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Vo TS, Hoang T, Vo TTBC, Jeon B, Nguyen VH, Kim K. Recent Trends of Bioanalytical Sensors with Smart Health Monitoring Systems: From Materials to Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303923. [PMID: 38573175 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Smart biosensors attract significant interest due to real-time monitoring of user health status, where bioanalytical electronic devices designed to detect various activities and biomarkers in the human body have potential applications in physical sign monitoring and health care. Bioelectronics can be well integrated by output signals with wireless communication modules for transferring data to portable devices used as smart biosensors in performing real-time diagnosis and analysis. In this review, the scientific keys of biosensing devices and the current trends in the field of smart biosensors, (functional materials, technological approaches, sensing mechanisms, main roles, potential applications and challenges in health monitoring) will be summarized. Recent advances in the design and manufacturing of bioanalytical sensors with smarter capabilities and enhanced reliability indicate a forthcoming expansion of these smart devices from laboratory to clinical analysis. Therefore, a general description of functional materials and technological approaches used in bioelectronics will be presented after the sections of scientific keys to bioanalytical sensors. A careful introduction to the established systems of smart monitoring and prediction analysis using bioelectronics, regarding the integration of machine-learning-based basic algorithms, will be discussed. Afterward, applications and challenges in development using these smart bioelectronics in biological, clinical, and medical diagnostics will also be analyzed. Finally, the review will conclude with outlooks of smart biosensing devices assisted by machine learning algorithms, wireless communications, or smartphone-based systems on current trends and challenges for future works in wearable health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Sinh Vo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Trung Hoang
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Tran Thi Bich Chau Vo
- Faculty of Industrial Management, College of Engineering, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 900000, Vietnam
| | - Byounghyun Jeon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Vu Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kyunghoon Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
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2
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Malozyomov BV, Martyushev NV, Bryukhanova NN, Kondratiev VV, Kononenko RV, Pavlov PP, Romanova VV, Karlina YI. Reliability Study of Metal-Oxide Semiconductors in Integrated Circuits. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:561. [PMID: 38793134 PMCID: PMC11122937 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
This paper is devoted to the study of CMOS IC parameter degradation during reliability testing. The paper presents a review of literature data on the issue of the reliability of semiconductor devices and integrated circuits and the types of failures leading to the degradation of IC parameters. It describes the tests carried out on the reliability of controlled parameters of integrated circuit TPS54332, such as quiescent current, quiescent current in standby mode, resistance of the open key, and instability of the set output voltage in the whole range of input voltages and in the whole range of load currents. The calculated values of activation energies and acceleration coefficients for different test temperature regimes are given. As a result of the work done, sample rejection tests have been carried out on the TPS54332 IC under study. Experimental fail-safe tests were carried out, with subsequent analysis of the chip samples by the controlled parameter quiescent current. On the basis of the obtained experimental values, the values of activation energy and acceleration coefficient at different temperature regimes were calculated. The dependencies of activation energy and acceleration coefficient on temperature were plotted, which show that activation energy linearly increases with increasing temperature, while the acceleration coefficient, on the contrary, decreases. It was also found that the value of the calculated activation energy of the chip is 0.1 eV less than the standard value of the activation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris V. Malozyomov
- Department of Electrotechnical Complexes, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20, Karla Marksa Ave., 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikita V. Martyushev
- Department of Advanced Technologies, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Nikolaevna Bryukhanova
- Laboratory of Geochemistry of Ore Formation and Geochemical Methods of Prospecting, A. P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia; (N.N.B.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Viktor V. Kondratiev
- Laboratory of Geochemistry of Ore Formation and Geochemical Methods of Prospecting, A. P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia; (N.N.B.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Roman V. Kononenko
- Computer Hardware and Software Laboratory, Institute of Information Technologies and Data Analysis, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, 664074 Irkutsk, Russia;
| | - Pavel P. Pavlov
- Department of Electrical Complexes and Systems, Kazan State Power Engineering University, 420066 Kazan, Russia;
| | | | - Yuliya I. Karlina
- Stroytest Research and Testing Centre, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 26, Yaroslavskoye Shosse, 129337 Moscow, Russia;
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3
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Flores-Diaz N, De Rossi F, Das A, Deepa M, Brunetti F, Freitag M. Progress of Photocapacitors. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9327-9355. [PMID: 37294781 PMCID: PMC10416220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In response to the current trend of miniaturization of electronic devices and sensors, the complementary coupling of high-efficiency energy conversion and low-loss energy storage technologies has given rise to the development of photocapacitors (PCs), which combine energy conversion and storage in a single device. Photovoltaic systems integrated with supercapacitors offer unique light conversion and storage capabilities, resulting in improved overall efficiency over the past decade. Consequently, researchers have explored a wide range of device combinations, materials, and characterization techniques. This review provides a comprehensive overview of photocapacitors, including their configurations, operating mechanisms, manufacturing techniques, and materials, with a focus on emerging applications in small wireless devices, Internet of Things (IoT), and Internet of Everything (IoE). Furthermore, we highlight the importance of cutting-edge materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and organic materials for supercapacitors, as well as novel materials in photovoltaics, in advancing PCs for a carbon-free, sustainable society. We also evaluate the potential development, prospects, and application scenarios of this emerging area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Flores-Diaz
- School
of Natural and Environmental Science, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca De Rossi
- CHOSE
(Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic
Engineering, University of Rome “Tor
Vergata”, via
del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Aparajita Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Hyderabad, Kandi, 502285 Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Melepurath Deepa
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Hyderabad, Kandi, 502285 Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Francesca Brunetti
- CHOSE
(Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic
Engineering, University of Rome “Tor
Vergata”, via
del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Freitag
- School
of Natural and Environmental Science, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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4
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Mao P, Li H, Yu Z. A Review of Skin-Wearable Sensors for Non-Invasive Health Monitoring Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3673. [PMID: 37050733 PMCID: PMC10099362 DOI: 10.3390/s23073673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The early detection of fatal diseases is crucial for medical diagnostics and treatment, both of which benefit the individual and society. Portable devices, such as thermometers and blood pressure monitors, and large instruments, such as computed tomography (CT) and X-ray scanners, have already been implemented to collect health-related information. However, collecting health information using conventional medical equipment at home or in a hospital can be inefficient and can potentially affect the timeliness of treatment. Therefore, on-time vital signal collection via healthcare monitoring has received increasing attention. As the largest organ of the human body, skin delivers significant signals reflecting our health condition; thus, receiving vital signals directly from the skin offers the opportunity for accessible and versatile non-invasive monitoring. In particular, emerging flexible and stretchable electronics demonstrate the capability of skin-like devices for on-time and continuous long-term health monitoring. Compared to traditional electronic devices, this type of device has better mechanical properties, such as skin conformal attachment, and maintains compatible detectability. This review divides the health information that can be obtained from skin using the sensor aspect's input energy forms into five categories: thermoelectrical signals, neural electrical signals, photoelectrical signals, electrochemical signals, and mechanical pressure signals. We then summarize current skin-wearable health monitoring devices and provide outlooks on future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengsu Mao
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Zhibin Yu
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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5
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Nawaz A, Merces L, Ferro LMM, Sonar P, Bufon CCB. Impact of Planar and Vertical Organic Field-Effect Transistors on Flexible Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204804. [PMID: 36124375 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of flexible and conformable devices, whose performance can be maintained while being continuously deformed, provides a significant step toward the realization of next-generation wearable and e-textile applications. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are particularly interesting for flexible and lightweight products, because of their low-temperature solution processability, and the mechanical flexibility of organic materials that endows OFETs the natural compatibility with plastic and biodegradable substrates. Here, an in-depth review of two competing flexible OFET technologies, planar and vertical OFETs (POFETs and VOFETs, respectively) is provided. The electrical, mechanical, and physical properties of POFETs and VOFETs are critically discussed, with a focus on four pivotal applications (integrated logic circuits, light-emitting devices, memories, and sensors). It is pointed out that the flexible function of the relatively newer VOFET technology, along with its perspective on advancing the applicability of flexible POFETs, has not been reviewed so far, and the direct comparison regarding the performance of POFET- and VOFET-based flexible applications is most likely absent. With discussions spanning printed and wearable electronics, materials science, biotechnology, and environmental monitoring, this contribution is a clear stimulus to researchers working in these fields to engage toward the plentiful possibilities that POFETs and VOFETs offer to flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nawaz
