1
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Zheng H, Wu H, Wang D, Wang S, Ji D, Liu X, Gao G, Su X, Zhang Y, Ling Y. Research progress of prodrugs for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116457. [PMID: 38704941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
It is well-known that pharmacotherapy plays a pivotal role in the treatment and prevention of cerebral ischemia. Nevertheless, existing drugs, including numerous natural products, encounter various challenges when applied in cerebral ischemia treatment. These challenges comprise poor brain absorption due to low blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, limited water solubility, inadequate bioavailability, poor stability, and rapid metabolism. To address these issues, researchers have turned to prodrug strategies, aiming to mitigate or eliminate the adverse properties of parent drug molecules. In vivo metabolism or enzymatic reactions convert prodrugs into active parent drugs, thereby augmenting BBB permeability, improving bioavailability and stability, and reducing toxicity to normal tissues, ultimately aiming to enhance treatment efficacy and safety. This comprehensive review delves into multiple effective prodrug strategies, providing a detailed description of representative prodrugs developed over the past two decades. It underscores the potential of prodrug approaches to improve the therapeutic outcomes of currently available drugs for cerebral ischemia. The publication of this review serves to enrich current research progress on prodrug strategies for the treatment and prevention of cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, it seeks to offer valuable insights for pharmaceutical chemists in this field, offer guidance for the development of drugs for cerebral ischemia, and provide patients with safer and more effective drug treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dezhi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Sijia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dongliang Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xing Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yong Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
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2
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Patharapankal EJ, Ajiboye AL, Mattern C, Trivedi V. Nose-to-Brain (N2B) Delivery: An Alternative Route for the Delivery of Biologics in the Management and Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:66. [PMID: 38258077 PMCID: PMC10818989 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there have been a growing number of small and large molecules that could be used to treat diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Nose-to-brain delivery can be a potential option for the direct transport of molecules from the nasal cavity to different brain areas. This review aims to provide a compilation of current approaches regarding drug delivery to the CNS via the nose, with a focus on biologics. The review also includes a discussion on the key benefits of nasal delivery as a promising alternative route for drug administration and the involved pathways or mechanisms. This article reviews how the application of various auxiliary agents, such as permeation enhancers, mucolytics, in situ gelling/mucoadhesive agents, enzyme inhibitors, and polymeric and lipid-based systems, can promote the delivery of large molecules in the CNS. The article also includes a discussion on the current state of intranasal formulation development and summarizes the biologics currently in clinical trials. It was noted that significant progress has been made in this field, and these are currently being applied to successfully transport large molecules to the CNS via the nose. However, a deep mechanistic understanding of this route, along with the intimate knowledge of various excipients and their interactions with the drug and nasal physiology, is still necessary to bring us one step closer to developing effective formulations for nasal-brain drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Patharapankal
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Canterbury ME4 4TB, UK; (E.J.P.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Adejumoke Lara Ajiboye
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Canterbury ME4 4TB, UK; (E.J.P.); (A.L.A.)
| | | | - Vivek Trivedi
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Canterbury ME4 4TB, UK; (E.J.P.); (A.L.A.)
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3
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Shah A, Mir PA, Adnan M, Patel M, Maqbool M, Mir RH, Masoodi MH. Synthetic and Natural Bioactive Molecules in Balancing the Crosstalk among Common Signaling Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease: Understanding the Neurotoxic Mechanisms for Therapeutic Intervention. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:39964-39983. [PMID: 37929080 PMCID: PMC10620788 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The structure and function of the brain greatly rely on different signaling pathways. The wide variety of biological processes, including neurogenesis, axonal remodeling, the development and maintenance of pre- and postsynaptic terminals, and excitatory synaptic transmission, depends on combined actions of these molecular pathways. From that point of view, it is important to investigate signaling pathways and their crosstalk in order to better understand the formation of toxic proteins during neurodegeneration. With recent discoveries, it is established that the modulation of several pathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Wnt signaling, 5'-adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1, silent mating-type information regulator 2 homologue 1) are central to the key findings. These include decreased amyloid formation and inflammation, mitochondrial dynamics control, and enhanced neural stability. This review intends to emphasize the importance of these signaling pathways, which collectively determine the fate of neurons in AD in several ways. This review will also focus on the role of novel synthetic and natural bioactive molecules in balancing the intricate crosstalk among different pathways in order to prolong the longevity of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul
Jalil Shah
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Prince Ahad Mir
- Khalsa
College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Amritsar 143002, Punjab, India
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Research
and Development Cell, Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute
of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
| | - Mudasir Maqbool
- Pharmacy
Practice Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Reyaz Hassan Mir
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mubashir Hussain Masoodi
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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4
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Hote BS, Siddiqui TAJ, Pisal PM. Green Approach for Four Component One Pot Synthesis of Polyhydroquinoline Catalyzed by Praseodymium Oxide Using Visible Light. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1953544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baliram S. Hote
- Department of Chemistry, Maharashtra Udayagiri Mahavidyalaya Udgir, Udgir, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tabassum A. J. Siddiqui
- School of Chemical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Nanded, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | - Parshuram M. Pisal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Nanded, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
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5
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Singh PK, Khuntey B, Bhardiya SR, Singh M, Rai VK, Rai A. Co‐operative
