1
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Kim AR, Mitra S, Shyam S, Zhao B, Mitra SK. Flexible hydrogels connecting adhesion and wetting. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:5516-5526. [PMID: 38651874 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Raindrops falling on window-panes spread upon contact, whereas hail can cause dents or scratches on the same glass window upon contact. While the former phenomenon resembles classical wetting, the latter is dictated by contact and adhesion theories. The classical Young-Dupre law applies to the wetting of pure liquids on rigid solids, whereas conventional contact mechanics theories account for rigid-on-soft or soft-on-rigid contacts with small deformations in the elastic limit. However, the crossover between adhesion and wetting is yet to be fully resolved. The key lies in the study of soft-on-soft interactions with material properties intermediate between liquids and solids. In this work, we translate adhesion to wetting by experimentally probing the static signature of hydrogels in contact with soft PDMS of varying elasticity of both the components. Consequently, we probe this transition across six orders of magnitude in terms of the characteristic elasto-adhesive parameter of the system. In doing so, we reveal previously unknown phenomenology and a theoretical model which smoothly bridges adhesion of glass spheres with total wetting of pure liquids on any given substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Reum Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Surjyasish Mitra
- Department of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Sudip Shyam
- Department of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Boxin Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Sushanta K Mitra
- Department of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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2
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Kong L, Li W, Zhang T, Ma H, Cao Y, Wang K, Zhou Y, Shamim A, Zheng L, Wang X, Huang W. Wireless Technologies in Flexible and Wearable Sensing: From Materials Design, System Integration to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400333. [PMID: 38652082 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Wireless and wearable sensors attract considerable interest in personalized healthcare by providing a unique approach for remote, noncontact, and continuous monitoring of various health-related signals without interference with daily life. Recent advances in wireless technologies and wearable sensors have promoted practical applications due to their significantly improved characteristics, such as reduction in size and thickness, enhancement in flexibility and stretchability, and improved conformability to the human body. Currently, most researches focus on active materials and structural designs for wearable sensors, with just a few exceptions reflecting on the technologies for wireless data transmission. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art wireless technologies and related studies on empowering wearable sensors. The emerging functional nanomaterials utilized for designing unique wireless modules are highlighted, which include metals, carbons, and MXenes. Additionally, the review outlines the system-level integration of wireless modules with flexible sensors, spanning from novel design strategies for enhanced conformability to efficient transmitting data wirelessly. Furthermore, the review introduces representative applications for remote and noninvasive monitoring of physiological signals through on-skin and implantable wireless flexible sensing systems. Finally, the challenges, perspectives, and unprecedented opportunities for wireless and wearable sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Kong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Tinghao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yunqiang Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Atif Shamim
- IMPACT Lab, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lu Zheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(KLoFE)and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
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Hong W, Guo X, Zhang T, Mu S, Wu F, Yan Z, Zhang H, Li X, Zhang A, Wang J, Cao Y, Li J, Dong H, Liu T, Liu Z, Zhao Y. Flexible Strain Sensor Based on Nickel Microparticles/Carbon Black Microspheres/Polydimethylsiloxane Conductive Composites for Human Motion Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:32702-32712. [PMID: 38870327 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a dual-functional flexible sensor (DFFS) using a magnetic conductive polymer composed of nickel (Ni), carbon black (CB), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The material selection for the DFFS utilizes the excellent elasticity of the PDMS matrix and the synergistic interaction between Ni and CB. The DFFS has a wide strain range of 0-170%, a high sensitivity of 74.13 (140-170%), and a low detection limit of 0.3% strain. The DFFS based on superior performance can accurately detect microstrain/microvibration, oncoming/contacting objects, and bicycle riding speed. Additionally, the DFFS can be used for comprehensive monitoring of human movements. Therefore, the DFFS of this work shows significant value for implementation in intelligent wearable devices and noncontact intelligent control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Shaowen Mu
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Fei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Zihao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Huishan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Xianghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Anqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Yuxin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Jiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Hongyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Yunong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
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4