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Leandro Merces
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Letícia M M Ferro
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Carlos C B Bufon
- MackGraphe - Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
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6
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Zhou Y, Li L, Han Z, Li Q, He J, Wang Q. Self-Healing Polymers for Electronics and Energy Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:558-612. [PMID: 36260027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are extensively exploited as active materials in a variety of electronics and energy devices because of their tailorable electrical properties, mechanical flexibility, facile processability, and they are lightweight. The polymer devices integrated with self-healing ability offer enhanced reliability, durability, and sustainability. In this Review, we provide an update on the major advancements in the applications of self-healing polymers in the devices, including energy devices, electronic components, optoelectronics, and dielectrics. The differences in fundamental mechanisms and healing strategies between mechanical fracture and electrical breakdown of polymers are underlined. The key concepts of self-healing polymer devices for repairing mechanical integrity and restoring their functions and device performance in response to mechanical and electrical damage are outlined. The advantages and limitations of the current approaches to self-healing polymer devices are systematically summarized. Challenges and future research opportunities are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhubing Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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7
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Babatain W, Buttner U, El-Atab N, Hussain MM. Graphene and Liquid Metal Integrated Multifunctional Wearable Platform for Monitoring Motion and Human-Machine Interfacing. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20305-20317. [PMID: 36201180 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Motion sensors are an essential component of many electronic systems. However, the development of inertial motion sensors based on fatigue-free soft proof mass has not been explored extensively in the field of soft electronics. Nontoxic gallium-based liquid metals are an emerging class of material that exhibit attractive electromechanical properties, making them excellent proof mass materials for inertial sensors. Here, we propose and demonstrate a fully soft laser-induced graphene (LIG) and liquid metal-based inertial sensor integrated with temperature, humidity, and breathing sensors. The inertial sensor design confines a graphene-coated liquid metal droplet inside a fluidic channel, rolling over LIG resistive electrode. The proposed sensor architecture and material realize a highly mobile proof mass and a vibrational space for its oscillation. The inertial sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 6.52% m-1 s2 and excellent repeatability (over 12 500 cycles). The platform is fabricated using a scalable, rapid laser writing technique and integrated with a programmable system on a chip (PSoC) to function as a stand-alone system for real-time wireless monitoring of movement patterns and the control of a robotic arm. The developed printed inertial platform is an excellent candidate for the next-generation of wearables motion tracking platforms and soft human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedyan Babatain
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ulrich Buttner
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazek El-Atab
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Mustafa Hussain
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
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8
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Anwer AH, Khan N, Ansari MZ, Baek SS, Yi H, Kim S, Noh SM, Jeong C. Recent Advances in Touch Sensors for Flexible Wearable Devices. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22124460. [PMID: 35746242 PMCID: PMC9229189 DOI: 10.3390/s22124460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Many modern user interfaces are based on touch, and such sensors are widely used in displays, Internet of Things (IoT) projects, and robotics. From lamps to touchscreens of smartphones, these user interfaces can be found in an array of applications. However, traditional touch sensors are bulky, complicated, inflexible, and difficult-to-wear devices made of stiff materials. The touch screen is gaining further importance with the trend of current IoT technology flexibly and comfortably used on the skin or clothing to affect different aspects of human life. This review presents an updated overview of the recent advances in this area. Exciting advances in various aspects of touch sensing are discussed, with particular focus on materials, manufacturing, enhancements, and applications of flexible wearable sensors. This review further elaborates on the theoretical principles of various types of touch sensors, including resistive, piezoelectric, and capacitive sensors. The traditional and novel hybrid materials and manufacturing technologies of flexible sensors are considered. This review highlights the multidisciplinary applications of flexible touch sensors, such as e-textiles, e-skins, e-control, and e-healthcare. Finally, the obstacles and prospects for future research that are critical to the broader development and adoption of the technology are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hakeem Anwer
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
- Industrial Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India;
| | - Nishat Khan
- Industrial Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India;
| | - Mohd Zahid Ansari
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Sang-Soo Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Hoon Yi
- Mechanical Technology Group, Global Manufacturing Center, Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., 150 Maeyeong-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16674, Korea;
| | - Soeun Kim
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44412, Korea;
| | - Seung Man Noh
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44412, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.M.N.); (C.J.); Tel.: +82-52-241-6070 (S.M.N.); +82-52-810-2442 (C.J.)
| | - Changyoon Jeong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.M.N.); (C.J.); Tel.: +82-52-241-6070 (S.M.N.); +82-52-810-2442 (C.J.)
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Ranjan P, Gaur S, Yadav H, Urgunde AB, Singh V, Patel A, Vishwakarma K, Kalirawana D, Gupta R, Kumar P. 2D materials: increscent quantum flatland with immense potential for applications. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:26. [PMID: 35666392 PMCID: PMC9170864 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum flatland i.e., the family of two dimensional (2D) quantum materials has become increscent and has already encompassed elemental atomic sheets (Xenes), 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), 2D metal nitrides/carbides/carbonitrides (MXenes), 2D metal oxides, 2D metal phosphides, 2D metal halides, 2D mixed oxides, etc. and still new members are being explored. Owing to the occurrence of various structural phases of each 2D material and each exhibiting a unique electronic structure; bestows distinct physical and chemical properties. In the early years, world record electronic mobility and fractional quantum Hall effect of graphene attracted attention. Thanks to excellent electronic mobility, and extreme sensitivity of their electronic structures towards the adjacent environment, 2D materials have been employed as various ultrafast precision sensors such as gas/fire/light/strain sensors and in trace-level molecular detectors and disease diagnosis. 2D materials, their doped versions, and their hetero layers and hybrids have been successfully employed in electronic/photonic/optoelectronic/spintronic and straintronic chips. In recent times, quantum behavior such as the existence of a superconducting phase in moiré hetero layers, the feasibility of hyperbolic photonic metamaterials, mechanical metamaterials with negative Poisson ratio, and potential usage in second/third harmonic generation and electromagnetic shields, etc. have raised the expectations further. High surface area, excellent young's moduli, and anchoring/coupling capability bolster hopes for their usage as nanofillers in polymers, glass, and soft metals. Even though lab-scale demonstrations have been showcased, large-scale applications such as solar cells, LEDs, flat panel displays, hybrid energy storage, catalysis (including water splitting and CO2 reduction), etc. will catch up. While new members of the flatland family will be invented, new methods of large-scale synthesis of defect-free crystals will be explored and novel applications will emerge, it is expected. Achieving a high level of in-plane doping in 2D materials without adding defects is a challenge to work on. Development of understanding of inter-layer coupling and its effects on electron injection/excited state electron transfer at the 2D-2D interfaces will lead to future generation heterolayer devices and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Ranjan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Snehraj Gaur
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Himanshu Yadav
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ajay B Urgunde
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vikas Singh
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Avit Patel
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kusum Vishwakarma
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Kalirawana
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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10
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Recent Advances in Metal−Oxide Thin−Film Transistors: Flexible/Stretchable Devices, Integrated Circuits, Biosensors and Neuromorphic Applications. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Thin−film transistors using metal oxides have been investigated extensively because of their high transparency, large area, and mass production of metal oxide semiconductors. Compatibility with conventional semiconductor processes, such as photolithography of the metal oxide offers the possibility to develop integrated circuits on a larger scale. In addition, combinations with other materials have enabled the development of sensor applications or neuromorphic devices in recent years. Here, this paper provides a timely overview of metal−oxide−based thin−film transistors focusing on emerging applications, including flexible/stretchable devices, integrated circuits, biosensors, and neuromorphic devices. This overview also revisits recent efforts on metal oxide−based thin−film transistors developed with high compatibility for integration to newly reported applications.