Visible‐Light
and Cu/
Cu
2
O
@
g‐C3N4
Catalysis Towards Hantzsch/Biginelli Synthesis of
Dihydro‐Pyridine
/Pyrimidine. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puneet K. Singh
- School of Physical Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
| | - Bhushashi Khuntey
- Department of Chemistry Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur Chhattisgarh India
| | - Smita R. Bhardiya
- Department of Chemistry Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur Chhattisgarh India
| | - Manorama Singh
- Department of Chemistry Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur Chhattisgarh India
| | - Vijai K. Rai
- Department of Chemistry Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur Chhattisgarh India
| | - Ankita Rai
- School of Physical Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
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6
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Amiri SS, Ghazvini M, Khandan S, Afrashteh S. KF/Clinoptilolite@MWCNTs Nanocomposites Promoted a Novel Four-Component Reaction of Isocyanides for the Green Synthesis of Pyrimidoisoquinolines in Water. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1912122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Ghazvini
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Khandan
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Afrashteh
- Department of Textile Engineering, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
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7
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Markiewicz A, Darłak P, Sikora J, Adla SK, Bagina S, Huttunen KM. Current Chemical, Biological, and Physiological Views in the Development of Successful Brain-Targeted Pharmaceutics. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:942-976. [PMID: 35391662 PMCID: PMC9294128 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges with successful pharmaceutical treatments of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is the delivery of drugs into their target sites with appropriate concentrations. For example, the physically tight blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively blocks compounds from penetrating into the brain, also by the action of metabolizing enzymes and efflux transport mechanisms. However, many endogenous compounds, including both smaller compounds and macromolecules, like amino acids, sugars, vitamins, nucleosides, hormones, steroids, and electrolytes, have their peculiar internalization routes across the BBB. These delivery mechanisms, namely carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transcytosis have been utilized to some extent in brain-targeted drug development. The incomplete knowledge of the BBB and the smaller than a desirable number of chemical tools have hindered the development of successful brain-targeted pharmaceutics. This review discusses the recent advancements achieved in the field from the point of medicinal chemistry view and discusses how brain drug delivery can be improved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Markiewicz
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Patrycja Darłak
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Santosh Kumar Adla
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB), Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sreelatha Bagina
- Charles River Discovery Research Services Finland Oy, Neulaniementie 4, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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8
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Poustforoosh A, Nematollahi MH, Hashemipour H, Pardakhty A. Recent advances in Bio-conjugated nanocarriers for crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier in (pre-)clinical studies with an emphasis on vesicles. J Control Release 2022; 343:777-797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Xia X, Zhou Y, Gao H. Prodrug strategy for enhanced therapy of central nervous system disease. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8842-8855. [PMID: 34486590 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02940a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disease is one of the most notorious arch-criminals of human health across the world. Although considerable efforts have been devoted to promote the development of CNS drugs, ideal therapeutical effects are yet far from enough. The blood-brain barrier remains a major player that impedes the full potential of CNS therapeutical agents as it blocks the entry of CNS drugs into the brain. The past few decades have witnessed the upspring of prodrug strategies as a promising method to accelerate CNS drug development. The prodrug strategy with the ability to overcome the formidable blood-brain barrier enhances the delivery to the brain and hence improves the effects of the CNS therapeutics. In this Feature Article, we summarize the reported barriers and strategies for CNS therapeutics and spotlight prodrug design strategies to improve the efficiency of crossing the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
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10
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Wu W, Wang Y, Guo J, Cai L, Chen Y, Huang Y, Peng Y. Asymmetric acyl-Mannich reaction of isoquinolines with α-(diazomethyl)phosphonate and diazoacetate catalyzed by chiral Brønsted acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11235-11238. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03201h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
α-Diazo-β-isoquinoline derivatives were obtained in excellent yields and enantioselectivities by asymmetric acyl-Mannich reaction of (diazomethyl)phosphonate or diazoacetate with isoquinolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Jing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Liu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Yanmin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science
- Guangxi Teachers Education University
- Nanning 530001
- China
| | - Yungui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
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11
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A Novel Prodrug Approach for Central Nervous System-Selective Estrogen Therapy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224197. [PMID: 31752337 PMCID: PMC6891678 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial effects of estrogens in the central nervous system (CNS) results from the synergistic combination of their well-orchestrated genomic and non-genomic actions, making them potential broad-spectrum neurotherapeutic agents. However, owing to unwanted peripheral hormonal burdens by any currently known non-invasive drug administrations, the development of estrogens as safe pharmacotherapeutic modalities cannot be realized until they are confined specifically and selectively to the site of action. We have developed small-molecule bioprecursor prodrugs carrying the para-quinol scaffold on the steroidal A-ring that are preferentially metabolized in the CNS to the corresponding estrogens. Here, we give an overview of our discovery of these prodrugs. Selected examples are shown to illustrate that, independently of the route of administrations and duration of treatments, these agents produce high concentration of estrogens only in the CNS without peripheral hormonal liability. 10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED) has been the best-studied representative of this novel type of prodrugs for brain and retina health. Specific applications in preclinical animal models of centrally-regulated and estrogen-responsive human diseases, including neurodegeneration, menopausal symptoms, cognitive decline and depression, are discussed to demonstrate the translational potential of our prodrug approach for CNS-selective and gender-independent estrogen therapy with inherent therapeutic safety.
