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Obot P, Cibelli A, Pan J, Velíšek L, Velíšková J, Scemes E. Pannexin1 Mediates Early-Life Seizure-Induced Social Behavior Deficits. ASN Neuro 2024; 16:2371164. [PMID: 39024558 PMCID: PMC11262470 DOI: 10.1080/17590914.2024.2371164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a high co-morbidity between childhood epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with age of seizure onset being a critical determinant of behavioral outcomes. The interplay between these comorbidities has been investigated in animal models with results showing that the induction of seizures at early post-natal ages leads to learning and memory deficits and to autistic-like behavior in adulthood. Modifications of the excitation/inhibition (glutamate/GABA, ATP/adenosine) balance that follows early-life seizures (ELS) are thought to be the physiological events that underlie neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Although alterations in purinergic/adenosinergic signaling have been implicated in seizures and ASD, it is unknown whether the ATP release channels, Pannexin1 (Panx1), contribute to ELS-induced behavior changes. To tackle this question, we used the ELS-kainic acid model in transgenic mice with global and cell type specific deletion of Panx1 to evaluate whether these channels were involved in behavioral deficits that occur later in life. Our studies show that ELS results in Panx1 dependent social behavior deficits and also in poor performance in a spatial memory test that does not involve Panx1. These findings provide support for a link between ELS and adult behavioral deficits. Moreover, we identify neuronal and not astrocyte Panx1 as a potential target to specifically limit astrogliosis and social behavioral deficits resultant from early-life seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Price Obot
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Antonio Cibelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jian Pan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Libor Velíšek
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Jana Velíšková
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Eliana Scemes
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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2
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Wikarska A, Roszak K, Roszek K. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Purinergic Signaling in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Bridging the Gap between Cell-Based Strategies and Neuro-Immune Modulation. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1310. [PMID: 38927517 PMCID: PMC11201695 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is still increasing, which means that this neurodevelopmental lifelong pathology requires special scientific attention and efforts focused on developing novel therapeutic approaches. It has become increasingly evident that neuroinflammation and dysregulation of neuro-immune cross-talk are specific hallmarks of ASD, offering the possibility to treat these disorders by factors modulating neuro-immunological interactions. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy has already been postulated as one of the therapeutic approaches for ASD; however, less is known about the molecular mechanisms of stem cell influence. One of the possibilities, although still underestimated, is the paracrine purinergic activity of MSCs, by which stem cells ameliorate inflammatory reactions. Modulation of adenosine signaling may help restore neurotransmitter balance, reduce neuroinflammation, and improve overall brain function in individuals with ASD. In our review article, we present a novel insight into purinergic signaling, including but not limited to the adenosinergic pathway and its role in neuroinflammation and neuro-immune cross-talk modulation. We anticipate that by achieving a greater understanding of the purinergic signaling contribution to ASD and related disorders, novel therapeutic strategies may be devised for patients with autism in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarzyna Roszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.W.); (K.R.)
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3
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Wyss MT, Heuer C, Herwerth M. The bumpy road of purinergic inhibitors to clinical application in immune-mediated diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1206-1211. [PMID: 37905866 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.386405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Purinergic signaling plays important roles throughout the body in the regulation of organ functions during and following the disruption of homeostasis. This is also reflected by the widespread expression of two families of purinergic receptors (P1 and P2) with numerous subtypes. In the last few decades, there has been increasing evidence that purinergic signaling plays an important role in the regulation of immune functions. Mainly, signals mediated by P2 receptors have been shown to contribute to immune system-mediated pathologies. Thus, interference with P2 receptors may be a promising strategy for the modulation of immune responses. Although only a few clinical studies have been conducted in isolated entities with limited success, preclinical work suggests that the use of P2 receptor inhibitors may bear some promise in various autoimmune diseases. Despite the association of P2 receptors with several disorders from this field, the use of P2 receptor antagonists in clinical therapy is still very scarce. In this narrative review, we briefly review the involvement of the purinergic system in immunological responses and clinical studies on the effect of purinergic inhibition on autoimmune processes. We then open the aperture a bit and show some preclinical studies demonstrating a potential effect of purinergic blockade on autoimmune events. Using suramin, a non-specific purinergic inhibitor, as an example, we further show that off-target effects could be responsible for observed effects in immunological settings, which may have interesting implications. Overall, we believe that it is worthwhile to further investigate this hitherto underexplored area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T Wyss
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Heuer
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Herwerth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Lingampelly SS, Naviaux JC, Heuer LS, Monk JM, Li K, Wang L, Haapanen L, Kelland CA, Van de Water J, Naviaux RK. Metabolic network analysis of pre-ASD newborns and 5-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder. Commun Biol 2024; 7:536. [PMID: 38729981 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical metabolomic and new metabolic network methods were used to study the developmental features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in newborns (n = 205) and 5-year-old children (n = 53). Eighty percent of the metabolic impact in ASD was caused by 14 shared biochemical pathways that led to decreased anti-inflammatory and antioxidant defenses, and to increased physiologic stress molecules like lactate, glycerol, cholesterol, and ceramides. CIRCOS plots and a new metabolic network parameter,V ° net, revealed differences in both the kind and degree of network connectivity. Of 50 biochemical pathways and 450 polar and lipid metabolites examined, the developmental regulation of the purine network was most changed. Purine network hub analysis revealed a 17-fold reversal in typically developing children. This purine network reversal did not occur in ASD. These results revealed previously unknown metabolic phenotypes, identified new developmental states of the metabolic correlation network, and underscored the role of mitochondrial functional changes, purine metabolism, and purinergic signaling in autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sachin Lingampelly
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Jane C Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Luke S Heuer
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jonathan M Monk
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Macao Polytechnic University, Macau, China
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Lori Haapanen
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Chelsea A Kelland
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
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5
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Chen YH, Lin S, Jin SY, Gao TM. Extracellular ATP Is a Homeostatic Messenger That Mediates Cell-Cell Communication in Physiological Processes and Psychiatric Diseases. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01261-7. [PMID: 38679359 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal activity is the basis of information encoding and processing in the brain. During neuronal activation, intracellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is generated to meet the high-energy demands. Simultaneously, ATP is secreted, increasing the extracellular ATP concentration and acting as a homeostatic messenger that mediates cell-cell communication to prevent aberrant hyperexcitability of the nervous system. In addition to the confined release and fast synaptic signaling of classic neurotransmitters within synaptic clefts, ATP can be released by all brain cells, diffuses widely, and targets different types of purinergic receptors on neurons and glial cells, making it possible to orchestrate brain neuronal activity and participate in various physiological processes, such as sleep and wakefulness, learning and memory, and feeding. Dysregulation of extracellular ATP leads to a destabilizing effect on the neural network, as found in the etiopathology of many psychiatric diseases, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder. In this review, we summarize advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which extracellular ATP serves as an intercellular signaling molecule to regulate neural activity, with a focus on how it maintains the homeostasis of neural networks. In particular, we also focus on neural activity issues that result from dysregulation of extracellular ATP and propose that aberrant levels of extracellular ATP may play a role in the etiopathology of some psychiatric diseases, highlighting the potential therapeutic targets of ATP signaling in the treatment of these psychiatric diseases. Finally, we suggest potential avenues to further elucidate the role of extracellular ATP in intercellular communication and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Yang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Reynolds KE, Huang E, Sabbineni M, Wiseman E, Murtaza N, Ahuja D, Napier M, Murphy KM, Singh KK, Scott AL. Purinergic Signalling Mediates Aberrant Excitability of Developing Neuronal Circuits in the Fmr1 Knockout Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04181-w. [PMID: 38652351 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal hyperexcitability within developing cortical circuits is a common characteristic of several heritable neurodevelopmental disorders, including Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). While this aberrant circuitry is typically studied from a neuron-centric perspective, glial cells secrete soluble factors that regulate both neurite extension and synaptogenesis during development. The nucleotide-mediated purinergic signalling system is particularly instrumental in facilitating these effects. We recently reported that within a FXS animal model, the Fmr1 KO mouse, the purinergic signalling system is upregulated in cortical astrocytes leading to altered secretion of synaptogenic and plasticity-related proteins. In this study, we examined whether elevated astrocyte purinergic signalling also impacts neuronal morphology and connectivity of Fmr1 KO cortical neurons. Here, we found that conditioned media from primary Fmr1 KO astrocytes was sufficient to enhance neurite extension and complexity of both wildtype and Fmr1 KO neurons to a similar degree as UTP-mediated outgrowth. Significantly enhanced firing was also observed in Fmr1 KO neuron-astrocyte co-cultures grown on microelectrode arrays but was associated with large deficits in firing synchrony. The selective P2Y2 purinergic receptor antagonist AR-C 118925XX effectively normalized much of the aberrant Fmr1 KO activity, designating P2Y2 as a potential therapeutic target in FXS. These results not only demonstrate the importance of astrocyte soluble factors in the development of neural circuitry, but also show that P2Y purinergic receptors play a distinct role in pathological FXS neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Reynolds
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eileen Huang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Monica Sabbineni
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eliza Wiseman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nadeem Murtaza
