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Hwang HS, Kim JR, Lee MH, Park JW, Kim HA. ISG15 is involved in chondrogenic differentiation through activation of IFN-γ signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 735:150629. [PMID: 39260332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was found to increase in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). However, few studies have been conducted to elucidate the role of IFN-γ in cartilage metabolism and regeneration. In this study, we investigated whether cartilage regeneration is driven by interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) under the control of IFN-γ. IFN-γ significantly increased ITS-induced chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Knockdown of IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR) inhibited IFN-γ-induced chondrogenic differentiation and reduced ACAN and Col II expression. In addition, ISG15 expression was highly elevated in response to IFN-γ, whereas its expression was downregulated by knockdown of IFN-γR, indicating that ISG15 is closely related to IFN-γ signaling. Furthermore, chondrogenic differentiation and expression of ACAN and Col II were significantly reduced following knockdown of ISG15 in ATDC5 cells despite the presence of IFN-γ. ISGylation of cellular proteins found in chondrogenic differentiated cells was related to activation of IFN-γ signaling. In addition, ISG15/ISGylation was significantly observed in the regenerated cartilage tissue 7 days after FTCI of young mice compared with sham control. Our findings showed that upregulation of ISG15 and/or ISGylation of cellular proteins may play a critical role in cartilage regeneration through activation of IFN-γ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sook Hwang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, 14068, South Korea; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon, 24251, South Korea.
| | - Ju-Ryoung Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, 14068, South Korea; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon, 24251, South Korea.
| | - Mi Hyun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, 14068, South Korea; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon, 24251, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, 14068, South Korea.
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, 14068, South Korea; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon, 24251, South Korea.
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2
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Yamada H. The Search for the Pathogenic T Cells in the Joint of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Which T-Cell Subset Drives Autoimmune Inflammation? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086930. [PMID: 37108093 PMCID: PMC10138952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting systemic synovial tissues, leading to the destruction of multiple joints. Its etiology is still unknown, but T-cell-mediated autoimmunity has been thought to play critical roles, which is supported by experimental as well as clinical observations. Therefore, efforts have been made to elucidate the functions and antigen specificity of pathogenic autoreactive T cells, which could be a therapeutic target for disease treatment. Historically, T-helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells are hypothesized to be pathogenic T cells in RA joints; however, lines of evidence do not fully support this hypothesis, showing polyfunctionality of the T cells. Recent progress in single-cell analysis technology has led to the discovery of a novel helper T-cell subset, peripheral helper T cells, and attracted attention to the previously unappreciated T-cell subsets, such as cytotoxic CD4 and CD8 T cells, in RA joints. It also enables a comprehensive view of T-cell clonality and function. Furthermore, the antigen specificity of the expanded T-cell clones can be determined. Despite such progress, which T-cell subset drives inflammation is yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakata Yamada
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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3
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Gaballah EM, Morita K, Shimizu S, Elhenawy AA, Nabih N, Elsawey AM, Abdel-Mageed SA, Osada Y. Non-lethal rodent malarial infection prevents collagen-induced arthritis in mice via anti-arthritic immunomodulation. Parasite Immunol 2021; 44:e12901. [PMID: 34931316 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Immunomodulatory effects of parasitic infections on the outcomes of allergic or autoimmune disorders have been addressed in many experimental studies. We examined the effects of Plasmodium yoelii 17X NL (Py) infection on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS AND RESULTS Male DBA/1J mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen (IIC). Py inoculation was induced at three different time points (1, 4 weeks after or 4 weeks before the immunization). Only the inoculation at 4 weeks after IIC immunization significantly inhibited arthritis development. Non-malarial anaemia induced by phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (PHZ) did not affect arthritis development. In the infected mice, anti-IIC IgG levels were transiently reduced. In addition, splenic production of pro-arthritic cytokines (IL-17 and TNF-α) and IFN-γ decreased, whereas IL-10 production increased. Flow cytometric analysis clarified that the main IL-10 producers in Py-infected mice had the CD4+ CD25- Foxp3- phenotype, presumably Tr1 cells. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that experimental malarial infection alleviated autoimmune arthritis via immunomodulation, suggesting the importance of malaria in the hygiene hypothesis and the significance of searching for therapeutic immunomodulatory molecules from malarial parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Gaballah
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Kentaro Morita
- Department of Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shoichi Shimizu
- Department of Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Abeer A Elhenawy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nairmen Nabih
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Aliaa M Elsawey
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Salama A Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Yoshio Osada
- Department of Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
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4
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T-bet represses collagen-induced arthritis by suppressing Th17 lineage commitment through inhibition of RORγt expression and function. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17357. [PMID: 34462459 PMCID: PMC8405656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T-bet is a key transcription factor for the T helper 1 lineage and its expression level is negatively correlated to inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our previous study using T-bet transgenic mice revealed over-expression of T-bet completely suppressed collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a murine model of RA, indicating a potential suppressive role of T-bet in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. Here, we show T-bet-deficiency exacerbated CIA. T-bet in CD4 + T cells, but not in CD11c + dendritic cells, was critical for regulating the production of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, and TNFα from CD4 + T cells. T-bet-deficient CD4 + T cells showed higher RORγt expression and increased IL-17A production in RORγt-positive cells after CII immunization. In addition, T-bet-deficient naïve CD4 + T cells showed accelerated Th17 differentiation in vitro. CIA induced in CD4-Cre T-betfl/fl (cKO) mice was more severe and T-bet-deficient CD4 + T cells in the arthritic joints of cKO mice showed higher RORγt expression and increased IL-17A production. Transcriptome analysis of T-bet-deficient CD4 + T cells revealed that expression levels of Th17-related genes were selectively increased. Our results indicate that T-bet in CD4 + T cells repressed RORγt expression and function resulting in suppression of arthritogenic Th17 cells and CIA.