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12
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Sanches BM, Ferreira EI. Is prodrug design an approach to increase water solubility? Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Prokai-Tatrai K, De La Cruz DL, Nguyen V, Ross BP, Toth I, Prokai L. Brain Delivery of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone via a Novel Prodrug Approach. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E349. [PMID: 31323784 PMCID: PMC6680701 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Using thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) as a model, we explored whether synergistic combination of lipoamino acid(s) and a linker cleaved by prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) can be used as a promoiety for prodrug design for the preferential brain delivery of the peptide. A representative prodrug based on this design principle was synthesized, and its membrane affinity and in vitro metabolic stability, with or without the presence of a POP inhibitor, were studied. The in vivo formation of TRH from the prodrug construct was probed by utilizing the antidepressant effect of the peptide, as well as its ability to increase acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release. We found that the prototype prodrug showed excellent membrane affinity and greatly increased metabolic stability in mouse blood and brain homogenate compared to the parent peptide, yet a POP inhibitor completely prevented prodrug metabolism in brain homogenate. In vivo, administration of the prodrug triggered antidepressant-like effect, and microdialysis sampling showed greatly increased ACh release that was also antagonized upon a POP inhibitor treatment. Altogether, the obtained promising exploratory data warrant further investigations on the utility of the prodrug approach introduced here for brain-enhanced delivery of small peptides with neurotherapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Daniel L De La Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Vien Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Benjamin P Ross
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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14
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Gourand F, Patin D, Henry A, Ibazizène M, Dhilly M, Fillesoye F, Tirel O, Tintas ML, Papamicaël C, Levacher V, Barré L. Chemical Delivery System of MIBG to the Central Nervous System: Synthesis, 11C-Radiosynthesis, and in Vivo Evaluation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:352-357. [PMID: 30891139 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The norepinephrine transporter (NET) plays an important role in neurotransmission and is involved in a multitude of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. [123I/131I]meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is a widely used radiotracer in the diagnosis and follow-up of peripheral neuroendocrine tumors overexpressing the norepinephrine transporter. MIBG does not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and we have demonstrated the "proof-of-concept" that 1,4-dihydroquinoline/quinolinium salt as chemical delivery system (CDS) is a promising tool to deliver MIBG to the brain. To improve BBB passage, various substituents on the 1,4-dihydroquinoline moiety and a linker between CDS and MIBG were added. A series of CDS-MIBG 1a-d was synthesized, labeled with carbon-11, and evaluated in vivo into rats. The in vivo results demonstrated that, although adding substituents on CDS in 1a-c is of no benefit for brain delivery of MIBG, the presence of a linker in CDS-MIBG 1d greatly improved both brain penetration and the release rate of MIBG in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Gourand
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR 6030 ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Delphine Patin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR 6030 ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Axelle Henry
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Méziane Ibazizène
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR 6030 ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Martine Dhilly
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR 6030 ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Fabien Fillesoye
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR 6030 ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Tirel
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR 6030 ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Mihaela-Liliana Tintas
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR 6030 ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Cyril Papamicaël
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Levacher
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Louisa Barré
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR 6030 ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen Cedex, France
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15
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Prokai-Tatrai K, Nguyen V, Prokai L. 10β,17α-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one: A Bioprecursor Prodrug Preferentially Producing 17α-Estradiol in the Brain for Targeted Neurotherapy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2528-2533. [PMID: 29843514 PMCID: PMC6582959 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterotrophic effect of 17α-estradiol, the C17 epimer of the main human estrogen 17β-estradiol, was shown to manifest in animal models at doses lower than those necessary for central outcome raising concerns about its potential to treat maladies of the central nervous system. We introduce here 10β,17α-dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (α-DHED) that acts as a bioprecursor prodrug producing 17α-estradiol with remarkable selectivity to the brain and, therefore, without appreciable exposure of the periphery to the parent steroid. This distinguishing feature of α-DHED is shown by using an estrogen-responsive mouse model with complementary LC-MS/MS measurement of drug contents in target tissues. Our data warrant further research to fully establish the potential of α-DHED for a safe and efficacious 17α-estradiol-based neurotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vien Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, and the Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
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16
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Therapeutic journery of nitrogen mustard as alkylating anticancer agents: Historic to future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:401-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-alkyl-1,4-dihydroquinoline prodrugs of scutellarin methyl ester as neuroprotective agents. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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18