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Desmond Ahuja
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matt Napier
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 488 Gordon St, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn M Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Angela L Scott
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 488 Gordon St, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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7
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Zhuang H, Liang Z, Ma G, Qureshi A, Ran X, Feng C, Liu X, Yan X, Shen L. Autism spectrum disorder: pathogenesis, biomarker, and intervention therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e497. [PMID: 38434761 PMCID: PMC10908366 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has become a common neurodevelopmental disorder. The heterogeneity of ASD poses great challenges for its research and clinical translation. On the basis of reviewing the heterogeneity of ASD, this review systematically summarized the current status and progress of pathogenesis, diagnostic markers, and interventions for ASD. We provided an overview of the ASD molecular mechanisms identified by multi-omics studies and convergent mechanism in different genetic backgrounds. The comorbidities, mechanisms associated with important physiological and metabolic abnormalities (i.e., inflammation, immunity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction), and gut microbial disorder in ASD were reviewed. The non-targeted omics and targeting studies of diagnostic markers for ASD were also reviewed. Moreover, we summarized the progress and methods of behavioral and educational interventions, intervention methods related to technological devices, and research on medical interventions and potential drug targets. This review highlighted the application of high-throughput omics methods in ASD research and emphasized the importance of seeking homogeneity from heterogeneity and exploring the convergence of disease mechanisms, biomarkers, and intervention approaches, and proposes that taking into account individuality and commonality may be the key to achieve accurate diagnosis and treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Zhuang
- College of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Liang
- College of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Guanwei Ma
- College of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Ayesha Qureshi
- College of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Ran
- College of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Chengyun Feng
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of BaoanShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Xukun Liu
- College of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Xi Yan
- College of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
- Shenzhen‐Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science‐Shenzhen Fundamental Research InstitutionsShenzhenP. R. China
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8
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Gupta N, Gupta M. Off-label psychopharmacological interventions for autism spectrum disorders: strategic pathways for clinicians. CNS Spectr 2024; 29:10-25. [PMID: 37539695 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852923002389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) continues to see a trend upward with a noticeable increase to 1 in 36 children less than 8 years of age in the recent MMWR. There are many factors linked to the substantially increased burden of seeking mental health services, and clinically these individuals are likely to present for impairments associated with co-occurring conditions. The advances in cutting-edge research and the understanding of co-occurring conditions in addition to psychosocial interventions have provided a window of opportunity for psychopharmacological interventions given the limited availability of therapeutics for core symptomatology. The off-label psychopharmacological treatments for these co-occurring conditions are central to clinical practice. However, the scattered evidence remains an impediment for practitioners to systematically utilize these options. The review collates the crucial scientific literature to provide stepwise treatment alternatives for individuals with ASD; with an aim to lead practitioners in making informed and shared decisions. There are many questions about the safety and tolerability of off-label medications; however, it is considered the best practice to utilize the available empirical data in providing psychoeducation for patients, families, and caregivers. The review also covers experimental medications and theoretical underpinnings to enhance further experimental studies. In summary, amidst the growing clinical needs for individuals with ASD and the lack of approved clinical treatments, the review addresses these gaps with a practical guide to appraise the risk and benefits of off-label medications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayank Gupta
- Southwood Psychiatric Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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Shaker E, El Agami O, Salamah A. Bumetanide, a Diuretic That Can Help Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:536-542. [PMID: 37021422 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230404114911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a common child neurodevelopmental disorder, whose pathogenesis is not completely understood. Until now, there is no proven treatment for the core symptoms of ASD. However, some evidence indicates a crucial link between this disorder and GABAergic signals which are altered in ASD. Bumetanide is a diuretic that reduces chloride, shifts gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) from excitation to inhibition, and may play a significant role in the treatment of ASD. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of bumetanide as a treatment for ASD. METHODS Eighty children, aged 3-12 years, with ASD diagnosed by Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), ⩾ 30 were included in this double-blind, randomized, and controlled study. Group 1 received Bumetanide, Group 2 received a placebo for 6 months. Follow-up by CARS rating scale was performed before and after 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment. RESULTS The use of bumetanide in group 1 improved the core symptoms of ASD in a shorter time with minimal and tolerable adverse effects. There was a statistically significant decrease in CARS and most of its fifteen items in group 1 versus group 2 after 6 months of treatment (p-value <0.001). CONCLUSION Bumetanide has an important role in the treatment of core symptoms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Shaker
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Osama El Agami
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Abeer Salamah
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
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10
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Jingyi L, Lin W, Yuan C, Lingling Z, Qianqian J, Anlong X, Yansong G. Intravenous transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells improved behavioral deficits and altered fecal microbiota composition of BTBR mice. Life Sci 2024; 336:122330. [PMID: 38065352 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS It is recognized that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly complex neurodevelopmental disorder with communication deficits as well as multiple social barriers. The core symptoms of ASD are not treatable with current therapeutics. Therefore, finding new treatment strategies for ASD is urgently needed. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been shown to be a promising therapeutic approach in previous studies. However, the underlying mechanisms of MSC treatment for ASD through gut microbiota remain unclear and require further investigation. MAIN METHODS BTBR mice were used as ASD model and then randomly assigned to the human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hBMMSC) intravenous treatment group or vehicle treatment group. C57BL/6J (C57) mice served as control. Multiple social behavioral tests were performed during the 6-week period and fecal samples were collected at different time points for 16 s rRNA sequencing analysis. KEY FINDINGS The administration of hBMMSC improved social deficits of BTBR mice in the open field test (OFT), light-dark box test (LBT), novel object recognition (NOR), and free social test (FST), while also significantly reducing stereotypic behaviors. Additionally, hBMMSC administration notably reversed the alterations of microbiota abundance in BTBR mice, particularly the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Several specific differential taxa were further selected and showed a correlation with the prognosis and behavioral scores of ASD. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, intravenous treatment with hBMMSC had a beneficial impact on ASD by ameliorating social deficits and modifying microbiota compositions. This outcome indicates that hBMMSC intravenous transplantation could be a promising therapeutic strategy for enhancing ASD symptoms improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jingyi
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Jiuzhitang Maker (Beijing) Cell Technology Co., LTD., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Wang Lin
- Jiuzhitang Maker (Beijing) Cell Technology Co., LTD., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Chen Yuan
- Jiuzhitang Maker (Beijing) Cell Technology Co., LTD., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Zhang Lingling
- Jiuzhitang Maker (Beijing) Cell Technology Co., LTD., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jiang Qianqian
- Jiuzhitang Maker (Beijing) Cell Technology Co., LTD., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Xu Anlong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Gao Yansong
- Jiuzhitang Maker (Beijing) Cell Technology Co., LTD., Beijing 102600, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Quality Attribute of Cell Therapy Products, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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11
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Pan LA, Naviaux JC, Wang L, Li K, Monk JM, Lingampelly SS, Segreti AM, Bloom K, Vockley J, Tarnopolsky MA, Finegold DN, Peters DG, Naviaux RK. Metabolic features of treatment-refractory major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:393. [PMID: 38097555 PMCID: PMC10721812 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood metabolomics was used to gain chemical insight into the biology of treatment-refractory Major Depressive Disorder with suicidal ideation, and to identify individualized differences for personalized care. The study cohort consisted of 99 patients with treatment-refractory major depressive disorder and suicidal ideation (trMDD-SI n = 52 females and 47 males) and 94 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 48 females and 46 males). The median age was 29 years (IQR 22-42). Targeted, broad-spectrum metabolomics measured 448 metabolites. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) were measured as biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction. The diagnostic accuracy of plasma metabolomics was over 90% (95%CI: 0.80-1.0) by area under the receiver operator characteristic (AUROC) curve analysis. Over 55% of the metabolic impact in males and 75% in females came from abnormalities in lipids. Modified purines and pyrimidines from tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA turnover were increased in the trMDD-SI group. FGF21 was increased in both males and females. Increased lactate, glutamate, and saccharopine, and decreased cystine provided evidence of reductive stress. Seventy-five percent of the metabolomic abnormalities found were individualized. Personalized deficiencies in CoQ10, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), citrulline, lutein, carnitine, or folate were found. Pathways regulated by mitochondrial function dominated the metabolic signature. Peripheral blood metabolomics identified mitochondrial dysfunction and reductive stress as common denominators in suicidal ideation associated with treatment-refractory major depressive disorder. Individualized metabolic differences were found that may help with personalized management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- School of Public Health, Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Panomics Mental Health Initiative, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- New Hope Molecular, LLC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- New Hope Molecular, LLC, 750 Washington Rd, Suite 19, Pittsburgh, PA, 15228, USA.