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5
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Samelko L, Caicedo M, McAllister K, Jacobs J, Hallab NJ. Metal-induced delayed type hypersensitivity responses potentiate particle induced osteolysis in a sex and age dependent manner. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251885. [PMID: 34003868 PMCID: PMC8130946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that innate macrophage immune reactions to implant debris are central to the inflammatory responses that drive biologic implant failure over the long term. Less common, adaptive lymphocyte immune reactions to implant debris, such as delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), can also affect implant performance. It is unknown which key patient factors, if any, mediate these adaptive immune responses that potentiate particle/macrophage mediated osteolysis. The objective of this investigation was to determine to what degree known adaptive immune responses to metal implant debris can affect particle-induced osteolysis (PIO); and if this pathomechanism is dependent on: 1) innate immune danger signaling, i.e., NLRP3 inflammasome activity, 2) sex, and/or 3) age. We used an established murine calvaria model of PIO using male and female wild-type C57BL/6 vs. Caspase-1 deficient mice as well as young (12–16 weeks old) vs. aged (18–24 months old) female and male C57BL/6 mice. After induction of metal-DTH, and Cobalt-alloy particle (ASTM F-75, 0.4um median diameter) calvaria challenge, bone resorption was assessed using quantitative micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis and immune responses were assessed by measuring paw inflammation, lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) reactivity and adaptive immune cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-17 (ELISA). Younger aged C57BL/6 female mice exhibited the highest rate and severity of metal sensitivity lymphocyte responses that also translated into higher PIO compared to any other experimental group. The absence of inflammasome/caspase-1 activity significantly suppressed DTH metal-reactivity and osteolysis in both male and female Caspase-1 deficient mice. These murine model results indicate that young female mice are more predisposed to metal-DTH augmented inflammatory responses to wear debris, which is highly influenced by active NLRP3 inflammasome/caspase-1 danger signaling. If these results are clinically meaningful for orthopedic patients, then younger female individuals should be appropriately assessed and followed for DTH derived peri-implant complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn Samelko
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Marco Caicedo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kyron McAllister
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Joshua Jacobs
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Nadim James Hallab
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Deng Z, Hu W, Ai H, Chen Y, Dong S. The Dramatic Role of IFN Family in Aberrant Inflammatory Osteolysis. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 21:112-129. [PMID: 33245272 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220666201127114845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal system has been considered a highly dynamic system, in which bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts go through a continuous remodeling cycle to maintain homeostasis of bone matrix. It has been well acknowledged that interferons (IFNs), acting as a subgroup of cytokines, not only have crucial effects on regulating immunology but also could modulate the dynamic balance of bone matrix. In the light of different isoforms, IFNs have been divided into three major categories in terms of amino acid sequences, recognition of specific receptors and biological activities. Currently, type I IFNs consist of a multi-gene family with several subtypes, of which IFN-α exerts pro-osteoblastogenic effects to activate osteoblast differentiation and inhibits osteoclast fusion to maintain bone matrix integrity. Meanwhile, IFN-β suppresses osteoblast-mediated bone remodeling as well as exhibits inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation to attenuate bone resorption. Type II IFN constitutes the only type, IFN-γ, which exerts regulatory effects on osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation by biphasic ways. Interestingly, type III IFNs are regarded as new members of IFN family composed of four members, including IFN-λ1 (IL-29), IFN-λ2 (IL-28A), IFN-λ3 (IL-28B) and IFN-λ4, which have been certified to participate in bone destruction. However, the direct regulatory mechanisms underlying how type III IFNs modulate the metabolic balance of bone matrix, remains poorly elucidated. In this review, we have summarized functions of IFN family during physiological and pathological conditions and described the mechanisms by which IFNs maintain bone matrix homeostasis via affecting the osteoclast-osteoblast crosstalk. In addition, the potential therapeutic effects of IFNs on inflammatory bone destruction diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA) and infectious bone diseases are also well displayed, which are based on the predominant role of IFNs in modulating the dynamic equilibrium of bone matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Deng
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hongbo Ai
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yueqi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
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7
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Louis C, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Yang Y, D'Silva D, Kratina T, Dagley L, Hediyeh-Zadeh S, Rautela J, Masters SL, Davis MJ, Babon JJ, Ciric B, Vivier E, Alexander WS, Huntington ND, Wicks IP. NK cell-derived GM-CSF potentiates inflammatory arthritis and is negatively regulated by CIS. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133838. [PMID: 32097462 PMCID: PMC7201918 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing recognition of the importance of GM-CSF in autoimmune disease, it remains unclear how GM-CSF is regulated at sites of tissue inflammation. Using GM-CSF fate reporter mice, we show that synovial NK cells produce GM-CSF in autoantibody-mediated inflammatory arthritis. Synovial NK cells promote a neutrophilic inflammatory cell infiltrate, and persistent arthritis, via GM-CSF production, as deletion of NK cells, or specific ablation of GM-CSF production in NK cells, abrogated disease. Synovial NK cell production of GM-CSF is IL-18–dependent. Furthermore, we show that cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS) is crucial in limiting GM-CSF signaling not only during inflammatory arthritis but also in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Thus, a cellular cascade of synovial macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils mediates persistent joint inflammation via production of IL-18 and GM-CSF. Endogenous CIS provides a key brake on signaling through the GM-CSF receptor. These findings shed new light on GM-CSF biology in sterile tissue inflammation and identify several potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Louis
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Fernando Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes
- Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yuyan Yang
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Damian D'Silva
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tobias Kratina
- Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Laura Dagley
- Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Systems Biology and Personalized Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Soroor Hediyeh-Zadeh
- Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jai Rautela
- Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Seth Lucian Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Melissa J Davis
- Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Babon
- Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University. Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eric Vivier
- Innate Pharma Research Labs, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,Service d'Immunologie, Marseille Immunopole, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Warren S Alexander
- Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ian P Wicks
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Rheumatology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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8
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Fan Z, Yang B, Ross RP, Stanton C, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. The prophylactic effects of different Lactobacilli on collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Food Funct 2020; 11:3681-3694. [PMID: 32301444 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shed light on the prophylactic effects of Lactobacilli on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the modulatory mechanisms of Lactobacilli remain unclear. The current study evaluated different Lactobacillus species' ability to alleviate arthritis induced by collagen. Rats were intragastrically administered different lactobacilli cocktails two weeks before arthritis induction. The results revealed that the performance of Lactobacillus in relieving arthritis was different for some species. L. reuteri, L. casei, L. rhamnosus and L. fermentum attenuated RA through species-independent pathways that inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-CII-antibodies; and through species-dependent immune regulation that was based on rebalancing the intestinal microbiota, and metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. In particular, L. reuteri and L. casei weaken the Th1 immune response, while L. rhamnosus and L. fermentum impaired Th17 responses. Interestingly, L. plantarum did not alleviate arthritis although it did suppress Th1 and Th17 immune responses, while L. salivarius only delayed the onset of arthritis without influencing the immune response. In conclusion, Lactobacilli protect against collagen-induced-arthritis through both common and individual pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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9
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Osada Y, Horie Y, Nakae S, Sudo K, Kanazawa T. STAT6 and IL-10 are required for the anti-arthritic effects of Schistosoma mansoni via different mechanisms. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 195:109-120. [PMID: 30194773 PMCID: PMC6300695 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate possible roles of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines in the anti-arthritic effects of a blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni (Sm), for mouse collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), wild-type (WT), signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) knock-out (KO) and interleukin (IL)-10 KO mice were infected with Sm. Three weeks after infection, the mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen (IIC). Arthritis severity was monitored by scoring, measurement of paw thickness and the presence of ankylosis. Serum anti-IIC IgG levels, splenic cytokine production and cytokine gene expression in the popliteal lymph nodes (PLNs) were measured and compared among WT and gene-KO mice. Consistent with our previous findings, Sm infection reduced the arthritis severity in WT mice. Splenic production of IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was reduced by the infection. In contrast, Sm infection markedly exacerbated CIA in STAT6 KO mice. In the KO mice, IL-17A production was increased by the infection. Conversely, Sm infection did not affect the exacerbated arthritis in IL-10 KO mice, although IL-17A production was reduced by the helminth. Our results suggest that signaling via STAT6 (presumably IL-4 and/or IL-13) and IL-10 is required for the suppression of CIA by Sm infection, but through different mechanisms. STAT6 was essential for helminth-induced reduction of IL-17A, whereas regulation of the basal arthritis severity by IL-10 was needed in order for it to be sufficiently suppressed by the helminth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Osada
