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Ramkissoon R, Cao S, Shah VH. The Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension. Clin Liver Dis 2024; 28:369-381. [PMID: 38945632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
This article reviews the pathophysiology of portal hypertension that includes multiple mechanisms internal and external to the liver. This article starts with a review of literature describing the cellular and molecular mechanisms of portal hypertension, microvascular thrombosis, sinusoidal venous congestion, portal angiogenesis, vascular hypocontractility, and hyperdynamic circulation. Mechanotransduction and the gut-liver axis, which are newer areas of research, are reviewed. Dysfunction of this axis contributes to chronic liver injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and portal hypertension. Sequelae of portal hypertension are discussed in subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resham Ramkissoon
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Sheng Cao
- Mayo College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
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2
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Leaker BD, Wang Y, Tam J, Anderson RR. Analysis of culture and RNA isolation methods for precision-cut liver slices from cirrhotic rats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15349. [PMID: 38961190 PMCID: PMC11222550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) are increasingly used as a model to investigate anti-fibrotic therapies. However, many studies use PCLS from healthy animals treated with pro-fibrotic stimuli in culture, which reflects only the early stages of fibrosis. The effects of different culture conditions on PCLS from cirrhotic animals has not been well characterized and there is no consensus on optimal methods. In this study, we report a method for the collection and culture of cirrhotic PCLS and compare the effect of common culture conditions on viability, function, and gene expression. Additionally, we compared three methods of RNA isolation and identified a protocol with high yield and purity. We observed significantly increased albumin production when cultured with insulin-transferrin-selenium and dexamethasone, and when incubated on a rocking platform. Culturing with insulin-transferrin-selenium and dexamethasone maintained gene expression closer to the levels in fresh slices. However, despite stable viability and function up to 4 days, we found significant changes in expression of key genes by day 2. Interestingly, we also observed that cirrhotic PCLS maintain viability in culture longer than slices from healthy animals. Due to the influence of matrix stiffness on fibrosis and hepatocellular function, it is important to evaluate prospective anti-fibrotic therapies in a platform that preserves tissue biomechanics. PCLS from cirrhotic animals represent a promising tool for the development of treatments for chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Leaker
- Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Thier Research Building, MGH, 55 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yongtao Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Tam
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Thier Research Building, MGH, 55 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Thier Research Building, MGH, 55 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Gwon K, Choi D, de Hoyos-Vega JM, Baskaran H, Gonzalez-Suarez AM, Lee S, Hong HJ, Nguyen KM, Dharmesh E, Sugahara G, Ishida Y, Saito T, Stybayeva G, Revzin A. Function of hepatocyte spheroids in bioactive microcapsules is enhanced by endogenous and exogenous hepatocyte growth factor. Bioact Mater 2023; 28:183-195. [PMID: 37266448 PMCID: PMC10230170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to maintain functional hepatocytes has important implications for bioartificial liver development, cell-based therapies, drug screening, and tissue engineering. Several approaches can be used to restore hepatocyte function in vitro, including coating a culture substrate with extracellular matrix (ECM), encapsulating cells within biomimetic gels (Collagen- or Matrigel-based), or co-cultivation with other cells. This paper describes the use of bioactive heparin-based core-shell microcapsules to form and cultivate hepatocyte spheroids. These microcapsules are comprised of an aqueous core that facilitates hepatocyte aggregation into spheroids and a heparin hydrogel shell that binds and releases growth factors. We demonstrate that bioactive microcapsules retain and release endogenous signals thus enhancing the function of encapsulated hepatocytes. We also demonstrate that hepatic function may be further enhanced by loading exogenous hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) into microcapsules and inhibiting transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signaling. Overall, bioactive microcapsules described here represent a promising new strategy for the encapsulation and maintenance of primary hepatocytes and will be beneficial for liver tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihak Gwon
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daheui Choi
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - José M. de Hoyos-Vega
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Harihara Baskaran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Seonhwa Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hye Jin Hong
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kianna M. Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ether Dharmesh
- Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Go Sugahara
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Hebisch M, Klostermeier S, Wolf K, Boccaccini AR, Wolf SE, Tanzi RE, Kim DY. The Impact of the Cellular Environment and Aging on Modeling Alzheimer's Disease in 3D Cell Culture Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205037. [PMID: 36642841 PMCID: PMC10015857 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Creating a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that accurately recapitulates disease pathology has been a longstanding challenge. Recent studies showed that human AD neural cells, integrated into three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel matrix, display key features of AD neuropathology. Like in the human brain, the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in determining the rate of neuropathogenesis in hydrogel-based 3D cellular models. Aging, the greatest risk factor for AD, significantly alters brain ECM properties. Therefore, it is important to understand how age-associated changes in ECM affect accumulation of pathogenic molecules, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in AD patients and in vitro models. In this review, mechanistic hypotheses is presented to address the impact of the ECM properties and their changes with aging on AD and AD-related dementias. Altered ECM characteristics in aged brains, including matrix stiffness, pore size, and composition, will contribute to disease pathogenesis by modulating the accumulation, propagation, and spreading of pathogenic molecules of AD. Emerging hydrogel-based disease models with differing ECM properties provide an exciting opportunity to study the impact of brain ECM aging on AD pathogenesis, providing novel mechanistic insights. Understanding the role of ECM aging in AD pathogenesis should also improve modeling AD in 3D hydrogel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hebisch
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Stefanie Klostermeier
- Institute of Medical PhysicsFriedrich‐Alexander Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg91052ErlangenGermany
- Max‐Planck‐Zentrum für Physik und Medizin91054ErlangenGermany
| | - Katharina Wolf
- Department of Medicine 1Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg91054ErlangenGermany
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of BiomaterialsDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Stephan E. Wolf
- Institute of Glass and CeramicsDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
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Bate TSR, Shanahan W, Casillo JP, Grant R, Forbes SJ, Callanan A. Rat liver ECM incorporated into electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds as a platform for hepatocyte culture. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:2612-2623. [PMID: 35734943 PMCID: PMC9796056 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is expanding across the globe; however, health-care systems still lack approved pharmaceutical treatment strategies to mitigate potential liver failures. Organ transplantation is the only treatment for liver failure and with increasing cases of liver disease, transplant programs increasingly cannot provide timely transplant availability for all patients. The development of pharmaceutical mitigation strategies is clearly necessary and methods to improve drug development processes are considered vital for this purpose. Herein, we present a methodology for incorporating whole organ decellularised rat liver ECM (rLECM) into polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun scaffolds with the aim of producing biologically relevant liver tissue models. rLECM PCL scaffolds have been produced with 5 w/w% and 10 w/w% rLECM:PCL and were analyzed by SEM imaging, tensile mechanical analyses and FTIR spectroscopy. The hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HepG2, was cultured upon the scaffolds for 14 days and were analyzed through cell viability assay, DNA quantification, albumin quantification, immunohistochemistry, and RT-qPCR gene expression analysis. Results showed significant increases in proliferative activity of HepG2 on rLECM containing scaffolds alongside maintained key gene expression. This study confirms that rLECM can be utilized to modulate the bioactivity of electrospun PCL scaffolds and has the potential to produce electrospun scaffolds suitable for enhanced hepatocyte cultures and in-vitro liver tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S. R. Bate
- School of EngineeringInstitute for Bioengineering, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - William Shanahan
- School of EngineeringInstitute for Bioengineering, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Joseph P. Casillo
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of Edinburgh, Grant InstituteEdinburghUK
| | - Rhiannon Grant
- MERLN InstituteMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Anthony Callanan
- School of EngineeringInstitute for Bioengineering, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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6
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Cuvellier M, Rose S, Ezan F, Jarry U, De Oliveira H, Bruyère A, Drieu La Rochelle C, Legagneux V, Langouet S, Baffet G. In vitro long term differentiation and functionality of three-dimensional bioprinted primary human hepatocytes: application for in vivo engraftment. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35696992 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac7825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, 3D in vitro cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) have been increasingly developed to establish models capable of faithfully mimicking main liver functions. The use of 3D bioprinting, capable of recreating structures composed of cells embedded in matrix with controlled microarchitectures, is an emergent key feature for tissue engineering. In this work, we used an extrusion-based system to print PHH in a methacrylated gelatin matrix (GelMa). PHH bioprinted in GelMa rapidly organized into polarized hollow spheroids and were viable for at least 28 days of culture. These PHH were highly differentiated with maintenance of liver differentiation genes over time, as demonstrated by transcriptomic analysis and functional approaches. The cells were polarized with localization of apico/canalicular regions, and displayed activities of phase I and II biotransformation enzymes that could be regulated by inducers. Furthermore, the implantation of the bioprinted structures in mice demonstrated their capability to vascularize, and their ability to maintain human hepatic specific functions for at least 28 days was illustrated by albumin secretion and debrisoquine metabolism. This model could hold great promise for human liver tissue generation and its use in future biotechnological developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cuvellier