| | - Jane C Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Monk
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sai Sachin Lingampelly
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anna Maria Segreti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Bloom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David N Finegold
- School of Public Health, Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Panomics Mental Health Initiative, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- New Hope Molecular, LLC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David G Peters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Public Health, Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Panomics Mental Health Initiative, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
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12
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Albisetti A, Hälg S, Zoltner M, Mäser P, Wiedemar N. Suramin action in African trypanosomes involves a RuvB-like DNA helicase. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 23:44-53. [PMID: 37757728 PMCID: PMC10520940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Suramin is one of the oldest drugs in use today. It is still the treatment of choice for the hemolymphatic stage of African sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, and it is also used for surra in camels caused by Trypanosoma evansi. Yet despite one hundred years of use, suramin's mode of action is not fully understood. Suramin is a polypharmacological molecule that inhibits diverse proteins. Here we demonstrate that a DNA helicase of the pontin/ruvB-like 1 family, termed T. brucei RuvBL1, is involved in suramin resistance in African trypanosomes. Bloodstream-form T. b. rhodesiense under long-term selection for suramin resistance acquired a homozygous point mutation, isoleucine-312 to valine, close to the ATP binding site of T. brucei RuvBL1. The introduction of this missense mutation, by reverse genetics, into drug-sensitive trypanosomes significantly decreased their sensitivity to suramin. Intriguingly, the corresponding residue of T. evansi RuvBL1 was found mutated in a suramin-resistant field isolate, in that case to a leucine. RuvBL1 (Tb927.4.1270) is predicted to build a heterohexameric complex with RuvBL2 (Tb927.4.2000). RNAi-mediated silencing of gene expression of either T. brucei RuvBL1 or RuvBL2 caused cell death within 72 h. At 36 h after induction of RNAi, bloodstream-form trypanosomes exhibited a cytokinesis defect resulting in the accumulation of cells with two nuclei and two or more kinetoplasts. Taken together, these data indicate that RuvBL1 DNA helicase is involved in suramin action in African trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Albisetti
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvan Hälg
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Zoltner
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Biocev, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Wiedemar
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Hough D, Mao AR, Aman M, Lozano R, Smith-Hicks C, Martinez-Cerdeno V, Derby M, Rome Z, Malan N, Findling RL. Randomized clinical trial of low dose suramin intravenous infusions for treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2023; 22:45. [PMID: 37932739 PMCID: PMC10626700 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-023-00477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a critical need for effective treatment of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The purinergic antagonist suramin may improve core symptoms through restoration of normal mitochondrial function and reduction of neuro-inflammation via its known antagonism of P2X and P2Y receptors. Nonclinical studies in fragile X knockout mice and the maternal immune activation model support these hypotheses. METHODS We conducted a 14 week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof -of-concept study (N = 52) to test the efficacy and safety of suramin intravenous infusions in boys aged 4-15 years with moderate to severe ASD. The study had 3 treatment arms: 10 mg/kg suramin, 20 mg/kg suramin, and placebo given at baseline, week 4, and week 8. The Aberrant Behavior Checklist of Core Symptoms (ABC-Core) (subscales 2, 3, and 5) was the primary endpoint and the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) was a secondary endpoint. RESULTS Forty-four subjects completed the study. The 10 mg/kg suramin group showed a greater, but statistically non-significant, numeric improvement (- 12.5 ± 3.18 [mean ± SE]) vs. placebo (- 8.9 ± 2.86) in ABC-Core at Week 14. The 20 mg/kg suramin group did not show improvement over placebo. In exploratory analyses, the 10 mg/kg arm showed greater ABC Core differences from placebo in younger subjects and among those with less severe symptoms. In CGI-I, the 10 mg/kg arm showed a statistically significant improvement from baseline (2.8 ± 0.30 [mean ± SE]) compared to placebo (1.7 ± 0.27) (p = 0.016). The 20 mg/kg arm had a 2.0 ± 0.28 improvement in CGI-I, which was not statistically significant compared to placebo (p = 0.65). CONCLUSION Suramin was generally safe and well tolerated over 14 weeks; most adverse events were mild to moderate in severity. Trial Registration Registered with the South African Health Authority, registration number DOH-27-0419-6116. CLINICALTRIALS Gov registration ID is NCT06058962, last update posted 2023-09-28.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hough
- PaxMedica, Inc, sponsor of the study, 303 S Broadway, Suite 125, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
| | - Alice R Mao
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine and PaxMedica, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Aman
- O.S.U. Research Unit on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP), Research, Nisonger Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Reymundo Lozano
- Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Director of Fragile X Syndrome Clinical at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Constance Smith-Hicks
- Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Univ School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Veronica Martinez-Cerdeno
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Anatomy of Autism and FXS laboratory, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital of Northern California, and UCD MIND Institute. Pathology Director of the FXS & FXTAS brain repository at UCD, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael Derby
- Tardimed Sciences LLC., PaxMedica, Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | | | - Niel Malan
- Phoenix Pharma LTD, 2 Eastbourne Rd, Mt Croix, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Robert L Findling
- Chair, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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14
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Chyła-Danił G, Sałaga-Zaleska K, Kreft E, Stumski O, Krzesińska A, Sakowicz-Burkiewicz M, Kuchta A, Jankowski M. Long-Term Effects of Suramin on Renal Function in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14671. [PMID: 37834118 PMCID: PMC10572378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In short-term diabetes (3 weeks), suramin, a drug used clinically, affects renal function and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), which may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, the main cause of end-stage renal disease. In the present study, we evaluated the long-term (11 weeks) effects of suramin (10 mg/kg, i.p., once-weekly) in diabetic rats. Concentrations of VEGF-A, albumin, soluble adhesive molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1), nucleosomes, and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) were measured by ELISA, total protein was measured using a biuret reagent. Glomerular expression of VEGF-A was evaluated by Western blot, mRNA for VEGF-A receptors in the renal cortex by RT-PCR. The vasoreactivity of the interlobar arteries to acetylcholine was assessed by wire myography. Long-term diabetes led to an increased concentration of VEGF-A, TAT, and urinary excretion of total protein and albumin, and a decrease in the concentration of sVCAM-1. We have shown that suramin in diabetes reduces total urinary protein excretion and restores the relaxing properties of acetylcholine relaxation properties to non-diabetic levels. Suramin had no effect on glomerular expression VEGF-A expression and specific receptors, and on sICAM-1 and nucleosomes concentrations in diabetic rats. In conclusion, the long-term effect of suramin on the kidneys in diabetes, expressed in the reduction of proteinuria and the restoration of endothelium-dependent relaxation of the renal arteries, can be considered as potentially contributing to the reduction/slowing down of the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Chyła-Danił
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.C.-D.)
| | - Kornelia Sałaga-Zaleska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.C.-D.)
| | - Ewelina Kreft
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.C.-D.)
| | - Olaf Stumski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.C.-D.)
| | - Aleksandra Krzesińska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.C.-D.)
| | | | - Agnieszka Kuchta
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.C.-D.)
| | - Maciej Jankowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.C.-D.)
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15
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Napier M, Reynolds K, Scott AL. Glial-mediated dysregulation of neurodevelopment in Fragile X Syndrome. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 173:187-215. [PMID: 37993178 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are highly involved in a multitude of developmental processes that are known to be dysregulated in Fragile X Syndrome. Here, we examine these processes individually and review the roles astrocytes play in contributing to the pathology of this syndrome. As a growing area of interest in the field, new and exciting insight is continually emerging. Understanding these glial-mediated roles is imperative for elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms at play, not only in Fragile X Syndrome, but also other ASD-related disorders. Understanding these roles will be central to the future development of effective, clinically-relevant treatments of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Napier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - K Reynolds
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - A L Scott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
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16
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Babiec L, Wilkaniec A, Matuszewska M, Pałasz E, Cieślik M, Adamczyk A. Alterations of Purinergic Receptors Levels and Their Involvement in the Glial Cell Morphology in a Pre-Clinical Model of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1088. [PMID: 37509018 PMCID: PMC10377192 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that defects in purinergic signalling are a common denominator of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), though nothing is known about whether the disorder-related imbalance occurs at the receptor level. In this study, we investigated whether prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) induces changes in purinergic receptor expression in adolescence and whether it corresponds to glial cell activation. Pregnant dams were subjected to an intraperitoneal injection of VPA at embryonic day 12.5. In the hippocampi of adolescent male VPA offspring, we observed an increase in the level of P2X1, with concomitant decreases in P2X7 and P2Y1 receptors. In contrast, in the cortex, the level of P2X1 was significantly reduced. Also, significant increases in cortical P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors were detected. Additionally, we observed profound alterations in microglial cell numbers and morphology in the cortex of VPA animals, leading to the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. The changes in glial cells were partially reduced via a single administration of a non-selective P2 receptor antagonist. These studies show the involvement of purinergic signalling imbalance in the modulation of brain inflammatory response induced via prenatal VPA exposure and may indicate that purinergic receptors are a novel target for pharmacological intervention in ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Babiec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Matuszewska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Pałasz
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Wu G, Zhou H, Lv D, Zheng R, Wu L, Yu S, Kai J, Xu N, Gu L, Hong N, Shentu J. Phase I, Single-Dose Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Suramin in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:2051-2061. [PMID: 37457890 PMCID: PMC10349579 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s416325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Suramin is a multifunctional molecule with a wide range of potential applications, including parasitic and viral diseases, as well as cancer. Methods A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled single ascending dose study was conducted to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of suramin in healthy Chinese volunteers. A total of 36 healthy subjects were enrolled. All doses of suramin sodium and placebo were administered as a 30-minute infusion. Blood and urine samples were collected at the designated time points for pharmacokinetic analysis. Safety was assessed by clinical examinations and adverse events. Results After a single dose, suramin maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the time of the last measurable concentration (AUClast) increased in a dose-proportional manner. The plasma half-life (t1/2) was dose-independent, average 48 days (range 28-105 days). The cumulative percentages of the dose excreted in urine over 7 days were less than 4%. Suramin can be detected in urine samples for longer periods (more than 140 days following infusion). Suramin was generally well tolerated. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were generally mild in severity. Conclusion The PK and safety profiles of suramin in Chinese subjects indicated that 10 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg could be an appropriate dose in a future multiple-dose study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolan Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huili Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Duo Lv
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruling Zheng
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songxia Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiejing Kai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nana Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lie Gu
- Hainan Honz Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nanfang Hong
- Hainan Honz Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shentu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Boccazzi M, Raffaele S, Zanettin T, Abbracchio MP, Fumagalli M. Altered Purinergic Signaling in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Focus on P2 Receptors. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050856. [PMID: 37238724 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With the umbrella term 'neurodevelopmental disorders' (NDDs) we refer to a plethora of congenital pathological conditions generally connected with cognitive, social behavior, and sensory/motor alterations. Among the possible causes, gestational and perinatal insults have been demonstrated to interfere with the physiological processes necessary for the proper development of fetal brain cytoarchitecture and functionality. In recent years, several genetic disorders caused by mutations in key enzymes involved in purine metabolism have been associated with autism-like behavioral outcomes. Further analysis revealed dysregulated purine and pyrimidine levels in the biofluids of subjects with other NDDs. Moreover, the pharmacological blockade of specific purinergic pathways reversed the cognitive and behavioral defects caused by maternal immune activation, a validated and now extensively used rodent model for NDDs. Furthermore, Fragile X and Rett syndrome transgenic animal models as well as models of premature birth, have been successfully utilized to investigate purinergic signaling as a potential pharmacological target for these diseases. In this review, we examine results on the role of the P2 receptor signaling in the etiopathogenesis of NDDs. On this basis, we discuss how this evidence could be exploited to develop more receptor-specific ligands for future therapeutic interventions and novel prognostic markers for the early detection of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Boccazzi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Zanettin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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19
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Naviaux RK. Mitochondrial and metabolic features of salugenesis and the healing cycle. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:131-163. [PMID: 37120082 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis and salugenesis are the first and second stages of the two-stage problem of disease production and health recovery. Salugenesis is the automatic, evolutionarily conserved, ontogenetic sequence of molecular, cellular, organ system, and behavioral changes that is used by living systems to heal. It is a whole-body process that begins with mitochondria and the cell. The stages of salugenesis define a circle that is energy- and resource-consuming, genetically programmed, and environmentally responsive. Energy and metabolic resources are provided by mitochondrial and metabolic transformations that drive the cell danger response (CDR) and create the three phases of the healing cycle: Phase 1-Inflammation, Phase 2-Proliferation, and Phase 3-Differentiation. Each phase requires a different mitochondrial phenotype. Without different mitochondria there can be no healing. The rise and fall of extracellular ATP (eATP) signaling is a key driver of the mitochondrial and metabolic reprogramming required to progress through the healing cycle. Sphingolipid and cholesterol-enriched membrane lipid rafts act as rheostats for tuning cellular sensitivity to purinergic signaling. Abnormal persistence of any phase of the CDR inhibits the healing cycle, creates dysfunctional cellular mosaics, causes the symptoms of chronic disease, and accelerates the process of aging. New research reframes the rising tide of chronic disease around the world as a systems problem caused by the combined action of pathogenic triggers and anthropogenic factors that interfere with the mitochondrial functions needed for healing. Once chronic pain, disability, or disease is established, salugenesis-based therapies will start where pathogenesis-based therapies end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, Departments of Medicine, and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, MC#8467, San Diego, CA 92103.