- Department of Immunology and ParasitologyUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthJapanKitakyushuJapan
| | - Y. Horie
- Department of Immunology and ParasitologyUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthJapanKitakyushuJapan
| | - S. Nakae
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - K. Sudo
- Animal Research CenterTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - T. Kanazawa
- Department of Immunology and ParasitologyUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthJapanKitakyushuJapan
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10
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Tang M, Tian L, Luo G, Yu X. Interferon-Gamma-Mediated Osteoimmunology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1508. [PMID: 30008722 PMCID: PMC6033972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoimmunology is the interdiscipline that focuses on the relationship between the skeletal and immune systems. They are interconnected by shared signal pathways and cytokines. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) plays important roles in immune responses and bone metabolism. IFN-γ enhances macrophage activation and antigen presentation. It regulates antiviral and antibacterial immunity as well as signal transduction. IFN-γ can promote osteoblast differentiation and inhibit bone marrow adipocyte formation. IFN-γ plays dual role in osteoclasts depending on its stage. Furthermore, IFN-γ is an important pathogenetic factor in some immune-mediated bone diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This review will discuss the contradictory findings of IFN-γ in osteoimmunology and its clinical application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Tang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Tian
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guojing Luo
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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11
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Newson J, Motwani MP, Kendall AC, Nicolaou A, Muccioli GG, Alhouayek M, Bennett M, Van De Merwe R, James S, De Maeyer RPH, Gilroy DW. Inflammatory Resolution Triggers a Prolonged Phase of Immune Suppression through COX-1/mPGES-1-Derived Prostaglandin E 2. Cell Rep 2018; 20:3162-3175. [PMID: 28954232 PMCID: PMC5639146 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is characterized by granulocyte infiltration followed by efferocytosing mononuclear phagocytes, which pave the way for inflammatory resolution. Until now, it was believed that resolution then leads back to homeostasis, the physiological state tissues experience before inflammation occurred. However, we discovered that resolution triggered a prolonged phase of immune suppression mediated by prostanoids. Specifically, once inflammation was switched off, natural killer cells, secreting interferon γ (IFNγ), infiltrated the post-inflamed site. IFNγ upregulated microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) alongside cyclo-oxygenase (COX-1) within macrophage populations, resulting in sustained prostaglandin (PG)E2 biosynthesis. Whereas PGE2 suppressed local innate immunity to bacterial infection, it also inhibited lymphocyte function and generated myeloid-derived suppressor cells, the net effect of which was impaired uptake/presentation of exogenous antigens. Therefore, we have defined a sequence of post-resolution events that dampens the propensity to develop autoimmune responses to endogenous antigens at the cost of local tissue infection. Inflammatory resolution triggers T/NK cell infiltration, which synthesizes IFNγ Through IP-10, IFNγ indirectly triggers monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration Macrophages are directly acted upon by IFNγ to make abundant PGE2 PGE2 exerts a phase of post-inflammation immune suppression and tolerance
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Newson
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Madhur P Motwani
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Alexandra C Kendall
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Melanie Bennett
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Rachel Van De Merwe
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Sarah James
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Roel P H De Maeyer
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Derek W Gilroy
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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12
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Kim EY, Moudgil KD. Immunomodulation of autoimmune arthritis by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine 2017; 98:87-96. [PMID: 28438552 PMCID: PMC5581685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines promote autoimmune inflammation and tissue damage, while anti-inflammatory cytokines help resolve inflammation and facilitate tissue repair. Over the past few decades, this general feature of cytokine-mediated events has offered a broad framework to comprehend the pathogenesis of autoimmune and other immune-mediated diseases, and to successfully develop therapeutic approaches for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) therapy is a testimony in support of this endeavor. However, many patients with RA fail to respond to this or other biologics, and some patients may suffer unexpected aggravation of arthritic inflammation or other autoimmune effects. These observations combined with rapid advancements in immunology in regard to newer cytokines and T cell subsets have enforced a re-evaluation of the perceived pathogenic attribute of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Studies conducted by others and us in experimental models of arthritis involving direct administration of IFN-γ or TNF-α; in vivo neutralization of the cytokine; the use of animals deficient in the cytokine or its receptor; and the impact of the cytokine or anti-cytokine therapy on defined T cell subsets have revealed paradoxical anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory attributes of these two cytokines. Similar studies in other models of autoimmunity as well as limited studies in arthritis patients have also unveiled the disease-protective effects of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. A major mechanism in this regard is the altered balance between the pathogenic T helper 17 (Th17) and protective T regulatory (Treg) cells in favor of the latter. However, it is essential to consider that this aspect of the pro-inflammatory cytokines is context-dependent such that the dose and timing of intervention, the experimental model of the disease under study, and the differences in individual responsiveness can influence the final outcomes. Nevertheless, the realization that pro-inflammatory cytokines can also be immunoregulatory offers a new perspective in fully understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and in designing better therapies for controlling them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Ellagic acid alleviates adjuvant induced arthritis by modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 41:339-349. [PMID: 28450796 PMCID: PMC5382880 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.65132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology, but it is now clear that pro-inflammatory cytokines play a central role in its pathogenesis. Ellagic acid (EA) has a variety of biological activities including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential effect of ellagic acid on the prevention and/or treatment of adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) model in mice. Ellagic acid treatment was started one week before AIA induction and continued for three weeks after induction of AIA. Ellagic acid treatment significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited foot paw oedematous swelling and attenuated AIA-associated pathology. Ellagic acid significantly (p < 0.01) reduced serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines: interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 17 (IL-17). However, serum levels of IL-10 and interferon γ (IFN-γ) significantly increased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), while serum level of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) did not significantly alter with EA treatment. In conclusion, these results suggest that EA attenuated AIA-associated pathology in the mouse model by downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Sandal I, Karydis A, Luo J, Prislovsky A, Whittington KB, Rosloniec EF, Dong C, Novack DV, Mydel P, Zheng SG, Radic MZ, Brand DD. Bone loss and aggravated autoimmune arthritis in HLA-DRβ1-bearing humanized mice following oral challenge with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:249. [PMID: 27784339 PMCID: PMC5081677 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The linkage between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis is well established. Commonalities among the two are that both are chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by bone loss, an association with the shared epitope susceptibility allele, and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. Methods To explore immune mechanisms that may connect the two seemingly disparate disorders, we measured host immune responses including T-cell phenotype and anti-citrullinated protein antibody production in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR1 humanized C57BL/6 mice following exposure to the Gram-negative anaerobic periodontal disease pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. We measured autoimmune arthritis disease expression in mice exposed to P. gingivalis, and also in arthritis-resistant mice by flow cytometry and multiplex cytokine-linked and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We also measured femoral bone density by microcomputed tomography and systemic cytokine production. Results Exposure of the gingiva of DR1 mice to P. gingivalis results in a transient increase in the percentage of Th17 cells, both in peripheral blood and cervical lymph nodes, a burst of systemic cytokine activity, a loss in femoral bone density, and the generation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. Importantly, these antibodies are not produced in response to P. gingivalis treatment of wild-type C57BL/6 mice, and P. gingivalis exposure triggered expression of arthritis in arthritis-resistant mice. Conclusions Exposure of gingival tissues to P. gingivalis has systemic effects that can result in disease pathology in tissues that are spatially removed from the initial site of infection, providing evidence for systemic effects of this periodontal pathogen. The elicitation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in an HLA-DR1-restricted fashion by mice exposed to P. gingivalis provides support for the role of the shared epitope in both periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. The ability of P. gingivalis to induce disease expression in arthritis-resistant mice provides support for the idea that periodontal infection may be able to trigger autoimmunity if other disease-eliciting factors are already present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Sandal
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA