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé́ environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Sophie Rose
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé́ environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Av du pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Frédéric Ezan
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé́ environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Av du pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Ulrich Jarry
- Unité de Pharmacologie Préclinique, Rennes, France, Biotrial Pharmacology, 7-9 Rue Jean-Louis Bertrand, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Hugo De Oliveira
- , Université de Bordeaux, Bioingénierie tissulaire, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, FRANCE
| | - Arnaud Bruyère
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé́ environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Av. du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Christophe Drieu La Rochelle
- Unité de Pharmacologie Préclinique, Rennes, France, Biotrial Pharmacology, 7-9 Rue Jean-Louis Bertrand, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Vincent Legagneux
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé́ environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Av. du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Sophie Langouet
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé́ environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Av. du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Georges Baffet
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé́ environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Av. du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
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7
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Cameron AP, Zeng B, Liu Y, Wang H, Soheilmoghaddam F, Cooper-White J, Zhao CX. Biophysical properties of hydrogels for mimicking tumor extracellular matrix. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 136:212782. [PMID: 35929332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential component of the tumor microenvironment. It plays a critical role in regulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. However, there is lack of systematic and comparative studies on different widely-used ECM mimicking hydrogels and their properties, making the selection of suitable hydrogels for mimicking different in vivo conditions quite random. This study systematically evaluates the biophysical attributes of three widely used natural hydrogels (Matrigel, collagen gel and agarose gel) including complex modulus, loss tangent, diffusive permeability and pore size. A new and facile method was developed combining Critical Point Drying, Scanning Electron Microscopy imaging and a MATLAB image processing program (CSM method) for the characterization of hydrogel microstructures. This CSM method allows accurate measurement of the hydrogel pore size down to nanometer resolution. Furthermore, a microfluidic device was implemented to measure the hydrogel permeability (Pd) as a function of particle size and gel concentration. Among the three gels, collagen gel has the lowest complex modulus, medium pore size, and the highest loss tangent. Agarose gel exhibits the highest complex modulus, the lowest loss tangent and the smallest pore size. Collagen gel and Matrigel produced complex moduli close to that estimated for cancer ECM. The Pd of these hydrogels decreases significantly with the increase of particle size. By assessing different hydrogels' biophysical characteristics, this study provides valuable insights for tailoring their properties for various three-dimensional cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Cameron
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bijun Zeng
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yun Liu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Haofei Wang
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Farhad Soheilmoghaddam
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Justin Cooper-White
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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8
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Choi D, Gonzalez Z, Ho SY, Bermudez A, Lin NY. Cell-cell adhesion impacts epithelia response to substrate stiffness: Morphology and gene expression. Biophys J 2022; 121:336-346. [PMID: 34864047 PMCID: PMC8790207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Monolayer epithelial cells interact constantly with the substrate they reside on and their surrounding neighbors. As such, the properties of epithelial cells are profoundly governed by the mechanical and molecular cues that arise from both the substrate and contiguous cell neighbors. Although both cell-substrate and cell-cell interactions have been studied individually, these results are difficult to apply to native confluent epithelia, in which both jointly regulate the cell phenotype. Specifically, it remains poorly understood about the intertwined contributions from intercellular adhesion and substrate stiffness on cell morphology and gene expression, two essential microenvironment properties. Here, by adjusting the substrate modulus and altering the intercellular adhesion within confluent kidney epithelia, we found that cell-substrate and cell-cell interactions can mask each other's influence. For example, we found that epithelial cells exhibit an elongated morphological phenotype only when the substrate modulus and intercellular adhesions are both reduced, whereas their motility can be upregulated by either reduction. These results illustrate that combinatorial changes of the physical microenvironment are required to alter cell morphology and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Choi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California,Corresponding author
| | - Zachary Gonzalez
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sum Yat Ho
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexandra Bermudez
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Neil Y.C. Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California,Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles
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9
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Singh S, Moran JL. Autonomously Propelled Colloids for Penetration and Payload Delivery in Complex Extracellular Matrices. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12101216. [PMID: 34683267 PMCID: PMC8541468 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For effective treatment of diseases such as cancer or fibrosis, it is essential to deliver therapeutic agents such as drugs to the diseased tissue, but these diseased sites are surrounded by a dense network of fibers, cells, and proteins known as the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM forms a barrier between the diseased cells and blood circulation, the main route of administration of most drug delivery nanoparticles. Hence, a stiff ECM impedes drug delivery by limiting the transport of drugs to the diseased tissue. The use of self-propelled particles (SPPs) that can move in a directional manner with the application of physical or chemical forces can help in increasing the drug delivery efficiency. Here, we provide a comprehensive look at the current ECM models in use to mimic the in vivo diseased states, the different types of SPPs that have been experimentally tested in these models, and suggest directions for future research toward clinical translation of SPPs in diverse biomedical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrishti Singh
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
| | - Jeffrey L. Moran
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Virdi JK, Pethe P. Biomaterials Regulate Mechanosensors YAP/TAZ in Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:199-215. [PMID: 33230800 PMCID: PMC8012461 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident stem cells are surrounded by a microenvironment known as 'stem cell niche' which is specific for each stem cell type. This niche comprises of cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors like biochemical and biophysical signals, which regulate stem cell characteristics and differentiation. Biochemical signals have been thoroughly studied however, the effect of biophysical signals on stem cell regulation is yet to be completely understood. Biomaterials have aided in addressing this issue since they can provide a defined and tuneable microenvironment resembling in vivo conditions. We review various biomaterials used in many studies which have shown a connection between biomaterial-generated mechanical signals and alteration in stem cell behaviour. Researchers probed to understand the mechanism of mechanotransduction and reported that the signals from the extracellular matrix regulate a transcription factor yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), which is a downstream-regulator of the Hippo pathway and it transduces the mechanical signals inside the nucleus. We highlight the role of the YAP/TAZ as mechanotransducers in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in response to substrate stiffness, also the possibility of mechanobiology as the emerging field of regenerative medicines and three-dimensional tissue printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Kaur Virdi
- Department of Biological Science, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to-be) University, Mumbai, India
| | - Prasad Pethe
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR), Symbiosis International University, Lavale, Mulshi, Pune, 412115, India.
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11
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Scaffold-based 3D cellular models mimicking the heterogeneity of osteosarcoma stem cell niche. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22294. [PMID: 33339857 PMCID: PMC7749131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure of the osteosarcoma conventional therapies leads to the growing need for novel therapeutic strategies. The lack of specificity for the Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) population has been recently identified as the main limitation in the current therapies. Moreover, the traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro models, employed in the drug testing and screening as well as in the study of cell and molecular biology, are affected by a poor in vitro-in vivo translation ability. To overcome these limitations, this work provides two tumour engineering approaches as new tools to address osteosarcoma and improve therapy outcomes. In detail, two different hydroxyapatite-based bone-mimicking scaffolds were used to recapitulate aspects of the in vivo tumour microenvironment, focusing on CSCs niche. The biological performance of human osteosarcoma cell lines (MG63 and SAOS-2) and enriched-CSCs were deeply analysed in these complex cell culture models. The results highlight the fundamental role of the tumour microenvironment proving the mimicry of osteosarcoma stem cell niche by the use of CSCs together with the biomimetic scaffolds, compared to conventional 2D culture systems. These advanced 3D cell culture in vitro tumour models could improve the predictivity of preclinical studies and strongly enhance the clinical translation.