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20
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Mut-Arbona P, Sperlágh B. P2 receptor-mediated signaling in the physiological and pathological brain: From development to aging and disease. Neuropharmacology 2023; 233:109541. [PMID: 37062423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The purinergic pathway mediates both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, whereas the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is in a critical equilibrium. Under physiological conditions, extracellular ATP is maintained at a nanomolar concentration. Whether released into the medium following tissue damage, inflammation, or hypoxia, ATP is considered a clear indicator of cell damage and a marker of pathological conditions. In this overview, we provide an update on the participation of P2 receptor-mediated purinergic signaling in normal and pathological brain development, with special emphasis on neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Since purinergic signaling is ubiquitous, it is not surprising that it plays a prominent role in developmental processes and pathological alterations. The main aim of this review is to conceptualize the time-dependent dynamic changes in the participation of different players in the purinome in shaping the normal and aberrant developmental patterns and diseases of the central nervous system over one's lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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21
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Rahman MM, Watton PN, Neu CP, Pierce DM. A chemo-mechano-biological modeling framework for cartilage evolving in health, disease, injury, and treatment. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 231:107419. [PMID: 36842346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a pervasive and debilitating disease, wherein degeneration of cartilage features prominently. Despite extensive research, we do not yet understand the cause or progression of OA. Studies show biochemical, mechanical, and biological factors affect cartilage health. Mechanical loads influence synthesis of biochemical constituents which build and/or break down cartilage, and which in turn affect mechanical loads. OA-associated biochemical profiles activate cellular activity that disrupts homeostasis. To understand the complex interplay among mechanical stimuli, biochemical signaling, and cartilage function requires integrating vast research on experimental mechanics and mechanobiology-a task approachable only with computational models. At present, mechanical models of cartilage generally lack chemo-biological effects, and biochemical models lack coupled mechanics, let alone interactions over time. METHODS We establish a first-of-its kind virtual cartilage: a modeling framework that considers time-dependent, chemo-mechano-biologically induced turnover of key constituents resulting from biochemical, mechanical, and/or biological activity. We include the "minimally essential" yet complex chemical and mechanobiological mechanisms. Our 3-D framework integrates a constitutive model for the mechanics of cartilage with a novel model of homeostatic adaptation by chondrocytes to pathological mechanical stimuli, and a new application of anisotropic growth (loss) to simulate degradation clinically observed as cartilage thinning. RESULTS Using a single set of representative parameters, our simulations of immobilizing and overloading successfully captured loss of cartilage quantified experimentally. Simulations of immobilizing, overloading, and injuring cartilage predicted dose-dependent recovery of cartilage when treated with suramin, a proposed therapeutic for OA. The modeling framework prompted us to add growth factors to the suramin treatment, which predicted even better recovery. CONCLUSIONS Our flexible framework is a first step toward computational investigations of how cartilage and chondrocytes mechanically and biochemically evolve in degeneration of OA and respond to pharmacological therapies. Our framework will enable future studies to link physical activity and resulting mechanical stimuli to progression of OA and loss of cartilage function, facilitating new fundamental understanding of the complex progression of OA and elucidating new perspectives on causes, treatments, and possible preventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul N Watton
- Department of Computer Science & Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Corey P Neu
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David M Pierce
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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22
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Makarov A, Began J, Mautone IC, Pinto E, Ferguson L, Zoltner M, Zoll S, Field MC. The role of invariant surface glycoprotein 75 in xenobiotic acquisition by African trypanosomes. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2023; 10:18-35. [PMID: 36789350 PMCID: PMC9896412 DOI: 10.15698/mic2023.02.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The surface proteins of parasitic protozoa mediate functions essential to survival within a host, including nutrient accumulation, environmental sensing and immune evasion. Several receptors involved in nutrient uptake and defence from the innate immune response have been described in African trypanosomes and, together with antigenic variation, contribute towards persistence within vertebrate hosts. Significantly, a superfamily of invariant surface glycoproteins (ISGs) populates the trypanosome surface, one of which, ISG75, is implicated in uptake of the century-old drug suramin. By CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and biophysical analysis, we show here that ISG75 directly binds suramin and mediates uptake of additional naphthol-related compounds, making ISG75 a conduit for entry of at least one structural class of trypanocidal compounds. However, ISG75 null cells present only modest attenuation of suramin sensitivity, have unaltered viability in vivo and in vitro and no alteration to suramin-invoked proteome responses. While ISG75 is demonstrated as a valid suramin cell entry pathway, we suggest the presence of additional mechanisms for suramin accumulation, further demonstrating the complexity of trypanosomatid drug interactions and potential for evolution of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Makarov
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jakub Began
- Laboratory of Structural Parasitology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ileana Corvo Mautone
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Erika Pinto
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Liam Ferguson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Martin Zoltner
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastian Zoll
- Laboratory of Structural Parasitology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mark C. Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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23
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Unnisa A, Greig NH, Kamal MA. Modelling the Interplay Between Neuron-Glia Cell Dysfunction and Glial Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:547-559. [PMID: 36545725 PMCID: PMC10207919 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221221142743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complicated, interpersonally defined, static condition of the underdeveloped brain. Although the aetiology of autism remains unclear, disturbance of neuronglia interactions has lately been proposed as a significant event in the pathophysiology of ASD. In recent years, the contribution of glial cells to autism has been overlooked. In addition to neurons, glial cells play an essential role in mental activities, and a new strategy that emphasises neuron-glia interactions should be applied. Disturbance of neuron-glia connections has lately been proposed as a significant event in the pathophysiology of ASD because aberrant neuronal network formation and dysfunctional neurotransmission are fundamental to the pathology of the condition. In ASD, neuron and glial cell number changes cause brain circuits to malfunction and impact behaviour. A study revealed that reactive glial cells result in the loss of synaptic functioning and induce autism under inflammatory conditions. Recent discoveries also suggest that dysfunction or changes in the ability of microglia to carry out physiological and defensive functions (such as failure in synaptic elimination or aberrant microglial activation) may be crucial for developing brain diseases, especially autism. The cerebellum, white matter, and cortical regions of autistic patients showed significant microglial activation. Reactive glial cells result in the loss of synaptic functioning and induce autism under inflammatory conditions. Replacement of defective glial cells (Cell-replacement treatment), glial progenitor cell-based therapy, and medication therapy (inhibition of microglia activation) are all utilised to treat glial dysfunction. This review discusses the role of glial cells in ASD and the various potential approaches to treating glial cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Unnisa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA;
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
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24
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Boktor JC, Adame MD, Rose DR, Schumann CM, Murray KD, Bauman MD, Careaga M, Mazmanian SK, Ashwood P, Needham BD. Global metabolic profiles in a non-human primate model of maternal immune activation: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4959-4973. [PMID: 36028571 PMCID: PMC9772216 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence implicates severe maternal infections as risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD and schizophrenia. Accordingly, animal models mimicking infection during pregnancy, including the maternal immune activation (MIA) model, result in offspring with neurobiological, behavioral, and metabolic phenotypes relevant to human neurodevelopmental disorders. Most of these studies have been performed in rodents. We sought to better understand the molecular signatures characterizing the MIA model in an organism more closely related to humans, rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), by evaluating changes in global metabolic profiles in MIA-exposed offspring. Herein, we present the global metabolome in six peripheral tissues (plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, three regions of intestinal mucosa scrapings, and feces) from 13 MIA and 10 control offspring that were confirmed to display atypical neurodevelopment, elevated immune profiles, and neuropathology. Differences in lipid, amino acid, and nucleotide metabolism discriminated these MIA and control samples, with correlations of specific metabolites to behavior scores as well as to cytokine levels in plasma, intestinal, and brain tissues. We also observed modest changes in fecal and intestinal microbial profiles, and identify differential metabolomic profiles within males and females. These findings support a connection between maternal immune activation and the metabolism, microbiota, and behavioral traits of offspring, and may further the translational applications of the MIA model and the advancement of biomarkers for neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD or schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Boktor
- Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Mark D Adame
- Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Destanie R Rose
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Cynthia M Schumann
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Karl D Murray
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Melissa D Bauman
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Milo Careaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Brittany D Needham
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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25
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Oda K, Miyamoto S, Kodera R, Wada J, Shikata K. Suramin prevents the development of diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in KK-Ay mice. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 14:205-220. [PMID: 36308062 PMCID: PMC9889613 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes produce IL-18 upon being activated by various stimuli via the P2 receptors. Previously, we showed that serum and urine IL-18 levels are positively associated with albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes, indicating the involvement of inflammasome activation in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). In the present study, we investigated whether the administration of suramin, a nonselective antagonist of the P2 receptors, protects diabetic KK.Cg-Ay /TaJcl (KK-Ay) mice against DKD progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Suramin or saline was administered i.p. to KK-Ay and C57BL/6J mice once every 2 weeks for a period of 8 weeks. Mouse mesangial cells (MMCs) were stimulated with ATP in the presence or absence of suramin. RESULTS Suramin treatment significantly suppressed the increase in the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial matrix expansion, and glomerular fibrosis in KK-Ay mice. Suramin also suppressed the upregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes and proteins in the renal cortex of KK-Ay mice. P2X4 and P2X7 receptors were significantly upregulated in the isolated glomeruli of KK-Ay mice and mainly distributed in the glomerular mesangial cells of KK-Ay mice. Although neither ATP nor suramin affected NLRP3 expression in MMCs, suramin inhibited ATP-induced NLRP3 complex formation and the downstream expression of caspase-1 and IL-18 in MMCs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in a diabetic kidney and that inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome with suramin protects against the progression of early stage DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Oda