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11
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Li WD, Ke K, Jia J, Pu JH, Zhao X, Bao RY, Liu ZY, Bai L, Zhang K, Yang MB, Yang W. Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E-skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103734. [PMID: 34825473 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiresponsive flexile sensors with strain, temperature, humidity, and other sensing abilities serving as real electronic skin (e-skin) have manifested great application potential in flexible electronics, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT). Although numerous flexible sensors with sole sensing function have already been reported since the concept of e-skin, that mimics the sensing features of human skin, was proposed about a decade ago, the ones with more sensing capacities as new emergences are urgently demanded. However, highly integrated and highly sensitive flexible sensors with multiresponsive functions are becoming a big thrust for the detection of human body motions, physiological signals (e.g., skin temperature, blood pressure, electrocardiograms (ECG), electromyograms (EMG), sweat, etc.) and environmental stimuli (e.g., light, magnetic field, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), which are vital to real-time and all-round human health monitoring and management. Herein, this review summarizes the design, manufacturing, and application of multiresponsive flexible sensors and presents the future challenges of fabricating these sensors for the next-generation e-skin and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Di Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jun-Hong Pu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Lu Bai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
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12
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Lei C, Xie Z, Wu K, Fu Q. Controlled Vertically Aligned Structures in Polymer Composites: Natural Inspiration, Structural Processing, and Functional Application. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103495. [PMID: 34590751 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vertically aligned structures, which are a series of characteristic conformations with thickness-direction alignment, interconnection, or assembly of filler in polymeric composite materials that can provide remarkable structural performance and advanced anisotropic functions, have attracted considerable attention in recent years. The past two decades have witnessed extensive development with regard to universal fabrication methods, subtle control of morphological features, improvement of functional properties, and superior applications of vertically aligned structures in various fields. However, a systematic review remains to be attempted. The various configurations of vertical structures inspired from biological samples in nature, such as vertically aligned structures with honeycomb, reed, annual ring, radial, and lamellar configurations are summarized here. Additionally, relevant processing methods, which include the transformation of oriented direction, external-field inducement, template method, and 3D printing method, are discussed in detail. The diverse applications in mechanical, thermal, electric, dielectric, electromagnetic, water treatment, and energy fields are also highlighted by providing representative examples. Finally, future opportunities and prospects are listed to identify current issues and potential research directions. It is expected that perspectives on the vertically aligned structures presented here will contribute to the research on advanced multifunctional composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxin Lei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zilong Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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13
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Khan AI, Daus A, Islam R, Neilson KM, Lee HR, Wong HSP, Pop E. Ultralow-switching current density multilevel phase-change memory on a flexible substrate. Science 2021; 373:1243-1247. [PMID: 34516795 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Asir Intisar Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alwin Daus
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Raisul Islam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathryn M Neilson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hye Ryoung Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - H-S Philip Wong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric Pop
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.,Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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14
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Wen DL, Sun DH, Huang P, Huang W, Su M, Wang Y, Han MD, Kim B, Brugger J, Zhang HX, Zhang XS. Recent progress in silk fibroin-based flexible electronics. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:35. [PMID: 34567749 PMCID: PMC8433308 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the emergence of 5G, traditional silicon-based electronics no longer fully meet market demands such as nonplanar application scenarios due to mechanical mismatch. This provides unprecedented opportunities for flexible electronics that bypass the physical rigidity through the introduction of flexible materials. In recent decades, biological materials with outstanding biocompatibility and biodegradability, which are considered some of the most promising candidates for next-generation flexible electronics, have received increasing attention, e.g., silk fibroin, cellulose, pectin, chitosan, and melanin. Among them, silk fibroin presents greater superiorities in biocompatibility and biodegradability, and moreover, it also possesses a variety of attractive properties, such as adjustable water solubility, remarkable optical transmittance, high mechanical robustness, light weight, and ease of processing, which are partially or even completely lacking in other biological materials. Therefore, silk fibroin has been widely used as fundamental components for the construction of biocompatible flexible electronics, particularly for wearable and implantable devices. Furthermore, in recent years, more attention has been paid to the investigation of the functional characteristics of silk fibroin, such as the dielectric properties, piezoelectric properties, strong ability to lose electrons, and sensitivity to environmental variables. Here, this paper not only reviews the preparation technologies for various forms of silk fibroin and the recent progress in the use of silk fibroin as a fundamental material but also focuses on the recent advanced works in which silk fibroin serves as functional components. Additionally, the challenges and future development of silk fibroin-based flexible electronics are summarized. (1) This review focuses on silk fibroin serving as active functional components to construct flexible electronics. (2) Recent representative reports on flexible electronic devices that applied silk fibroin as fundamental supporting components are summarized. (3) This review summarizes the current typical silk fibroin-based materials and the corresponding advanced preparation technologies. (4) The current challenges and future development of silk fibroin-based flexible electronic devices are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Liang Wen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731 China
| | - De-Heng Sun
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731 China
| | - Peng Huang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731 China
| | - Wen Huang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731 China
| | - Meng Su
- CIRMM, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
| | - Ya Wang
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Meng-Di Han
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, 100087 Beijing, China
| | - Beomjoon Kim
- CIRMM, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
| | - Juergen Brugger
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hai-Xia Zhang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, 100087 Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731 China
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15
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Wang M, Luo Y, Wang T, Wan C, Pan L, Pan S, He K, Neo A, Chen X. Artificial Skin Perception. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003014. [PMID: 32930454 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ, with the functionalities of protection, regulation, and sensation. The emulation of human skin via flexible and stretchable electronics gives rise to electronic skin (e-skin), which has realized artificial sensation and other functions that cannot be achieved by conventional electronics. To date, tremendous progress has been made in data acquisition and transmission for e-skin systems, while the implementation of perception within systems, that is, sensory data processing, is still in its infancy. Integrating the perception functionality into a flexible and stretchable sensing system, namely artificial skin perception, is critical to endow current e-skin systems with higher intelligence. Here, recent progress in the design and fabrication of artificial skin perception devices and systems is summarized, and challenges and prospects are discussed. The strategies for implementing artificial skin perception utilize either conventional silicon-based circuits or novel flexible computing devices such as memristive devices and synaptic transistors, which enable artificial skin to surpass human skin, with a distributed, low-latency, and energy-efficient information-processing ability. In future, artificial skin perception would be a new enabling technology to construct next-generation intelligent electronic devices and systems for advanced applications, such as robotic surgery, rehabilitation, and prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yifei Luo
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ting Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Wan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Liang Pan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shaowu Pan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Aden Neo
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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16
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Gao X, Jia B, Ye Z, Wang L, Fu K, Liu P, Hu F, Zhu H, Wang Y. Simultaneous transmission, detection, and energy harvesting. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2075-2078. [PMID: 33929422 DOI: 10.1364/ol.423496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the electro-optic property of InGaN multiple quantum wells, a III-nitride diode can provide light transmission, photo detection, and energy harvesting under different bias conditions. Made of III-nitride diodes arrayed in a single chip, the combination allows the diodes to transmit, detect, and harvest visible light at the same time. Here, we monolithically integrate a III-nitride transmitter, receiver, and energy harvester using a compatible foundry process. By adopting a bottom SiO2/TiO2 distributed Bragg reflector, we present a III-nitride diode with a peak external quantum efficiency of 50.65% at a forward voltage of 2.6 V for light emission, a power conversion efficiency of 6.68% for energy harvesting, and a peak external quantum efficiency of 50.9% at a wavelength of 388 nm for photon detection. The energy harvester generates electricity from ambient light to directly turn the transmitter on. By integrating a circuit, the electrical signals generated by the receiver pulse the emitted light to relay information. The multifunctioning system can continuously operate without an external power supply. Our work opens up a promising approach to develop multicomponent systems with new interactive functions and multitasking devices, due to III-nitride diode arrays that can simultaneously transmit, detect, and harvest light.