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Park B, Jeong C, Ok J, Kim TI. Materials and Structural Designs toward Motion Artifact-Free Bioelectronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6148-6197. [PMID: 38690686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronics encompassing electronic components and circuits for accessing human information play a vital role in real-time and continuous monitoring of biophysiological signals of electrophysiology, mechanical physiology, and electrochemical physiology. However, mechanical noise, particularly motion artifacts, poses a significant challenge in accurately detecting and analyzing target signals. While software-based "postprocessing" methods and signal filtering techniques have been widely employed, challenges such as signal distortion, major requirement of accurate models for classification, power consumption, and data delay inevitably persist. This review presents an overview of noise reduction strategies in bioelectronics, focusing on reducing motion artifacts and improving the signal-to-noise ratio through hardware-based approaches such as "preprocessing". One of the main stress-avoiding strategies is reducing elastic mechanical energies applied to bioelectronics to prevent stress-induced motion artifacts. Various approaches including strain-compliance, strain-resistance, and stress-damping techniques using unique materials and structures have been explored. Future research should optimize materials and structure designs, establish stable processes and measurement methods, and develop techniques for selectively separating and processing overlapping noises. Ultimately, these advancements will contribute to the development of more reliable and effective bioelectronics for healthcare monitoring and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghak Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyung Ok
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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5
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Jiang Q, Leu K, Gong X, Wang F, Li R, Wang K, Zhu P, Zhao Y, Zang Y, Zhang R. High-Performance Airflow Sensors Based on Suspended Ultralong Carbon Nanotube Crossed Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38597816 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Airflow sensors are in huge demand in many fields such as the aerospace industry, weather forecasting, environmental monitoring, chemical and biological engineering, health monitoring, wearable smart devices, etc. However, traditional airflow sensors can hardly meet the requirements of these applications in the aspects of sensitivity, response speed, detection threshold, detection range, and power consumption. Herein, this work reports high-performance airflow sensors based on suspended ultralong carbon nanotube (CNT) crossed networks (SCNT-CNs). The unique topologies of SCNT-CNs with abundant X junctions can fully exhibit the extraordinary intrinsic properties of ultralong CNTs and significantly improve the sensing performance and robustness of SCNT-CNs-based airflow sensors, which simultaneously achieved high sensitivity, fast response speed, low detection threshold, and wide detection range. Moreover, the capability for encapsulation also guaranteed the practicality of SCNT-CNs, enabling their applications in respiratory monitoring, flow rate display and transient response analysis. Simulations were used to unveil the sensing mechanisms of SCNT-CNs, showing that the piezoresistive responses were mainly attributed to the variation of junction resistances. This work shows that SCNT-CNs have many superiorities in the fabrication of advanced airflow sensors as well as other related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Khaixien Leu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingwang Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Run Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kangkang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanlong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yonglu Zang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rufan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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6
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Cao X, Li Q, Li S, Xu X, Wang L, Wang M, Ding B, Bao S, Wang S, Sun B, Cui J, Wang G, Li H, Su Y. Low-Cost Photoelectric Flow Rate Sensors Based on a Flexible Planar Curved Beam Structure for Clinical Treatments. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2304573. [PMID: 38558375 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In clinical treatments, reliable flow rate measurements ensure accurate drug delivery during infusions, precise gas delivery during artificial ventilations, etc., thereby reducing patient morbidity and mortality. However, precise flow rate sensors are costly, so medical devices with limited budgets choose cheaper but unsatisfactory flow rate measurement approaches, leading to increased medical risks. Here, a photoelectric flow rate sensor based on a flexible planar curved beam structure (FPCBS) is proposed. The FPCBS ensures low out-of-plane stiffness of the sensitive sheet and allows large deformation in the elastic range, enabling the flow rate sensor to measure the flow rate with high sensitivity over a wide range. Meanwhile, the flow rate sensor can be mass-produced using mature materials and manufacturing technology at less than $5 each. The flow rate sensors are integrated into a commercial infusion pump to measure drug infusion and a home ventilator to monitor respiration. The results are comparable to those measured by a commercial flow rate sensor, demonstrating the applicability of the sensor. Considering its proven outstanding performance at low cost, the flow rate sensor shows great potential in clinical treatment, medical diagnosis, and other medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qinlan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinkai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liyang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Polymer Materials Technology and Application, Tuoren Medical Device Research and Development Institute Co., Ltd, Tuoren Health Technology Industrial Park, Changyuan County, Henan, 453000, China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Polymer Materials Technology and Application, Tuoren Medical Device Research and Development Institute Co., Ltd, Tuoren Health Technology Industrial Park, Changyuan County, Henan, 453000, China
| | - Bo Ding
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Polymer Materials Technology and Application, Tuoren Medical Device Research and Development Institute Co., Ltd, Tuoren Health Technology Industrial Park, Changyuan County, Henan, 453000, China
| | - Shengwen Bao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Polymer Materials Technology and Application, Tuoren Medical Device Research and Development Institute Co., Ltd, Tuoren Health Technology Industrial Park, Changyuan County, Henan, 453000, China
| | - Shugang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Polymer Materials Technology and Application, Tuoren Medical Device Research and Development Institute Co., Ltd, Tuoren Health Technology Industrial Park, Changyuan County, Henan, 453000, China
| | - Bao Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Polymer Materials Technology and Application, Tuoren Medical Device Research and Development Institute Co., Ltd, Tuoren Health Technology Industrial Park, Changyuan County, Henan, 453000, China