| | - Anastasios Karydis
- Department of Periodontology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Jiwen Luo
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Amanda Prislovsky
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA
| | - Karen B Whittington
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA
| | - Edward F Rosloniec
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Deborah V Novack
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Piotr Mydel
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Marko Z Radic
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - David D Brand
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA. .,Department of Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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15
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Apaer S, Tuxun T, Ma HZ, Zhang H, Aierken A, Aini A, Li YP, Lin RY, Wen H. Parasitic infection as a potential therapeutic tool against rheumatoid arthritis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:2359-2366. [PMID: 27698735 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites, which are a recently discovered yet ancient dweller in human hosts, remain a great public health burden in underdeveloped countries, despite preventative efforts. Rheumatoid arthritis is a predominantly cosmopolitan health problem with drastic morbidity rates, although encouraging progress has been achieved regarding treatment. However, although various types of methods and agents have been applied clinically, their broad usage has been limited by their adverse effects and/or high costs. Sustained efforts have been exerted on the 'hygiene hypothesis' since the 1870s. The immunosuppressive nature of parasitic infections may offer potential insight into therapeutic strategies for rheumatoid arthritis, in which the immune system is overactivated. An increasing number of published papers are focusing on the preventive and/or curative effect of various parasitic infection on rheumatoid arthritis from experimental studies to large-scale epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Therefore, the present review aimed to provide a general literature review on the possible beneficial role of parasitic infection on rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadike Apaer
- State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China; Department of Liver and Laparoscopic Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Tuerhongjiang Tuxun
- State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China; Department of Liver and Laparoscopic Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Zhang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Amina Aierken
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Abudusalamu Aini
- State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Yong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China; Department of Liver and Laparoscopic Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
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16
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Miyoshi F, Sato K, Mimura T. Changes in the pattern of cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab and their relation to plasma arginase activity. Int J Rheum Dis 2016; 21:1907-1914. [PMID: 30592386 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to quantify the production of T-cell cytokines from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of RA patients before and after treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α infliximab (IFX). METHOD We stimulated the PBMCs of RA patients (n = 24) in vitro and quantified the cytokines in the culture supernatant using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Unexpectedly, the cytokines tested, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17, were all found to have increased, rather than decreased, after the treatment. When the patients were divided into two groups according to the plasma activity of arginase, which is implicated in the immune-suppressive function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, the substantial increase in the cytokine production ex vivo was only detected in the group in which the arginase activity was decreased after the treatment with IFX. In fact, although the ex vivo production of IL-21 increased along with the other cytokines, the plasma concentration of IL-21 decreased significantly after IFX treatment. CONCLUSION It is important to exercise caution in interpreting ex vivo cytokine production data, in that they can be negatively influenced by the immune-suppressive mechanisms that prevent excessive inflammation. Thus, to analyze the T-cell response accurately, T-cell markers that are detectable in the serum or plasma need to be discovered. The concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17 were all below detection limits, but that of IL-21 was detectable in the plasma and inversely correlated with the production of IL-21 ex vivo. This may indicate the involvement of Th17 response in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Miyoshi
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kojiro Sato
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshihide Mimura
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Yuan X, Garrett-Sinha LA, Sarkar D, Yang S. Deletion of IFT20 in early stage T lymphocyte differentiation inhibits the development of collagen-induced arthritis. Bone Res 2014; 2:14038. [PMID: 26097753 PMCID: PMC4470568 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2014.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IFT20 is the smallest member of the intraflagellar transport protein (IFT) complex B. It is involved in cilia formation. Studies of IFT20 have been confined to ciliated cells. Recently, IFT20 was found to be also expressed in non-ciliated T cells and have functions in immune synapse formation and signaling in vitro. However, how IFT20 regulates T-cell development and activation in vivo is still unknown. We deleted the IFT20 gene in early and later stages of T-cell development by crossing IFT20(flox/flox) (IFT20(f/f) ) mice with Lck-Cre and CD4-Cre transgenic mice, and investigated the role of IFT20 in T-cell maturation and in the development of T cell-mediated collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). We found that both Lck-Cre/IFT20(f/f) and CD4-Cre/IFT20(f/f) mice were indistinguishable from their wild-type littermates in body size, as well as in the morphology and weight of the spleen and thymus. However, the number of CD4- and CD8-positive cells was significantly lower in thymus and spleen in Lck-Cre/IFT20(f/f) mice. Meanwhile, the incidence and severity of CIA symptoms were significantly decreased, and inflammation in the paw was significantly inhibited in Lck-Cre/IFT20(f/f) mice compared to Lck-Cre/IFT20(+/+) littermates. Deletion IFT20 in more mature T cells of CD4-Cre/IFT20(f/f) mice had only mild effects on the development of T cells and CIA. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TGF-β1 were significantly downregulated in the paw of Lck-Cre/IFT20(f/f) mice, but just slight decreased in CD4-Cre/IFT20(f/f) mice. These results demonstrate that deletion of IFT20 in the early stage of T-cell development inhibited CIA development through regulating T-cell development and the expression of critical cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yuan
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Debanjan Sarkar
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Regenerative Therapeutics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-2050, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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18
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Justa S, Zhou X, Sarkar S. Endogenous IL-22 plays a dual role in arthritis: regulation of established arthritis via IFN-γ responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93279. [PMID: 24676270 PMCID: PMC3968131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IL-22 is elevated in patients with inflammatory arthritis and correlates with disease activity. IL-22 deficient mice have reduced incidence of arthritis. Recombinant IL-22 restrains progression of arthritis via increase in IL-10 responses when administered prior to onset of arthritis. These findings imply a possible dual role of IL-22 in inflammatory arthritis depending on the phase of arthritis. Experiments outlined here were designed to elucidate the contribution of endogenous IL-22 before and after the onset of arthritis. METHODS Collagen induced arthritis (CIA) was induced in DBA1 or IFN-γ deficient mice following immunization with collagen and complete Freund's adjuvant. Anti-IL-22 antibody or isotype control were administered prior to or after onset of arthritis and disease progression assessed by clinical scoring and histopathology. IL-22, IL-17 and IFN-γ responses were measured by ELISA and flowcytometry. Anti-collagen antibody responses were analyzed by ELISA. Expression of IL-22R1 in CD4+ cells was elucidated by flowcytometry and real time PCR. RESULTS Collagen specific IL-22 responses were expanded during arthritis and IL-22 producing cells were discrete from IL-17 or IFN-γ producing cells. Neutralization of IL-22 after onset of arthritis resulted in significant increase in Th1 responses and significantly reduced severity of arthritis. CD4+ cells from arthritic mice showed increased surface expression of IL-22R1. In vitro, CD4+T cells cultured with antigen presenting cells in the presence or absence of IL-22 suppressed or induced IFN-γ, respectively. The protective effect of anti-IL-22 was reversed in IFN-γ deficient mice. Moreover, administration of anti-IL-22 prior to onset of arthritis augmented arthritis severity. CONCLUSION We show for the first time that IL-22 plays a dual role: protective prior to the onset of arthritis and pathogenic after onset of arthritis. The pathogenic effect of IL-22 is dependent on suppression of IFN-γ responses. IL-17 responses remained unchanged with the administration of anti-IL22 antibody. IL-22R1 is upregulated on CD4+T cells during arthritis and regulates IFN-γ in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivali Justa
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Arizona Arthritis Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Xiaoqun Zhou
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Arizona Arthritis Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sujata Sarkar
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Arizona Arthritis Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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20
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Culture promotes transfer of thyroid epithelial cell hyperplasia and proliferation by reducing regulatory T cell numbers. Cell Immunol 2013; 285:84-91. [PMID: 24135055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IFN-γ(-/-) NOD.H-2h4 mice develop a spontaneous autoimmune thyroid disease, thyroid epithelial cell hyperplasia and proliferation (TEC H/P) when given NaI in their water for 7+ mo. TEC H/P can be transferred to IFN-γ(-/-) SCID mice by splenocytes from mice with severe (4-5+) disease, and transfer of TEC H/P is improved when splenocytes are cultured prior to transfer. Older (9+ mo) IFN-γ(-/-) NOD.H-2h4 mice have elevated numbers of FoxP3(+) T reg cells, up to 2-fold greater than younger (2 mo) mice. During culture, the number of T reg decreases and this allows the improved transfer of TEC H/P. Co-culture with IL-2 prior to transfer prevents the decrease of T reg and improves their in vitro suppressive ability resulting in reduced TEC H/P in recipient mice. Therefore, culturing splenocytes improves transfer of TEC H/P by reducing the number of T reg and IL-2 inhibits transfer by preserving T reg number and function.