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and MetabolismOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Satoshi Miyamoto
- Center for Innovative Clinical MedicineOkayama University HospitalOkayamaJapan
| | | | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and MetabolismOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Kenichi Shikata
- Center for Innovative Clinical MedicineOkayama University HospitalOkayamaJapan
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26
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Purushotham SS, Reddy NMN, D'Souza MN, Choudhury NR, Ganguly A, Gopalakrishna N, Muddashetty R, Clement JP. A perspective on molecular signalling dysfunction, its clinical relevance and therapeutics in autism spectrum disorder. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2525-2567. [PMID: 36063192 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that have become a primary clinical and social concern, with a prevalence of 2-3% in the population. Neuronal function and behaviour undergo significant malleability during the critical period of development that is found to be impaired in ID/ASD. Human genome sequencing studies have revealed many genetic variations associated with ASD/ID that are further verified by many approaches, including many mouse and other models. These models have facilitated the identification of fundamental mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ASD/ID, and several studies have proposed converging molecular pathways in ASD/ID. However, linking the mechanisms of the pathogenic genes and their molecular characteristics that lead to ID/ASD has progressed slowly, hampering the development of potential therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the possibility of recognising the common molecular causes for most ASD/ID based on studies from the available models that may enable a better therapeutic strategy to treat ID/ASD. We also reviewed the potential biomarkers to detect ASD/ID at early stages that may aid in diagnosis and initiating medical treatment, the concerns with drug failure in clinical trials, and developing therapeutic strategies that can be applied beyond a particular mutation associated with ASD/ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha S Purushotham
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Neeharika M N Reddy
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Michelle Ninochka D'Souza
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science Campus, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560 012, India.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Nilpawan Roy Choudhury
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Anusa Ganguly
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Niharika Gopalakrishna
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Ravi Muddashetty
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science Campus, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560 012, India.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - James P Clement
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India.
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27
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Lim S, Lee S. Chemical Modulators for Targeting Autism Spectrum Disorders: From Bench to Clinic. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165088. [PMID: 36014340 PMCID: PMC9414776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by diverse behavioral symptoms such as repetitive behaviors, social deficits, anxiety, hyperactivity, and irritability. Despite their increasing incidence, the specific pathological mechanisms of ASD are still unknown, and the degree and types of symptoms that vary from patient to patient make it difficult to develop drugs that target the core symptoms of ASD. Although various atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants have been applied to regulate ASD symptoms, these drugs can only alleviate the symptoms and do not target the major causes. Therefore, development of novel drugs targeting factors directly related to the onset of ASD is required. Among the various factors related to the onset of ASD, several chemical modulators to treat ASD, focused on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and glutamate receptors, microbial metabolites, and inflammatory cytokines, are explored in this study. In particular, we focus on the chemical drugs that have improved various aspects of ASD symptoms in animal models and in clinical trials for various ages of patients with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhyun Lim
- Creative Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Creative Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of HY-KIST Bio-Convergence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-958-5138
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28
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Li K, Schön M, Naviaux JC, Monk JM, Alchus-Laiferová N, Wang L, Straka I, Matejička P, Valkovič P, Ukropec J, Tarnopolsky MA, Naviaux RK, Ukropcová B. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma metabolomics of acute endurance exercise. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22408. [PMID: 35713567 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200509r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics has emerged as a powerful new tool in precision medicine. No studies have yet been published on the metabolomic changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced by acute endurance exercise. CSF and plasma were collected from 19 young active adults (13 males and 6 females) before and 60 min after a 90-min monitored outdoor run. The median age, BMI, and VO2 max of subjects was 25 years (IQR 22-31), 23.2 kg/m2 (IQR 21.7-24.5), and 47 ml/kg/min (IQR 38-51), respectively. Targeted, broad-spectrum metabolomics was performed by liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In the CSF, purines and pyrimidines accounted for 32% of the metabolic impact after acute endurance exercise. Branch chain amino acids, amino acid neurotransmitters, fatty acid oxidation, phospholipids, and Krebs cycle metabolites traceable to mitochondrial function accounted for another 52% of the changes. A narrow but important channel of metabolic communication was identified between the brain and body by correlation network analysis. By comparing these results to previous work in experimental animal models, we found that over 80% of the changes in the CSF correlated with a cascade of mitochondrial and metabolic changes produced by ATP signaling. ATP is released as a co-neurotransmitter and neuromodulator at every synapse studied to date. By regulating brain mitochondrial function, ATP release was identified as an early step in the kinetic cascade of layered benefits produced by endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Martin Schön
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jane C Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jonathan M Monk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nikoleta Alchus-Laiferová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Igor Straka
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Matejička
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Valkovič
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Barbara Ukropcová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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29
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Liu J, Liu C, Gao Z, Zhou L, Gao J, Luo Y, Liu T, Fan X. GW4064 Alters Gut Microbiota Composition and Counteracts Autism-Associated Behaviors in BTBR T+tf/J Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:911259. [PMID: 35811667 PMCID: PMC9257030 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.911259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is considered a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant social, communication, and behavioral impairments. The gut microbiota is increasingly considered a promising therapeutic target in ASD. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has recently been shown to modulate the gut microbiota. We hypothesized that FXR agonist GW4064 could ameliorate behavioral deficits in an animal model for autism: BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse. As expected, administration of GW4064 rescued the sociability of BTBR mice in the three-chamber sociability test and male-female social reciprocal interaction test, while no effects were observed in C57BL/6J mice. We also found that GW4064 administration increased fecal microbial abundance and counteracted the common ASD phenotype of a high Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio in BTBR mice. In addition, GW4064 administration reversed elevated Lactobacillus and decreased Allobaculum content in the fecal matter of BTBR animals. Our findings show that GW4064 administration alleviates social deficits in BTBR mice and modulates selective aspects of the composition of the gut microbiota, suggesting that GW4064 supplementation might prove a potential strategy for improving ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Liu
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Battalion 5 of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanqi Liu
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Battalion 5 of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhanyuan Gao
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Battalion 5 of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lianyu Zhou
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Battalion 5 of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Junwei Gao
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Tianyao Liu
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyao Liu, ; Xiaotang Fan,
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyao Liu, ; Xiaotang Fan,
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Gyllenhammer LE, Rasmussen JM, Bertele N, Halbing A, Entringer S, Wadhwa PD, Buss C. Maternal Inflammation During Pregnancy and Offspring Brain Development: The Role of Mitochondria. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:498-509. [PMID: 34800727 PMCID: PMC9086015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The association between maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy and risk for offspring neuropsychiatric disorders has been increasingly recognized over the past several years. Among the mechanistic pathways that have been described through which maternal inflammation during pregnancy may affect fetal brain development, the role of mitochondria has received little attention. In this review, the role of mitochondria as a potential mediator of the association between MIA during pregnancy and offspring brain development and risk for psychiatric disorders will be proposed. As a basis for this postulation, convergent evidence is presented supporting the obligatory role of mitochondria in brain development, the role of mitochondria as mediators and initiators of inflammatory processes, and evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in preclinical MIA exposure models and human neurodevelopmental disorders. Elucidating the role of mitochondria as a potential mediator of MIA-induced alterations in brain development and neurodevelopmental disease risk may not only provide new insight into the pathophysiology of mental health disorders that have their origins in exposure to infection/immune activation during pregnancy but also offer new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Gyllenhammer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Jerod M Rasmussen
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Nina Bertele
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amy Halbing
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Autism, heparan sulfate and potential interventions. Exp Neurol 2022; 353:114050. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Maternal P2X7 receptor inhibition prevents autism-like phenotype in male mouse offspring through the NLRP3-IL-1β pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:318-332. [PMID: 35065198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition caused by interactions of environmental and genetic factors. Recently we showed that activation of the purinergic P2X7 receptors is necessary and sufficient to convert maternal immune activation (MIA) to ASD-like features in male offspring mice. Our aim was to further substantiate these findings and identify downstream signaling pathways coupled to P2X7 upon MIA. Maternal treatment with the NLRP3 antagonist MCC950 and a neutralising IL-1β antibody during pregnancy counteracted the development of autistic characteristics in offspring mice. We also explored time-dependent changes of a widespread cytokine and chemokine profile in maternal blood and fetal brain samples of poly(I:C)/saline-treated dams. MIA-induced increases in plasma IL-1β, RANTES, MCP-1, and fetal brain IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, MCP-1 concentrations are regulated by the P2X7/NLRP3 pathway. Offspring treatment with the selective P2X7 receptor antagonist JNJ47965567 was effective in the prevention of autism-like behavior in mice using a repeated dosing protocol. Our results highlight that in addition to P2X7, NLRP3, as well as inflammatory cytokines, may also be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of social deficits and repetitive behaviors observed in autism spectrum disorder.