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17
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Vu CC, Kim SJ, Kim J. Flexible wearable sensors - an update in view of touch-sensing. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2021; 22:26-36. [PMID: 33854405 PMCID: PMC8018418 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2020.1862629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, much of user interface is based on touch and the touch sensors have been common for displays, Internet of things (IoT) projects, or robotics. They can be found in lamps, touch screens of smartphones, or other wide arrays of applications as well. However, the conventional touch sensors, fabricated from rigid materials, are bulky, inflexible, hard, and hard-to-wear devices. The current IoT trend has made these touch sensors increasingly important when it added in the skin or clothing to affect different aspects of human life flexibly and comfortably. The paper provides an overview of the recent developments in this field. We discuss exciting advances in materials, fabrications, enhancements, and applications of flexible wearable sensors under view of touch-sensing. Therein, the review describes the theoretical principles of touch sensors, including resistive, capacitive, and piezoelectric types. Following that, the conventional and novel materials, as well as manufacturing technologies of flexible sensors are considered to. Especially, this review highlights the multidisciplinary approaches such as e-skins, e-textiles, e-healthcare, and e-control of flexible touch sensors. Finally, we summarize the challenges and opportunities that use is key to widespread development and adoption for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Cuong Vu
- Department of Organic Materials and Fibers Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jin Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fibers Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyong Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fibers Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Yu Y, Zheng G, Dai K, Zhai W, Zhou K, Jia Y, Zheng G, Zhang Z, Liu C, Shen C. Hollow-porous fibers for intrinsically thermally insulating textiles and wearable electronics with ultrahigh working sensitivity. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1037-1046. [PMID: 34821334 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01818j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable smart devices should be flexible and functional to imitate the warmth and sensing functions of human skin or animal fur. Despite the recent great progress in wearable smart devices, it is still challenging to achieve the required multi-functionality. Here, stretchable hollow-porous fibers with self-warming ability are designed, and the properties of electrical heating, strain sensing, temperature sensing and pressure sensing are achieved. The hollow-porous TPU fiber possesses an ultra-high stretchability (1468%), and the textiles woven from the fibers present a splendid thermal insulation property (the absolute value difference in temperature |ΔT| = 68.5 and 44 °C at extreme temperatures of 115 and -40.0 °C). Importantly, after conductive filler decoration, the fiber-based strain sensor exhibits one of the highest reported gauge factor (2.3 × 106) towards 100% strain in 7200 working stretch-release cycles. A low detection limit of 0.5% strain is also achieved. Besides, the fibers can be heated to 40 °C in 18 s at a small voltage of 2 V as an electrical heater. The assembled thermal sensors can monitor the temperature from 30 to 90 °C in real time, and the fiber-based capacitive type pressure sensor exhibits good sensing performance under force from 1 to 25 N. The hollow-porous fiber based all-in-one integrated wearable systems illustrate promising prospects for next generation electronic skins to detect human motions and body temperature with thermal therapy and inherent self-warming ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application (Zhengzhou University), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China.
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19
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Zhang T, Hu R, Zhang S, Liu Z, Wang J, Xu J, Chen K, Yu L. Superfast Growth Dynamics of High-Quality Silicon Nanowires on Polymer Films via Self-Selected Laser-Droplet-Heating. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:569-576. [PMID: 33350839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growing high quality silicon nanowires (SiNWs) at elevated temperature on cooler polymer films seems to be contradictive but highly desirable for building high performance flexible and wearable electronics. In this work, we demonstrate a superfast (vnw > 3.5 μm·s-1) growth of high quality SiNWs on polymer/glass substrates, powered by self-selected laser at 808 nm heating of indium catalyst droplets that absorb amorphous Si layer to produce SiNWs. Because of the tiny heat capacity of the nanodroplets, the SiNW growth can be quickly heated up and frozen via rapid laser ON/OFF switching, enabling a deterministic diameter modulation in the ultralong SiNWs. Finally, prototype field effect transistors are also fabricated upon the laser-droplet-heating grown SiNWs with a high Ion/Ioff ratio of >104 and reasonable subthreshold swing of 386 mV·dec-1, opening a generic new route to integrate high-quality NW channels directly upon large area and lightweight polymer substrates for developing high-performance flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Ruijin Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Zongguang Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Junzhuan Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Kunji Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Linwei Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
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Sadighbayan D, Hasanzadeh M, Ghafar-Zadeh E. Biosensing based on field-effect transistors (FET): Recent progress and challenges. Trends Analyt Chem 2020; 133:116067. [PMID: 33052154 PMCID: PMC7545218 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of field-Effect-Transistor (FET) type biosensing arrangements has been highlighted by researchers in the field of early biomarker detection and drug screening. Their non-metalized gate dielectrics that are exposed to an electrolyte solution cover the semiconductor material and actively transduce the biological changes on the surface. The efficiency of these novel devices in detecting different biomolecular analytes in a real-time, highly precise, specific, and label-free manner has been validated by numerous research studies. Considerable progress has been attained in designing FET devices, especially for biomedical diagnosis and cell-based assays in the past few decades. The exceptional electronic properties, compactness, and scalability of these novel tools are very desirable for designing rapid, label-free, and mass detection of biomolecules. With the incorporation of nanotechnology, the performance of biosensors based on FET boosts significantly, particularly, employment of nanomaterials such as graphene, metal nanoparticles, single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, nanorods, and nanowires. Besides, their commercial availability, and high-quality production on a large-scale, turn them to be one of the most preferred sensing and screening platforms. This review presents the basic structural setup and working principle of different types of FET devices. We also focused on the latest progression regarding the use of FET biosensors for the recognition of viruses such as, recently emerged COVID-19, Influenza, Hepatitis B Virus, protein biomarkers, nucleic acids, bacteria, cells, and various ions. Additionally, an outline of the development of FET sensors for investigations related to drug development and the cellular investigation is also presented. Some technical strategies for enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of detection in these devices are addressed as well. However, there are still certain challenges which are remained unaddressed concerning the performance and clinical use of transistor-based point-of-care (POC) instruments; accordingly, expectations about their future improvement for biosensing and cellular studies are argued at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Sadighbayan
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Faculty of Science, Dept. of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Faculty of Science, Dept. of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
- Dept. of Elecrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada
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Dahiya AS, Shakthivel D, Kumaresan Y, Zumeit A, Christou A, Dahiya R. High-performance printed electronics based on inorganic semiconducting nano to chip scale structures. NANO CONVERGENCE 2020; 7:33. [PMID: 33034776 PMCID: PMC7547062 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-020-00243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Printed Electronics (PE) is expected to revolutionise the way electronics will be manufactured in the future. Building on the achievements of the traditional printing industry, and the recent advances in flexible electronics and digital technologies, PE may even substitute the conventional silicon-based electronics if the performance of printed devices and circuits can be at par with silicon-based devices. In this regard, the inorganic semiconducting materials-based approaches have opened new avenues as printed nano (e.g. nanowires (NWs), nanoribbons (NRs) etc.), micro (e.g. microwires (MWs)) and chip (e.g. ultra-thin chips (UTCs)) scale structures from these materials have been shown to have performances at par with silicon-based electronics. This paper reviews the developments related to inorganic semiconducting materials based high-performance large area PE, particularly using the two routes i.e. Contact Printing (CP) and Transfer Printing (TP). The detailed survey of these technologies for large area PE onto various unconventional substrates (e.g. plastic, paper etc.) is presented along with some examples of electronic devices and circuit developed with printed NWs, NRs and UTCs. Finally, we discuss the opportunities offered by PE, and the technical challenges and viable solutions for the integration of inorganic functional materials into large areas, 3D layouts for high throughput, and industrial-scale manufacturing using printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Singh Dahiya
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Dhayalan Shakthivel
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yogeenth Kumaresan
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ayoub Zumeit
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Adamos Christou
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ravinder Dahiya
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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22