| | - Jingqiang Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Polymer Materials Technology and Application, Tuoren Medical Device Research and Development Institute Co., Ltd, Tuoren Health Technology Industrial Park, Changyuan County, Henan, 453000, China
| | - Guosheng Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Polymer Materials Technology and Application, Tuoren Medical Device Research and Development Institute Co., Ltd, Tuoren Health Technology Industrial Park, Changyuan County, Henan, 453000, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yewang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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7
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Lee JH, Cho K, Kim JK. Age of Flexible Electronics: Emerging Trends in Soft Multifunctional Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310505. [PMID: 38258951 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
With the commercialization of first-generation flexible mobiles and displays in the late 2010s, humanity has stepped into the age of flexible electronics. Inevitably, soft multifunctional sensors, as essential components of next-generation flexible electronics, have attracted tremendous research interest like never before. This review is dedicated to offering an overview of the latest emerging trends in soft multifunctional sensors and their accordant future research and development (R&D) directions for the coming decade. First, key characteristics and the predominant target stimuli for soft multifunctional sensors are highlighted. Second, important selection criteria for soft multifunctional sensors are introduced. Next, emerging materials/structures and trends for soft multifunctional sensors are identified. Specifically, the future R&D directions of these sensors are envisaged based on their emerging trends, namely i) decoupling of multiple stimuli, ii) data processing, iii) skin conformability, and iv) energy sources. Finally, the challenges and potential opportunities for these sensors in future are discussed, offering new insights into prospects in the fast-emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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8
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Geng Y, Chen G, Cao R, Dai H, Hu Z, Yu S, Wang L, Zhu L, Xiang H, Zhu M. A Skin-Inspired Self-Adaptive System for Temperature Control During Dynamic Wound Healing. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:152. [PMID: 38466482 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The thermoregulating function of skin that is capable of maintaining body temperature within a thermostatic state is critical. However, patients suffering from skin damage are struggling with the surrounding scene and situational awareness. Here, we report an interactive self-regulation electronic system by mimicking the human thermos-reception system. The skin-inspired self-adaptive system is composed of two highly sensitive thermistors (thermal-response composite materials), and a low-power temperature control unit (Laser-induced graphene array). The biomimetic skin can realize self-adjusting in the range of 35-42 °C, which is around physiological temperature. This thermoregulation system also contributed to skin barrier formation and wound healing. Across wound models, the treatment group healed ~ 10% more rapidly compared with the control group, and showed reduced inflammation, thus enhancing skin tissue regeneration. The skin-inspired self-adaptive system holds substantial promise for next-generation robotic and medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongmei Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Zexu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Senlong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengxue Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Wang J, Chen R, Ji D, Xu W, Zhang W, Zhang C, Zhou W, Luo T. Integrating In-Plane Thermoelectricity and Out-Plane Piezoresistivity for Fully Decoupled Temperature-Pressure Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307800. [PMID: 37948417 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A flexible sensor that simultaneously senses temperature and pressure is crucial in various fields, such as human-machine interaction, artificial intelligence, and biomedical applications. Previous research has mainly focused on single-function flexible sensors for e-skins or smart devices, and integrated bimodal sensing of temperature and pressure without complex crosstalk decoupling algorithms remains challenging. In this work, a flexible bimodal sensor is proposed that utilizes spatial orthogonality between in-plane thermoelectricity and out-plane piezoresistivity, which enables fully decoupled temperature-pressure sensing. The proposed bimodal sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 281.46 µV K-1 for temperature sensing and 2.181 kPa-1 for pressure sensing. In the bimodal sensing mode, the sensor exhibits negligible mutual interference, providing a measurement error of ± 7% and ± 8% for temperature and pressure, respectively, within a 120 kPa pressure range and a 40 K temperature variation. Additionally, simultaneous spatial mapping of temperature and pressure with a bimodal sensor array enables contact shape identification with enhanced accuracy beyond the limit imposed by the number of sensing units. The proposed integrated bimodal sensing strategy does not require complex crosstalk decoupling algorithms, which represents a significant advancement in flexible sensors for applications that necessitate simultaneous sensing of temperature and pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Wang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wenzhuo Zhang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361102, China
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10
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Guo X, Lu X, Jiang P, Bao X. Touchless Thermosensation Enabled by Flexible Infrared Photothermoelectric Detector for Temperature Prewarning Function of Electronic Skin. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313911. [PMID: 38424290 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Artificial skin, endowed with the capability to perceive thermal stimuli without physical contact, will bring innovative interactive experiences into smart robotics and augmented reality. The implementation of touchless thermosensation, responding to both hot and cold stimuli, relies on the construction of a flexible infrared detector operating in the long-wavelength infrared range to capture the spontaneous thermal radiation. This imposes rigorous requirements on the photodetection performance and mechanical flexibility of the detector. Herein, a flexible and wearable infrared detector is presented, on basis of the photothermoelectric coupling of the tellurium-based thermoelectric multilayer film and the infrared-absorbing polyimide substrate. By suppressing the optical reflection loss and aligning the destructive interference position with the absorption peak of polyimide, the fabricated thermopile detector exhibits high sensitivity to the thermal radiation over a broad source temperature range from -50 to 110 °C, even capable of resolving 0.05 °C temperature change. Spatially resolved radiation distribution sensing is also achieved by constructing an integrated thermopile array. Furthermore, an established temperature prewarning system is demonstrated for soft robotic gripper, enabling the identification of noxious thermal stimuli in a contactless manner. A feasible strategy is offered here to integrate the infrared detection technique into the sensory modality of electronic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaowei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xinhe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