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Gourand F, Ţînţaş ML, Henry A, Ibazizène M, Dhilly M, Fillesoye F, Papamicaël C, Levacher V, Barré L. Delivering FLT to the Central Nervous System by Means of a Promising Targeting System: Synthesis, [ 11C]Radiosynthesis, and in Vivo Evaluation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2457-2467. [PMID: 28787127 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of delivery systems to transport some specific radiotracers across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) needs to be investigated for brain imaging. [18F]FLT (3'-deoxy-3'-18F-fluoro-l-thymidine), an analogue substrate of the nucleoside thymidine, has been developed as a proliferation tracer for oncological PET studies. Unfortunately, low-grade brain tumors are poorly visualized due to the low uptake of [18F]FLT in brain tissue, preventing its use in PET imaging to detect brain tumors at an early stage. Based on our previous work, a redox chemical delivery system (CDS) related to Bodor's strategy was developed to enable the penetration of FLT into the brain. To this end, FLT was covalently linked to a series of lipophilic carriers based on a 1,4-dihydroquinoline structure. To determine the best carrier, various sets of [11C]CDS-FLT were prepared and injected into rats. Pleasingly, in vivo results let us suggest that this CDS is a promising approach to overcome the BBB to target low-grade brain tumors for PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Gourand
- Normandie
Univ,
UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Mihaela-Liliana Ţînţaş
- Normandie
Univ,
UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Axelle Henry
- Normandie
Univ,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Cedex Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Méziane Ibazizène
- Normandie
Univ,
UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Martine Dhilly
- Normandie
Univ,
UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Fabien Fillesoye
- Normandie
Univ,
UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Cyril Papamicaël
- Normandie
Univ,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Cedex Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Vincent Levacher
- Normandie
Univ,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Cedex Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Louisa Barré
- Normandie
Univ,
UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Cedex Caen, France
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19
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Design, synthesis, chemical and biological evaluation of brain targeted alkylating agent using reversible redox prodrug approach. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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20
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Atypical 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives, an approach to neuroprotection and memory enhancement. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:754-759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Jansone B, Kadish I, van Groen T, Beitnere U, Moore DR, Plotniece A, Pajuste K, Klusa V. A Novel 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivative Improves Spatial Learning and Memory and Modifies Brain Protein Expression in Wild Type and Transgenic APPSweDI Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127686. [PMID: 26042808 PMCID: PMC4456351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ blockers, particularly those capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), have been suggested as a possible treatment or disease modifying agents for neurodegenerative disorders, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease. The present study investigated the effects of a novel 4-(N-dodecyl) pyridinium group-containing 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative (AP-12) on cognition and synaptic protein expression in the brain. Treatment of AP-12 was investigated in wild type C57BL/6J mice and transgenic Alzheimer’s disease model mice (Tg APPSweDI) using behavioral tests and immunohistochemistry, as well as mass spectrometry to assess the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. The data demonstrated the ability of AP-12 to cross the BBB, improve spatial learning and memory in both mice strains, induce anxiolytic action in transgenic mice, and increase expression of hippocampal and cortical proteins (GAD67, Homer-1) related to synaptic plasticity. The compound AP-12 can be seen as a prototype molecule for use in the design of novel drugs useful to halt progression of clinical symptoms (more specifically, anxiety and decline in memory) of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiba Jansone
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- * E-mail:
| | - Inga Kadish
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Thomas van Groen
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ulrika Beitnere
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Doyle Ray Moore
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | | | - Vija Klusa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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22
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Bohn P, Gourand F, Papamicaël C, Ibazizène M, Dhilly M, Gembus V, Alix F, Ţînţaş ML, Marsais F, Barré L, Levacher V. Dihydroquinoline Carbamate Derivatives as "Bio-oxidizable" Prodrugs for Brain Delivery of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: [¹¹C] Radiosynthesis and Biological Evaluation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:737-44. [PMID: 25695305 DOI: 10.1021/cn5003539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim of improving the efficiency of marketed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors in the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease, plagued by adverse effects arising from peripheral cholinergic activation, this work reports a biological evaluation of new central AChE inhibitors based on an original "bio-oxidizable" prodrug strategy. After peripheral injection of the prodrug 1a [IC50 > 1 mM (hAChE)] in mice, monitoring markers of central and peripheral cholinergic activation provided in vivo proof-of-concept for brain delivery of the drug 2a [IC50 = 20 nM (hAChE)] through central redox activation of 1a. Interestingly, peripheral cholinergic activation has been shown to be limited in time, likely due to the presence of a permanent positive charge in 2a promoting rapid elimination of the AChE inhibitor from the circulation of mice. To support these assumptions, the radiosynthesis with carbon-11 of prodrug 1a was developed for additional ex vivo studies in rats. Whole-body biodistribution of radioactivity revealed high accumulation in excretory organs along with moderate but rapid brain uptake. Radio-HPLC analyses of brain samples confirm rapid CNS penetration of [(11)C]1a, while identification of [(11)C]2a and [(11)C]3a both accounts for central redox activation of 1a and pseudoirreversible inhibition of AChE, respectively. Finally, Caco-2 permeability assays predicted metabolite 3a as a substrate for efflux transporters (P-gp inter alia), suggesting that metabolite 3a might possibly be actively transported out of the brain. Overall, a large body of evidence from in vivo and ex vivo studies on small animals has been collected to validate this "bio-oxidizable" prodrug approach, emerging as a very promising strategy in the rational design of selective central AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bohn