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12
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Aisenbrey EA, Murphy WL. Synthetic alternatives to Matrigel. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2020; 5:539-551. [PMID: 32953138 PMCID: PMC7500703 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-020-0199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Matrigel, a basement-membrane matrix extracted from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcomas, has been used for more than four decades for a myriad of cell culture applications. However, Matrigel is limited in its applicability to cellular biology, therapeutic cell manufacturing and drug discovery owing to its complex, ill-defined and variable composition. Variations in the mechanical and biochemical properties within a single batch of Matrigel - and between batches - have led to uncertainty in cell culture experiments and a lack of reproducibility. Moreover, Matrigel is not conducive to physical or biochemical manipulation, making it difficult to fine-tune the matrix to promote intended cell behaviours and achieve specific biological outcomes. Recent advances in synthetic scaffolds have led to the development of xenogenic-free, chemically defined, highly tunable and reproducible alternatives. In this Review, we assess the applications of Matrigel in cell culture, regenerative medicine and organoid assembly, detailing the limitations of Matrigel and highlighting synthetic scaffold alternatives that have shown equivalent or superior results. Additionally, we discuss the hurdles that are limiting a full transition from Matrigel to synthetic scaffolds and provide a brief perspective on the future directions of synthetic scaffolds for cell culture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William L. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
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13
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Graham AD, Pandey R, Tsancheva VS, Candeo A, Botchway SW, Allan AJ, Teboul L, Madi K, Babra TS, Zolkiewski LAK, Xue X, Bentley L, Gannon J, Olof SN, Cox RD. The development of a high throughput drug-responsive model of white adipose tissue comprising adipogenic 3T3-L1 cells in a 3D matrix. Biofabrication 2019; 12:015018. [PMID: 31715591 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab56fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adipose models have been applied to mechanistic studies of metabolic diseases (such as diabetes) and the subsequent discovery of new therapeutics. However, typical models are either insufficiently complex (2D cell cultures) or expensive and labor intensive (mice/in vivo). To bridge the gap between these models and in order to better inform pre-clinical studies we have developed a drug-responsive 3D model of white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, spheroids (680 ± 60 μm) comprising adipogenic 3T3-L1 cells encapsulated in 3D matrix were fabricated manually on a 96 well scale. Spheroids were highly characterised for lipid morphology, selected metabolite and adipokine secretion, and gene expression; displaying significant upregulation of certain adipogenic-specific genes compared with a 2D model. Furthermore, induction of lipolysis and promotion of lipogenesis in spheroids could be triggered by exposure to 8-br-cAMP and oleic-acid respectively. Metabolic and high content imaging data of spheroids exposed to an adipose-targeting drug, rosiglitazone, resulted in dose-responsive behavior. Thus, our 3D WAT model has potential as a powerful scalable tool for compound screening and for investigating adipose biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Graham
- OxSyBio Ltd, Building R27, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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14
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Ding Z, Zhou M, Zhou Z, Zhang W, Jiang X, Lu X, Zuo B, Lu Q, Kaplan DL. Injectable Silk Nanofiber Hydrogels for Sustained Release of Small-Molecule Drugs and Vascularization. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:4077-4088. [PMID: 33448809 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to control neovascularization in damaged tissues remain a key issue in regenerative medicine. Unlike most reported desferrioxamine (DFO)-loaded systems where DFO demonstrates a burst release, here we attain zero-order release behavior above 40 days. This outcome was achieved by blending DFO with silk nanofibers with special hydrophilic-hydrophobic properties. The special silk nanofibers showed strong physical binding capacity with DFO, avoiding chemical cross-linking. Using these new biomaterials in vivo in a rat wound model suggested that the DFO-loaded silk nanofiber hydrogel systems stimulated angiogenesis by the sustained release of DFO, but also facilitated cell migration and tissue ingrowth. These features resulted in faster formation of a blood vessel network in the wounds, as well improved healing when compared to the free DFO system. The DFO-loaded systems are also suitable for the regeneration of other tissues, such as nerve and bone, suggesting universality in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingliang Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Oral Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | | | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Oral Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Oral Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | | | | | | | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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15
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Ijima H, Nakamura S, Bual RP, Yoshida K. Liver-specific extracellular matrix hydrogel promotes liver-specific functions of hepatocytes in vitro and survival of transplanted hepatocytes in vivo. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:365-372. [PMID: 30935781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A solubilized liver-specific extracellular matrix (L-ECM) substratum was obtained by decellularization of porcine liver using Triton X-100 and pepsin treatments. The L-ECM was able to immobilize hepatocyte growth factor at a high efficiency of 87%. L-ECM gelled spontaneously in a physiologically neutral environment. Primary hepatocytes embedded in the L-ECM gel showed a high albumin synthesis activity and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity even at 3 weeks in culture. In addition, the L-ECM gel-embedded hepatocytes implanted subcutaneously into partial hepatectomized rats showed a high survival rate (18%) and formed a large liver tissue-like structure. Their efficiencies of EROD activity and large liver tissue-like structure formation were about twice those of collagen gel-embedded hepatocytes. Based on these results, we clarified the effectiveness of L-ECM gel as a substrate for hepatocyte culture and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ijima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Nakamura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ronald Perocho Bual
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, College of Engineering, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Tibanga, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Kozue Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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16
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Cell force-mediated matrix reorganization underlies multicellular network assembly. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12. [PMID: 30626885 PMCID: PMC6327038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenesis is the de novo formation of a vascular network from individual endothelial progenitor cells occurring during embryonic development, organogenesis, and adult neovascularization. Vasculogenesis can be mimicked and studied in vitro using network formation assays, in which endothelial cells (ECs) spontaneously form capillary-like structures when seeded in the appropriate microenvironment. While the biochemical regulators of network formation have been well studied using these assays, the role of mechanical and topographical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is less understood. Here, we utilized both natural and synthetic fibrous materials to better understand how physical attributes of the ECM influence the assembly of EC networks. Our results reveal that active cell-mediated matrix recruitment through actomyosin force generation occurs concurrently with network formation on Matrigel, a reconstituted basement membrane matrix regularly used to promote EC networks, and on synthetic matrices composed of electrospun dextran methacrylate (DexMA) fibers. Furthermore, modulating physical attributes of DexMA matrices that impair matrix recruitment consequently inhibited the formation of cellular networks. These results suggest an iterative process in which dynamic cell-induced changes to the physical microenvironment reciprocally modulate cell behavior to guide the formation and stabilization of multicellular networks.
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17
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Mattei G, Magliaro C, Pirone A, Ahluwalia A. Bioinspired liver scaffold design criteria. Organogenesis 2018; 14:129-146. [PMID: 30156955 PMCID: PMC6300109 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2018.1505137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining hepatic functional characteristics in-vitro is considered one of the main challenges in engineering liver tissue. As hepatocytes cultured ex-vivo are deprived of their native extracellular matrix (ECM) milieu, developing scaffolds that mimic the biomechanical and physicochemical properties of the native ECM is thought to be a promising approach for successful tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. On the basis that the decellularized liver matrix represents the ideal design template for engineering bioinspired hepatic scaffolds, to derive quantitative descriptors of liver ECM architecture, we characterised decellularised liver matrices in terms of their biochemical, viscoelastic and structural features along with porosity, permeability and wettability. Together, these data provide a unique set of quantitative design criteria which can be used to generate guidelines for fabricating biomaterial scaffolds for liver tissue engineering. As proof-of-concept, we investigated hepatic cell response to substrate viscoelasticity. On collagen hydrogels mimicking decellularised liver mechanics, cells showed superior morphology, higher viability and albumin secretion than on stiffer and less viscous substrates. Although scaffold properties are generally inspired by those of native tissues, our results indicate significant differences between the mechano-structural characteristics of untreated and decellularised hepatic tissue. Therefore, we suggest that design rules - such as mechanical properties and swelling behaviour - for engineering biomimetic scaffolds be re-examined through further studies on substrates matching the features of decellularized liver matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Mattei
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Optics11 B.V, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biophotonics & Medical Imaging and Laser LaB, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Magliaro
- Research Centre “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Pirone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Research Centre “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Kim Y, Baipaywad P, Jeong Y, Park H. Incorporation of gelatin microparticles on the formation of adipose-derived stem cell spheroids. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 110:472-478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Zhang J, Schwartz MP, Hou Z, Bai Y, Ardalani H, Swanson S, Steill J, Ruotti V, Elwell A, Nguyen BK, Bolin J, Stewart R, Thomson JA, Murphy WL. A Genome-wide Analysis of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells in 2D or 3D Culture. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:907-918. [PMID: 28343999 PMCID: PMC5390115 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A defined protocol for efficiently deriving endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells was established and vascular morphogenesis was used as a model system to understand how synthetic hydrogels influence global biological function compared with common 2D and 3D culture platforms. RNA sequencing demonstrated that gene expression profiles were similar for endothelial cells and pericytes cocultured in polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels or Matrigel, while monoculture comparisons identified distinct vascular signatures for each cell type. Endothelial cells cultured on tissue-culture polystyrene adopted a proliferative phenotype compared with cells cultured on or encapsulated in PEG hydrogels. The proliferative phenotype correlated to increased FAK-ERK activity, and knockdown or inhibition of ERK signaling reduced proliferation and expression for cell-cycle genes while increasing expression for “3D-like” vasculature development genes. Our results provide insight into the influence of 2D and 3D culture formats on global biological processes that regulate cell function. Defined, high-efficiency differentiation of human PSCs to endothelial cell Comprehensive genome-wide comparisons of 2D and 3D cell-culture formats Gene expression profiles for endothelial cells and pericytes in 3D cell culture Highly proliferative phenotypes on tissue-culture polystyrene surfaces
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhang
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Michael P Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Room 5405, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Zhonggang Hou
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Yongsheng Bai
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Hamisha Ardalani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Room 5405, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Scott Swanson
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - John Steill
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Victor Ruotti
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Angela Elwell
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Bao Kim Nguyen
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Jennifer Bolin
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Ron Stewart
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - James A Thomson
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Room 5405, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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20
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Cramer GM, Jones DP, El-Hamidi H, Celli JP. ECM Composition and Rheology Regulate Growth, Motility, and Response to Photodynamic Therapy in 3D Models of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:15-25. [PMID: 27671335 PMCID: PMC5381935 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is characterized by prominent stromal involvement, which plays complex roles in regulating tumor growth and therapeutic response. The extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich stroma associated with this disease has been implicated as a barrier to drug penetration, although stromal depletion strategies have had mixed clinical success. It remains less clear how interactions with ECM, acting as a biophysical regulator of phenotype, not only a barrier to drug perfusion, regulate susceptibilities and resistance to specific therapies. In this context, an integrative approach is used to evaluate invasive behavior and motility in rheologically characterized ECM as determinants of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) responses. We show that in 3D cultures with ECM conditions that promote invasive progression, response to PDT is markedly enhanced in the most motile ECM-infiltrating populations, whereas the same cells exhibit chemoresistance. Conversely, drug-resistant sublines with enhanced invasive potential were generated to compare differential treatment response in identical ECM conditions, monitored by particle tracking microrheology measurements of matrix remodeling. In both scenarios, ECM-infiltrating cell populations exhibit increased sensitivity to PDT, whether invasion is consequent to selection of chemoresistance, or whether chemoresistance is correlated with acquisition of invasive behavior. However, while ECM-invading, chemoresistant cells exhibit mesenchymal phenotype, induction of EMT in monolayers without ECM was not sufficient to enhance PDT sensitivity, yet does impart chemoresistance as expected. In addition to containing platform development with broader applicability to inform microenvironment-dependent therapeutics, these results reveal the efficacy of PDT for targeting the most aggressive, chemoresistant, invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma associated with dismal outcomes for this disease. IMPLICATIONS ECM-infiltrating and chemoresistant pancreatic tumor populations exhibit increased sensitivity to PDT. Mol Cancer Res; 15(1); 15-25. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn M Cramer
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Molecular, Cellular and Organismal Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dustin P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hamid El-Hamidi
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan P Celli
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts.