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Likhitweerawong N, Thonusin C, Boonchooduang N, Louthrenoo O, Nookaew I, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Profiles of urine and blood metabolomics in autism spectrum disorders. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1641-1671. [PMID: 34338974 PMCID: PMC8502415 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pose challenges. The current diagnostic approach for ASD is mainly clinical assessment of patient behaviors. Biomarkers-based identification of ASD would be useful for pediatricians. Currently, there is no specific treatment for ASD, and evidence for the efficacy of alternative treatments remains inconclusive. The prevalence of ASD is increasing, and it is becoming more urgent to find the pathogenesis of such disorder. Metabolomic studies have been used to deeply investigate the alteration of metabolic pathways, including those associated with ASD. Metabolomics is a promising tool for identifying potential biomarkers and possible pathogenesis of ASD. This review comprehensively summarizes and discusses the abnormal metabolic pathways in ASD children, as indicated by evidence from metabolomic studies in urine and blood. In addition, the targeted interventions that could correct the metabolomic profiles relating to the improvement of autistic behaviors in affected animals and humans have been included. The results revealed that the possible underlying pathophysiology of ASD were alterations of amino acids, reactive oxidative stress, neurotransmitters, and microbiota-gut-brain axis. The potential common pathways shared by animal and human studies related to the improvement of ASD symptoms after pharmacological interventions were mammalian-microbial co-metabolite, purine metabolism, and fatty acid oxidation. The content of this review may contribute to novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD and possible therapeutic paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narueporn Likhitweerawong
- Division of Growth and Development, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chanisa Thonusin
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Sriphum, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nonglak Boonchooduang
- Division of Growth and Development, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Orawan Louthrenoo
- Division of Growth and Development, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkanasa, USA
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Sriphum, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Sriphum, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Cruz-Martins N, Quispe C, Kırkın C, Şenol E, Zuluğ A, Özçelik B, Ademiluyi AO, Oyeniran OH, Semwal P, Kumar M, Sharopov F, López V, Les F, Bagiu IC, Butnariu M, Sharifi-Rad J, Alshehri MM, Cho WC. Paving Plant-Food-Derived Bioactives as Effective Therapeutic Agents in Autism Spectrum Disorder. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1131280. [PMID: 34471461 PMCID: PMC8405324 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1131280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, where social and communication deficits and repetitive behaviors are present. Plant-derived bioactives have shown promising results in the treatment of autism. In this sense, this review is aimed at providing a careful view on the use of plant-derived bioactive molecules for the treatment of autism. Among the plethora of bioactives, curcumin, luteolin, and resveratrol have revealed excellent neuroprotective effects and can be effectively used in the treatment of neuropsychological disorders. However, the number of clinical trials is limited, and none of them have been approved for the treatment of autism or autism-related disorder. Further clinical studies are needed to effectively assess the real potential of such bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda. Arturo Prat 2120, Iquique 1110939, Chile
| | - Celale Kırkın
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Şenol
- Department Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Beyoglu, 34427 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslı Zuluğ
- Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, School of Applied Sciences, Ozyegin University, Cekmekoy, 34794 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beraat Özçelik
- Department Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
- BIOACTIVE Research & Innovation Food Manufacturing Industry Trade Ltd. Co., Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Adedayo O. Ademiluyi
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Phytomedicine Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340001, Nigeria
| | - Olubukola Helen Oyeniran
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Phytomedicine Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340001, Nigeria
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- Uttarakhand State Council for Science and Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR - Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, 734003 Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Victor López
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco Les
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iulia-Cristina Bagiu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Department of Microbiology, Timisoara, Romania
- Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Monica Butnariu
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammed M. Alshehri
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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35
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Garg G, Singh AK, Singh S, Rizvi SI. Promising drug discovery strategies for sirtuin modulators: what lessons have we learnt? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:915-927. [PMID: 33880981 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1915980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sirtuins, NAD-dependent protein deacetylases, require NAD+ for enzymatic activity. Recent research has indicated that sirtuins have a key role in the regulation of gene expression, the cell cycle, apoptosis, neurodegeneration and several age-related diseases. In mammals, there are seven sirtuin isoforms (SIRT-1-7) that catalyze specific lysine substrate deacetylation. AREAS COVERED This review explains the current information on the structure, function and importance of sirtuin modulators. It also explores the possible therapeutic applications of sirtuin modulators and related small molecules in the context of various diseases. EXPERT OPINION Sirtuin's modulators open a new area of research for targeting pathological conditions. Sirtuin modulators, through their targeted function, may provide a possible tool for the amelioration of various diseases. However, the search of activators/inhibitors for sirtuins needs further research. The structural elucidation of sirtuins will create an understanding for the development of isoform-specific selective modulators. This could be a useful tool to determine the functions of individual sirtuins as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India.,Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
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Reynolds KE, Wong CR, Scott AL. Astrocyte-mediated purinergic signaling is upregulated in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome. Glia 2021; 69:1816-1832. [PMID: 33754385 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading monogenic cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders. With increasing investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying FXS, there is growing evidence that perturbations in glial signaling are widely associated with neurological pathology. Purinergic signaling, which utilizes nucleoside triphosphates as signaling molecules, provides one of the most ubiquitous signaling systems for glial-neuronal and glial-glial crosstalk. Here, we sought to identify whether purinergic signaling is dysregulated within the FXS mouse cortex, and whether this dysregulation contributes to aberrant intercellular communication. In primary astrocyte cultures derived from the Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse model of FXS, we found that application of exogenous ATP and UTP evoked elevated intracellular calcium responses compared to wildtype levels. Accordingly, purinergic P2Y2 and P2Y6 receptor expression was increased in Fmr1 KO astrocytes both in vitro and in acutely dissociated tissue, while P2Y antagonism via suramin prevented intracellular calcium elevations, suggesting a role for these receptors in aberrant FXS astrocyte activation. To investigate the impact of elevated purinergic signaling on astrocyte-mediated synaptogenesis, we quantified synaptogenic protein TSP-1, known to be regulated by P2Y activation. TSP-1 secretion and expression were both heightened in Fmr1 KO vs wildtype astrocytes following UTP application, while naïve TSP-1 cortical expression was also transiently elevated in vivo, indicating increased potential for excitatory TSP-1-mediated synaptogenesis in the FXS cortex. Together, our results demonstrate novel and significant purinergic signaling elevations in Fmr1 KO astrocytes, which may serve as a potential therapeutic target to mitigate the signaling aberrations observed in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Reynolds
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chloe R Wong
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela L Scott
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Zolkipli-Cunningham Z, Naviaux JC, Nakayama T, Hirsch CM, Monk JM, Li K, Wang L, Le TP, Meinardi S, Blake DR, Naviaux RK. Metabolic and behavioral features of acute hyperpurinergia and the maternal immune activation mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248771. [PMID: 33735311 PMCID: PMC7971557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2012, studies in mice, rats, and humans have suggested that abnormalities in purinergic signaling may be a final common pathway for many genetic and environmental causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study in mice was conducted to characterize the bioenergetic, metabolomic, breathomic, and behavioral features of acute hyperpurinergia triggered by systemic injection of the purinergic agonist and danger signal, extracellular ATP (eATP). Responses were studied in C57BL/6J mice in the maternal immune activation (MIA) model and controls. Basal metabolic rates and locomotor activity were measured in CLAMS cages. Plasma metabolomics measured 401 metabolites. Breathomics measured 98 volatile organic compounds. Intraperitoneal eATP dropped basal metabolic rate measured by whole body oxygen consumption by 74% ± 6% (mean ± SEM) and rectal temperature by 6.2˚ ± 0.3˚C in 30 minutes. Over 200 metabolites from 37 different biochemical pathways where changed. Breathomics showed an increase in exhaled carbon monoxide, dimethylsulfide, and isoprene. Metabolomics revealed an acute increase in lactate, citrate, purines, urea, dopamine, eicosanoids, microbiome metabolites, oxidized glutathione, thiamine, niacinamide, and pyridoxic acid, and decreased folate-methylation-1-carbon intermediates, amino acids, short and medium chain acyl-carnitines, phospholipids, ceramides, sphingomyelins, cholesterol, bile acids, and vitamin D similar to some children with ASD. MIA animals were hypersensitive to postnatal exposure to eATP or poly(IC), which produced a rebound increase in body temperature that lasted several weeks before returning to baseline. Acute hyperpurinergia produced metabolic and behavioral changes in mice. The behaviors and metabolic changes produced by ATP injection were associated with mitochondrial functional changes that were profound but reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarazuela Zolkipli-Cunningham