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Eigenbrod T, Bode KA, Dalpke AH. Early inhibition of IL-1β expression by IFN-γ is mediated by impaired binding of NF-κB to the IL-1β promoter but is independent of nitric oxide. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6533-41. [PMID: 23667107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The significance of bacterial RNA recognition for initiating innate immune responses against invading pathogens has only recently started to be elucidated. Bacterial RNA is an important trigger of inflammasome activation, resulting in caspase-1-dependent cleavage of pro-IL-1β into the active form. It was reported previously that prolonged treatment with IFN-γ can inhibit IL-1β production at the level of both transcription and Nlrp3 inflammasome activation in an NO-dependent manner. As a result of the delayed kinetics of NO generation after IFN-γ stimulation, these effects were only observed at later time points. We report that IFN-γ suppressed bacterial RNA and LPS induced IL-1β transcription in primary murine macrophages and dendritic cells by an additional, very rapid mechanism that was independent of NO. Costimulation with IFN-γ selectively attenuated binding of NF-κB p65 to the IL-1β promoter, thus representing a novel mechanism of IL-1β inhibition by IFN-γ. Transcriptional silencing was specific for IL-1β because expression of other proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, IL-6, and IL-12p40, was not affected. Furthermore, by suppressing IL-1β production, IFN-γ impaired differentiation of Th17 cells and production of neutrophil chemotactic factor CXCL1 in vitro. The findings provide evidence for a rapid immune-modulating effect of IFN-γ independent of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Eigenbrod
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, and Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Lee J, Lee J, Park MK, Lim MA, Park EM, Kim EK, Yang EJ, Lee SY, Jhun JY, Park SH, Kim HY, Cho ML. Interferon gamma suppresses collagen-induced arthritis by regulation of Th17 through the induction of indoleamine-2,3-deoxygenase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60900. [PMID: 23613752 PMCID: PMC3628800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice are known to be resistant to the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). However, they show a severe arthritic phenotype when the Ifng gene is deleted. Although it has been proposed that IFN-γ suppresses inflammation in CIA via suppressing Th17 which is involved in the pathogenesis of CIA, the exact molecular mechanism of the Th17 regulation by IFN-γ is poorly understood. This study was conducted to 1) clarify that arthritogenic condition of IFN-γ knockout (KO) mice is dependent on the disinhibition of Th17 and 2) demonstrate that IFN-γ-induced indoleamine2,3dioxgenase (IDO) is engaged in the regulation of Th17. The results showed that the IFN-γ KO mice displayed increased levels of IL-17 producing T cells and the exacerbation of arthritis. Also, production of IL-17 by the splenocytes of the IFN-γ KO mice was increased when cultured with type II collagen. When Il17 was deleted from the IFN-γ KO mice, only mild arthritis developed without any progression of the arthritis score. The proportion of CD44highCD62Llow memory-like T cells were elevated in the spleen, draining lymph node and mesenteric lymph node of IFN-γ KO CIA mice. Meanwhile, CD44lowCD62Lhigh naïve T cells were increased in IFN-γ and IL-17 double KO CIA mice. When Th17 polarized CD4+ T cells of IFN-γ KO mice were co-cultured with their own antigen presenting cells (APCs), a greater increase in IL-17 production was observed than in co-culture of the cells from wild type mice. In contrast, when APCs from IFN-γ KO mice were pretreated with IFN-γ, there was a significant reduction in IL-17 in the co-culture system. Of note, pretreatment of 1-methyl-DL- tryptophan, a specific inhibitor of IDO, abolished the inhibitory effects of IFN-γ. Given that IFN-γ is a potent inducer of IDO in APCs, these results suggest that IDO is involved in the regulation of IL-17 by IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseon Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jennifer Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Lim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-kyung Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Yang
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon-Yeong Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Jhun
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Kim J, Kang S, Kim J, Kwon G, Koo S. Elevated levels of T helper 17 cells are associated with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Lab Med 2012; 33:52-9. [PMID: 23301223 PMCID: PMC3535197 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2013.33.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing T helper (Th) 17 cells are considered as a new subset of cells critical to the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We aimed to investigate the distribution of Th1 and Th17 cells and their association with disease activity, and determine the Th17-related cytokine levels in the peripheral blood of RA patients. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 55 RA and 20 osteoarthritis (OA) patients were stimulated with mitogen, and the distributions of CD4+Interferon (INF)+IL-17- (Th1 cells) and CD4+INF-IL-17+ (Th17 cells) were examined by flow cytometry. Serum levels of IL-6, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured by ELISA. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were recorded. The 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28) was also assessed. Results The median percentage of Th17 cells was higher in RA patients than in OA patients (P=0.04), and in active than in inactive RA (P=0.03), whereas that of Th1 cells was similar in both groups. Similarly, the levels of IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23 were detected in a significantly higher proportion of RA patients than OA patients and the frequencies of detectable IL-6, IL-17, and IL-21 were higher in active RA than in inactive RA group. The percentage of Th17 cells positively correlated with the DAS28, ESR, and CRP levels. Conclusions These observations suggest that Th17 cells and Th17-related cytokines play an important role in RA pathogenesis and that the level of Th17 cells in peripheral blood is associated with disease activity in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Liu X, Fang L, Guo TB, Mei H, Zhang JZ. Drug targets in the cytokine universe for autoimmune disease. Trends Immunol 2012; 34:120-8. [PMID: 23116550 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In autoimmune disease, a network of diverse cytokines is produced in association with disease susceptibility to constitute the 'cytokine milieu' that drives chronic inflammation. It remains elusive how cytokines interact in such a complex network to sustain inflammation in autoimmune disease. This has presented huge challenges for successful drug discovery because it has been difficult to predict how individual cytokine-targeted therapy would work. Here, we combine the principles of Chinese Taoism philosophy and modern bioinformatics tools to dissect multiple layers of arbitrary cytokine interactions into discernible interfaces and connectivity maps to predict movements in the cytokine network. The key principles presented here have important implications in our understanding of cytokine interactions and development of effective cytokine-targeted therapies for autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Liu
- Department of Neuroimmunology, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Center, Shanghai, China
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Bäcklund J, Li C, Jansson E, Carlsen S, Merky P, Nandakumar KS, Haag S, Ytterberg J, Zubarev RA, Holmdahl R. C57BL/6 mice need MHC class II Aq to develop collagen-induced arthritis dependent on autoreactive T cells. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 72:1225-32. [PMID: 23041839 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) has traditionally been performed in MHC class II A(q)-expressing mice, whereas most genetically modified mice are on the C57BL/6 background (expressing the b haplotype of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II region). However, C57BL/6 mice develop arthritis after immunisation with chicken-derived collagen type II (CII), but arthritis susceptibility has been variable, and the immune specificity has not been clarified. OBJECTIVE To establish a CIA model on the C57BL/6 background with a more predictable and defined immune response to CII. RESULTS Both chicken and rat CII were arthritogenic in C57BL/6 mice provided they were introduced with high doses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis adjuvant. However, contaminating pepsin was strongly immunogenic and was essential for arthritis development. H-2(b)-restricted T cell epitopes on chicken or rat CII could not be identified, but expression of A(q) on the C57BL/6 background induced T cell response to the CII260-270 epitope, and also prolonged the arthritis to be more chronic. CONCLUSIONS The putative (auto)antigen and its arthritogenic determinants in C57BL/6 mice remains undisclosed, questioning the value of the model for addressing T cell-driven pathological pathways in arthritis. To circumvent this impediment, we recommend MHC class II congenic C57BL/6N.Q mice, expressing A(q), with which T cell determinants have been thoroughly characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bäcklund
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Pleiotropic targets: the problem of shared signaling circuitry in rheumatoid arthritis disease progression and protection. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:735-50. [PMID: 22530638 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response is replete with feedback control at many levels. These protective circuits are even functional within the arthritic joint, tempering disease to varying extents. An optimal therapy would inhibit autoimmune processes while maintaining protective circuitry. However, many of the cells and proteins that serve as important mediators of disease progression also play an active role in these protective circuits. The hypothesis considered in this review is that the inadvertent inhibition of protective circuitry adversely affects efficacy. Conversely, if therapeutics can be designed, which avoid inhibiting known regulatory circuits, efficacy will be improved. Understanding where these processes share signaling molecules will be crucial to the development of the next generation of therapeutics. This review discusses three well-defined signal transduction cascades; IL-2, IFNγ and TNF-α, and demonstrate within two cell types, T cells and macrophages, how these cytokines may contribute both to protection and to disease progression.
