis. We examined four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a potential effect on expression of genes in the uPA system for their role in colorectal cancer susceptibility and prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We genotyped the SNPs in 308 Swedish incident colorectal cancer patients with up to 16 years of follow-up and in 585 age- and sex-matched controls. We evaluated the associations between genotypes and colorectal cancer and Dukes' stage. Survival probabilities were compared between different subgroups. RESULTS Patients with PAI-1 -675 5G/5G genotype had better survival than patients with 4G/4G or 4G/5G genotypes when they had Dukes' stage A or B tumors (P = 0.023 and P = 0.015, respectively). No statistically significant association was observed between the SNPs and the risk of colorectal cancer or Dukes' stage. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a role for the PAI-1 genotype in colorectal cancer prognosis, but further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of our finding in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Försti
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Pulukuri SMK, Rao JS. Small interfering RNA directed reversal of urokinase plasminogen activator demethylation inhibits prostate tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6637-46. [PMID: 17638874 PMCID: PMC2390768 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that small interfering RNA (siRNA) silences genes at the transcriptional level in human cells. However, the therapeutic potential of siRNA-mediated transcriptional gene silencing remains unclear. Here, we show that siRNA targeted to the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) promoter induced epigenetic transcriptional silencing in human prostate cancer cells. This silencing resulted in a dramatic reduction of tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis in vitro. Furthermore, the results from a bioluminescence tumor/metastasis model showed that the silencing of uPA significantly inhibits prostate tumor growth and the incidence of lung metastasis. Our findings represent a potentially powerful new approach to not only epigenetic silencing of metastasis or growth-promoting genes as a cancer therapy, but also as a means to shed light on how aberrant de novo methylation during cancer progression might be targeted to specific sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Murali Krishna Pulukuri
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, One Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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Zhu M, Gokhale VM, Szabo L, Munoz RM, Baek H, Bashyam S, Hurley LH, Von Hoff DD, Han H. Identification of a novel inhibitor of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:1348-56. [PMID: 17431113 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), a highly restricted serine protease, plays an important role in the regulation of diverse physiologic and pathologic processes. Strong clinical and experimental evidence has shown that elevated uPA expression is associated with cancer progression, metastasis, and shortened survival in patients. uPA has been considered as a promising molecular target for development of anticancer drugs. Here, we report the identification of several new uPA inhibitors using a high-throughput screen from a chemical library. From these uPA inhibitors, molecular modeling and docking studies identified 4-oxazolidinone as a novel lead pharmacophore. Optimization of the 4-oxazolidinone pharmacophore resulted in a series of structurally modified compounds with improved potency and selectivity. One of the 4-oxazolidinone analogues, UK122, showed the highest inhibition of uPA activity. The IC(50) of UK122 in a cell-free indirect uPA assay is 0.2 micromol/L. This compound also showed no or little inhibition of other serine proteases such as thrombin, trypsin, plasmin, and the tissue-type plasminogen activator, indicating its high specificity against uPA. Moreover, UK122 showed little cytotoxicity against CFPAC-1 cells (IC(50) >100 micromol/L) but significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of this pancreatic cancer cell line. Our data show that UK122 could potentially be developed as a new anticancer agent that prevents the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhu
- Division of Clinical Translational Research, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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Abstract
Intratumoral hypoxia is an independent indicator of poor patient outcome and increasing evidence supports a role for hypoxia in the development of metastatic disease. Studies suggest that the acquisition of the metastatic phenotype is not simply the result of dysregulated signal transduction pathways, but instead is achieved through a stepwise selection process driven by hypoxia. Hypoxia facilitates disruption of tissue integrity through repression of E-cadherin expression, with concomitant gain of N-cadherin expression which allows cells to escape anoikis. Through upregulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression, hypoxia enhances proteolytic activity at the invasive front and alters the interactions between integrins and components of the extracellular matrix, thereby enabling cellular invasion through the basement membrane and the underlying stroma. Cell motility is increased through hypoxia-induced hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-MET receptor signaling, resulting in cell migration towards the blood or lymphatic microcirculation. Hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activity also plays a critical role in the dynamic tumor-stromal interactions required for the subsequent stages of metastasis. VEGF promotes angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the primary tumor, providing the necessary routes for dissemination. VEGF-induced changes in vascular integrity and permeability promote both intravasation and extravasation, while VEGF-induced angiogenesis in the secondary tissue is essential for cell proliferation and establishment of metastatic lesions. Through regulation of these critical molecular targets, hypoxia promotes each step of the metastatic cascade and selects tumor cell populations that are able to escape the unfavorable microenvironment of the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Mahanivong C, Yu J, Huang S. Elevated urokinase-specific surface receptor expression is maintained through its interaction with urokinase plasminogen activator. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:165-75. [PMID: 17186542 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) are overexpressed in various neoplasms, and play a key role in tumor progression and metastasis. In this study, we examined uPA and uPAR expression in a variety of human breast cancer cell lines and found that lines with elevated uPA expression also exhibited high uPAR expression, suggesting the possibility that uPA and uPAR are regulated in concert. To test this possibility, we introduced antisense uPA RNA and antisense uPAR RNA in MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 lines that express high levels of uPA and uPAR. Antisense uPA RNA not only downregulated uPA expression, but also greatly reduced uPAR expression in both lines. However, antisense uPAR RNA-reduced uPAR expression with no apparent inhibitory effect on the levels of uPA. These results indicate that expression of uPAR requires uPA but not vice versa. With a panel of uPA and uPAR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), we observed that the mAbs disrupting uPA and uPAR interaction, rather than mAb inhibiting uPA protease activity, reduced uPAR expression. Moreover, adding soluble single chain uPA (scuPA) to MDA-MB-231 or BT-549 cells expressing antisense uPA mRNA-restored uPAR expression. These findings suggest that uPA dictates uPAR expression and that uPA binding to uPAR transmits signals for uPAR expression. Finally, we provided evidence that Fyn, a Src family kinase, is involved in uPA-induced uPAR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitladda Mahanivong