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11
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Pan D, Hu J, Wang B, Xia X, Cheng Y, Wang C, Lu Y. Biomimetic Wearable Sensors: Emerging Combination of Intelligence and Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2303264. [PMID: 38044298 PMCID: PMC10837381 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the advancement of interdisciplinary concepts, for example, wearable electronics, bioelectronics, and intelligent sensing, during the microelectronics industrial revolution, nowadays, extensively mature wearable sensing devices have become new favorites in the noninvasive human healthcare industry. The combination of wearable sensing devices with bionics is driving frontier developments in various fields, such as personalized medical monitoring and flexible electronics, due to the superior biocompatibilities and diverse sensing mechanisms. It is noticed that the integration of desired functions into wearable device materials can be realized by grafting biomimetic intelligence. Therefore, herein, the mechanism by which biomimetic materials satisfy and further enhance system functionality is reviewed. Next, wearable artificial sensory systems that integrate biomimetic sensing into portable sensing devices are introduced, which have received significant attention from the industry owing to their novel sensing approaches and portabilities. To address the limitations encountered by important signal and data units in biomimetic wearable sensing systems, two paths forward are identified and current challenges and opportunities are presented in this field. In summary, this review provides a further comprehensive understanding of the development of biomimetic wearable sensing devices from both breadth and depth perspectives, offering valuable guidance for future research and application expansion of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Pan
- College of Light Industry and Food EngineeringGuangxi UniversityNanningGuangxi530004China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Jiawang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Xuanjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Cheng‐Hua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food EngineeringGuangxi UniversityNanningGuangxi530004China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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12
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Ma T, Zhang M. Data-Driven Contact-Based Thermosensation for Enhanced Tactile Recognition. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:369. [PMID: 38257462 PMCID: PMC10819413 DOI: 10.3390/s24020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Thermal feedback plays an important role in tactile perception, greatly influencing fields such as autonomous robot systems and virtual reality. The further development of intelligent systems demands enhanced thermosensation, such as the measurement of thermal properties of objects to aid in more accurate system perception. However, this continues to present certain challenges in contact-based scenarios. For this reason, this study innovates by using the concept of semi-infinite equivalence to design a thermosensation system. A discrete transient heat transfer model was established. Subsequently, a data-driven method was introduced, integrating the developed model with a back propagation (BP) neural network containing dual hidden layers, to facilitate accurate calculation for contact materials. The network was trained using the thermophysical data of 67 types of materials generated by the heat transfer model. An experimental setup, employing flexible thin-film devices, was constructed to measure three solid materials under various heating conditions. Results indicated that measurement errors stayed within 10% for thermal conductivity and 20% for thermal diffusion. This approach not only enables quick, quantitative calculation and identification of contact materials but also simplifies the measurement process by eliminating the need for initial temperature adjustments, and minimizing errors due to model complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
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13
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Goudarzi A, Mohammadimasoudi M, Khoshkhati F. Design and fabrication of a simple and cost-effective optical flow meter using liquid crystals and textile grid. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:43067-43074. [PMID: 38178409 DOI: 10.1364/oe.507123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The measurement of airflow velocity is crucial in various fields, and several sensing approaches have been developed for detecting airflow, including optical fiber-based flowmeters. However, these sensors often require complex fabrication processes and precise optical alignment. In this paper, a simpler and more cost-effective approach has been used to measure air flow rate by utilizing the birefringence property of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs possess distinct optical characteristics, and their reorientation due to airflow can be detected by observing the intensity of the output light between crossed polarizers. The novelty of this study is the utilization of a textile grid to hold the LC layer, which simplifies the fabrication process. This LC-based gas flowmeter offers a simple, low-cost setup and provides rapid performance. This research presents what we believe to be a new approach to calculate airflow by exploiting the optical properties of LCs, which is a new frontier in gas flow measurement. The proposed airflow meter is capable of detecting airflow rates ranging from 0 l/min to 7.5 l/min with an accuracy of 0.5 l/min. It exhibits a stable response time in 75 seconds, and the sensor maintains acceptable stability over time.