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21
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Sample, testing and analysis variables affecting liver mechanical properties: A review. Acta Biomater 2016; 45:60-71. [PMID: 27596489 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Given the critical role of liver mechanics in regulating cell response and directing the development of tissue fibrosis, accurately characterising its mechanical behaviour is of relevance for both diagnostic purposes as well as for tissue engineering and for the development of in-vitro models. Determining and quantifying the mechanical behaviour of soft biological tissues is, however, highly challenging due to their intrinsic labile nature. Indeed, a unique set of values of liver mechanical properties is still lacking to date; testing conditions can significantly affect sample status and hence the measured behaviour and reported results are strongly dependent on the adopted testing method and configuration as well as sample type and status. This review aims at summarising the bulk mechanical properties of liver described in the literature, discussing the possible sources of variation and their implications on the reported results. We distinguish between the intrinsic mechanical behaviour of hepatic tissue, which depends on sample variables, and the measured mechanical properties which also depend on the testing and analysis methods. Finally, the review provides guidelines on tissue preparation and testing conditions for generating reproducible data which can be meaningfully compared across laboratories. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Soft tissue mechanics is widely investigated, but poorly understood. This review identifies and discusses sample and testing variables which can influence the mechanical behaviour of hepatic tissue and consequently the measured mechanical properties. To encourage the biomaterial community towards more standardized testing of soft tissues and enable comparisons between data from different laboratories, we have established new testing methods and experimental recommendations for sample preparation and testing. The review could be of wide interest to scientists involved in biomaterials research because it addresses and proposes guidelines for several issues related to the mechanical testing of soft tissues whose implications have not been considered together before.
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22
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Weeks CA, Aden B, Zhang J, Singh A, Hickey RD, Kilbey SM, Nyberg SL, Janorkar AV. Effect of amine content and chemistry on long-term, three-dimensional hepatocyte spheroid culture atop aminated elastin-like polypeptide coatings. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:377-388. [PMID: 27648820 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Culture conditions that induce hepatic spheroidal aggregates sustain liver cells with metabolism that mimics in vivo hepatocytes. Here we present an array of elastin-like polypeptide conjugate coating materials (Aminated-ELPs) that are biocompatible, have spheroid-forming capacity, can be coated atop traditional culture surfaces, and maintain structural integrity while ensuring adherence of spheroids over long culture period. The Aminated-ELPs were synthesized either by direct conjugation of ELP and various polyelectrolytes or by conjugating both ELP and various small electrolytes to the reactive polymer poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl azlactone) (PVDMA). Spheroid morphology, cellular metabolic function, and liver-specific gene expression over the long-term, 20-day culture period were assessed through optical microscopy, measurement of total protein content and albumin and urea production, and quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR. We found that the amine content of the Aminated-ELP coatings dictated the initial hepatocyte attachment, but not the subsequent hepatocyte spheroid formation and their continued attachment. A lower amine content was generally found to sustain higher albumin production by the spheroids. Out of the 19 Aminated-ELP coatings tested, we found that the lysine-containing substrates comprising ELP-polylysine or ELP-PVDMA-butanediamine proved to consistently culture productive spheroidal hepatocytes. We suggest that the incorporation of lysine functional groups in Aminated-ELP rendered more biocompatible surfaces, increasing spheroid attachment and leading to increased liver-specific function. Taken together, the Aminated-ELP array presented here has the potential to create in vitro hepatocyte culture models that mimic in vivo liver functionality and thus, lead to better understanding of liver pathophysiology and superior screening methods for drug efficacy and toxicity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 377-388, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Andrew Weeks
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Bethany Aden
- Departments of Chemistry & Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, 322 Buehler Hall, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
| | - Junlin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Anisha Singh
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Raymond D Hickey
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - S Michael Kilbey
- Departments of Chemistry & Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, 322 Buehler Hall, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Amol V Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
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23
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Horvath P, Aulner N, Bickle M, Davies AM, Nery ED, Ebner D, Montoya MC, Östling P, Pietiäinen V, Price LS, Shorte SL, Turcatti G, von Schantz C, Carragher NO. Screening out irrelevant cell-based models of disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:751-769. [PMID: 27616293 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The common and persistent failures to translate promising preclinical drug candidates into clinical success highlight the limited effectiveness of disease models currently used in drug discovery. An apparent reluctance to explore and adopt alternative cell- and tissue-based model systems, coupled with a detachment from clinical practice during assay validation, contributes to ineffective translational research. To help address these issues and stimulate debate, here we propose a set of principles to facilitate the definition and development of disease-relevant assays, and we discuss new opportunities for exploiting the latest advances in cell-based assay technologies in drug discovery, including induced pluripotent stem cells, three-dimensional (3D) co-culture and organ-on-a-chip systems, complemented by advances in single-cell imaging and gene editing technologies. Funding to support precompetitive, multidisciplinary collaborations to develop novel preclinical models and cell-based screening technologies could have a key role in improving their clinical relevance, and ultimately increase clinical success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Horvath
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged H-6726, Hungary; and at the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Nathalie Aulner
- Imagopole-Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Marc Bickle
- Technology Development Studio, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Anthony M Davies
- Translational Cell Imaging Queensland (TCIQ), Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4102 QLD, Australia; and The Irish National Centre for High Content Screening and Analysis, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Phase 3 Trinity Health Sciences 1.20, St James Hospital, Dublin D8, Republic of Ireland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Elaine Del Nery
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Department of Translational Research, The Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), F-75005, Paris, France.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Maria C Montoya
- Cellomics Unit, Cell Biology &Physiology Program, Cell &Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Päivi Östling
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17165, Sweden.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Vilja Pietiäinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Leo S Price
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Universiteit Leiden, The Netherlands; and at OcellO, J.H Oortweg 21, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Spencer L Shorte
- Imagopole-Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Carina von Schantz
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
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24
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Kim Y, Gill EE, Liu JC. Enzymatic Cross-Linking of Resilin-Based Proteins for Vascular Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2530-9. [PMID: 27400383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Emily E. Gill
- School of Chemical Engineering and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Julie C. Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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25