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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48
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Pulukuri SM, Estes N, Patel J, Rao JS. Demethylation-linked activation of urokinase plasminogen activator is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:930-9. [PMID: 17283123 PMCID: PMC1832148 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) has been reported in various malignancies including prostate cancer. However, the mechanism by which uPA is abnormally expressed in prostate cancer remains elusive. Here, we show that uPA is aberrantly expressed in a high percentage of human prostate cancer tissues but rarely expressed either in tumor-matched nonneoplastic adjacent tissues or benign prostatic hyperplasia samples. This aberrant expression is associated with cancer-linked demethylation of the uPA promoter. Furthermore, treatment with demethylation inhibitor S-adenosylmethionine or stable expression of uPA short hairpin RNA significantly inhibits uPA expression and tumor cell invasion in vitro and tumor growth and incidence of lung metastasis in vivo. Collectively, these findings strongly suggest that DNA demethylation is a common mechanism underlying the abnormal expression of uPA and is a critical contributing factor to the malignant progression of human prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jasti S. Rao
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology
- Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at
Peoria, Peoria, IL, 61656
- *Correspondence: J.S. Rao, Ph.D., Department of Cancer
Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Box 1649,
Peoria, IL 61656, USA; E-mail
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49
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Yu Y, Bliss JP, Bruce WJM, Walsh WR. Bone morphogenetic proteins and Smad expression in ovine tendon-bone healing. Arthroscopy 2007; 23:205-10. [PMID: 17276229 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2006.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are being developed to improve tendon-bone healing. To do this, it is essential to understand the endogenous expression of BMPs and their downstream signal transduction factors, Smads, during tendon-bone healing. METHODS An extra-articular patellar tendon-bone healing ovine model was set up, and histologic evaluation of the healing progress at the tendon-bone interface at 1, 2, 3, and 6 weeks was performed. Immunohistochemical staining of BMP-2, BMP-7, Smad1, Smad4, and Smad5 was carried out in all sections. RESULTS The model revealed formation of a loose granuloma tissue layer between the tendon and bone at 1 week, remodeling starting at 2 weeks, and Sharpey-like collagen fiber formation at 3 and 6 weeks. All detected factors were elevated at the tendon-bone interface during healing, and the expression peaked at 2 to 3 weeks. The cells involved were osteoblastic-like cells, osteoclastic-like cells, mesenchymal cells, and fibroblasts. BMP-7 staining was mainly at the interface close to the bony side, whereas BMP-2 expression shifted to the tendon side at 6 weeks. The expression pattern of Smad1 and Smad5 was similar to that of BMP-7. Smad1 was also found to be expressed in osteoclastic-like cells at 1 and 2 weeks. Smad4 expression was the highest among all of the factors at all time points. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that endogenous BMP-2 and BMP-7 participate in tendon-bone healing and their functions involve their downstream signal transduction mediators, Smad1, Smad4, and Smad5. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The temporal expression of BMPs should be considered when setting up therapeutic strategies using BMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Surgical & Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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50
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Stenman J, Räsänen J, Tenkanen T, Haglund C, Salo J, Orpana A, Paju A. Genome-controlled reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for targeted gene-expression analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2007; 66:597-606. [PMID: 17101552 DOI: 10.1080/00365510600987736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although gene-expression profiling has an important part to play in the classification of tumours and premalignant conditions, reproducibility of the present polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based quantitative techniques needs to be improved for diagnostic purposes and to enable analysis of gene expression in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. We have developed reverse transcriptase-PCR-based technology for quantitative assessment of the relative content of multiple mRNA transcripts in small tissue or cell samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS A multiplexed sequence modifying cDNA synthesis reaction is performed with this technique to create a 4-5 degrees increase in the melting temperature of subsequent short (56-64 bp) PCR amplicons. Each cDNA template is competitively co-amplified with genomic DNA, which serves as a universal internal standard. The relative amounts of cDNA and genomic DNA-derived amplicons are quantified in-tube by homogeneous melting curve analysis. RESULTS The dynamic range of the assay was three orders of magnitude, while the detection limit was 100 cDNA molecules. A prototype assay, consisting of the analysis of eight genes, displayed good reproducibility (inter-assay CV 5-20 %) compared to the TaqMan assay (inter-assay CV 7-43 %). Gene-expression analysis could be performed in 20 of 20 (100 %) archival frozen samples, in 30 of 35 (86 %) archival FFPE samples and in 26 of 27 (96 %) endoscopic biopsies. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that this new technique enables accurate analysis of mRNA expression in cultured cells and endoscopic tissue biopsies. Sensitive analysis FFPE tissue is also possible thanks to the short PCR amplicons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stenman
- Department of Surgery, HUCH, Jorvi Hospital, Espoo, Finland.
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