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14
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Xu K, Li Q, Lu Y, Luo H, Jian Y, Li D, Kong D, Wang R, Tan J, Cai Z, Yang G, Zhu B, Ye Q, Yang H, Li T. Laser Direct Writing of Flexible Thermal Flow Sensors. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10317-10325. [PMID: 37937967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Thin film-based thermal flow sensors afford applications in healthcare and industries owing to their merits in preserving initial flow distributions. However, traditional thermal flow sensors are primarily applied to track flow intensities based on hot-wire or hot-film sensing mechanisms due to their relatively facile device configurations and fabrication strategies. Herein, a calorimetric thermal flow sensor is proposed based on laser direct writing to form laser-induced graphene as heaters and temperature sensors, resulting in monitoring both flow intensities and orientations. Via homogeneously surrounding spiral heaters with multiple temperature sensors, the device exhibits high sensitivity (∼162 K·s/m) at small flows with an extended flow detection range (∼25 m/s). Integrating the device with a data-acquisition board and a dual-mode graphical user interface enables wirelessly and dynamically monitoring respiration and the motion of robotic arms. This versatile flow sensor with facile manufacturing affords potentials in health inspection, remote monitoring, and studying hydrodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qi'ao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuyao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Huayu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yihui Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dingwei Li
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Depeng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ruohan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jibing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zimo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Geng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingqing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Department of Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tiefeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
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15
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Baines R, Zuliani F, Chennoufi N, Joshi S, Kramer-Bottiglio R, Paik J. Multi-modal deformation and temperature sensing for context-sensitive machines. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7499. [PMID: 37980333 PMCID: PMC10657382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the remarkable properties of the somatosensory system, human skin compactly perceives myriad forms of physical stimuli with high precision. Machines, conversely, are often equipped with sensory suites constituted of dozens of unique sensors, each made for detecting limited stimuli. Emerging high degree-of-freedom human-robot interfaces and soft robot applications are delimited by the lack of simple, cohesive, and information-dense sensing technologies. Stepping toward biological levels of proprioception, we present a sensing technology capable of decoding omnidirectional bending, compression, stretch, binary changes in temperature, and combinations thereof. This multi-modal deformation and temperature sensor harnesses chromaticity and intensity of light as it travels through patterned elastomer doped with functional dyes. Deformations and temperature shifts augment the light chromaticity and intensity, resulting in a one-to-one mapping between stimulus modes that are sequentially combined and the sensor output. We study the working principle of the sensor via a comprehensive opto-thermo-mechanical assay, and find that the information density provided by a single sensing element permits deciphering rich and diverse human-robot and robot-environmental interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Baines
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IGM RRL MED 1 2313 Station 9, Vaud, 1025, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Zuliani
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IGM RRL MED 1 2313 Station 9, Vaud, 1025, Switzerland
| | - Neil Chennoufi
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IGM RRL MED 1 2313 Station 9, Vaud, 1025, Switzerland
| | - Sagar Joshi
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IGM RRL MED 1 2313 Station 9, Vaud, 1025, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jamie Paik
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IGM RRL MED 1 2313 Station 9, Vaud, 1025, Switzerland.
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16
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Shani YY, Lineykin S. Thermal Cues Composed of Sequences of Pulses for Transferring Data via a Haptic Thermal Interface. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1156. [PMID: 37892886 PMCID: PMC10604188 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This research study is the preliminary phase of an effort to develop a generic data transfer method via human haptic thermal sensation (i.e., a coded language such as Morse or Braille). For the method to be effective, it must include a large variety of short, recognizable cues. Hence, we propose the concept of cues based on sequences of thermal pulses: combinations of warm and cool pulses with several levels of intensity. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of basing a generic data transfer method on haptic thermal cues using sequences of short pulses. The research included defining the basic characteristics of the stimuli parameters and developing practical methods for generating and measuring them. Several patterns of different sequences were designed considering the relevant data known to date and improved by implementing new insights acquired throughout the tests that were conducted. The final thermal cues presented to the participants were sensed by touch and clearly recognized. The results of this study indicate that developing this new method is feasible and that it could be applicable in various scenarios. In addition, the low impact measured on the user's skin temperature represents an inherent advantage for future implementation. This report presents promising findings and offers insights for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Lineykin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechatronics, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel;
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17
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Lee JY, Shin J, Kim K, Ju JE, Dutta A, Kim TS, Cho YU, Kim T, Hu L, Min WK, Jung HS, Park YS, Won SM, Yeo WH, Moon J, Khang DY, Kim HJ, Ahn JH, Cheng H, Yu KJ, Rogers JA. Ultrathin Crystalline Silicon Nano and Micro Membranes with High Areal Density for Low-Cost Flexible Electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302597. [PMID: 37246255 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin crystalline silicon is widely used as an active material for high-performance, flexible, and stretchable electronics, from simple passive and active components to complex integrated circuits, due to its excellent electrical and mechanical properties. However, in contrast to conventional silicon wafer-based devices, ultrathin crystalline silicon-based electronics require an expensive and rather complicated fabrication process. Although silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers are commonly used to obtain a single layer of crystalline silicon, they are costly and difficult to process. Therefore, as an alternative to SOI wafers-based thin layers, here, a simple transfer method is proposed for printing ultrathin multiple crystalline silicon sheets with thicknesses between 300 nm to 13 µm and high areal density (>90%) from a single mother wafer. Theoretically, the silicon nano/micro membrane can be generated until the mother wafer is completely consumed. In addition, the electronic applications of silicon membranes are successfully demonstrated through the fabrication of a flexible solar cell and flexible NMOS transistor arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoon Shin
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubeen Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Ju
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ankan Dutta
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Tae Soo Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Young Uk Cho
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taemin Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Luhing Hu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyung Min
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Suh Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Won
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seongbuk-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Institute for Materials, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jooho Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahl-Young Khang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ki Jun Yu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- YU-Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Institute, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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18