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen;
INSA Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, Mont-Saint
Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Fabienne Gourand
- CEA/DSV/I2BM,
UMR ISTCT 6301, LDM-TEP Group, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Cyril Papamicaël
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen;
INSA Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, Mont-Saint
Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Méziane Ibazizène
- CEA/DSV/I2BM,
UMR ISTCT 6301, LDM-TEP Group, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Martine Dhilly
- CEA/DSV/I2BM,
UMR ISTCT 6301, LDM-TEP Group, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Vincent Gembus
- VFP Therapies, 15 rue François Couperin, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Florent Alix
- VFP Therapies, 15 rue François Couperin, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Mihaela-Liliana Ţînţaş
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen;
INSA Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, Mont-Saint
Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Francis Marsais
- VFP Therapies, 15 rue François Couperin, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Louisa Barré
- CEA/DSV/I2BM,
UMR ISTCT 6301, LDM-TEP Group, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Vincent Levacher
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen;
INSA Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, Mont-Saint
Aignan Cedex, France
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23
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Singh RK, Prasad D, Bhardwaj T. Synthesis, physicochemical and kinetic studies of redox derivative of bis(2-chloroethylamine) as alkylating cytotoxic agent for brain delivery. ARAB J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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24
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Wang X, Li J, Xu C, Li Y, Gong T, Sun X, Fu Y, He Q, Zhang Z. Scopine as a novel brain-targeting moiety enhances the brain uptake of chlorambucil. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:2046-54. [PMID: 25350514 DOI: 10.1021/bc5004108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) represents the biggest challenge for therapeutic drugs to enter the brain. In our study, we selected chlorambucil (CHL), an alkylating agent, as the model therapeutic agent, and used scopine as a novel brain-targeting moiety. Here, we synthesized Chlorambucil-Scopine (CHLS) prodrug and evaluated its brain-targeting efficacy. The tissue distribution study after i.v. injection revealed that the AUC0-t and Cmax of CHLS in the brain were 14.25- and 12.20-fold of CHL, respectively. Specifically, CHLS accumulated in bEnd.3 and C6 cells in an energy-dependent manner. In C6 cells, superior anti-glioma activity with a significantly decreased IC50 of 65.42 nM/mL was observed for CHLS compared to CHL (IC50 > 400 nM/mL). The safety evaluation, including acute toxicity, pathology, and hematology study, showed minimal toxicity toward nontargeting tissues, and also reached a lower systemic toxicity at 5 mg/kg (i.v.). Our results suggested that scopine is a potential brain-targeting moiety for enhancing the brain uptake efficiency of CHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
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25
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Ţînţaş ML, Foucout L, Petit S, Oudeyer S, Gourand F, Barré L, Papamicaël C, Levacher V. New developments in redox chemical delivery systems by means of 1,4-dihydroquinoline-based targetor: Application to galantamine delivery to the brain. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 81:218-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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26
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Kahandal SS, Kale SR, Gawande MB, Jayaram RV. A mild route for one pot synthesis of 5,6-unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridines catalyzed by sulphated mixed metal oxides. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00651d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Prokai-Tatrai K, Nguyen V, Szarka S, Konya K, Prokai L. Design and exploratory neuropharmacological evaluation of novel thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogs and their brain-targeting bioprecursor prodrugs. Pharmaceutics 2013; 5:318-28. [PMID: 24058724 PMCID: PMC3777413 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics5020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to take advantage of the beneficial activities of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the brain are hampered by its poor metabolic stability and lack of adequate central nervous system bioavailability. We report here novel and metabolically stable analogs that we derived from TRH by replacing its amino-terminal pyroglutamyl (pGlu) residue with pyridinium-containing moieties. Exploratory studies have shown that the resultant compounds were successfully delivered into the mouse brain after systemic administration via their bioprecursor prodrugs, where they manifested neuropharmacological responses characteristic of the endogenous parent peptide. On the other hand, the loss of potency compared to TRH in a model testing antidepressant-like effect with a simultaneous preservation of analeptic activity has been observed, when pGlu was replaced with trigonelloyl residue. This finding may indicate an opportunity for designing TRH analogs with potential selectivity towards cholinergic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA; E-Mails: (V.N.); (S.S.); (L.P.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-817-735-0617; Fax: +1-817-735-2118
| | - Vien Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA; E-Mails: (V.N.); (S.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Szabolcs Szarka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA; E-Mails: (V.N.); (S.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Krisztina Konya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA; E-Mails: (V.N.); (S.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA; E-Mails: (V.N.); (S.S.); (L.P.)