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Desai SS, Tung JC, Zhou VX, Grenert JP, Malato Y, Rezvani M, Español-Suñer R, Willenbring H, Weaver VM, Chang TT. Physiological ranges of matrix rigidity modulate primary mouse hepatocyte function in part through hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha. Hepatology 2016; 64:261-75. [PMID: 26755329 PMCID: PMC5224931 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Matrix rigidity has important effects on cell behavior and is increased during liver fibrosis; however, its effect on primary hepatocyte function is unknown. We hypothesized that increased matrix rigidity in fibrotic livers would activate mechanotransduction in hepatocytes and lead to inhibition of liver-specific functions. To determine the physiologically relevant ranges of matrix stiffness at the cellular level, we performed detailed atomic force microscopy analysis across liver lobules from normal and fibrotic livers. We determined that normal liver matrix stiffness was around 150 Pa and increased to 1-6 kPa in areas near fibrillar collagen deposition in fibrotic livers. In vitro culture of primary hepatocytes on collagen matrix of tunable rigidity demonstrated that fibrotic levels of matrix stiffness had profound effects on cytoskeletal tension and significantly inhibited hepatocyte-specific functions. Normal liver stiffness maintained functional gene regulation by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α), whereas fibrotic matrix stiffness inhibited the HNF4α transcriptional network. Fibrotic levels of matrix stiffness activated mechanotransduction in primary hepatocytes through focal adhesion kinase. In addition, blockade of the Rho/Rho-associated protein kinase pathway rescued HNF4α expression from hepatocytes cultured on stiff matrix. CONCLUSION Fibrotic levels of matrix stiffness significantly inhibit hepatocyte-specific functions in part by inhibiting the HNF4α transcriptional network mediated through the Rho/Rho-associated protein kinase pathway. Increased appreciation of the role of matrix rigidity in modulating hepatocyte function will advance our understanding of the mechanisms of hepatocyte dysfunction in liver cirrhosis and spur development of novel treatments for chronic liver disease. (Hepatology 2016;64:261-275).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema S. Desai
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jason C. Tung
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco,Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Vivian X. Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco
| | - James P. Grenert
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco,Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Yann Malato
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Milad Rezvani
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Regina Español-Suñer
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Holger Willenbring
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco,Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco,Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Tammy T. Chang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco,Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco
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Gaskell H, Sharma P, Colley HE, Murdoch C, Williams DP, Webb SD. Characterization of a functional C3A liver spheroid model. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1053-1065. [PMID: 27746894 PMCID: PMC5047049 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More predictive in vitro liver models are a critical requirement for preclinical screening of compounds demonstrating hepatotoxic liability. 3D liver spheroids have been shown to have an enhanced functional lifespan compared to 2D monocultures; however a detailed characterisation of spatiotemporal function and structure of spheroids still needs further attention before widespread use in industry. We have developed and characterized the structure and function of a 3D liver spheroid model formed from C3A hepatoma cells. Spheroids were viable and maintained a compact in vivo-like structure with zonation features for up to 32 days. MRP2 and Pgp transporters had polarised expression on the canalicular membrane of cells in the spheroids and were able to functionally transport CMFDA substrate into these canalicular structures. Spheroids expressed CYP2E1 and were able to synthesise and secrete albumin and urea to a higher degree than monolayer C3A cultures. Penetration of doxorubicin throughout the spheroid core was demonstrated. Spheroids showed increased susceptibility to hepatotoxins when compared to 2D cultures, with acetaminophen having an IC50 of 7.2 mM in spheroids compared to 33.8 mM in monolayer culture. To conclude, we developed an alternative method for creating C3A liver spheroids and demonstrated cellular polarisation and zonation, as well as superior liver-specific functionality and more sensitive toxicological response compared to standard 2D liver models, confirming a more in vivo-like liver model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Gaskell
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science , Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Sherrington Building , Ashton Street and University of Liverpool , L69 3GE , UK . ; AstraZeneca , 310 , Cambridge Science Park , Milton Road , Cambridge , Cambridgeshire , CB4 0FZ , UK
| | - Parveen Sharma
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science , Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Sherrington Building , Ashton Street and University of Liverpool , L69 3GE , UK .
| | - Helen E Colley
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology , School of Clinical Dentistry , Claremont Crescent and University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S10 2TA , UK
| | - Craig Murdoch
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology , School of Clinical Dentistry , Claremont Crescent and University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S10 2TA , UK
| | - Dominic P Williams
- AstraZeneca , 310 , Cambridge Science Park , Milton Road , Cambridge , Cambridgeshire , CB4 0FZ , UK
| | - Steven D Webb
- Department of Mathematical Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , James Parsons Building , Byrom Street , Liverpool , L3 3AF , UK
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Stem cells and injectable hydrogels: Synergistic therapeutics in myocardial repair. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:362-379. [PMID: 26976812 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the major problems in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is the inability of myocardium to self-regenerate. Current therapies are unable to restore the heart's function after myocardial infarction. Myocardial tissue engineering is potentially a key approach to regenerate damaged heart muscle. Myocardial patches are applied surgically, whereas injectable hydrogels provide effective minimally invasive approaches to recover functional myocardium. These hydrogels are easily administered and can be either cell free or loaded with bioactive agents and/or cardiac stem cells, which may apply paracrine effects. The aim of this review is to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of injectable stem cell-laden hydrogels and highlight their potential applications for myocardium repair.
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Arisaka Y, Kobayashi J, Ohashi K, Tatsumi K, Kim K, Akiyama Y, Yamato M, Okano T. A heparin-modified thermoresponsive surface with heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor for maintaining hepatic functions in vitro and harvesting hepatocyte sheets. Regen Ther 2016; 3:97-106. [PMID: 31245479 PMCID: PMC6581876 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A heparin-modified thermoresponsive surface bound with heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) was designed to allow creation of transferrable and functional hepatocyte sheets. A heparin-modified thermoresponsive surface was prepared by covalently tethering heparin onto poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-carboxyisopropylacrylamide)-grafted tissue culture polystyrene surfaces (Heparin-IC). HB-EGFs were able to stably bind to heparin-IC via affinity interaction. The survival of primary rat hepatocytes was maintained through HB-EGF-bound heparin-IC (HB-EGF/heparin-IC). Moreover, cultured rat primary hepatocytes on HB-EGF/heparin-IC exhibited higher albumin-secretion than hepatocytes cultured on PIPAAm-grafted and collagen-coated surfaces with soluble HB-EGF in the culture medium, regardless of whether soluble EGF was added. These results suggested that HB-EGF/heparin-IC is able to effectively maintain hepatic function via continuous signaling of HB-EGF. After a 4-day cultivation, the cultured hepatocytes on HB-EGF/heparin-IC detached as a cell sheet with fibronectin and HB-EGF only after the temperature was lowered to 20 °C. In addition, higher expression of hepatocyte-specific genes (albumin, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha, coagulation factor VII, and coagulation factor IX) in hepatocyte sheets was detected on HB-EGF/heparin-IC than on a PIPAAm surface with soluble HB-EGF, indicating that HB-EGF/heparin-IC suppressed the dedifferentiation of cultured hepatocytes. Hence, heparin-modified thermoresponsive surfaces bound with HB-EGF facilitate the fabrication of transferrable hepatocyte sheets with intact hepatic functions and have the potential to provide an in vitro culture system using functional hepatocyte sheet tissues, which may serve as an effective hepatocyte-based tissue engineering platform for liver disease treatments.