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Bitla Y, Chu YH. van der Waals oxide heteroepitaxy for soft transparent electronics. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18523-18544. [PMID: 32909023 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04219f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The quest for multifunctional, low-power and environment friendly electronics has brought research on materials to the forefront. For instance, as the emerging field of transparent flexible electronics is set to greatly impact our daily lives, more stringent requirements are being imposed on functional materials. Inherently flexible polymers and metal foil templates have yielded limited success due to their incompatible high-temperature growth and non-transparency, respectively. Although the epitaxial-transfer strategy has shown promising results, it suffers from tedious and complicated lift-off-transfer processes. The advent of graphene, in particular, and 2D layered materials, in general, with ultrathin scalability has revolutionized this field. Herein, we review the direct growth of epitaxial functional oxides on flexible transparent mica substrates via van der Waals heteroepitaxy, which mitigates misfit strain and substrate clamping for soft transparent electronics applications. Recent advances in practical applications of flexible and transparent electronic elements are discussed. Finally, several important directions, challenges and perspectives for commercialization are also outlined. We anticipate that this promising strategy to build transparent flexible optoelectronic devices and improve their performance will open up new avenues for researchers to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugandhar Bitla
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India
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Luo Y, Wang M, Wan C, Cai P, Loh XJ, Chen X. Devising Materials Manufacturing Toward Lab-to-Fab Translation of Flexible Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001903. [PMID: 32743815 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics have witnessed exciting progress in academia over the past decade, but most of the research outcomes have yet to be translated into products or gain much market share. For mass production and commercialization, industrial adoption of newly developed functional materials and fabrication techniques is a prerequisite. However, due to the disparate features of academic laboratories and industrial plants, translating materials and manufacturing technologies from labs to fabs is notoriously difficult. Therefore, herein, key challenges in the materials manufacturing of flexible electronics are identified and discussed for its lab-to-fab translation, along the four stages in product manufacturing: design, materials supply, processing, and integration. Perspectives on industry-oriented strategies to overcome some of these obstacles are also proposed. Priorities for action are outlined, including standardization, iteration between basic and applied research, and adoption of smart manufacturing. With concerted efforts from academia and industry, flexible electronics will bring a bigger impact to society as promised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Luo
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Wan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pingqiang Cai
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362000, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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24
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Xiang L, Zeng X, Xia F, Jin W, Liu Y, Hu Y. Recent Advances in Flexible and Stretchable Sensing Systems: From the Perspective of System Integration. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6449-6469. [PMID: 32479071 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biological signals generated during various biological processes are critically important for providing insight into the human physiological status. Recently, there have been many great efforts in developing flexible and stretchable sensing systems to provide biological signal monitoring platforms with intimate integration with biological surfaces. Here, this review summarizes the recent advances in flexible and stretchable sensing systems from the perspective of electronic system integration. A comprehensive general sensing system architecture is described, which consists of sensors, sensor interface circuits, memories, and digital processing units. The subsequent content focuses on the integration requirements and highlights some advanced progress for each component. Next, representative examples of flexible and stretchable sensing systems for electrophysiological, physical, and chemical information monitoring are introduced. This review concludes with an outlook on the remaining challenges and opportunities for future fully flexible or stretchable sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangwen Zeng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wanlin Jin
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Youdi Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Youfan Hu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
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25
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Zhang H, Li J, Liu D, Min S, Chang TH, Xiong K, Park SH, Kim J, Jung YH, Park J, Lee J, Han J, Katehi L, Cai Z, Gong S, Ma Z. Heterogeneously integrated flexible microwave amplifiers on a cellulose nanofibril substrate. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3118. [PMID: 32561743 PMCID: PMC7305312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-cost flexible microwave circuits with compact size and light weight are highly desirable for flexible wireless communication and other miniaturized microwave systems. However, the prevalent studies on flexible microwave electronics have only focused on individual flexible microwave elements such as transistors, inductors, capacitors, and transmission lines. Thinning down supporting substrate of rigid chip-based monolithic microwave integrated circuits has been the only approach toward flexible microwave integrated circuits. Here, we report a flexible microwave integrated circuit strategy integrating membrane AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor with passive impedance matching networks on cellulose nanofibril paper. The strategy enables a heterogeneously integrated and, to our knowledge, the first flexible microwave amplifier that can output 10 mW power beyond 5 GHz and can also be easily disposed of due to the use of cellulose nanofibril paper as the circuit substrate. The demonstration represents a critical step forward in realizing flexible wireless communication devices. Though flexible microwave integrated circuits (MICs) are desirable for the construction of functional microwave amplifier circuits, realizing low cost III-V-based MMICs remains a challenge. Here, the authors report a heterogeneous integration strategy for the fabrication of flexible low-cost MICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA.,Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Jinghao Li
- Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin, 53726, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Seunghwan Min
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kanglin Xiong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Sung Hyun Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Jisoo Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Yei Hwan Jung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Jeongpil Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Juhwan Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Jung Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Linda Katehi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Zhiyong Cai
- Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin, 53726, USA.
| | - Shaoqin Gong
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA.
| | - Zhenqiang Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA.
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26
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Li G, Ma Z, You C, Huang G, Song E, Pan R, Zhu H, Xin J, Xu B, Lee T, An Z, Di Z, Mei Y. Silicon nanomembrane phototransistor flipped with multifunctional sensors toward smart digital dust. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz6511. [PMID: 32494679 PMCID: PMC7195183 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz6511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The sensing module that converts physical or chemical stimuli into electrical signals is the core of future smart electronics in the post-Moore era. Challenges lie in the realization and integration of different detecting functions on a single chip. We propose a new design of on-chip construction for low-power consumption sensor, which is based on the optoelectronic detection mechanism with external stimuli and compatible with CMOS technology. A combination of flipped silicon nanomembrane phototransistors and stimuli-responsive materials presents low-power consumption (CMOS level) and demonstrates great functional expansibility of sensing targets, e.g., hydrogen concentration and relative humidity. With a device-first, wafer-compatible process introduced for large-scale silicon flexible electronics, our work shows great potential in the development of flexible and integrated smart sensing systems for the realization of Internet of Things applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongjin Li
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Chunyu You
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Enming Song
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ruobing Pan
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Xin
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Borui Xu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Taeyoon Lee
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Zhenghua An
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zengfeng Di
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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27
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Design and Integration of a Wireless Stretchable Multimodal Sensor Network in a Composite Wing. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20092528. [PMID: 32365628 PMCID: PMC7248818 DOI: 10.3390/s20092528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the development of a stretchable sensor network with high signal-to-noise ratio and measurement accuracy for real-time distributed sensing and remote monitoring. The described sensor network was designed as an island-and-serpentine type network comprising a grid of sensor “islands” connected by interconnecting “serpentines.” A novel high-yield manufacturing process was developed to fabricate networks on recyclable 4-inch wafers at a low cost. The resulting stretched sensor network has 17 distributed and functionalized sensing nodes with low tolerance and high resolution. The sensor network includes Piezoelectric (PZT), Strain Gauge (SG), and Resistive Temperature Detector (RTD) sensors. The design and development of a flexible frame with signal conditioning, data acquisition, and wireless data transmission electronics for the stretchable sensor network are also presented. The primary purpose of the frame subsystem is to convert sensor signals into meaningful data, which are displayed in real-time for an end-user to view and analyze. The challenges and demonstrated successes in developing this new system are demonstrated, including (a) developing separate signal conditioning circuitry and components for all three sensor types (b) enabling simultaneous sampling for PZT sensors for impact detection and (c) configuration of firmware/software for correct system operation. The network was expanded with an in-house developed automated stretch machine to expand it to cover the desired area. The released and stretched network was laminated into an aerospace composite wing with edge-mount electronics for signal conditioning, processing, power, and wireless communication.