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28
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Teixidó M, Zurita E, Mendieta L, Oller-Salvia B, Prades R, Tarragó T, Giralt E. Dual system for the central nervous system targeting and blood-brain barrier transport of a selective prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor. Biopolymers 2013; 100:662-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Teixidó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Esther Zurita
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Laura Mendieta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Benjamí Oller-Salvia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Roger Prades
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Teresa Tarragó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Martí i Franquès 1-11 Barcelona 08028 Spain
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29
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Reversible redox system-based drug design, synthesis, and evaluation for targeting nitrogen mustard across brain. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Baguley TD, Xu HC, Chatterjee M, Nairn AC, Lombroso PJ, Ellman JA. Substrate-based fragment identification for the development of selective, nonpeptidic inhibitors of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7636-50. [PMID: 24083656 DOI: 10.1021/jm401037h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High levels of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) activity are observed in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Overexpression of STEP results in the dephosphorylation and inactivation of many key neuronal signaling molecules, including ionotropic glutamate receptors. Moreover, genetically reducing STEP levels in AD mouse models significantly reversed cognitive deficits and decreased glutamate receptor internalization. These results support STEP as a potential target for drug discovery for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Herein, a substrate-based approach for the discovery and optimization of fragments called substrate activity screening (SAS) has been applied to the development of low molecular weight (<450 Da) and nonpeptidic, single-digit micromolar mechanism-based STEP inhibitors with greater than 20-fold selectivity across multiple tyrosine and dual specificity phosphatases. Significant levels of STEP inhibition in rat cortical neurons are also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Baguley
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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31
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Synthesis in vitro/in vivo evaluation and in silico physicochemical study of prodrug approach for brain targeting of alkylating agent. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Rossi F, Perale G, Papa S, Forloni G, Veglianese P. Current options for drug delivery to the spinal cord. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:385-96. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.751372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Synthesis of dihydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines via isocyanide-based four-component reaction. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2013-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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34
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Lalatsa A, Schätzlein AG, Uchegbu* IF. Nanostructures Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier: Physiological Considerations and Mechanistic Issues. NANOSTRUCTURED BIOMATERIALS FOR OVERCOMING BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735292-00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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35
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Sozio P, Cerasa LS, Abbadessa A, Di Stefano A. Designing prodrugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:385-406. [PMID: 22494466 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.677025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy is essentially symptomatic, and l-Dopa (LD), is the treatment of choice in more advanced stages of the disease. However, motor complications often develop after long-term treatment, and at this point physicians usually prescribe adjuvant therapy with other classes of antiparkinsonian drugs, including dopamine (DA) agonists, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) or monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B inhibitors. In order to improve bioavailability, the prodrug approach appeared to be the most promising, and some antiparkinsonian prodrugs have been prepared in an effort to solve these problems. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the evidence of progress in PD therapy, mainly focused on prodrug approach for treatment of this neurological disorder. Several derivatives were studied with the aim of enhancing its chemical stability, water or lipid solubility, as well as diminishing the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. Chemical structures mainly related to LD, DA and dopaminergic agonists are also reviewed in this paper. EXPERT OPINION In order to strengthen the pharmacological activity of antiparkinsonian drugs, enhancing their penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), different approaches are possible. Among these, the prodrug approach appeared to be the most promising, and many prodrugs have been prepared in an effort to optimize physicochemical characteristics. In addition, novel therapeutic strategies based on formulations linking dopaminergic drugs with neuroprotective agents, increasing LD striatal levels and offering sustained release of the drug without any fluctuation of brain concentration, offer promising avenues for development of other effective new treatments for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Sozio