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Key Words
- Alb, albumin
- CIPAAm, 2-carboxyisopropylacrylamide
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimetylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride
- EDTA, trypsin/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- F7, coagulation factor VII
- F9, coagulation factor IX
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HB-EGF, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
- HB-EGFX/heparin-IC, HB-EGF-bound heparin-IC
- Heparin
- Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
- Hepatocyte sheet
- Hnf4α, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha
- IC, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-carboxyisopropylacrylamide) on TCPS
- IPAAm, N-isopropylacrylamide
- MES, morpholinoethanesulfonic acid monohydrate
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide
- PBS, Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline
- PIPAAm, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) on TCPS
- PIPAAm + HB-EGFY, PIPAAm with soluble HB-EGF
- Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- TCPS, tissue culture polystyrene dishe
- Thermoresponsive cell culture surface
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- heparin-IC, heparin-modified IC
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWIns), 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWIns), 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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29
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Lü D, Gao Y, Luo C, Lü S, Wang Q, Xu X, Sun S, Wang C, Long M. Selectivity of biopolymer membranes using HepG2 cells. Regen Biomater 2016; 2:21-9. [PMID: 26816630 PMCID: PMC4669028 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbu018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioartificial liver (BAL) system has emerged as an alternative treatment to bridge acute liver failure to either liver transplantation or liver regeneration. One of the main reasons that the efficacy of the current BAL systems was not convincing in clinical trials is attributed to the lack of friendly interface between the membrane and the hepatocytes in liver bioreactor, the core unit of BAL system. Here, we systematically compared the biological responses of hepatosarcoma HepG2 cells seeded on eight, commercially available biocompatible membranes made of acetyl cellulose–nitrocellulose mixed cellulose (CA–NC), acetyl cellulose (CA), nylon (JN), polypropylene (PP), nitrocellulose (NC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polycarbonate (PC) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Physicochemical analysis and mechanical tests indicated that CA, JN and PP membranes yield high adhesivity and reasonable compressive and/or tensile features with friendly surface topography for cell seeding. Cells prefer to adhere on CA, JN, PP or PTFE membranes with high proliferation rate in spheriod-like shape. Actin, albumin and cytokeratin 18 expressions are favorable for cells on CA or PP membrane, whereas protein filtration is consistent among all the eight membranes. These results further the understandings of cell growth, morphology and spreading, as well as protein filtration on distinct membranes in designing a liver bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Lü
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuxin Gao
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunhua Luo
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shouqian Lü
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xianghong Xu
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shujin Sun
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chengzhi Wang
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- *Correspondence address. Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. Tel: +86-10-82544131; Fax: +86-10-82544131; E-mail:
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30
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Carvalho E, Verma P, Hourigan K, Banerjee R. Myocardial infarction: stem cell transplantation for cardiac regeneration. Regen Med 2015; 10:1025-43. [PMID: 26563414 DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that by 2030, almost 23.6 million people will perish from cardiovascular disease, according to the WHO. The review discusses advances in stem cell therapy for myocardial infarction, including cell sources, methods of differentiation, expansion selection and their route of delivery. Skeletal muscle cells, hematopoietic cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs)-derived cardiomyocytes have advanced to the clinical stage, while induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) are yet to be considered clinically. Delivery of cells to the sites of injury and their subsequent retention is a major issue. The development of supportive scaffold matrices to facilitate stem cell retention and differentiation are analyzed. The review outlines clinical translation of conjugate stem cell-based cellular therapeutics post-myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Carvalho
- IITB Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Paul Verma
- Turretfield Research Centre, South Australian Research & Development Institute (SARDI), SA, Australia.,Stem Cells & Reprogramming Group, Monash University, Australia
| | - Kerry Hourigan
- FLAIR/Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering & Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Australia
| | - Rinti Banerjee
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
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31
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Deegan DB, Zimmerman C, Skardal A, Atala A, Shupe TD. Stiffness of hyaluronic acid gels containing liver extracellular matrix supports human hepatocyte function and alters cell morphology. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 55:87-103. [PMID: 26569044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and cell based liver therapies have utilized primary hepatocytes with limited success due to the failure of hepatocytes to maintain their phenotype in vitro. In order to overcome this challenge, hyaluronic acid (HA) cell culture substrates were formulated to closely mimic the composition and stiffness of the normal liver cellular microenvironment. The stiffness of the substrate was modulated by adjusting HA hydrogel crosslinking. Additionally, the repertoire of bioactive molecules within the HA substrate was bolstered by supplementation with normal liver extracellular matrix (ECM). Primary human hepatocyte viability and phenotype were determined over a narrow physiologically relevant range of substrate stiffnesses from 600 to 4600Pa in both the presence and absence of liver ECM. Cell attachment, viability, and organization of the actin cytoskeleton improved with increased stiffness up to 4600Pa. These differences were not evident in earlier time points or substrates containing only HA. However, gene expression for the hepatocyte markers hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) and albumin significantly decreased on the 4600Pa stiffness at day 7 indicating that cells may not have maintained their phenotype long-term at this stiffness. Function, as measured by albumin secretion, varied with both stiffness and time in culture and peaked at day 7 at the 1200Pa stiffness, slightly below the stiffness of normal liver ECM at 3000Pa. Overall, gel stiffness affected primary human hepatocyte cell adhesion, functional marker expression, and morphological characteristics dependent on both the presence of liver ECM in gel substrates and time in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Deegan
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Molecular Medicine and Translational Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
| | - Cynthia Zimmerman
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Thomas D Shupe
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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32
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Lee CD, Hara SA, Yu L, Kuo JTW, Kim BJ, Hoang T, Pikov V, Meng E. Matrigel coatings for Parylene sheath neural probes. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:357-68. [PMID: 25809504 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The biologically derived hydrogel Matrigel (MG) was used to coat a Parylene-based sheath intracortical electrode to act as a mechanical and biological buffer as well as a matrix for delivering bioactive molecules to modulate the cellular response and improve recording quality. MG was loaded with dexamethasone to reduce the immune response together with nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to maintain neuronal density and encourage neuronal ingrowth toward electrodes within the sheath. Coating the Parylene sheath electrode with the loaded MG significantly improved the signal-to-noise ratio for neural events recorded from the motor cortex in rat for more than 3 months. Electron microscopy showed even coverage of both the Parylene substrate and the platinum recording electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of coated electrodes in 1× phosphate-buffered saline demonstrated low impedance required for recording neural signals. This result was confirmed by in vivo EIS data, showing significantly decreased impedance during the first week of recording. Dexamethasone, NGF, and BDNF loaded into MG were released within 1 day in 1× phosphate-buffered saline. Although previous studies showed that MG loaded with either the immunosuppressant or the neurotrophic factor cocktail provided modest improvement in recording quality in a 1-month in vivo study, the combination of these bioactive molecules did not improve the signal quality over coating probes with only MG in a 3-month in vivo study. The MG coating may further improve recording quality by optimizing the in vivo release profile for the bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis D Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-1111
| | - Seth A Hara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-1111
| | - Lawrence Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-1111
| | - Jonathan T W Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-1111
| | - Brian J Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-1111
| | - Tuan Hoang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-1111
| | - Victor Pikov
- Neural Engineering Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, 91105-3104
| | - Ellis Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-1111.,Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-2560
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Neiman JAS, Raman R, Chan V, Rhoads MG, Raredon MSB, Velazquez JJ, Dyer RL, Bashir R, Hammond PT, Griffith LG. Photopatterning of hydrogel scaffolds coupled to filter materials using stereolithography for perfused 3D culture of hepatocytes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:777-87. [PMID: 25384798 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models that recapitulate the liver's structural and functional complexity could prolong hepatocellular viability and function to improve platforms for drug toxicity studies and understanding liver pathophysiology. Here, stereolithography (SLA) was employed to fabricate hydrogel scaffolds with open channels designed for post-seeding and perfused culture of primary hepatocytes that form 3D structures in a bioreactor. Photopolymerizable polyethylene glycol-based hydrogels were fabricated coupled to chemically activated, commercially available filters (polycarbonate and polyvinylidene fluoride) using a chemistry that permitted cell viability, and was robust enough to withstand perfused culture of up to 1 µL/s for at least 7 days. SLA energy dose, photoinitiator concentrations, and pretreatment conditions were screened to determine conditions that maximized cell viability and hydrogel bonding to the filter. Multiple open channel geometries were readily achieved, and included ellipses and rectangles. Rectangular open channels employed for subsequent studies had final dimensions on the order of 350 µm by 850 µm. Cell seeding densities and flow rates that promoted cell viability were determined. Perfused culture of primary hepatocytes in hydrogel scaffolds in the presence of soluble epidermal growth factor (EGF) prolonged the maintenance of albumin production throughout the 7-day culture relative to 2D controls. This technique of bonding hydrogel scaffolds can be employed to fabricate soft scaffolds for a number of bioreactor configurations and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Shepard Neiman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139
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Efficient large-scale generation of functional hepatocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells grown in a rotating bioreactor with exogenous growth factors and hormones. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 4:145. [PMID: 24294908 PMCID: PMC4054944 DOI: 10.1186/scrt356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Embryonic stem (ES) cells are considered a potentially advantageous source of hepatocytes for both transplantation and the development of bioartificial livers. However, the efficient large-scale generation of functional hepatocytes from ES cells remains a major challenge, especially for those methods compatible with clinical applications. Methods In this study, we investigated whether a large number of functional hepatocytes can be differentiated from mouse ES (mES) cells using a simulated microgravity bioreactor. mES cells were cultured in a rotating bioreactor in the presence of exogenous growth factors and hormones to form embryoid bodies (EBs), which then differentiated into hepatocytes. Results During the rotating culture, most of the EB-derived cells gradually showed the histologic characteristics of normal hepatocytes. More specifically, the expression of hepatic genes and proteins was detected at a higher level in the differentiated cells from the bioreactor culture than in cells from a static culture. On further growing, the EBs on tissue-culture plates, most of the EB-derived cells were found to display the morphologic features of hepatocytes, as well as albumin synthesis. In addition, the EB-derived cells grown in the rotating bioreactor exhibited higher levels of liver-specific functions, such as glycogen storage, cytochrome P450 activity, low-density lipoprotein, and indocyanine green uptake, than did differentiated cells grown in static culture. When the EB-derived cells from day-14 EBs and the cells’ culture supernatant were injected into nude mice, the transplanted cells were engrafted into the recipient livers. Conclusions Large quantities of high-quality hepatocytes can be generated from mES cells in a rotating bioreactor via EB formation. This system may be useful in the large-scale generation of hepatocytes for both cell transplantation and the development of bioartificial livers.