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27
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Mice deficient in CD38 develop an attenuated form of collagen type II-induced arthritis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33534. [PMID: 22438945 PMCID: PMC3306406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38, a type II transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in many cells of the immune system, is involved in cell signaling, migration and differentiation. Studies in CD38 deficient mice (CD38 KO mice) indicate that this molecule controls inflammatory immune responses, although its involvement in these responses depends on the disease model analyzed. Here, we explored the role of CD38 in the control of autoimmune responses using chicken collagen type II (col II) immunized C57BL/6-CD38 KO mice as a model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). We demonstrate that CD38 KO mice develop an attenuated CIA that is accompanied by a limited joint induction of IL-1β and IL-6 expression, by the lack of induction of IFNγ expression in the joints and by a reduction in the percentages of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in the spleen. Immunized CD38 KO mice produce high levels of circulating IgG1 and low of IgG2a anti-col II antibodies in association with reduced percentages of Th1 cells in the draining lymph nodes. Altogether, our results show that CD38 participates in the pathogenesis of CIA controlling the number of iNKT cells and promoting Th1 inflammatory responses.
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Sakaguchi S, Benham H, Cope AP, Thomas R. T‐cell receptor signaling and the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis: insights from mouse and man. Immunol Cell Biol 2012; 90:277-87. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University Suita Japan
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Helen Benham
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Andrew P Cope
- Academic Department of Rheumatology, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, King's College London London UK
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia
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29
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Schurgers E, Billiau A, Matthys P. Collagen-induced arthritis as an animal model for rheumatoid arthritis: focus on interferon-γ. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:917-26. [PMID: 21905879 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2011.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease causing inflammation, destruction, and deformity of the joints, affects around 1% of the world population. It is a systemic disease as patients exhibit extra-articular manifestations as well. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice is one of the many animal models used to study possible pathogenic mechanisms of RA. It involves immunizing mice with collagen type II in complete Freund's adjuvant. Here we briefly review the general characteristics of RA and CIA and present an overview of data obtained by studying CIA in several gene knockout mice. In particular, detailed analysis of CIA in interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) receptor-deficient mice has pin-pointed IFN-γ as an important cytokine in the pathogenesis and has exposed new functions of IFN-γ in immunological processes. Pilot trials with exogenous IFN-γ in RA have been indicative of a beneficial effect. That improvement of the disease symptoms by IFN-γ treatment was not spectacular may be explained by the fact that RA is a heterogeneous disease in which the severity of the autoimmune disease is strongly determined by environmental factors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Schurgers
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Astry B, Harberts E, Moudgil KD. A cytokine-centric view of the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune arthritis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:927-40. [PMID: 22149412 PMCID: PMC3234492 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2011.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are immune mediators that play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease that targets the synovial joints. The cytokine environment in the peripheral lymphoid tissues and the target organ (the joint) has a strong influence on the outcome of the initial events that trigger autoimmune inflammation. In susceptible individuals, these events drive inflammation and tissue damage in the joints. However, in resistant individuals, the inflammatory events are controlled effectively with minimal or no overt signs of arthritis. Animal models of human RA have permitted comprehensive investigations into the role of cytokines in the initiation, progression, and recovery phases of autoimmune arthritis. The discovery of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and its association with inflammation and autoimmune pathology has reshaped our viewpoint regarding the pathogenesis of arthritis, which previously was based on a simplistic T helper 1 (Th1)-Th2 paradigm. This review discusses the role of the newer cytokines, particularly those associated with the IL-17/IL-23 axis in arthritis. Also presented herein is the emerging information on IL-32, IL-33, and IL-35. Ongoing studies examining the role of the newer cytokines in the disease process would improve understanding of RA as well as the development of novel cytokine inhibitors that might be more efficacious than the currently available options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Astry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erin Harberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kamal D. Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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31
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Postigo J, Genre F, Iglesias M, Fernández-Rey M, Buelta L, Carlos Rodríguez-Rey J, Merino J, Merino R. Exacerbation of type II collagen-induced arthritis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice in association with the expansion of Th1 and Th17 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:971-80. [PMID: 21225684 DOI: 10.1002/art.30220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the bidirectional relationship between the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and atherosclerosis using bovine type II collagen (CII)-immunized B10.RIII apoE(-/-) mice, a murine model of spontaneous atherosclerosis and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS Male B10.RIII apoE(-/-) mice and wild-type controls were immunized with 150 μg of CII emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA). The clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic severity of CIA, the levels of circulating IgG1 and IgG2a anti-CII antibodies, the expression of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in the joints, and the percentages of Th1, Th17, and Treg lymphocytes in the draining lymph nodes were evaluated during CIA induction. In addition, the size of atherosclerotic lesions was assessed in these mice 8 weeks after CIA induction. RESULTS B10.RIII apoE(-/-) mice that were immunized with CII and CFA developed an exacerbated CIA that was accompanied by increased joint expression of multiple proinflammatory cytokines and by the expansion in the draining lymph nodes of Th1 and Th17 cells. In contrast, the size of vascular lesions in B10.RIII apoE(-/-) mice was not affected by the development of CIA. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that a deficiency in apolipoprotein E and/or its consequences in cholesterol metabolism act as accelerating factors in autoimmunity by promoting Th1 and Th17 inflammatory responses.
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Frey O, Mitera T, Kelchtermans H, Schurgers E, Kamradt T, Matthys P. Ameliorated course of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI)-induced arthritis in IFN-γ receptor knockout mice exposes an arthritis-promoting role of IFN-γ. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:161-9. [PMID: 21262564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The absence of IFN-γ signaling leads to an increased inflammatory response in many murine models of autoimmune diseases induced by a CFA-assisted immunization schedule. We investigated the role of endogenous IFN-γ in arthritis induced by immunization with glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI) in CFA in DBA/1 mice. Surprisingly, and in contrast to our previous findings in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), G6PI-induced arthritis was found to be reduced in IFN-γ receptor-deficient (IFN-γR KO) mice, demonstrating a proinflammatory role for IFN-γ in this model. Milder disease in IFN-γR KO mice was associated with less vigorous innate and adaptive immune responses early (day 9) after immunization: less proliferation of myeloid cells in the spleen, less osteoclast formation, less G6PI-reactive Th cells (as measured by ex vivo stimulation and flow cytometry and by in vivo skin reactivity to G6PI) and lower G6PI-specific immunoglobulin serum levels. Surprisingly, on day 21, despite continued milder disease in IFN-γR KO mice, their Th cell responses were no longer diminished but augmented as compared to wild-type mice, and their numbers of immature myeloid splenocytes were also more increased. These data reveal that IFN-γ signaling is critical for the induction of the early immune responses which trigger G6PI-induced arthritis. The strikingly different clinical consequences of absent IFN-γ signaling in G6PI-induced arthritis compared with the very similarly induced CIA emphasize that the role of a single cytokine in experimentally induced arthritis depends critically on the very nature of the inciting (auto)antigen and in particular on the kinetics of the disease manifestation elicited by the antigen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase/administration & dosage
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Immunization
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Osteoclasts/immunology
- Osteoclasts/metabolism
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Frey
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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33
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Morita Y, Ismail DM, Elkon KB, Chu CQ. Dichotomous response to transforming growth factor β after T cell receptor activation by naive CD4+ T cells from DBA/1 mice: enhanced retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor γt expression yet reduced FoxP3 expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:118-26. [PMID: 20862680 DOI: 10.1002/art.27759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanism for biased interleukin-17 (IL-17) production by DBA/1 CD4+ T cells upon T cell receptor (TCR) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) stimulation. METHODS Purified naive CD4+ T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 under Th1, Th2, Th17, and induced T regulatory (iTreg) cell conditions. Cytokine production was assayed by intracellular staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of transcription factors was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting techniques. RESULTS Naive CD4+ T cells from DBA/1 mice produced more IL-17 under Th17 cell polarizing conditions as compared with those from C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice. Further investigation revealed no difference among the strains in terms of CD4+ T cell survival, upstream TCR signaling, or CD69 expression or in the phosphorylation of STAT-3 and expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 that positively or negatively regulate IL-17 cell production. However, DBA/1 CD4+ T cells expressed increased levels of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt). Furthermore, under iTreg cell polarizing conditions, DBA/1 CD4+ T cells showed a strikingly reduced level of FoxP3 expression. When interferon-γ and IL-4 were blocked, FoxP3 expression increased but remained lower in DBA/1 CD4+ T cells following exposure to TGFβ as compared with C57BL/6 CD4+ T cells. Moreover, DBA/1 CD4+ T cells showed reduced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 under both Th17 and iTreg cell polarizing conditions. CONCLUSION These results indicate that naive CD4+ T cells from DBA/1 mice have a dichotomous response to TGFβ: enhanced RORγt, yet reduced FoxP3, up-regulation. This observation may help to elucidate the branch point of TGFβ signaling that leads to skewed Th17, but reduced iTreg, cell differentiation.