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28
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Cotur Y, Kasimatis M, Kaisti M, Olenik S, Georgiou C, Güder F. Stretchable Composite Acoustic Transducer for Wearable Monitoring of Vital Signs. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1910288. [PMID: 33071715 PMCID: PMC7116191 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201910288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A highly flexible, stretchable, and mechanically robust low-cost soft composite consisting of silicone polymers and water (or hydrogels) is reported. When combined with conventional acoustic transducers, the materials reported enable high performance real-time monitoring of heart and respiratory patterns over layers of clothing (or furry skin of animals) without the need for direct contact with the skin. The approach enables an entirely new method of fabrication that involves encapsulation of water and hydrogels with silicones and exploits the ability of sound waves to travel through the body. The system proposed outperforms commercial, metal-based stethoscopes for the auscultation of the heart when worn over clothing and is less susceptible to motion artefacts. The system both with human and furry animal subjects (i.e., dogs), primarily focusing on monitoring the heart, is tested; however, initial results on monitoring breathing are also presented. This work is especially important because it is the first demonstration of a stretchable sensor that is suitable for use with furry animals and does not require shaving of the animal for data acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Cotur
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michael Kasimatis
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Matti Kaisti
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Selin Olenik
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Charis Georgiou
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Fira Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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29
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Orrill M, Abele D, Wagner M, LeBlanc S. Ink synthesis and inkjet printing of electrostatically stabilized multilayer graphene nanoshells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 566:454-462. [PMID: 32028207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Most functional inkjet inks are sterically stabilized nanoparticle dispersions that require a post-printing-process to remove stabilizing materials and gain functionality. This post-process limits material selection and increases fabrication time and complexity for printed devices. By optimizing the electrostatic stability of a carbon nanomaterial dispersed in water or ethylene glycol via pH adjustment, a stable and printable ink should be attainable without a steric stabilizing material and hence the post-process may be avoided. EXPERIMENTS The electrostatic stability of multilayer graphene nanoshells (MGNS)-an inexpensive and net carbon-negative nanomaterial-dispersed in water and ethylene glycol was studied by measuring zeta potential as a function of pH and modeling energetic potentials between particles. Requirements for electrical percolation of printed MGNS were analyzed and corroborated with electrical measurements. FINDINGS Electrostatic stability improved with increased zeta potential caused by an increased pH. Ionic strength also increased with pH, causing strong destabilization. By increasing zeta potential while minimizing ionic strength, the maximum solid-loading of MGNS in DI water and ethylene glycol was increased up to 20%. For the MGNS solid-loading achieved here, electrical percolation occurs with 20-30 consecutively printed layers producing a resistivity of 30 Ω-cm. The inexpensive, environmentally-friendly MGNS are a promising material for printed, flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Orrill
- The George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW Suite 3000, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Dustin Abele
- The George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW Suite 4000, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Michael Wagner
- The George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW Suite 4000, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Saniya LeBlanc
- The George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW Suite 3000, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjun Chung
- Photo-Electronic Hybrids Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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31
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Flexible and durable wood-based triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered sensing in athletic big data analytics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5147. [PMID: 31772189 PMCID: PMC6879608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the new era of internet of things, big data collection and analysis based on widely distributed intelligent sensing technology is particularly important. Here, we report a flexible and durable wood-based triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered sensing in athletic big data analytics. Based on a simple and effective strategy, natural wood can be converted into a high-performance triboelectric material with excellent mechanical properties, such as 7.5-fold enhancement in strength, superior flexibility, wear resistance and processability. The electrical output performance is also enhanced by more than 70% compared with natural wood. A self-powered falling point distribution statistical system and an edge ball judgement system are further developed to provide training guidance and real-time competition assistance for both athletes and referees. This work can not only expand the application area of the self-powered system to smart sport monitoring and assisting, but also promote the development of big data analytics in intelligent sports industry. Intelligent sensing technologies gain interest for the internet of things and applications that require collection and analysis of big data. Here the authors report a flexible and durable wood-based triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered sensing in athletic big data analytics.
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32
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El-Atab N, Shaikh SF, Hussain MM. Nano-scale transistors for interfacing with brain: design criteria, progress and prospect. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:442001. [PMID: 31342924 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, one quarter of the world's population suffers from various neurological disorders ranging from depression to Alzheimer's disease. Thus, understanding the operation mechanism of the brain enables us to help those who are suffering from these diseases. In addition, recent clinical medicine employs electronic brain implants, despite the fact of being invasive, to treat disorders ranging from severe coronary conditions to traumatic injuries. As a result, the deaf could hear, the blind could see, and the paralyzed could control robotic arms and legs. Due to the requirement of high data management capability with a power consumption as low as possible, designing nanoscale transistors as essential I/O electronics is a complex task. Herein, we review the essential design criteria for such nanoscale transistors, progress and prospect for implantable brain-machine-interface electronics. This article also discusses their technological challenges for practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazek El-Atab
- MMH Labs, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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33
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Dong T, Sun Y, Zhu Z, Wu X, Wang J, Shi Y, Xu J, Chen K, Yu L. Monolithic Integration of Silicon Nanowire Networks as a Soft Wafer for Highly Stretchable and Transparent Electronics. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6235-6243. [PMID: 31415178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Assembling nanoscale building blocks into an orderly network with a programmable layout and channel designs represents a critical capability to enable a wide range of stretchable electronics. Here, we demonstrate the growth-in-place integration of silicon nanowire (SiNW) springs into highly stretchable, transparent, and quasicontinuous functional networks with a close to unity interconnection among the discrete electrode joints because of a unique double-lane/double-step guiding edge design. The SiNW networks can be reliably transferred to a soft elastomer substrate, conformally attached to highly curved surfaces, or deployed as self-supporting/movable membranes suspended over voids. A high stretchability of >40% is achieved for the SiNW network on an elastomer, which can be employed as a transparent and semiconducting thin-film material endowed with a high carrier mobility of >50 cm2/(V s), Ion/Ioff ratio >104, and a tunable transmission of >80% over a wide spectrum range. Reversibly stretchable and bendable sensors based on the SiNW network have been successfully demonstrated, where the local strain distribution within the spring network can be directly observed and analyzed by finite element simulations. This SiNW network has a unique potential to eventually establish a new generically purposed waferlike platform for constructing soft electronics with Si-based hard performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taige Dong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Ying Sun
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Zhimin Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Junzhuan Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Yi Shi
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Kunji Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Linwei Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
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34
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Sadri B, Abete AM, Martinez RV. Simultaneous electrophysiological recording and self-powered biosignal monitoring using epidermal, nanotexturized, triboelectronic devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:274003. [PMID: 30889556 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab10e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of multifunctional epidermal electronic devices capable of efficiently reading electrophysiological signals and converting low-amplitude mechanical signals into electric outputs promises to pave the way towards the development of self-powered wearable sensors, smart consumer electronics, and human-machine interfaces. This article describes the scalable and cost-effective fabrication of epidermal, nanotexturized, triboelectronic devices (EnTDs). EnTDs can be conformably worn on the skin and efficiently monitor electrophysiological signals, temperature, and hydration levels. EnTDs, while measuring electrophysiological signals, can also convert imperceptible time-variant body motions into electrical signals using a nanotexturized triboelectric layer, enabling the self-powered monitoring of respiration, swallowing, and arterial pulse. These results suggest the potential of EnTDs as a new class of multifunctional skin-like sensors for biomedical monitoring and self-powered sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Sadri
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
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35
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Kaisti M, Panula T, Leppänen J, Punkkinen R, Jafari Tadi M, Vasankari T, Jaakkola S, Kiviniemi T, Airaksinen J, Kostiainen P, Meriheinä U, Koivisto T, Pänkäälä M. Clinical assessment of a non-invasive wearable MEMS pressure sensor array for monitoring of arterial pulse waveform, heart rate and detection of atrial fibrillation. NPJ Digit Med 2019; 2:39. [PMID: 31304385 PMCID: PMC6550190 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-019-0117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet clinical need for a low cost and easy to use wearable devices for continuous cardiovascular health monitoring. A flexible and wearable wristband, based on microelectromechanical sensor (MEMS) elements array was developed to support this need. The performance of the device in cardiovascular monitoring was investigated by (i) comparing the arterial pressure waveform recordings to the gold standard, invasive catheter recording (n = 18), (ii) analyzing the ability to detect irregularities of the rhythm (n = 7), and (iii) measuring the heartrate monitoring accuracy (n = 31). Arterial waveforms carry important physiological information and the comparison study revealed that the recordings made with the wearable device and with the gold standard device resulted in almost identical (r = 0.9–0.99) pulse waveforms. The device can measure the heart rhythm and possible irregularities in it. A clustering analysis demonstrates a perfect classification accuracy between atrial fibrillation (AF) and sinus rhythm. The heartrate monitoring study showed near perfect beat-to-beat accuracy (sensitivity = 99.1%, precision = 100%) on healthy subjects. In contrast, beat-to-beat detection from coronary artery disease patients was challenging, but the averaged heartrate was extracted successfully (95% CI: −1.2 to 1.1 bpm). In conclusion, the results indicate that the device could be useful in remote monitoring of cardiovascular diseases and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Kaisti
- 1Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.,2Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Tuukka Panula
- 1Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Risto Punkkinen
- 1Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Mojtaba Jafari Tadi
- 1Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Tuija Vasankari
- 4Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Samuli Jaakkola
- 4Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomas Kiviniemi
- 4Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland.,5Harvard Medical School, MacRae Laboratory Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Juhani Airaksinen
- 4Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Tero Koivisto
- 1Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Pänkäälä
- 1Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
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36
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Yuen JD, Baingane A, Hasan Q, Shriver-Lake LC, Walper SA, Zabetakis D, Breger JC, Stenger DA, Slaughter G. A Fully-Flexible Solution-Processed Autonomous Glucose Indicator. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6931. [PMID: 31061428 PMCID: PMC6502809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first demonstration of a fully-flexible, self-powered glucose indicator system that synergizes two flexible electronic technologies: a flexible self-powering unit in the form of a biofuel cell, with a flexible electronic device - a circuit-board decal fabricated with biocompatible microbial nanocellulose. Our proof-of-concept device, comprising an enzymatic glucose fuel cell, glucose sensor and a LED indicator, does not require additional electronic equipment for detection or verification; and the entire structure collapses into a microns-thin, self-adhering, single-centimeter-square decal, weighing less than 40 mg. The flexible glucose indicator system continuously operates a light emitting diode (LED) through a capacitive charge/discharge cycle, which is directly correlated to the glucose concentration. Our indicator was shown to operate at high sensitivity within a linear glucose concentration range of 1 mM-45 mM glucose continuously, achieving a 1.8 VDC output from a flexible indicator system that deliver sufficient power to drive an LED circuit. Importantly, the results presented provide a basis upon which further development of indicator systems with biocompatible diffusing polymers to act as buffering diffusion barriers, thereby allowing them to be potentially useful for low-cost, direct-line-of-sight applications in medicine, husbandry, agriculture, and the food and beverage industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Yuen
- Center for Bio-Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Ankit Baingane
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Qumrul Hasan
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Lisa C Shriver-Lake
- Center for Bio-Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Scott A Walper
- Center for Bio-Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Daniel Zabetakis
- Center for Bio-Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Joyce C Breger
- Center for Bio-Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - David A Stenger
- Center for Bio-Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Gymama Slaughter
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA.