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Caralt M, Velasco E, Lanas A, Baptista PM. Liver bioengineering: from the stage of liver decellularized matrix to the multiple cellular actors and bioreactor special effects. Organogenesis 2014; 10:250-9. [PMID: 25102189 DOI: 10.4161/org.29892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver bioengineering has been a field of intense research and popular excitement in the past decades. It experiences great interest since the introduction of whole liver acellular scaffolds generated by perfusion decellularization (1-3). Nevertheless, the different strategies developed so far have failed to generate hepatic tissue in vitro bioequivalent to native liver tissue. Even notable novel strategies that rely on iPSC-derived liver progenitor cells potential to self-organize in association with endothelial cells in hepatic organoids are lacking critical components of the native tissue (e.g., bile ducts, functional vascular network, hepatic microarchitecture, etc) (4). Hence, it is vital to understand the strengths and short comes of our current strategies in this quest to re-create liver organogenesis in vitro. To shed some light into these issues, this review describes the different actors that play crucial roles in liver organogenesis and highlights the steps still missing to successfully generate whole livers and hepatic organoids in vitro for multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Caralt
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Angel Lanas
- University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza, Spain; IIS Aragón; CIBERehd; Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Health Sciences Institute (IACS); Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro M Baptista
- University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza, Spain; IIS Aragón; CIBERehd; Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Health Sciences Institute (IACS); Zaragoza, Spain
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Bale SS, Vernetti L, Senutovitch N, Jindal R, Hegde M, Gough A, McCarty WJ, Bakan A, Bhushan A, Shun TY, Golberg I, DeBiasio R, Usta BO, Taylor DL, Yarmush ML. In vitro platforms for evaluating liver toxicity. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1180-1191. [PMID: 24764241 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214531872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a heterogeneous organ with many vital functions, including metabolism of pharmaceutical drugs and is highly susceptible to injury from these substances. The etiology of drug-induced liver disease is still debated although generally regarded as a continuum between an activated immune response and hepatocyte metabolic dysfunction, most often resulting from an intermediate reactive metabolite. This debate stems from the fact that current animal and in vitro models provide limited physiologically relevant information, and their shortcomings have resulted in "silent" hepatotoxic drugs being introduced into clinical trials, garnering huge financial losses for drug companies through withdrawals and late stage clinical failures. As we advance our understanding into the molecular processes leading to liver injury, it is increasingly clear that (a) the pathologic lesion is not only due to liver parenchyma but is also due to the interactions between the hepatocytes and the resident liver immune cells, stellate cells, and endothelial cells; and (b) animal models do not reflect the human cell interactions. Therefore, a predictive human, in vitro model must address the interactions between the major human liver cell types and measure key determinants of injury such as the dosage and metabolism of the drug, the stress response, cholestatic effect, and the immune and fibrotic response. In this mini-review, we first discuss the current state of macro-scale in vitro liver culture systems with examples that have been commercialized. We then introduce the paradigm of microfluidic culture systems that aim to mimic the liver with physiologically relevant dimensions, cellular structure, perfusion, and mass transport by taking advantage of micro and nanofabrication technologies. We review the most prominent liver-on-a-chip platforms in terms of their physiological relevance and drug response. We conclude with a commentary on other critical advances such as the deployment of fluorescence-based biosensors to identify relevant toxicity pathways, as well as computational models to create a predictive tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundhar Bale
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
| | - Lawrence Vernetti
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh PA 15260.,University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Nina Senutovitch
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh PA 15260.,University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Rohit Jindal
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
| | - Manjunath Hegde
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
| | - Albert Gough
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh PA 15260.,University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - William J McCarty
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
| | - Ahmet Bakan
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Abhinav Bhushan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
| | - Tong Ying Shun
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Inna Golberg
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
| | - Richard DeBiasio
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Berk Osman Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh PA 15260.,University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
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Hu A, Shang C, Li Q, Sun N, Wu L, Ma Y, Jiao X, Min J, Zeng G, He X. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition delayed by E-cad to promote tissue formation in hepatic differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:877-87. [PMID: 24266635 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) usually results in a single cell lineage, and the formation of liver tissues remains difficult. Here, we examine the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is regulated by epithelial cadherin (E-cad) expression in hepatic tissue formation from ESCs. E-cad was transfected into mouse ESCs to enable a stable expression of E-cad. Hepatic differentiation of ESCs was then induced by hepatic growth factors. Wnt/β-catenin signaling and EMT speed were examined to determine the differentiation process. Hepatic and angiogenesis markers, as well as differentiated cell-adhesive force were also examined to identify the hepatic tissue differentiation. In our results, E-cad expression gradually decreased in normal ESC (N-ESC) differentiation, but remained stable in the E-cad transfected ESC (EC-ESC) group. In EC-ESC differentiation, expressions of cytoplastic β-catenin and EMT were much lower and significantly prolonged. Angiogenesis markers vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) and CD31/PECAM-1 were expressed only on day 5-13 in N-ESC differentiation, whereas VEGFR-1 and CD31/PECAM-1 were expressed prolonged on day 5-17 in the EC-ESC group and were coincident with the expression of hepatic markers. Finally, EC-ESC differentiation maintained multilayer-growth patterns, and abundant vascular network structures appeared and migrated in albumin-positive cell areas. The cellular adhesion forces between embryonic body cells in EC-ESC differentiation during day 13-17 were similar to those of mouse liver tissue. In conclusion, accelerated EMT due to the decreased E-cad expression may partially contribute to the failure of hepatic tissue formation in N-ESC differentiation. E-cad can act in synergy with hepatic growth factors and facilitate the early-stage formation of hepatic tissues through down-regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling and delaying EMT. This work provides a new insight into hepatic tissue differentiation that is mediated by E-cad from ESC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbin Hu
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, China
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Rebelo SP, Estrada M, Costa R, Chesné C, Brito C, Alves PM. Evaluation of the impact of matrix stiffness on encapsulated HepaRG spheroids. BMC Proc 2013. [PMCID: PMC3980483 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-7-s6-p77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Nakamura S, Ijima H. Solubilized matrix derived from decellularized liver as a growth factor-immobilizable scaffold for hepatocyte culture. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:746-53. [PMID: 23810667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering requires growth factors, cells and a scaffold to permit effective tissue regeneration. This study focused on the development of a scaffold for liver tissue engineering, because the liver is a central organ for metabolism. We aimed to develop a scaffold to promote expression of liver-specific functions of hepatocytes, with a focus on immobilizing growth factors onto an organ-specific matrix for liver tissue regeneration. Solubilized extracellular matrix from decellularized liver (L-ECM) was obtained following Triton X-100 treatment and consisted of protein and polysaccharide. L-ECM was found to immobilize hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), even in the presence of albumin, with an efficiency of 75%. Additionally, the immobilized HGF on L-ECM film was stably remained in culture condition for 5 days. Immobilized HGF promoted hepatocyte migration, thus indicating that L-ECM-immobilized HGF maintained its native biological activity. Furthermore, L-ECM stimulated the expression of liver-specific functions, including albumin secretion, urea synthesis and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, in primary rat hepatocytes cultured in growth factor-free medium. In summary, L-ECM has the potential to become an effective material in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Nakamura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Mori H, Kondo E, Kawaguchi Y, Kitamura N, Nagai N, Iida H, Yasuda K. Development of a salmon-derived crosslinked atelocollagen sponge disc containing osteogenic protein-1 for articular cartilage regeneration: in vivo evaluations with rabbits. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:174. [PMID: 23721417 PMCID: PMC3702415 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have developed crosslinked salmon-derived atelocollagen sponge, which has a denaturation temperature of 47 degrees Celsius. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the fundamental in vivo efficacy of the osteogenic protein (OP) -1 containing salmon-derived collagen sponge disc (SCS) on cartilage regeneration, using a rabbit model. Methods A total of 24 rabbits were used in this study. In each animal, a full-thickness osteochondral defect was created in each femoral trochlea. Then, each 12 rabbits were randomly divided into the two groups. In Group I, an OP1-SCS disc was implanted into the defect in the right knee. In Group II, a SCS disc without OP-1 was implanted into the defect in the right knee. A control group of 12 rabbits was assembled from randomly-selected left knees from among the first two groups. In Group-III, we applied no treatment for a defect in the left knee to obtain the untreated control. All rabbits were sacrificed at 12 weeks after surgery. In each group, 10 animals were used for histological and immunohistological evaluations, and the remaining 2 were used for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. Results In Group I, a regenerated cartilage tissue rich in proteoglycan and type-2 collagen was found at 12 weeks, although the width was thicker than that of Group II. In Group II, the defect was filled with thick inhomogeneous tissues, including cartilage, fibrous, and bone tissues at 12 weeks. Concerning the gross observation and histological scores at 12 weeks, the ANOVA showed significant differences (p < 0.0001, and p < 0.0001, respectively). The post-hoc test indicated that the gross observation and histological scores of Group I was significantly greater than those of Groups II (p = 0.035, and p = 0.0104, respectively) and III (p < 0.0001, and p < 0.0001, respectively), while Group II was significantly greater than Group III (p = 0.0069, and p = 0.005, respectively). The real time PCR analysis showed that gene expression of type-2 collagen and aggrecan of Group I was greater than that of Group II. Conclusions The present study clearly demonstrated that the implantation of the OP1-SCS disc without any cultured cells may induce spontaneous hyaline-like cartilage regeneration to greater degrees than implantation of only the salmon-derived collagen sponge disc.