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Hickman-Brecks CL, Racz JL, Meyer DM, LaBranche TP, Allen PM. Th17 cells can provide B cell help in autoantibody induced arthritis. J Autoimmun 2010; 36:65-75. [PMID: 21075597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
K/BxN mice develop a spontaneous destructive arthritis driven by T cell dependent anti-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) antibody production. In this study, a modified version of the K/BxN model, the KRN-cell transfer model (KRN-CTM), was established to determine the contribution of Th17 cells in the development of chronic arthritis. The transfer of naive KRN T cells into B6.TCR.Cα(-/-)H-2(b/g7) T cell deficient mice induced arthritis by day 10 of transfer. Arthritis progressively developed for a period of up to 14 days following T cell transfer, thereafter the disease severity declined, but did not resolve. Both IL-17A and IFNγ were detected in the recovered T cells from the popliteal lymph nodes and ankles. The transfer of KRN Th17 polarized KRN CD4(+) T cells expressing IL-17A and IFNγ induced arthritis in all B6.TCR.Cα(-/-)H-2(b/g7) mice however the transfer of Th1 polarized KRN CD4(+) T cells expressing IFNγ alone induced disease in only 2/3 of the mice and disease induction was delayed compared to Th17 transfers. Th17 polarized KRN/T-bet(-/-) cells induced arthritis in all mice and surprisingly, IFNγ was produced demonstrating that T-bet expression is not critical for arthritis induction, regardless of the cytokine expression. Neutralization of IFNγ in KRN Th17 transfers resulted in earlier onset of disease while the neutralization of IL-17A delayed disease development. Consistent with K/BxN mice, naive KRN T cell transfers and Th17 polarized KRN/T-bet(-/-) transfers induced anti-GPI IgG(1) dominant responses while KRN Th17 cells induced high levels of IgG(2b). These data demonstrate that Th17 cells can participate in the production of autoantibodies that can induce arthritis.
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Abstract
Identification of interleukin-17 (IL-17) as a powerful proinflammatory cytokine and the recent recognition of a T-helper cell subset that secretes it have focused attention on the role of IL-17 and Th17 cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other immune-mediated diseases. While understanding of its role in RA is still evolving, evidence from both animal models and human systems provides a compelling rationale for therapeutic targeting of IL-17 in RA. Both direct and indirect approaches to accomplish this are feasible. Mechanistic studies in the context of clinical trials will be required to understand why some strategies may be preferable from the perspectives of efficacy and safety.
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Kopf M, Bachmann MF, Marsland BJ. Averting inflammation by targeting the cytokine environment. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010; 9:703-18. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Dong L, Xia S, Chen H, Chen J, Zhang J. Anti-arthritis activity of cationic materials. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:2015-24. [PMID: 19538477 PMCID: PMC3823283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic materials exhibit remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in experimental arthritis models. Our aim was to confirm this character of cationic materials and investigate its possible mechanism. Adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) models were used to test cationic materials for their anti-inflammatory activity. Cationic dextran (C-dextran) with different cationic degrees was used to investigate the influence of the cationic elements of materials on their anti-inflammatory ability. Peritoneal macrophages and spleen cells were used to test the expression of cytokines stimulated by cationic materials. Interferon (IFN)-gamma receptor-deficient mice and macrophage-depleted rats were used to examine the possible mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activity of cationic materials. In AIA models, different cationic materials shared similar anti-inflammatory characters. The anti-inflammatory activity of C-dextran increased with as the cationic degree increased. Cationic materials stimulated interleukin (IL)-12 expression in peritoneal macrophages, and strong stimulation of IFN-gamma secretion was subsequently observed in spleen cells. In vivo experiments revealed that circulating IL-12 and IFN-gamma were enhanced by the cationic materials. Using IFN-gamma receptor knockout mice and macrophage-depleted rats, we found that IFN-gamma and macrophages played key roles in the anti-inflammatory activity of the materials towards cells. We also found that neutrophil infiltration at inflammatory sites was reduced when AIA animals were treated with C-dextran. We propose that cationic signals act through an unknown receptor on macrophages to induce IL-12 secretion, and that IL-12 promotes the expression of IFN-gamma by natural killer cells (or T cells). The resulting elevated systemic levels of IFN-gamma inhibit arthritis development by preventing neutrophil recruitment to inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - Suhua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - Huan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jiangning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Diabetes Center, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Laboratory for Nano-Technology, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
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38
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Lykens JE, Terrell CE, Zoller EE, Divanovic S, Trompette A, Karp CL, Aliberti J, Flick MJ, Jordan MB. Mice with a selective impairment of IFN-gamma signaling in macrophage lineage cells demonstrate the critical role of IFN-gamma-activated macrophages for the control of protozoan parasitic infections in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:877-85. [PMID: 20018611 PMCID: PMC2886308 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-gamma has long been recognized as a cytokine with potent and varied effects in the immune response. Although its effects on specific cell types have been well studied in vitro, its in vivo effects are less clearly understood because of its diverse actions on many different cell types. Although control of multiple protozoan parasites is thought to depend critically on the direct action of IFN-gamma on macrophages, this premise has never been directly proven in vivo. To more directly examine the effects of IFN-gamma on cells of the macrophage lineage in vivo, we generated mice called the "macrophages insensitive to IFN-gamma" (MIIG) mice, which express a dominant negative mutant IFN-gamma receptor in CD68+ cells: monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. Macrophage lineage cells and mast cells from these mice are unable to respond to IFN-gamma, whereas other cells are able to produce and respond to this cytokine normally. When challenged in vitro, macrophages from MIIG mice were unable produce NO or kill Trypanosoma cruzi or Leishmania major after priming with IFN-gamma. Furthermore, MIIG mice demonstrated impaired parasite control and heightened mortality after T. cruzi, L. major, and Toxoplasma gondii infection, despite an appropriate IFN-gamma response. In contrast, MIIG mice displayed normal control of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, despite persistent insensitivity of macrophages to IFN-gamma. Thus, the MIIG mouse formally demonstrates for the first time in vivo, the specific importance of direct, IFN-gamma mediated activation of macrophages for controlling infection with multiple protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Lykens
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Hu X, Ivashkiv LB. Cross-regulation of signaling pathways by interferon-gamma: implications for immune responses and autoimmune diseases. Immunity 2009; 31:539-50. [PMID: 19833085 PMCID: PMC2774226 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is an important mediator of immunity and inflammation that utilizes the JAK-STAT signaling pathway to activate the STAT1 transcription factor. Many functions of IFN-gamma have been ascribed to direct STAT1-mediated induction of immune effector genes, but recently it has become clear that key IFN-gamma functions are mediated by cross-regulation of cellular responses to other cytokines and inflammatory factors. Here, we review mechanisms by which IFN-gamma and STAT1 regulate signaling by Toll-like receptors, inflammatory factors, tissue-destructive cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and cytokines that activate opposing STATs. These signaling mechanisms reveal insights about how IFN-gamma regulates macrophage activation, inflammation, tissue remodeling, and helper and regulatory T cell differentiation and how Th1 and Th17 cell responses are integrated in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hu
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lionel B. Ivashkiv
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA
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40
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Flow cytometric analysis of phospho-p38 mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK): p38 MAPK does not mediate the effect of adalimumab on peripheral T cell cytokine production in rheumatoid arthritis. Cytokine 2009; 47:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
SUMMARY Our understanding of the role of T cells in human disease is undergoing revision as a result of the discovery of T-helper 17 (Th17) cells, a unique CD4(+) T-cell subset characterized by production of interleukin-17 (IL-17). IL-17 is a highly inflammatory cytokine with robust effects on stromal cells in many tissues. Recent data in humans and mice suggest that Th17 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of a diverse group of immune-mediated diseases, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and asthma. Initial reports also propose a role for Th17 cells in tumorigenesis and transplant rejection. Important differences, as well as many similarities, are emerging when the biology of Th17 cells in the mouse is compared with corresponding phenomena in humans. As our understanding of human Th17 biology grows, the mechanisms underlying many diseases are becoming more apparent, resulting in a new appreciation for both previously known and more recently discovered cytokines, chemokines, and feedback mechanisms. Given the strong association between excessive Th17 activity and human disease, new therapeutic approaches targeting Th17 cells are highly promising, but the potential safety of such treatments may be limited by the role of these cells in normal host defenses against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Tesmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rheumatic Disease Core Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5358, USA