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
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37
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Yang Y, Gao W. Wearable and flexible electronics for continuous molecular monitoring. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1465-1491. [PMID: 29611861 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00730b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Wearable biosensors have received tremendous attention over the past decade owing to their great potential in predictive analytics and treatment toward personalized medicine. Flexible electronics could serve as an ideal platform for personalized wearable devices because of their unique properties such as light weight, low cost, high flexibility and great conformability. Unlike most reported flexible sensors that mainly track physical activities and vital signs, the new generation of wearable and flexible chemical sensors enables real-time, continuous and fast detection of accessible biomarkers from the human body, and allows for the collection of large-scale information about the individual's dynamic health status at the molecular level. In this article, we review and highlight recent advances in wearable and flexible sensors toward continuous and non-invasive molecular analysis in sweat, tears, saliva, interstitial fluid, blood, wound exudate as well as exhaled breath. The flexible platforms, sensing mechanisms, and device and system configurations employed for continuous monitoring are summarized. We also discuss the key challenges and opportunities of the wearable and flexible chemical sensors that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Yang
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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38
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Shaikh SF, Mazo-Mantilla HF, Qaiser N, Khan SM, Nassar JM, Geraldi NR, Duarte CM, Hussain MM. Noninvasive Featherlight Wearable Compliant "Marine Skin": Standalone Multisensory System for Deep-Sea Environmental Monitoring. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804385. [PMID: 30706612 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in marine research to understand environmental change and its effect on marine ecosystems rely on gathering data on species physiology, their habitat, and their mobility patterns using heavy and invasive biologgers and sensory telemetric networks. In the past, a lightweight (6 g) compliant environmental monitoring system: Marine Skin was demonstrated. In this paper, an enhanced version of that skin with improved functionalities (500-1500% enhanced sensitivity), packaging, and most importantly its endurance at a depth of 2 km in the highly saline Red Sea water for four consecutive weeks is reported. A unique noninvasive approach for attachment of the sensor by designing a wearable, stretchable jacket (bracelet) that can adhere to any species irrespective of their skin type is also illustrated. The wearable featherlight (<0.5 g in air, 3 g with jacket) gadget is deployed on Barramundi, Seabream, and common goldfish to demonstrate the noninvasive and effective attachment strategy on different species of variable sizes which does not hinder the animals' natural movement or behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail F Shaikh
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harold F Mazo-Mantilla
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Qaiser
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherjeel M Khan
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joanna M Nassar
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Nathan R Geraldi
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad M Hussain
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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39
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Li G, Song E, Huang G, Pan R, Guo Q, Ma F, Zhou B, Di Z, Mei Y. Flexible Transient Phototransistors by Use of Wafer-Compatible Transferred Silicon Nanomembranes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802985. [PMID: 30303618 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flexible transient photodetectors, a form of optoelectronic sensors that can be physically self-destroyed in a controllable manner, could be one of the important components for future transient electronic systems. In this work, a scalable, device-first, and bottom-up thinning process enables the fabrication of a flexible transient phototransistor on a wafer-compatible transferred silicon nanomembrane. A gate modulation significantly restrains the dark current to 10-12 A. With full exposure of the light-sensitive channel, such a device yields an ultrahigh photo-to-dark current ratio of 107 with a responsivity of 1.34 A W-1 (λ = 405 nm). The use of a high-temperature degradable polymer transient interlayer realizes on-demand self-destruction of the fabricated phototransistors, which offers a solution to the technical security issue of advanced flexible electronics. Such demonstration paves a new way for designing transient optoelectronic devices with a wafer-compatible process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongjin Li
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Enming Song
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ruobing Pan
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qinglei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Zengfeng Di
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - YongFeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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40
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Jiao YQ, Deng LM, Yang SY, Zhang P. Cleaner preparation of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/barium titanate composites: Thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties and relaxation dynamics. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Q. Jiao
- Dongguan Cleaner Production Center; Dongguan University of Technology; Dongguan 523808 China
| | - L. M. Deng
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering; Dongguan University of Technology; Dongguan 523808 China
| | - S. Y. Yang
- Dongguan Cleaner Production Center; Dongguan University of Technology; Dongguan 523808 China
| | - P. Zhang
- Dongguan Cleaner Production Center; Dongguan University of Technology; Dongguan 523808 China
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41
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Fabrication of Flexible Microneedle Array Electrodes for Wearable Bio-Signal Recording. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18041191. [PMID: 29652835 PMCID: PMC5948552 DOI: 10.3390/s18041191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Laser-direct writing (LDW) and magneto-rheological drawing lithography (MRDL) have been proposed for the fabrication of a flexible microneedle array electrode (MAE) for wearable bio-signal monitoring. Conductive patterns were directly written onto the flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate by LDW. The microneedle array was rapidly drawn and formed from the droplets of curable magnetorheological fluid with the assistance of an external magnetic field by MRDL. A flexible MAE can maintain a stable contact interface with curved human skin due to the flexibility of the PET substrate. Compared with Ag/AgCl electrodes and flexible dry electrodes (FDE), the electrode–skin interface impedance of flexible MAE was the minimum even after a 50-cycle bending test. Flexible MAE can record electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG) and static electrocardiography (ECG) signals with good fidelity. The main features of the dynamic ECG signal recorded by flexible MAE are the most distinguishable with the least moving artifacts. Flexible MAE is an attractive candidate electrode for wearable bio-signal monitoring.
