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Navara AM, Xu Y, Perez MR, Mikos AG. Aspects of a Suspended Bioprinting System Affect Cell Viability and Support Bath Properties. Tissue Eng Part A 2024; 30:256-269. [PMID: 37341034 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Suspended hydrogel printing is a growing method for fabricating bioprinted hydrogel constructs, largely due to how it enables nonviscous hydrogel inks to be used in extrusion printing. In this work, a previously developed poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based thermogelling suspended bioprinting system was examined in the context of chondrocyte-laden printing. Material factors such as ink concentration and cell concentration were found to have a significant effect on printed chondrocyte viability. In addition, the heated poloxamer support bath was able to maintain chondrocyte viability for up to 6 h of residence within the bath. The relationship between the ink and support bath was also assessed by measuring the rheological properties of the bath before and after printing. Bath storage modulus and yield stress decreased during printing as nozzle size was reduced, indicating the likelihood that dilution occurs over time through osmotic exchange with the ink. Altogether this work demonstrates the promise for printing high-resolution cell-encapsulating tissue engineering constructs, while also elucidating complex relationships between the ink and bath, which must be taken into consideration when designing suspended printing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Navara
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yilan Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marissa R Perez
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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2
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Xu X, Li H, Chen J, Lv C, He W, Zhang X, Feng Q, Dong H. A Universal Strategy to Construct High-Performance Homo- and Heterogeneous Microgel Assembly Bioinks. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400223. [PMID: 38602202 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Three dimensional (3D) extrusion bioprinting aims to replicate the complex architectures and functions of natural tissues and organs. However, the conventional hydrogel and new-emerging microgel bioinks are both difficult in achieving simultaneously high shape-fidelity and good maintenance of cell viability/function, leading to limited amount of qualified hydrogel/microgel bioinks. Herein, a universal strategy is reported to construct high-performance microgel assembly (MA) bioinks by using epigallocatechin gallate-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-EGCG) as coating agent and phenylboronic acid grafted hyaluronic acid (HA-PBA) as assembling agent. HA-EGCG can spontaneously form uniform coating on the microgel surface via mussel-inspired chemistry, while HA-PBA quickly forms dynamic phenylborate bonds with HA-EGCG, conferring the as-prepared MA bioinks with excellent rheological properties, self-healing, and tissue-adhesion. More importantly, this strategy is applicable to various microgel materials, enabling the preparation of homo- and heterogeneous MA (homo-MA and hetero-MA) bioinks and the hierarchical printing of complicated structures with high fidelity by integration of different microgels containing multiple materials/cells in spatial and compositional levels. It further demonstrates the printing of breast cancer organoid in vitro using homo-MA and hetero-MA bioinks and its preliminary application for drug testing. This universal strategy offers a new solution to construct high-performance bioinks for extrusion bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Haofei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Junlin Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Chuhan Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Weijun He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Qi Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Hua Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
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3
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Guo A, Zhang S, Yang R, Sui C. Enhancing the mechanical strength of 3D printed GelMA for soft tissue engineering applications. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100939. [PMID: 38249436 PMCID: PMC10797197 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels have gained significant traction in diverse tissue engineering applications through the utilization of 3D printing technology. As an artificial hydrogel possessing remarkable processability, GelMA has emerged as a pioneering material in the advancement of tissue engineering due to its exceptional biocompatibility and degradability. The integration of 3D printing technology facilitates the precise arrangement of cells and hydrogel materials, thereby enabling the creation of in vitro models that simulate artificial tissues suitable for transplantation. Consequently, the potential applications of GelMA in tissue engineering are further expanded. In tissue engineering applications, the mechanical properties of GelMA are often modified to overcome the hydrogel material's inherent mechanical strength limitations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in enhancing the mechanical properties of GelMA at the monomer, micron, and nano scales. Additionally, the diverse applications of GelMA in soft tissue engineering via 3D printing are emphasized. Furthermore, the potential opportunities and obstacles that GelMA may encounter in the field of tissue engineering are discussed. It is our contention that through ongoing technological progress, GelMA hydrogels with enhanced mechanical strength can be successfully fabricated, leading to the production of superior biological scaffolds with increased efficacy for tissue engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Guo
- Department of Trauma and Pediatric Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 231200, China
| | - Shengting Zhang
- Department of Trauma and Pediatric Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 231200, China
| | - Runhuai Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Cong Sui
- Department of Trauma and Pediatric Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 231200, China
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4
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Chen H, Xue H, Zeng H, Dai M, Tang C, Liu L. 3D printed scaffolds based on hyaluronic acid bioinks for tissue engineering: a review. Biomater Res 2023; 27:137. [PMID: 38142273 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is widely distributed in human connective tissue, and its unique biological and physicochemical properties and ability to facilitate biological structure repair make it a promising candidate for three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting in the field of tissue regeneration and biomedical engineering. Moreover, HA is an ideal raw material for bioinks in tissue engineering because of its histocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, biodegradability, anti-inflammatory properties, anti-angiogenic properties, and modifiability. Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field focusing on in vitro reconstructions of mammalian tissues, such as cartilage tissue engineering, neural tissue engineering, skin tissue engineering, and other areas that require further clinical applications. In this review, we first describe the modification methods, cross-linking methods, and bioprinting strategies for HA and its derivatives as bioinks and then critically discuss the strengths, shortcomings, and feasibility of each method. Subsequently, we reviewed the practical clinical applications and outcomes of HA bioink in 3D bioprinting. Finally, we describe the challenges and opportunities in the development of HA bioink to provide further research references and insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
- Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, 750004, China
- Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Huaqian Xue
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
- Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Huanxuan Zeng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Minghai Dai
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Chengxuan Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China.