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy
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Dalpiaz A, Cacciari B, Vicentini CB, Bortolotti F, Spalluto G, Federico S, Pavan B, Vincenzi F, Borea PA, Varani K. A novel conjugated agent between dopamine and an A2A adenosine receptor antagonist as a potential anti-Parkinson multitarget approach. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:591-604. [PMID: 22292533 DOI: 10.1021/mp200489d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose a potential antiparkinsonian prodrug DP-L-A(2A)ANT (2) obtained by amidic conjugation of dopamine (1) via a succinic spacer to a new triazolo-triazine A(2A) adenosine receptor (AR) antagonist A(2A)ANT (3). The affinity of 2 and its hydrolysis products-1, 3, dopamine-linker DP-L (4) and A(2A)ANT-linker L-A(2A)ANT (5)-was evaluated for hA(1), hA(2A), hA(2B) and hA(3) ARs and rat striatum A(2A)ARs or D(2) receptors. The hydrolysis patterns of 2, 4 and 5 and the stabilities of 1 and 3 were evaluated by HPLC analysis in human whole blood and rat brain homogenates. High hA(2A) affinity was shown by compounds 2 (K(i) = 7.32 ± 0.65 nM), 3 (K(i) = 35 ± 3 nM) and 5 (K(i) = 72 ± 5 nM), whose affinity values were similar in rat striatum. These compounds were not able to change dopamine affinity for D(2) receptors but counteracted the CGS 21680-induced reduction of dopamine affinity. DP-L (4) was inactive on adenosine and dopaminergic receptors. As for stability studies, compounds 4 and 5 were not degraded in incubation media. In human blood, the prodrug 2 was hydrolyzed (half-life = 2.73 ± 0.23 h) mainly on the amidic bound coupling the A(2A)ANT (3), whereas in rat brain homogenates the prodrug 2 was hydrolyzed (half-life > eight hours) exclusively on the amidic bound coupling dopamine, allowing its controlled release and increasing its poor stability as characterized by half-life = 22.5 ± 1.5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Attenello F, Raza SM, Dimeco F, Olivi A. Chemotherapy for brain tumors with polymer drug delivery. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 104:339-53. [PMID: 22230452 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52138-5.00022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Attenello
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Khan FA, Campbell AJ, Hoyt B, Herdman C, Ku T, Thangavelu S, Gordon RK. Oxidative mechanisms for the biotransformation of 1-methyl-1,6-dihydropyridine-2-carbaldoxime to pralidoxime chloride. Life Sci 2011; 89:911-7. [PMID: 21989207 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Due to pralidoxime chloride's (2-PAM) positive charge, it's penetration through the blood brain barrier (BBB) and reactivation of organophosphate (OP) inhibited central nervous system (CNS) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is poor. The results of CNS inhibited AChE are seizures. Pro-2-PAM (1-methyl-1,6-dihydropyridine-2-carbaldoxime), a pro-drug of 2-PAM, due to higher hydrophobicity, penetrates the BBB better but must be oxidized to 2-PAM, the active form of the oxime to reactivate CNS AChE in order to abrogate seizures. In this study, we characterize the in vivo mechanism of pro-2-PAM oxidation. MAIN METHODS A high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was developed to quantify the conversion of pro-2-PAM to 2-PAM. NADPH oxidase activity was measured by a photo-luminescence assay using lucigenin substrate. Upon analysis, the rate of NADPH induced oxidation suggested that an alternate mechanism may be involved. Therefore, various enzyme co-factors of oxidation-reduction enzyme systems were evaluated, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), riboflavin 5'-phosphate (FMN), and riboflavin. Next, a spectrophotometric assay was developed to measure the conversion of pro-2-PAM to 2-PAM in the presence of riboflavin. KEY FINDINGS In guinea pig brain homogenate, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a specific NADPH oxidase inhibitor, reduced pro-2-PAM to 2-PAM conversion to less than 25%. In contrast, riboflavin, FAD, and FMN rapidly oxidized all pro-2-PAM to 2-PAM in an in vitro assay. Riboflavin oxidized pro-2-PAM reactivated diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) inhibited AChE. SIGNIFICANCE The present study shows that pro-2-PAM was rapidly oxidized by riboflavin to 2-PAM, which reactivated organophosphate (OP)-inhibited AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat A Khan
- Department of Regulated Laboratories, Division of Regulated Activities, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States.