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Weeks CA, Newman K, Turner PA, Rodysill B, Hickey RD, Nyberg SL, Janorkar AV. Suspension culture of hepatocyte‐derived reporter cells in presence of albumin to form stable three‐dimensional spheroids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2548-55. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Andrew Weeks
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of DentistryUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center2500 North State StreetJacksonMississippi 39216
| | - Kristen Newman
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of DentistryUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center2500 North State StreetJacksonMississippi 39216
| | - Paul A. Turner
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of DentistryUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center2500 North State StreetJacksonMississippi 39216
| | - Brian Rodysill
- Division of Experimental SurgeryMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesota
| | - Raymond D. Hickey
- Division of Experimental SurgeryMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesota
| | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Division of Experimental SurgeryMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesota
| | - Amol V. Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of DentistryUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center2500 North State StreetJacksonMississippi 39216
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Bhat S, Lidgren L, Kumar A. In Vitro Neo-Cartilage Formation on a Three-Dimensional Composite Polymeric Cryogel Matrix. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:827-37. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumrita Bhat
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; 208016-Kanpur India
| | - Lars Lidgren
- Department of Orthopaedics; Lund University Hospital; SE-22185 Lund Sweden
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; 208016-Kanpur India
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Nakamura S, Kubo T, Ijima H. Heparin-conjugated gelatin as a growth factor immobilization scaffold. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 115:562-7. [PMID: 23273911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering requires growth factors, cells and a scaffold to permit effective tissue regeneration. This study aimed to develop a scaffold with a focus on immobilizing growth factors within gelatin. We focused on the extracellular matrix and developed a heparin-conjugated gelatin (Hep-gela). Conjugation was confirmed using the alcian blue assay and X-ray diffraction patterns. The mechanical strength and stability of the Hep-gela gel in protease solution were improved compared with collagen gel. Hep-gela was able to immobilize vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) even in the presence of albumin, with an efficiency of 54.2%. Immobilized VEGF promoted proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Hep-gela-immobilized VEGF maintained its native biological activity. In summary, Hep-gela has the potential to become an effective material in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Nakamura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Ravichandran R, Venugopal JR, Sundarrajan S, Mukherjee S, Ramakrishna S. Minimally invasive cell-seeded biomaterial systems for injectable/epicardial implantation in ischemic heart disease. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5969-94. [PMID: 23271906 PMCID: PMC3526148 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s37575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is characterized by heart-wall thinning, myocyte slippage, and ventricular dilation. The injury to the heart-wall muscle after MI is permanent, as after an abundant cell loss the myocardial tissue lacks the intrinsic capability to regenerate. New therapeutics are required for functional improvement and regeneration of the infarcted myocardium, to overcome harmful diagnosis of patients with heart failure, and to overcome the shortage of heart donors. In the past few years, myocardial tissue engineering has emerged as a new and ambitious approach for treating MI. Several left ventricular assist devices and epicardial patches have been developed for MI. These devices and acellular/cellular cardiac patches are employed surgically and sutured to the epicardial surface of the heart, limiting the region of therapeutic benefit. An injectable system offers the potential benefit of minimally invasive release into the myocardium either to restore the injured extracellular matrix or to act as a scaffold for cell delivery. Furthermore, intramyocardial injection of biomaterials and cells has opened new opportunities to explore and also to augment the potentials of this technique to ease morbidity and mortality rates owing to heart failure. This review summarizes the growing body of literature in the field of myocardial tissue engineering, where biomaterial injection, with or without simultaneous cellular delivery, has been pursued to enhance functional and structural outcomes following MI. Additionally, this review also provides a complete outlook on the tissue-engineering therapies presently being used for myocardial regeneration, as well as some perceptivity into the possible issues that may hinder its progress in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Ravichandran
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Subramanian Sundarrajan
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shayanti Mukherjee
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Li YS, Harn HJ, Hsieh DK, Wen TC, Subeq YM, Sun LY, Lin SZ, Chiou TW. Cells and materials for liver tissue engineering. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:685-700. [PMID: 23127824 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x655163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is currently the most efficacious treatment for end-stage liver diseases. However, one main problem with liver transplantation is the limited number of donor organs that are available. Therefore, liver tissue engineering based on cell transplantation that combines materials to mimic the liver is under investigation with the goal of restoring normal liver functions. Tissue engineering aims to mimic the interactions among cells with a scaffold. Particular materials or a matrix serve as a scaffold and provide a three-dimensional environment for cell proliferation and interaction. Moreover, the scaffold plays a role in regulating cell maturation and function via these interactions. In cultures of hepatic lineage cells, regulation of cell proliferation and specific function using biocompatible synthetic, biodegradable bioderived matrices, protein-coated materials, surface-modified nanofibers, and decellularized biomatrix has been demonstrated. Furthermore, beneficial effects of addition of growth factor cocktails to a flow bioreactor or coculture system on cell viability and function have been observed. In addition, a system for growing stem cells, liver progenitor cells, and primary hepatocytes for transplantation into animal models was developed, which produces hepatic lineage cells that are functional and that show long-term proliferation following transplantation. The major limitation of cells proliferated with matrix-based transplantation systems is the high initial cell loss and dysfunction, which may be due to the absence of blood flow and the changes in nutrients. Thus, the development of vascular-like scaffold structures, the formation of functional bile ducts, and the maintenance of complex metabolic functions remain as major problems in hepatic tissue engineering and will need to be addressed to enable further advances toward clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Sheng Li
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
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Yin J, Meng Q. Use of primary rat hepatocytes in the gel entrapment culture to predictin vivobiliary excretion. Xenobiotica 2011; 42:417-28. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.633716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Au AY, Hasenwinkel JM, Frondoza CG. Micropatterned agarose scaffolds covalently modified with collagen for culture of normal and neoplastic hepatocytes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 100:342-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gilchrist CL, Darling EM, Chen J, Setton LA. Extracellular matrix ligand and stiffness modulate immature nucleus pulposus cell-cell interactions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27170. [PMID: 22087260 PMCID: PMC3210142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleus pulposus (NP) of the intervertebral disc functions to provide compressive load support in the spine, and contains cells that play a critical role in the generation and maintenance of this tissue. The NP cell population undergoes significant morphological and phenotypic changes during maturation and aging, transitioning from large, vacuolated immature cells arranged in cell clusters to a sparse population of smaller, isolated chondrocyte-like cells. These morphological and organizational changes appear to correlate with the first signs of degenerative changes within the intervertebral disc. The extracellular matrix of the immature NP is a soft, gelatinous material containing multiple laminin isoforms, features that are unique to the NP relative to other regions of the disc and that change with aging and degeneration. Based on this knowledge, we hypothesized that a soft, laminin-rich extracellular matrix environment would promote NP cell-cell interactions and phenotypes similar to those found in immature NP tissues. NP cells were isolated from porcine intervertebral discs and cultured in matrix environments of varying mechanical stiffness that were functionalized with various matrix ligands; cellular responses to periods of culture were assessed using quantitative measures of cell organization and phenotype. Results show that soft (<720 Pa), laminin-containing extracellular matrix substrates promote NP cell morphologies, cell-cell interactions, and proteoglycan production in vitro, and that this behavior is dependent upon both extracellular matrix ligand and substrate mechanical properties. These findings indicate that NP cell organization and phenotype may be highly sensitive to their surrounding extracellular matrix environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Gilchrist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Darling
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lori A. Setton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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