| | - Liangle Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China.
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5
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Brunel LG, Christakopoulos F, Kilian D, Cai B, Hull SM, Myung D, Heilshorn SC. Embedded 3D Bioprinting of Collagen Inks into Microgel Baths to Control Hydrogel Microstructure and Cell Spreading. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2303325. [PMID: 38134346 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Microextrusion-based 3D bioprinting into support baths has emerged as a promising technique to pattern soft biomaterials into complex, macroscopic structures. It is hypothesized that interactions between inks and support baths, which are often composed of granular microgels, can be modulated to control the microscopic structure within these macroscopic-printed constructs. Using printed collagen bioinks crosslinked either through physical self-assembly or bioorthogonal covalent chemistry, it is demonstrated that microscopic porosity is introduced into collagen inks printed into microgel support baths but not bulk gel support baths. The overall porosity is governed by the ratio between the ink's shear viscosity and the microgel support bath's zero-shear viscosity. By adjusting the flow rate during extrusion, the ink's shear viscosity is modulated, thus controlling the extent of microscopic porosity independent of the ink composition. For covalently crosslinked collagen, printing into support baths comprised of gelatin microgels (15-50 µm) results in large pores (≈40 µm) that allow human corneal mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to readily spread, while control samples of cast collagen or collagen printed in non-granular support baths do not allow cell spreading. Taken together, these data demonstrate a new method to impart controlled microscale porosity into 3D printed hydrogels using granular microgel support baths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia G Brunel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fotis Christakopoulos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - David Kilian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Betty Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sarah M Hull
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - David Myung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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6
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Esmaeili M, Akbari E, George K, Rezvan G, Taheri-Qazvini N, Sadati M. Engineering Nano/Microscale Chiral Self-Assembly in 3D Printed Constructs. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:54. [PMID: 38108930 PMCID: PMC10728402 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Helical hierarchy found in biomolecules like cellulose, chitin, and collagen underpins the remarkable mechanical strength and vibrant colors observed in living organisms. This study advances the integration of helical/chiral assembly and 3D printing technology, providing precise spatial control over chiral nano/microstructures of rod-shaped colloidal nanoparticles in intricate geometries. We designed reactive chiral inks based on cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspensions and acrylamide monomers, enabling the chiral assembly at nano/microscale, beyond the resolution seen in printed materials. We employed a range of complementary techniques including Orthogonal Superposition rheometry and in situ rheo-optic measurements under steady shear rate conditions. These techniques help us to understand the nature of the nonlinear flow behavior of the chiral inks, and directly probe the flow-induced microstructural dynamics and phase transitions at constant shear rates, as well as their post-flow relaxation. Furthermore, we analyzed the photo-curing process to identify key parameters affecting gelation kinetics and structural integrity of the printed object within the supporting bath. These insights into the interplay between the chiral inks self-assembly dynamics, 3D printing flow kinematics and photo-polymerization kinetics provide a roadmap to direct the out-of-equilibrium arrangement of CNC particles in the 3D printed filaments, ranging from uniform nematic to 3D concentric chiral structures with controlled pitch length, as well as random orientation of chiral domains. Our biomimetic approach can pave the way for the creation of materials with superior mechanical properties or programable photonic responses that arise from 3D nano/microstructure and can be translated into larger scale 3D printed designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Esmaeili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ehsan Akbari
- TA Instruments, Waters LLC, New Castle, DE, 19720, USA
| | - Kyle George
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Gelareh Rezvan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Nader Taheri-Qazvini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Monirosadat Sadati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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7
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Öztürk-Öncel MÖ, Leal-Martínez BH, Monteiro RF, Gomes ME, Domingues RMA. A dive into the bath: embedded 3D bioprinting of freeform in vitro models. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:5462-5473. [PMID: 37489648 PMCID: PMC10408712 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00626c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Designing functional, vascularized, human scale in vitro models with biomimetic architectures and multiple cell types is a highly promising strategy for both a better understanding of natural tissue/organ development stages to inspire regenerative medicine, and to test novel therapeutics on personalized microphysiological systems. Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting is an effective biofabrication technology to engineer living constructs with predefined geometries and cell patterns. However, bioprinting high-resolution multilayered structures with mechanically weak hydrogel bioinks is challenging. The advent of embedded 3D bioprinting systems in recent years offered new avenues to explore this technology for in vitro modeling. By providing a stable, cell-friendly and perfusable environment to hold the bioink during and after printing, it allows to recapitulate native tissues' architecture and function in a well-controlled manner. Besides enabling freeform bioprinting of constructs with complex spatial organization, support baths can further provide functional housing systems for their long-term in vitro maintenance and screening. This minireview summarizes the recent advances in this field and discuss the enormous potential of embedded 3D bioprinting technologies as alternatives for the automated fabrication of more biomimetic in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Özgen Öztürk-Öncel