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Devi M, Wang H, Moon S, Sharma S, Strauss V. Laser-Carbonization - A Powerful Tool for Micro-Fabrication of Patterned Electronic Carbons. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211054. [PMID: 36841955 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating electronic devices from natural, renewable resources is a common goal in engineering and materials science. In this regard, carbon is of special significance due to its biocompatibility combined with electrical conductivity and electrochemical stability. In microelectronics, however, carbon's device application is often inhibited by tedious and expensive preparation processes and a lack of control over processing and material parameters. Laser-assisted carbonization is emerging as a tool for the precise and selective synthesis of functional carbon-based materials for flexible device applications. In contrast to conventional carbonization via in-furnace pyrolysis, laser-carbonization is induced photo-thermally and occurs on the time-scale of milliseconds. By careful selection of the precursors and process parameters, the properties of this so-called laser-patterned carbon (LP-C) such as porosity, surface polarity, functional groups, degree of graphitization, charge-carrier structure, etc. can be tuned. In this critical review, a common perspective is generated on laser-carbonization in the context of general carbonization strategies, fundamentals of laser-induced materials processing, and flexible electronic applications, like electrodes for sensors, electrocatalysts, energy storage, or antennas. An attempt is made to have equal emphasis on material processing and application aspects such that this emerging technology can be optimally positioned in the broader context of carbon-based microfabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Devi
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Huize Wang
- Department Kolloidchemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sanghwa Moon
- Department Kolloidchemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Swati Sharma
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department Kolloidchemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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19
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Fan Z, Lu L, Sang M, Wu J, Wang X, Xu F, Gong X, Luo T, Leung KC, Xuan S. Wearable Safeguarding Leather Composite with Excellent Sensing, Thermal Management, and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302412. [PMID: 37424041 PMCID: PMC10502653 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
This work illustrates a "soft-toughness" coupling design method to integrate the shear stiffening gel (SSG), natural leather, and nonwoven fabrics (NWF) for preparing leather/MXene/SSG/NWF (LMSN) composite with high anti-impact protecting, piezoresistive sensing, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and human thermal management performance. Owing to the porous fiber structure of the leather, the MXene nanosheets can penetrate leather to construct a stable 3D conductive network; thus both the LM and LMSN composites exhibit superior conductivity, high Joule heating temperature, and an efficient EMI shielding effectiveness. Due to the excellent energy absorption of the SSG, the LMSN composites possess a huge force-buffering (about 65.5%), superior energy dissipation (above 50%), and a high limit penetration velocity of 91 m s-1 , showing extraordinary anti-impact performance. Interestingly, LMSN composites possess an unconventional opposite sensing behavior to piezoresistive sensing (resistance reduction) and impact stimulation (resistance growing), thus they can distinguish the low and high energy stimulus. Ultimately, a soft protective vest with thermal management and impact monitoring performance is further fabricated, and it shows a typical wireless impact-sensing performance. This method is expected to have broad application potential in the next-generation wearable electronic devices for human safeguarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China (USTC)Hefei230027China
| | - Liang Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTCDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
| | - Min Sang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China (USTC)Hefei230027China
| | - Jianpeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China (USTC)Hefei230027China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China (USTC)Hefei230027China
| | - Feng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China (USTC)Hefei230027China
| | - Xinglong Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China (USTC)Hefei230027China
| | - Tianzhi Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China (USTC)Hefei230027China
| | - Ken Cham‐Fai Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological AnalysisDepartment of ChemistryThe Hong Kong Baptist UniversityKowloonHong Kong SAR999077P. R. China
| | - Shouhu Xuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China (USTC)Hefei230027China
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20
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Yu H, Li H, Sun X, Pan L. Biomimetic Flexible Sensors and Their Applications in Human Health Detection. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:293. [PMID: 37504181 PMCID: PMC10807369 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bionic flexible sensors are a new type of biosensor with high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reliability to achieve detection in complex natural and physiological environments. They provide efficient, energy-saving and convenient applications in medical monitoring and diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and detection and identification. Combining sensor devices with flexible substrates to imitate flexible structures in living organisms, thus enabling the detection of various physiological signals, has become a hot topic of interest. In the field of human health detection, the application of bionic flexible sensors is flourishing and will evolve into patient-centric diagnosis and treatment in the future of healthcare. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of bionic flexible devices for human health detection applications and a comprehensive summary of the research progress and potential of flexible sensors. First, we evaluate the working mechanisms of different classes of bionic flexible sensors, describing the selection and fabrication of bionic flexible materials and their excellent electrochemical properties; then, we introduce some interesting applications for monitoring physical, electrophysiological, chemical, and biological signals according to more segmented health fields (e.g., medical diagnosis, rehabilitation assistance, and sports monitoring). We conclude with a summary of the advantages of current results and the challenges and possible future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xidi Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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21
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Hua T, Xiang Z, Xia X, Li Z, Sun D, Wu Y, Liu Y, Shang J, Chen J, Li R. A Sensitivity-Optimized Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensor with Cylindrical Ladder Microstructural Dielectric Layers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094323. [PMID: 37177527 PMCID: PMC10181647 DOI: 10.3390/s23094323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible capacitive pressure sensors have attracted extensive attention due to their dynamic response and good sensing capability for static and small pressures. Using microstructural dielectric layers is an effective method for improving performance. However, the current state of microstructure design is primarily focused on basic shapes and is largely limited by simulation results; there is still a great deal of potential for further innovation and improvement. This paper innovatively proposes to increase the ladder structure based on the basic microstructures, for example, the long micro-ridge ladder, the cuboid ladder, and cylindrical ladder microstructures. By comparing 9 kinds of microstructures including ladder structure through finite element simulation, it is found that the sensor with a cylindrical ladder microstructure dielectric layer has the highest sensitivity. The dielectric layers with various microstructures are obtained by 3D printed molds, and the sensor with cylindrical ladder microstructure dielectric layer has the sensitivity of 0.12 kPa-1, which is about 3.9 times higher than that without microstructure. The flexible pressure sensor developed by us boasts sensitivity-optimized and operational stability, making it an ideal solution for monitoring rainfall frequency in real time.