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Jane C. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Charlotte M. Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Monk
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Thuy P. Le
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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38
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Mocking RJT, Naviaux JC, Li K, Wang L, Monk JM, Bright AT, Figueroa CA, Schene AH, Ruhé HG, Assies J, Naviaux RK. Metabolic features of recurrent major depressive disorder in remission, and the risk of future recurrence. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:37. [PMID: 33431800 PMCID: PMC7801396 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01182-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent major depressive disorder (rMDD) is a relapsing-remitting disease with high morbidity and a 5-year risk of recurrence of up to 80%. This was a prospective pilot study to examine the potential diagnostic and prognostic value of targeted plasma metabolomics in the care of patients with rMDD in remission. We used an established LC-MS/MS platform to measure 399 metabolites in 68 subjects with rMDD (n = 45 females and 23 males) in antidepressant-free remission and 59 age- and sex-matched controls (n = 40 females and 19 males). Patients were then followed prospectively for 2.5 years. Metabolomics explained up to 43% of the phenotypic variance. The strongest biomarkers were gender specific. 80% of the metabolic predictors of recurrence in both males and females belonged to 6 pathways: (1) phospholipids, (2) sphingomyelins, (3) glycosphingolipids, (4) eicosanoids, (5) microbiome, and (6) purines. These changes traced to altered mitochondrial regulation of cellular redox, signaling, energy, and lipid metabolism. Metabolomics identified a chemical endophenotype that could be used to stratify rrMDD patients at greatest risk for recurrence with an accuracy over 0.90 (95%CI = 0.69-1.0). Power calculations suggest that a validation study of at least 198 females and 198 males (99 cases and 99 controls each) will be needed to confirm these results. Although a small study, these results are the first to show the potential utility of metabolomics in assisting with the important clinical challenge of prospectively identifying the patients at greatest risk of recurrence of a depressive episode and those who are at lower risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel J T Mocking
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jane C Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Jonathan M Monk
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - A Taylor Bright
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Colt Neck Labs, 838 E High St 202., Lexington, KY, 40503, USA
| | - Caroline A Figueroa
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Aart H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henricus G Ruhé
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna Assies
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
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Zhou MS, Nasir M, Farhat LC, Kook M, Artukoglu BB, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:35-45. [PMID: 32387445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy of pharmacological treatments for restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB) in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). METHOD We searched PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL to identify all double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials that examined the efficacy of pharmacological agents in the treatment of ASD and measured RRB as an outcome. Our primary outcome was the standardized mean difference in rating scales of RRB. RESULTS We identified 64 randomized, placebo-controlled trials involving 3,499 participants with ASD. Antipsychotics significantly improved RRB outcomes compared to placebo (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.28, 95% CIs = 0.08-0.49), z = 2.77, p = .01) demonstrating a small effect size. Larger significant positive effects on RRB in ASD were seen in individual studies with fluvoxamine, buspirone, bumetanide, divalproex, guanfacine, and folinic acid that have not been replicated. Other frequently studied pharmacological treatments in ASD including oxytocin, omega-3 fatty acids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), and methylphenidate did not demonstrate significant benefit in reducing RRB compared to placebo (oxytocin: SMD = 0.23, 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.47, z = 1.85, p = .06; omega-3 fatty acids: SMD = 0.19, 95% CI = -0.05 to 0.43, z = 1.54, p = .12; SSRI: SMD = 0.09, 95% CI = -0.21 to 0.39, z = 0.60, p = .56; methylphenidate: SMD = 0.18, 95% CI = -0.11 to 0.46, z = 1.23, p = .22). CONCLUSION The results of the present meta-analysis suggest that currently available pharmacological agents have at best only a modest benefit for the treatment of RRB in ASD, with the most evidence supporting antipsychotic medications. Additional randomized controlled trials with standardized study designs and consistent and specific assessment tools for RRB are needed to further understand how we can best help ameliorate these behaviors in individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Zhou
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Madeeha Nasir
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Luis C Farhat
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
| | - Minjee Kook
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Bekir B Artukoglu
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael H Bloch
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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40
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Kwiatkowski MA, Roberts BZ, van Enkhuizen J, Ji B, Zhou X, Young JW. Chronic nicotine, but not suramin or resveratrol, partially remediates the mania-like profile of dopamine transporter knockdown mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 42:75-86. [PMID: 33191077 PMCID: PMC8853461 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness affecting 2% of the global population. Current pharmacotherapies provide incomplete symptom remediation, highlighting the need for novel therapeutics. BD is characterized by fluctuations between mania and depression, likely driven by shifts between hyperdopaminergia and hypercholinergia, respectively. Hyperdopaminergia may result from insufficient activity of the dopamine transporter (DAT), the primary mediator of synaptic dopamine clearance. The DAT knockdown (DAT KD) mouse recreates this mechanism and exhibits a highly reproducible hyperexploratory profile in the cross-species translatable Behavioral Pattern Monitor (BPM) that is: (a) consistent with that observed in BD mania patients; and (b) partially normalized by chronic lithium and valproate treatment. The DAT KD/BPM model of mania therefore exhibits high levels of face-, construct-, and predictive-validity for the pre-clinical assessment of putative anti-mania drugs. Three different drug regimens - chronic nicotine (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist; 40 mg/kg/d, 26 d), subchronic suramin (anti-purinergic; 20 mg/kg, 1 × /wk, 4 wks), and subchronic resveratrol (striatal DAT upregulator; 20 mg/kg/d, 4 d) - were administered to separate cohorts of male and female DAT KD- and wildtype (WT) littermate mice, and exploration was assessed in the BPM. Throughout, DAT KD mice exhibited robust hyperexploratory profiles relative to WTs. Nicotine partially normalized this behavior. Resveratrol modestly upregulated DAT expression but did not normalize DAT KD behavior. These results support the mania-like profile of DAT KD mice, which may be partially remediated by nAChR agonists via restoration of disrupted catecholaminergic/cholinergic equilibrium. Delineating the precise mechanism of action of nicotine could identify more selective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Kwiatkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Benjamin Z Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Baohu Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Xianjin Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, United States.
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41
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Quemé-Peña M, Ricci M, Juhász T, Horváti K, Bősze S, Biri-Kovács B, Szeder B, Zsila F, Beke-Somfai T. Old Polyanionic Drug Suramin Suppresses Detrimental Cytotoxicity of the Host Defense Peptide LL-37. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 4:155-167. [PMID: 33615169 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The host defense peptide LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin, characterized by pleiotropic activity ranging from immunological to anti-neoplastic functions. However, its overexpression has been associated with harmful inflammatory responses and apoptosis. Thus, for the latter cases, the development of strategies aiming to reduce LL-37 toxicity is highly desired as these have the potential to provide a viable solution. Here, we demonstrate that the reduction of LL-37 toxicity might be achieved by the impairment of its cell surface binding through interaction with small organic compounds that are able to alter the peptide conformation and minimize its cell penetration ability. In this regard, the performed cell viability and internalization studies showed a remarkable attenuation of LL-37 cytotoxicity toward colon and monocytic cells in the presence of the polysulfonated drug suramin. The mechanistic examinations of the molecular details indicated that this effect was coupled with the ability of suramin to alter LL-37 secondary structure via the formation of peptide-drug complexes. Moreover, a comparison with other therapeutic agents having common features unveiled the peculiar ability of suramin to optimize the binding to the peptide sequence. The newly discovered suramin action is hoped to inspire the elaboration of novel repurposing strategies aimed to reduce LL-37 cytotoxicity under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Quemé-Peña
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Maria Ricci
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Tünde Juhász
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Kata Horváti
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Beáta Biri-Kovács
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Bálint Szeder
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Zsila
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Tamás Beke-Somfai
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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42
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Pandina G, Ring RH, Bangerter A, Ness S. Current Approaches to the Pharmacologic Treatment of Core Symptoms Across the Lifespan of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2020; 43:629-645. [PMID: 33126999 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There are no approved medications for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) core symptoms. However, given the significant clinical need, children and adults with ASD are prescribed medication off label for core or associated conditions, sometimes based on limited evidence for effectiveness. Recent developments in the understanding of biologic basis of ASD have led to novel targets with potential to impact core symptoms, and several clinical trials are underway. Heterogeneity in course of development, co-occurring conditions, and age-related treatment response variability hampers study outcomes. Novel measures and approaches to ASD clinical trial design will help in development of effective pharmacologic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gahan Pandina
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton Harbouron Road, Titusville, NJ 08560, USA.