- 3B's Research Group I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Zona Industrial da Gandra Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Baltazar Hiram Leal-Martínez
- 3B's Research Group I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Zona Industrial da Gandra Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rosa F Monteiro
- 3B's Research Group I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Zona Industrial da Gandra Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Zona Industrial da Gandra Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui M A Domingues
- 3B's Research Group I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Zona Industrial da Gandra Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Fang Y, Guo Y, Wu B, Liu Z, Ye M, Xu Y, Ji M, Chen L, Lu B, Nie K, Wang Z, Luo J, Zhang T, Sun W, Xiong Z. Expanding Embedded 3D Bioprinting Capability for Engineering Complex Organs with Freeform Vascular Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205082. [PMID: 36796025 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Creating functional tissues and organs in vitro on demand is a major goal in biofabrication, but the ability to replicate the external geometry of specific organs and their internal structures such as blood vessels simultaneously remains one of the greatest impediments. Here, this limitation is addressed by developing a generalizable bioprinting strategy of sequential printing in a reversible ink template (SPIRIT). It is demonstrated that this microgel-based biphasic (MB) bioink can be used as both an excellent bioink and a suspension medium that supports embedded 3D printing due to its shear-thinning and self-healing behavior. When encapsulating human-induced pluripotent stem cells, the MB bioink is 3D printed to generate cardiac tissues and organoids by extensive stem cell proliferation and cardiac differentiation. By incorporating MB bioink, the SPIRIT strategy enables the effective printing of a ventricle model with a perfusable vascular network, which is not possible to fabricate using extant 3D printing strategies. This SPIRIT technique offers an unparalleled bioprinting capability to replicate the complex organ geometry and internal structure in a faster manner, which will accelerate the biofabrication and therapeutic applications of tissue and organ constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcong Fang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Guo
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bingyan Wu
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zibo Liu
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Min Ye
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Mengke Ji
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bingchuan Lu
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kaiji Nie
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Luo
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Xiong
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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9
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Honaryar H, Amirfattahi S, Niroobakhsh Z. Associative Liquid-In-Liquid 3D Printing Techniques for Freeform Fabrication of Soft Matter. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206524. [PMID: 36670057 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Shaping soft materials into prescribed 3D complex designs has been challenging yet feasible using various 3D printing technologies. For a broader range of soft matters to be printable, liquid-in-liquid 3D printing techniques have emerged in which an ink phase is printed into 3D constructs within a bath. Most of the attention in this field has been focused on using a support bath with favorable rheology (i.e., shear-thinning behavior) which limits the selection of materials, impeding the broad application of such techniques. However, a growing body of work has begun to leverage the interaction or association of the two involved phases (specifically at the liquid-liquid interface) to fabricate complex constructs from a myriad of soft materials with practical structural, mechanical, optical, magnetic, and communicative properties. This review article has provided an overview of the studies on such associative liquid-in-liquid 3D printing techniques along with their fundamentals, underlying mechanisms, various characterization techniques used for ensuring the structural stability, and practical properties of prints. Also, the future paths with the potential applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Honaryar
- Division of Energy, Matter, and Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Saba Amirfattahi
- Division of Energy, Matter, and Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Zahra Niroobakhsh
- Division of Energy, Matter, and Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
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10