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42
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Abstract
SUMMARY Our understanding of the role of T cells in human disease is undergoing revision as a result of the discovery of T-helper 17 (Th17) cells, a unique CD4(+) T-cell subset characterized by production of interleukin-17 (IL-17). IL-17 is a highly inflammatory cytokine with robust effects on stromal cells in many tissues. Recent data in humans and mice suggest that Th17 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of a diverse group of immune-mediated diseases, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and asthma. Initial reports also propose a role for Th17 cells in tumorigenesis and transplant rejection. Important differences, as well as many similarities, are emerging when the biology of Th17 cells in the mouse is compared with corresponding phenomena in humans. As our understanding of human Th17 biology grows, the mechanisms underlying many diseases are becoming more apparent, resulting in a new appreciation for both previously known and more recently discovered cytokines, chemokines, and feedback mechanisms. Given the strong association between excessive Th17 activity and human disease, new therapeutic approaches targeting Th17 cells are highly promising, but the potential safety of such treatments may be limited by the role of these cells in normal host defenses against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Tesmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rheumatic Disease Core Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5358, USA
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43
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Peck A, Mellins ED. Breaking old paradigms: Th17 cells in autoimmune arthritis. Clin Immunol 2009; 132:295-304. [PMID: 19403336 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.03.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant helper T cell activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of an array of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize evidence that suggests the involvement of a novel T cell subset, the Th17 lineage, in rheumatoid arthritis. In particular, we focus on the role of Th17 cells in inducing and perpetuating the chronic inflammation, cartilage damage, and bone erosion that are hallmark phases of joint destruction and consider current and emerging therapies that seek to disrupt the inflammatory Th17 network and shift the immune system back towards homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Peck
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology and Transplantation Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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44
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Abstract
This article reviews the main lines of thinking and exploration that have led to our current conception of the role of IFN-gamma in immune defense and autoimmunity. In 1965 the first report appeared describing production of an interferon-like virus inhibitor in cultured human leukocytes following exposure to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin. In the early 1970s the active principle became recognized as being distinct from classical virus-induced interferons, leading to its designation as immune interferon or Type II interferon, and eventually IFN-gamma. Up to that point interest in the factor had come almost exclusively from virologists, in particular those among them who were believers in interferon. Evidence first coming forward in the 1980s that IFN-gamma is indistinguishable from macrophage-activating factor (MAF), then a prototype lymphokine, was the signal for immunologists at large to become interested. Today IFN-gamma ranks among the most important endogenous regulators of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons Billiau
- Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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45
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Hu X, Chakravarty SD, Ivashkiv LB. Regulation of interferon and Toll-like receptor signaling during macrophage activation by opposing feedforward and feedback inhibition mechanisms. Immunol Rev 2009; 226:41-56. [PMID: 19161415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activated macrophages and their inflammatory products play a key role in innate immunity and in pathogenesis of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. Macrophage activation needs to be tightly regulated to rapidly mount responses to infectious challenges but to avoid toxicity associated with excessive activation. Rapid and potent macrophage activation is driven by cytokine-mediated feedforward loops, while excessive activation is prevented by feedback inhibition. Here we discuss feedforward mechanisms that augment macrophage responses to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and cytokines that are mediated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). IFN-gamma also drives full macrophage activation by inactivating feedback inhibitory mechanisms, such as those mediated by interleukin-10 (IL-10), and STAT3. Priming of macrophages with IFN-gamma reprograms cellular responses to other cytokines, such as type I IFNs and IL-10, with a shift toward pro-inflammatory STAT1-dominated responses. Similar but partially distinct priming effects are induced by other cytokines that activate STAT1, including type I IFNs and IL-27. We propose a model whereby opposing feedforward and feedback inhibition loops crossregulate each other to fine tune macrophage activation. In addition, we discuss how dysregulation of the balance between feedforward and feedback inhibitory mechanisms can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hu
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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46
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Chen J, Liu X. The role of interferon γ in regulation of CD4+ T-cells and its clinical implications. Cell Immunol 2009; 254:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Collagen-induced arthritis is a well-validated, but strain-dependent mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, with H-2(q) and H-2(r) strains showing the greatest degree of susceptibility. This protocol describes the induction of arthritis in the C57BL/6 strain (H-2(b)), which forms the genetic background of the majority of genetically modified strains. This protocol involves purification of type II collagen from chicken sternums, immunization of mice, clinical assessment of arthritis and analysis of T- and B-cell responses to type II collagen. Key aspects of the protocol are the need to use chicken collagen for immunization and the importance of avoiding aggressive behavior in males. The incidence of arthritis varies from 50 to 80% and is milder than the classical collagen-induced arthritis model. This procedure takes approximately 3 months to complete.
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Kelchtermans H, Billiau A, Matthys P. How interferon-γ keeps autoimmune diseases in check. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:479-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hu Y, Hu X, Boumsell L, Ivashkiv LB. IFN-gamma and STAT1 arrest monocyte migration and modulate RAC/CDC42 pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8057-65. [PMID: 18523269 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Positive regulation of cell migration by chemotactic factors and downstream signaling pathways has been extensively investigated. In contrast, little is known about factors and mechanisms that induce migration arrest, a process important for retention of cells at inflammatory sites and homeostatic regulation of cell trafficking. In this study, we found that IFN-gamma directly inhibited monocyte migration by suppressing remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and cell polarization in response to the chemokine CCL2. Inhibition was dependent on STAT1 and downstream genes, whereas STAT3 promoted migration. IFN-gamma altered monocyte responses to CCL2 by modulating the activity of Pyk2, JNK, and the GTPases Rac and Cdc42, and inhibiting CCL2-induced activation of the downstream p21-activated kinase that regulates the cytoskeleton and cell polarization. These results identify a new role for IFN-gamma in arresting monocyte chemotaxis by a mechanism that involves modulation of cytoskeleton remodeling. Crosstalk between Jak-STAT and Rac/Cdc42 GTPase-mediated signaling pathways provides a molecular mechanism by which cytokines can regulate cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
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50
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Kim EY, Moudgil KD. Regulation of autoimmune inflammation by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Immunol Lett 2008; 120:1-5. [PMID: 18694783 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Revised: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokines play a critical role in the initiation and propagation of autoimmune arthritis and many other disorders resulting from a dysregulated self-directed immune response. These cytokines influence the interplay among the cellular, immunological and biochemical mediators of inflammation at multiple levels. Regulation of the pro-inflammatory activity of these cytokines is generally perceived to be mediated by the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, or TGF-beta. However, increasing evidence is accumulating in support of the regulatory attributes of the pro-inflammatory cytokines themselves, in studies conducted in animal models of diabetes, multiple sclerosis, uveitis, and lupus. The results of our recent studies have shown that the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, can suppress arthritic inflammation in rats, and also contribute to resistance against arthritis. These results are of paramount significance not only in fully understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis, but also in anticipating the full ramifications of the in vivo neutralization of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including that for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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