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42
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Ren L, Xu S, Gao J, Lin Z, Chen Z, Liu B, Liang L, Jiang L. Fabrication of Flexible Microneedle Array Electrodes for Wearable Bio-Signal Recording. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:s18041191. [PMID: 29652835 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2018.2870228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Laser-direct writing (LDW) and magneto-rheological drawing lithography (MRDL) have been proposed for the fabrication of a flexible microneedle array electrode (MAE) for wearable bio-signal monitoring. Conductive patterns were directly written onto the flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate by LDW. The microneedle array was rapidly drawn and formed from the droplets of curable magnetorheological fluid with the assistance of an external magnetic field by MRDL. A flexible MAE can maintain a stable contact interface with curved human skin due to the flexibility of the PET substrate. Compared with Ag/AgCl electrodes and flexible dry electrodes (FDE), the electrode-skin interface impedance of flexible MAE was the minimum even after a 50-cycle bending test. Flexible MAE can record electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG) and static electrocardiography (ECG) signals with good fidelity. The main features of the dynamic ECG signal recorded by flexible MAE are the most distinguishable with the least moving artifacts. Flexible MAE is an attractive candidate electrode for wearable bio-signal monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Shujia Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jie Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Liang Liang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Lelun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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43
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Khan SM, Gumus A, Nassar JM, Hussain MM. CMOS Enabled Microfluidic Systems for Healthcare Based Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705759. [PMID: 29484725 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
With the increased global population, it is more important than ever to expand accessibility to affordable personalized healthcare. In this context, a seamless integration of microfluidic technology for bioanalysis and drug delivery and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology enabled data-management circuitry is critical. Therefore, here, the fundamentals, integration aspects, and applications of CMOS-enabled microfluidic systems for affordable personalized healthcare systems are presented. Critical components, like sensors, actuators, and their fabrication and packaging, are discussed and reviewed in detail. With the emergence of the Internet-of-Things and the upcoming Internet-of-Everything for a people-process-data-device connected world, now is the time to take CMOS-enabled microfluidics technology to as many people as possible. There is enormous potential for microfluidic technologies in affordable healthcare for everyone, and CMOS technology will play a major role in making that happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherjeel M Khan
- Integrated Nanotechnology Lab and Integrated Disruptive Electronic Applications (IDEA) Lab, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdurrahman Gumus
- Integrated Nanotechnology Lab and Integrated Disruptive Electronic Applications (IDEA) Lab, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Joanna M Nassar
- Integrated Nanotechnology Lab and Integrated Disruptive Electronic Applications (IDEA) Lab, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad M Hussain
- Integrated Nanotechnology Lab and Integrated Disruptive Electronic Applications (IDEA) Lab, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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44
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Zhou L, Mao J, Ren Y, Han ST, Roy VAL, Zhou Y. Recent Advances of Flexible Data Storage Devices Based on Organic Nanoscaled Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1703126. [PMID: 29377568 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Following the trend of miniaturization as per Moore's law, and facing the strong demand of next-generation electronic devices that should be highly portable, wearable, transplantable, and lightweight, growing endeavors have been made to develop novel flexible data storage devices possessing nonvolatile ability, high-density storage, high-switching speed, and reliable endurance properties. Nonvolatile organic data storage devices including memory devices on the basis of floating-gate, charge-trapping, and ferroelectric architectures, as well as organic resistive memory are believed to be favorable candidates for future data storage applications. In this Review, typical information on device structure, memory characteristics, device operation mechanisms, mechanical properties, challenges, and recent progress of the above categories of flexible data storage devices based on organic nanoscaled materials is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Mao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yi Ren
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Su-Ting Han
- College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Vellaisamy A L Roy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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45
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Pang S, Gao Y, Choi S. Flexible and stretchable microbial fuel cells with modified conductive and hydrophilic textile. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 100:504-511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Bhalla N, Sathish S, Sinha A, Shen AQ. Large-Scale Nanophotonic Structures for Long-Term Monitoring of Cell Proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Bhalla
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; 1919-1 Tancha, Onna Kunigami District Okinawa Prefecture 904-0495 Japan
| | - Shivani Sathish
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; 1919-1 Tancha, Onna Kunigami District Okinawa Prefecture 904-0495 Japan
| | - Abhishek Sinha
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; 1919-1 Tancha, Onna Kunigami District Okinawa Prefecture 904-0495 Japan
| | - Amy Q. Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; 1919-1 Tancha, Onna Kunigami District Okinawa Prefecture 904-0495 Japan
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47
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Xue Z, Sun M, Dong T, Tang Z, Zhao Y, Wang J, Wei X, Yu L, Chen Q, Xu J, Shi Y, Chen K, Roca I Cabarrocas P. Deterministic Line-Shape Programming of Silicon Nanowires for Extremely Stretchable Springs and Electronics. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7638-7646. [PMID: 29189013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Line-shape engineering is a key strategy to endow extra stretchability to 1D silicon nanowires (SiNWs) grown with self-assembly processes. We here demonstrate a deterministic line-shape programming of in-plane SiNWs into extremely stretchable springs or arbitrary 2D patterns with the aid of indium droplets that absorb amorphous Si precursor thin film to produce ultralong c-Si NWs along programmed step edges. A reliable and faithful single run growth of c-SiNWs over turning tracks with different local curvatures has been established, while high resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals a high quality monolike crystallinity in the line-shaped engineered SiNW springs. Excitingly, in situ scanning electron microscopy stretching and current-voltage characterizations also demonstrate a superelastic and robust electric transport carried by the SiNW springs even under large stretching of more than 200%. We suggest that this highly reliable line-shape programming approach holds a strong promise to extend the mature c-Si technology into the development of a new generation of high performance biofriendly and stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoguo Xue
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronic Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Sun
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices/Department of Electronics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Taige Dong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronic Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices/Department of Electronics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaolong Zhao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronic Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junzhuan Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronic Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Wei
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices/Department of Electronics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linwei Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronic Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay , 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices/Department of Electronics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronic Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shi
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronic Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunji Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronic Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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48
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Liu Y, Pharr M, Salvatore GA. Lab-on-Skin: A Review of Flexible and Stretchable Electronics for Wearable Health Monitoring. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9614-9635. [PMID: 28901746 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, and it offers a diagnostic interface rich with vital biological signals from the inner organs, blood vessels, muscles, and dermis/epidermis. Soft, flexible, and stretchable electronic devices provide a novel platform to interface with soft tissues for robotic feedback and control, regenerative medicine, and continuous health monitoring. Here, we introduce the term "lab-on-skin" to describe a set of electronic devices that have physical properties, such as thickness, thermal mass, elastic modulus, and water-vapor permeability, which resemble those of the skin. These devices can conformally laminate on the epidermis to mitigate motion artifacts and mismatches in mechanical properties created by conventional, rigid electronics while simultaneously providing accurate, non-invasive, long-term, and continuous health monitoring. Recent progress in the design and fabrication of soft sensors with more advanced capabilities and enhanced reliability suggest an impending translation of these devices from the research lab to clinical environments. Regarding these advances, the first part of this manuscript reviews materials, design strategies, and powering systems used in soft electronics. Next, the paper provides an overview of applications of these devices in cardiology, dermatology, electrophysiology, and sweat diagnostics, with an emphasis on how these systems may replace conventional clinical tools. The review concludes with an outlook on current challenges and opportunities for future research directions in wearable health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matt Pharr
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University , 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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49
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Liu Y, He K, Chen G, Leow WR, Chen X. Nature-Inspired Structural Materials for Flexible Electronic Devices. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12893-12941. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Geng Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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Wang X, Yao C, Weng W, Cheng K, Wang Q. Visible-Light-Responsive Surfaces for Efficient, Noninvasive Cell Sheet Harvesting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:28250-28259. [PMID: 28795563 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective regulation of cell-surface interactions is critical for regenerative medicine and other cell-based therapies. Herein, visible-light-induced cell sheet harvesting based on silicon wafers with a p/n junction [Si(p/n)] is introduced. Cell sheets could quickly detach from the Si(p/n) surface after 10 min of visible-light illumination with maintained cell viability and functions. It is found that preadsorbed proteins on the Si(p/n) surface like BSA and collagen-I show light-induced desorption behaviors. Molecular dynamics simulation also indicates that long-range force caused by the photovoltaic effect of Si(p/n) under visible-light illumination plays a key role in triggering the release of the preadsorbed protein. It is suggested that such protein desorption behavior mediated by the photovoltaic effect is responsible for cell release. This work not only shows promising potential for cell sheet harvesting, but also provides new insights into protein-material interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Cai Yao
- Soft Matter Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wenjian Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Soft Matter Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
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