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Kajtez J, Wesseler MF, Birtele M, Khorasgani FR, Rylander Ottosson D, Heiskanen A, Kamperman T, Leijten J, Martínez‐Serrano A, Larsen NB, Angelini TE, Parmar M, Lind JU, Emnéus J. Embedded 3D Printing in Self-Healing Annealable Composites for Precise Patterning of Functionally Mature Human Neural Constructs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201392. [PMID: 35712780 PMCID: PMC9443452 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Human in vitro models of neural tissue with tunable microenvironment and defined spatial arrangement are needed to facilitate studies of brain development and disease. Towards this end, embedded printing inside granular gels holds great promise as it allows precise patterning of extremely soft tissue constructs. However, granular printing support formulations are restricted to only a handful of materials. Therefore, there has been a need for novel materials that take advantage of versatile biomimicry of bulk hydrogels while providing high-fidelity support for embedded printing akin to granular gels. To address this need, Authors present a modular platform for bioengineering of neuronal networks via direct embedded 3D printing of human stem cells inside Self-Healing Annealable Particle-Extracellular matrix (SHAPE) composites. SHAPE composites consist of soft microgels immersed in viscous extracellular-matrix solution to enable precise and programmable patterning of human stem cells and consequent generation mature subtype-specific neurons that extend projections into the volume of the annealed support. The developed approach further allows multi-ink deposition, live spatial and temporal monitoring of oxygen levels, as well as creation of vascular-like channels. Due to its modularity and versatility, SHAPE biomanufacturing toolbox has potential to be used in applications beyond functional modeling of mechanically sensitive neural constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Kajtez
- Department of Experimental Medical SciencesWallenberg Neuroscience CenterDivision of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell CenterLund UniversityLundS‐221 84Sweden
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering)Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Milan Finn Wesseler
- Department of Health Technology (DTU Health Tech)Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Marcella Birtele
- Department of Experimental Medical SciencesWallenberg Neuroscience CenterDivision of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell CenterLund UniversityLundS‐221 84Sweden
| | - Farinaz Riyahi Khorasgani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering)Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Daniella Rylander Ottosson
- Department of Experimental Medical SciencesWallenberg Neuroscience CenterDivision of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell CenterLund UniversityLundS‐221 84Sweden
| | - Arto Heiskanen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering)Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Tom Kamperman
- Department of Developmental BioEngineeringFaculty of Science and TechnologyTechnical Medical CentreUniversity of TwenteEnschede7522The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Department of Developmental BioEngineeringFaculty of Science and TechnologyTechnical Medical CentreUniversity of TwenteEnschede7522The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Martínez‐Serrano
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversidad Autónoma de Madridand Division of HomeostasisCenter of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (UAM‐CSIC)Madrid28049Spain
| | - Niels B. Larsen
- Department of Health Technology (DTU Health Tech)Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Thomas E. Angelini
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainsvilleFL32611USA
| | - Malin Parmar
- Department of Experimental Medical SciencesWallenberg Neuroscience CenterDivision of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell CenterLund UniversityLundS‐221 84Sweden
| | - Johan U. Lind
- Department of Health Technology (DTU Health Tech)Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering)Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby2800Denmark
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11
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Bertsch P, Diba M, Mooney DJ, Leeuwenburgh SCG. Self-Healing Injectable Hydrogels for Tissue Regeneration. Chem Rev 2022; 123:834-873. [PMID: 35930422 PMCID: PMC9881015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials with the ability to self-heal and recover their structural integrity offer many advantages for applications in biomedicine. The past decade has witnessed the rapid emergence of a new class of self-healing biomaterials commonly termed injectable, or printable in the context of 3D printing. These self-healing injectable biomaterials, mostly hydrogels and other soft condensed matter based on reversible chemistry, are able to temporarily fluidize under shear stress and subsequently recover their original mechanical properties. Self-healing injectable hydrogels offer distinct advantages compared to traditional biomaterials. Most notably, they can be administered in a locally targeted and minimally invasive manner through a narrow syringe without the need for invasive surgery. Their moldability allows for a patient-specific intervention and shows great prospects for personalized medicine. Injected hydrogels can facilitate tissue regeneration in multiple ways owing to their viscoelastic and diffusive nature, ranging from simple mechanical support, spatiotemporally controlled delivery of cells or therapeutics, to local recruitment and modulation of host cells to promote tissue regeneration. Consequently, self-healing injectable hydrogels have been at the forefront of many cutting-edge tissue regeneration strategies. This study provides a critical review of the current state of self-healing injectable hydrogels for tissue regeneration. As key challenges toward further maturation of this exciting research field, we identify (i) the trade-off between the self-healing and injectability of hydrogels vs their physical stability, (ii) the lack of consensus on rheological characterization and quantitative benchmarks for self-healing injectable hydrogels, particularly regarding the capillary flow in syringes, and (iii) practical limitations regarding translation toward therapeutically effective formulations for regeneration of specific tissues. Hence, here we (i) review chemical and physical design strategies for self-healing injectable hydrogels, (ii) provide a practical guide for their rheological analysis, and (iii) showcase their applicability for regeneration of various tissues and 3D printing of complex tissues and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bertsch