| | | | - Abigail Bangerter
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton Harbouron Road, Titusville, NJ 08560, USA
| | - Seth Ness
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton Harbouron Road, Titusville, NJ 08560, USA
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43
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Thom RP, McDougle CJ. Immune Modulatory Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2020; 35:100836. [PMID: 32892957 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2020.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence from family history studies, immunogenetics, maternal immune activation, neuroinflammation, and systemic inflammation support an immune subtype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Current Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for ASD do not address the underlying pathophysiology of ASD, have not consistently been shown to address the core symptoms of ASD, and are currently only approved for treating irritability in children and adolescents. In this article, we review the immune modulatory effects of the 2 currently Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for ASD. We then provide an overview of current data on emerging treatments for ASD from multiple fields of medicine with immune modulatory effects. Although further research is needed to more clearly establish the efficacy and safety of immune modulatory treatments, early data on repurposing medications used to treat systemic inflammation for ASD demonstrate potential benefit and further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn P Thom
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher J McDougle
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Lurie Center for Autism, Lexington, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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44
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Pannexin 1 Regulates Dendritic Protrusion Dynamics in Immature Cortical Neurons. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0079-20.2020. [PMID: 32737184 PMCID: PMC7544189 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0079-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of neurons into networks relies on the formation of dendritic spines. These specialized structures arise from dynamic filopodia-like dendritic protrusions. It was recently reported that cortical neurons lacking the channel protein pannexin 1 (PANX1) exhibited higher dendritic spine densities. Here, we expanded on those findings to investigate, at an earlier developmental time point (with more abundant dendritic protrusions), whether differences in the properties of dendritic protrusion dynamics could contribute to this previously discovered phenomenon. Using a fluorescent membrane tag (mCherry-CD9-10) to visualize dendritic protrusions in developing neurons [at 10 d in vitro (DIV10)], we confirmed that lack of PANX1 led to higher protrusion density, while transient transfection of Panx1 led to decreased protrusion density. To quantify the impact of PANX1 expression on protrusion formation, elimination, and motility, we used live cell imaging in DIV10 neurons (one frame every 5 s for 10 min). We discovered that at DIV10, loss of PANX1 stabilized protrusions. Notably, re-expression of PANX1 in Panx1 knock-out (KO) neurons resulted in a significant increase in protrusion motility and turnover. In summary, these new data revealed that PANX1 could regulate the development of dendritic spines, in part, by controlling dendritic protrusion dynamics.
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45
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Ramesh V, Brabletz T, Ceppi P. Targeting EMT in Cancer with Repurposed Metabolic Inhibitors. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:942-950. [PMID: 32680650 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) determines the most lethal features of cancer, metastasis formation and chemoresistance, and therefore represents an attractive target in oncology. However, direct targeting of EMT effector molecules is, in most cases, pharmacologically challenging. Since emerging research has highlighted the distinct metabolic circuits involved in EMT, we propose the use of metabolism-specific inhibitors, FDA approved or under clinical trials, as a drug repurposing approach to target EMT in cancer. Metabolism-inhibiting drugs could be coupled with standard chemo- or immunotherapy to combat EMT-driven resistant and aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Ramesh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU-Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine-I and Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paolo Ceppi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU-Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
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46
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Maes M, Anderson G, Betancort Medina SR, Seo M, Ojala JO. Integrating Autism Spectrum Disorder Pathophysiology: Mitochondria, Vitamin A, CD38, Oxytocin, Serotonin and Melatonergic Alterations in the Placenta and Gut. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4405-4420. [PMID: 31682209 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191102165459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diverse array of data has been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), reflecting the complexity of its pathophysiology as well as its heterogeneity. Two important hubs have emerged, the placenta/prenatal period and the postnatal gut, with alterations in mitochondria functioning crucial in both. METHODS Factors acting to regulate mitochondria functioning in ASD across development are reviewed in this article. RESULTS Decreased vitamin A, and its retinoic acid metabolites, lead to a decrease in CD38 and associated changes that underpin a wide array of data on the biological underpinnings of ASD, including decreased oxytocin, with relevance both prenatally and in the gut. Decreased sirtuins, poly-ADP ribose polymerase-driven decreases in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), hyperserotonemia, decreased monoamine oxidase, alterations in 14-3-3 proteins, microRNA alterations, dysregulated aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity, suboptimal mitochondria functioning, and decreases in the melatonergic pathways are intimately linked to this. Many of the above processes may be modulating, or mediated by, alterations in mitochondria functioning. Other bodies of data associated with ASD may also be incorporated within these basic processes, including how ASD risk factors such as maternal obesity and preeclampsia, as well as more general prenatal stressors, modulate the likelihood of offspring ASD. CONCLUSION Such a mitochondria-focussed integrated model of the pathophysiology of ASD has important preventative and treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - George Anderson
- CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Moonsang Seo
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna O Ojala
- Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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47
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Pacheva I, Ivanov I. Targeted Biomedical Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4430-4453. [PMID: 31801452 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191205091312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) represents presentations with impairment in communication and behaviour that vary considerably in their clinical manifestations and etiology as well as in their likely pathophysiology. A growing body of data indicates that the deleterious effect of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation, as well as their interconnections are important aspects of the pathophysiology of ASD. Glutathione deficiency decreases the mitochondrial protection against oxidants and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; immune dysregulation and inflammation inhibit mitochondrial function through TNF-α; autoantibodies against the folate receptors underpin cerebral folate deficiency, resulting in disturbed methylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Such pathophysiological processes can arise from environmental and epigenetic factors as well as their combined interactions, such as environmental toxicant exposures in individuals with (epi)genetically impaired detoxification. The emerging evidence on biochemical alterations in ASD is forming the basis for treatments aimed to target its biological underpinnings, which is of some importance, given the uncertain and slow effects of the various educational interventions most commonly used. METHODS Literature-based review of the biomedical treatment options for ASD that are derived from established pathophysiological processes. RESULTS Most proposed biomedical treatments show significant clinical utility only in ASD subgroups, with specified pre-treatment biomarkers that are ameliorated by the specified treatment. For example, folinic acid supplementation has positive effects in ASD patients with identified folate receptor autoantibodies, whilst the clinical utility of methylcobalamine is apparent in ASD patients with impaired methylation capacity. Mitochondrial modulating cofactors should be considered when mitochondrial dysfunction is evident, although further research is required to identify the most appropriate single or combined treatment. Multivitamins/multiminerals formulas, as well as biotin, seem appropriate following the identification of metabolic abnormalities, with doses tapered to individual requirements. A promising area, requiring further investigations, is the utilization of antipurinergic therapies, such as low dose suramin. CONCLUSION The assessment and identification of relevant physiological alterations and targeted intervention are more likely to produce positive treatment outcomes. As such, current evidence indicates the utility of an approach based on personalized and evidence-based medicine, rather than treatment targeted to all that may not always be beneficial (primum non nocere).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyana Pacheva
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Medical University - Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Medical University - Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
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48
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Zoltner M, Campagnaro GD, Taleva G, Burrell A, Cerone M, Leung KF, Achcar F, Horn D, Vaughan S, Gadelha C, Zíková A, Barrett MP, de Koning HP, Field MC. Suramin exposure alters cellular metabolism and mitochondrial energy production in African trypanosomes. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8331-8347. [PMID: 32354742 PMCID: PMC7294092 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduced about a century ago, suramin remains a frontline drug for the management of early-stage East African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). Cellular entry into the causative agent, the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, occurs through receptor-mediated endocytosis involving the parasite's invariant surface glycoprotein 75 (ISG75), followed by transport into the cytosol via a lysosomal transporter. The molecular basis of the trypanocidal activity of suramin remains unclear, but some evidence suggests broad, but specific, impacts on trypanosome metabolism (i.e. polypharmacology). Here we observed that suramin is rapidly accumulated in trypanosome cells proportionally to ISG75 abundance. Although we found little evidence that suramin disrupts glycolytic or glycosomal pathways, we noted increased mitochondrial ATP production, but a net decrease in cellular ATP levels. Metabolomics highlighted additional impacts on mitochondrial metabolism, including partial Krebs' cycle activation and significant accumulation of pyruvate, corroborated by increased expression of mitochondrial enzymes and transporters. Significantly, the vast majority of suramin-induced proteins were normally more abundant in the insect forms compared with the blood stage of the parasite, including several proteins associated with differentiation. We conclude that suramin has multiple and complex effects on trypanosomes, but unexpectedly partially activates mitochondrial ATP-generating activity. We propose that despite apparent compensatory mechanisms in drug-challenged cells, the suramin-induced collapse of cellular ATP ultimately leads to trypanosome cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zoltner
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo D Campagnaro
- Institute for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gergana Taleva
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alana Burrell
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michela Cerone
- Institute for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ka-Fai Leung
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Achcar
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology and Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Gadelha
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology and Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom .,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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49
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Pandina G, Ring RH, Bangerter A, Ness S. Current Approaches to the Pharmacologic Treatment of Core Symptoms Across the Lifespan of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2020; 29:301-317. [PMID: 32169264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are no approved medications for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) core symptoms. However, given the significant clinical need, children and adults with ASD are prescribed medication off label for core or associated conditions, sometimes based on limited evidence for effectiveness. Recent developments in the understanding of biologic basis of ASD have led to novel targets with potential to impact core symptoms, and several clinical trials are underway. Heterogeneity in course of development, co-occurring conditions, and age-related treatment response variability hampers study outcomes. Novel measures and approaches to ASD clinical trial design will help in development of effective pharmacologic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gahan Pandina
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton Harbouron Road, Titusville, NJ 08560, USA.
| | | | - Abigail Bangerter
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton Harbouron Road, Titusville, NJ 08560, USA
| | - Seth Ness
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton Harbouron Road, Titusville, NJ 08560, USA
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50
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Abstract
Suramin is 100 years old and is still being used to treat the first stage of acute human sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Suramin is a multifunctional molecule with a wide array of potential applications, from parasitic and viral diseases to cancer, snakebite, and autism. Suramin is also an enigmatic molecule: What are its targets? How does it get into cells in the first place? Here, we provide an overview of the many different candidate targets of suramin and discuss its modes of action and routes of cellular uptake. We reason that, once the polypharmacology of suramin is understood at the molecular level, new, more specific, and less toxic molecules can be identified for the numerous potential applications of suramin.
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