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Lichtenberg C, Spaniol TP, Okuda J. Reactivity of Tris(allyl)aluminum toward Pyridine: Coordination versus Carbometalation. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om200492f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas P. Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Malakoutikhah M, Teixidó M, Giralt E. Schleuservermittelter Transport von Wirkstoffen ins Gehirn. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Malakoutikhah M, Teixidó M, Giralt E. Shuttle-Mediated Drug Delivery to the Brain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:7998-8014. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Takeuchi H, Mizoguchi H, Doi Y, Jin S, Noda M, Liang J, Li H, Zhou Y, Mori R, Yasuoka S, Li E, Parajuli B, Kawanokuchi J, Sonobe Y, Sato J, Yamanaka K, Sobue G, Mizuno T, Suzumura A. Blockade of gap junction hemichannel suppresses disease progression in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21108. [PMID: 21712989 PMCID: PMC3119678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glutamate released by activated microglia induces excitotoxic neuronal death, which likely contributes to non-cell autonomous neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Although both blockade of glutamate receptors and inhibition of microglial activation are the therapeutic candidates for these neurodegenerative diseases, glutamate receptor blockers also perturbed physiological and essential glutamate signals, and inhibitors of microglial activation suppressed both neurotoxic/neuroprotective roles of microglia and hardly affected disease progression. We previously demonstrated that activated microglia release a large amount of glutamate specifically through gap junction hemichannel. Hence, blockade of gap junction hemichannel may be potentially beneficial in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Methods and Findings In this study, we generated a novel blood-brain barrier permeable gap junction hemichannel blocker based on glycyrrhetinic acid. We found that pharmacologic blockade of gap junction hemichannel inhibited excessive glutamate release from activated microglia in vitro and in vivo without producing notable toxicity. Blocking gap junction hemichannel significantly suppressed neuronal loss of the spinal cord and extended survival in transgenic mice carrying human superoxide dismutase 1 with G93A or G37R mutation as an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model. Moreover, blockade of gap junction hemichannel also significantly improved memory impairments without altering amyloid β deposition in double transgenic mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein with K595N and M596L mutations and presenilin 1 with A264E mutation as an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Conclusions Our results suggest that gap junction hemichannel blockers may represent a new therapeutic strategy to target neurotoxic microglia specifically and prevent microglia-mediated neuronal death in various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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Crawford JJ, Fleming BJ, Kennedy AR, Klett J, O’Hara CT, Orr SA. Remote functionalisation via sodium alkylamidozincate intermediates: access to unusual fluorenone and pyridyl ketone reactivity patterns. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:3772-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10193e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Prokai-Tatrai K, Szarka S, Nguyen V, Sahyouni F, Walker C, White S, Talamantes T, Prokai L. "All in the mind"? Brain-targeting chemical delivery system of 17β-estradiol (Estredox) produces significant uterotrophic side effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Suppl 7. [PMID: 24380028 DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.s7-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we revisit the peculiarly named redox chemical delivery system concept. This unique prodrug approach has long been claimed to be capable of targeting 17β-estradiol (E2), which has numerous beneficial central effects, into the brain without detrimental peripheral hormonal exposure. Using a well-established protocol to monitor E2's antidepressant-like effect, we show that the administration of this chemical delivery system incorporated into hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (i.e., Estredox), indeed, triggers a transient antidepressant-like behavior in ovariectomized mice. At the same time, even an acute dose of the carefully purified chemical delivery system produces significant circulating E2 levels and uterotrophic side effects for several days after drug administration. For the first time, we also unequivocally show by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry that the uterus of the Estredox-treated animals contains a large quantity of E2 compared to that of the control group. These thus far unexposed yet consequential peripheral side effects brought about by Estredox call for a thorough and unbiased reassessment of the extent of brain-targeting of the hormone via the chemical delivery system approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, United States ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, United States
| | - Szabolcs Szarka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, United States
| | - Vien Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, United States
| | - Fatima Sahyouni
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, United States
| | - Cary Walker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, United States
| | - Shastazia White
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, United States
| | - Tatjana Talamantes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, United States
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, United States
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Mahmoud S, Mohammad A. Brain-Specific Delivery of Naproxen Using Different Carrier Systems. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2010; 343:639-47. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jochmann P, Dols TS, Spaniol TP, Perrin L, Maron L, Okuda J. Insertion von Pyridin in die Calcium-Allyl-Bindung: regioselektive Bildung von 1,4-Dihydropyridinen und C-H-Aktivierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Jochmann P, Dols TS, Spaniol TP, Perrin L, Maron L, Okuda J. Insertion of Pyridine into the Calcium Allyl Bond: Regioselective 1,4-Dihydropyridine Formation and CH Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:7795-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Strategy for effective brain drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 40:385-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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49
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Shaabani A, Maleki A, Rezayan AH, Sarvary A. Recent progress of isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions in Iran. Mol Divers 2010; 15:41-68. [PMID: 20669047 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-010-9258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Shaabani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
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Maiti S, Sridharan V, Menéndez JC. Synthesis of a Library of 5,6-Unsubstituted 1,4-Dihydropyridines Based on a One-Pot 4CR/Elimination Process and Their Application to the Generation of Structurally Diverse Fused Nitrogen Heterocycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:713-22. [PMID: 20593849 DOI: 10.1021/cc100084b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swarupananda Maiti
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Carlos Menéndez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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