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Grants
- U22A20248,52201236, 52105286, 52127803, 51931011, 51971233, 62174165, M-0152, U20A6001, U1909215, 52105286, 52201236, 62204246, 92064011, 62174164 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2022M723251 China Postdoctoral Foundation
- 174433KYSB20190038, 174433KYSB20200013 External Cooperation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- YJKYYQ20200030 Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- GJTD-2020-11 K.C. Wong Education Foundation
- 2018334 Chinese Academy of Sciences Youth Innovation Promotion Association
- 2022C01032 "Pioneer" and "Leading Goose" R&D Program of Zhejiang
- 2021C01183 Zhejiang Provincial Key R&D Program
- LD22E010002 Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province
- LGG20F010006 Zhejiang Provincial Basic Public Welfare Research Project
- 2019B10127, 2020Z022 Ningbo Scientific and Technological Innovation 2025 Major Project
- 20221JCGY010312 Ningbo Natural Science Foundations
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Hua
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Batteries and Materials, Jiangxi University of Sciences and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Ziyin Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xiangling Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Zhangling Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Batteries and Materials, Jiangxi University of Sciences and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Runwei Li
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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22
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Zhou W, Xiao P, Zhang C, Yang Q, Chen T. Dynamic competitive strains enabled self-supporting Janus nanostructured films for high-performance airflow perception. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1264-1273. [PMID: 36786523 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01482c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, piezoresistive airflow sensing systems have shown extensive potential applications in aerospace, weather forecasting, mineral enterprises, and wearable electronics. However, the achievement of both an ultralow detection limit and broad monitoring range still remains challenging. Here, we propose a self-supported Janus film based on a graphene/carbon sphere-elastomer hybrid, which allows us to sensitively and efficiently perceive tiny and strong airflows via responding with opposite current variations enabled by the dynamic competition of transverse and longitudinal strains. The achieved film enables an ultralow detection limit of ∼0.0087 m s-1, a wide detection range of 0.0087-23 m s-1, favorable response speed as fast as ∼0.1 s, and signal stability for 1150 cycles. Furthermore, an artificial smart spiderweb array system is delicately designed to efficiently distinguish the position and intensity of the applied airflow for efficient non-contact manipulation, enabling significant potential in the development of advanced soft electronics and smart biomimetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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23
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Luo Y, Abidian MR, Ahn JH, Akinwande D, Andrews AM, Antonietti M, Bao Z, Berggren M, Berkey CA, Bettinger CJ, Chen J, Chen P, Cheng W, Cheng X, Choi SJ, Chortos A, Dagdeviren C, Dauskardt RH, Di CA, Dickey MD, Duan X, Facchetti A, Fan Z, Fang Y, Feng J, Feng X, Gao H, Gao W, Gong X, Guo CF, Guo X, Hartel MC, He Z, Ho JS, Hu Y, Huang Q, Huang Y, Huo F, Hussain MM, Javey A, Jeong U, Jiang C, Jiang X, Kang J, Karnaushenko D, Khademhosseini A, Kim DH, Kim ID, Kireev D, Kong L, Lee C, Lee NE, Lee PS, Lee TW, Li F, Li J, Liang C, Lim CT, Lin Y, Lipomi DJ, Liu J, Liu K, Liu N, Liu R, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu Z, Liu Z, Loh XJ, Lu N, Lv Z, Magdassi S, Malliaras GG, Matsuhisa N, Nathan A, Niu S, Pan J, Pang C, Pei Q, Peng H, Qi D, Ren H, Rogers JA, Rowe A, Schmidt OG, Sekitani T, Seo DG, Shen G, Sheng X, Shi Q, Someya T, Song Y, Stavrinidou E, Su M, Sun X, Takei K, Tao XM, Tee BCK, Thean AVY, Trung TQ, Wan C, Wang H, Wang J, Wang M, Wang S, Wang T, Wang ZL, Weiss PS, Wen H, Xu S, Xu T, Yan H, Yan X, Yang H, Yang L, Yang S, Yin L, Yu C, Yu G, Yu J, Yu SH, Yu X, Zamburg E, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Zhao X, Zheng Y, Zheng YQ, Zheng Z, Zhou T, Zhu B, Zhu M, Zhu R, Zhu Y, Zhu Y, Zou G, Chen X. Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5211-5295. [PMID: 36892156 PMCID: PMC11223676 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 171.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Luo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Reza Abidian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77024, United States
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Deji Akinwande
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Anne M Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability (WISE) and Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Berkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94301, United States
| | - Christopher John Bettinger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Nanobionics Group, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia, 3800
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia3800
| | - Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Seon-Jin Choi
- Division of Materials of Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex Chortos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Canan Dagdeviren
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94301, United States
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yin Fang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Jianyou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Xue Feng
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Xiwen Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Applied Physics Program, and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 United States
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Martin C Hartel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zihan He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - John S Ho
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Youfan Hu
- School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Fengwei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Muhammad M Hussain
- mmh Labs, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Ali Javey
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Engineering (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk 37673, Korea