- Department
of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular
Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical
Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mani Diba
- Department
of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular
Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical
Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands,John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States,Wyss
Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David J. Mooney
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States,Wyss
Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sander C. G. Leeuwenburgh
- Department
of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular
Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical
Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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12
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Friedrich LM, Gunther RT, Seppala JE. Suppression of Filament Defects in Embedded 3D Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32561-32578. [PMID: 35786823 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Embedded 3D printing enables the manufacture of soft, intricate structures. In the technique, a nozzle is embedded into a viscoelastic support bath and extrudes filaments or droplets. While embedded 3D printing expands the printable materials space to low-viscosity fluids, it also presents new challenges. Filament cross-sections can be tall and narrow, have sharp edges, and have rough surfaces. Filaments can also rupture or contract due to capillarity, harming print fidelity. Through digital image analysis of in situ videos of the printing process and images of filaments just after printing, we probe the effects of ink and support rheology, print speeds, and interfacial tension on defects in individual filaments. Using model materials, we determine that if both the ink and support are water-based, the local viscosity ratio near the nozzle controls the filament shape. If the ink is slightly more viscous than the support, a round, smooth filament is produced. If the ink is oil-based and the support is water-based, the capillary number, or the product of the ink speed and support viscosity divided by the interfacial tension, controls the filament shape. To suppress contraction and rupture, the capillary number should be high, even though this leads to trade-offs in roughness and roundness. Still, inks at nonzero interfacial tension can be advantageous, since they lead to much rounder and smoother filaments than inks at zero interfacial tension with equivalent viscosity ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Friedrich
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Ross T Gunther
- Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jonathan E Seppala
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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13
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Feng Q, Li D, Li Q, Li H, Wang Z, Zhu S, Lin Z, Cao X, Dong H. Assembling Microgels via Dynamic Cross-Linking Reaction Improves Printability, Microporosity, Tissue-Adhesion, and Self-Healing of Microgel Bioink for Extrusion Bioprinting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15653-15666. [PMID: 35344348 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extrusion bioprinting has been widely used to fabricate complicated and heterogeneous constructs for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Despite the remarkable progress acquired so far, the exploration of qualified bioinks is still challenging, mainly due to the conflicting requirements on the printability/shape-fidelity and cell viability. Herein, a new strategy is proposed to formulate a dynamic cross-linked microgel assembly (DC-MA) bioink, which can achieve both high printability/shape-fidelity and high cell viability by strengthening intermicrogel interactions through dynamic covalent bonds while still maintaining the relatively low mechanical modulus of microgels. As a proof-of-concept, microgels are prepared by cross-linking hyaluronic acid modified with methacrylate and phenylboric acid groups (HAMA-PBA) and methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) via droplet-based microfluidics, followed by assembling into DC-MA bioink with a dynamic cross-linker (dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid, HA-DA). As a result, 2D and 3D constructs with high shape-fidelity can be printed without post-treatment, and the encapsulated L929 cells exhibit high cell viability after extrusion. Moreover, the addition of the dynamic cross-linker (HA-DA) also improves the microporosity, tissue-adhesion, and self-healing of the DC-MA bioink, which is very beneficial for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications including wound healing. We believe the present work sheds a new light on designing new bioinks for extrusion bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dingguo Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qingtao Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haofei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zetao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zefeng Lin
- Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Hua Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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