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | | | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Lingxuan Kong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
- NUS Graduate School-Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Nae-Eung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Soft Foundry, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Fengyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Neuroscience Program, BioMolecular Science Program, and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Cuiyuan Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Yuanjing Lin
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Jia Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Nan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Ren Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, N.1 Institute for Health, Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China 518055
| | - Zhuangjian Liu
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhisheng Lv
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge CB3 0FA, Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Arokia Nathan
- Darwin College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9EU, United Kingdom
| | - Simiao Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jieming Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Qibing Pei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Huaying Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Chemistry, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Aaron Rowe
- Becton, Dickinson and Company, 1268 N. Lakeview Avenue, Anaheim, California 92807, United States
- Ready, Set, Food! 15821 Ventura Blvd #450, Encino, California 91436, United States
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09107, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekitani
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 5670047
| | - Dae-Gyo Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Guozhen Shen
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiongfeng Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Kuniharu Takei
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Xiao-Ming Tao
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, School of Fashion and Textiles, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin C K Tee
- Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Aaron Voon-Yew Thean
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Tran Quang Trung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjin Wan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiliang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Ming Wang
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chip and Systems, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- the Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, 41th Floor, AI Tower, No.701 Yunjin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hanqi Wen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China 314000
| | - Sheng Xu
- Department of Nanoengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, and Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States
| | - Tailin Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Hongping Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Hui Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, #03-09 EA, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Shuaijian Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, and Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, United States
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Evgeny Zamburg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Haixia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics; Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- Center for Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu-Qing Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication; School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Guijin Zou
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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24
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Peng W, Pan X, Liu X, Gao Y, Lu T, Li J, Xu M, Pan L. A moisture self-regenerative, ultra-low temperature anti-freezing and self-adhesive polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylamide/CaCl 2/MXene ionotronics hydrogel for bionic skin strain sensor. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:782-792. [PMID: 36565620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ignited by the concept of bionics, hydrogel-based bionic skin sensors have received more and more attention and been widely used in health monitoring, robots, implantable prostheses and human-machine interfaces. However, there still remain some challenges to be urgently solved for hydrogel-based bionic skin sensors, such as the water evaporation and the defects of single conductive mechanism of electronic skin or ionic skin. Herein, we prepared a polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylamide/CaCl2/MXene (PPCM) ionotronics hydrogel with moisture self-regenerative, highly sensitive, ultra-low temperature anti-freezing (-50 °C) and self-adhesive features and applied it as bionic skin strain sensor. The introduction of MXene and CaCl2 endows the PPCM hydrogel with both electron and ion conductive channels, which effectively compensates for the defects of single electronic skin or ionic skin. Importantly, the addition of CaCl2 into the PPCM hydrogel offers it the moisture self-regenerative ability, holding the long-term water retention. The water in the PPCM hydrogel can still be kept in a stable state after continuous use for 70 days at room temperature, thus ensuring the long-term stability of the hydrogel-based sensor. Such a moisture self-regenerative ability should be an important feature for intelligentizing the hydrogel-based bionic skin for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinrong Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinjuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiabao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Min Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Likun Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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25
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Huang L, Liu Y, Li G, Song Y, Su J, Cheng L, Guo W, Zhao G, Shen H, Yan Z, Tang BZ, Ye R. Ultrasensitive, Fast-Responsive, Directional Airflow Sensing by Bioinspired Suspended Graphene Fibers. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:597-605. [PMID: 36622320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-performance miniaturized and flexible airflow sensors is essential to meet the need of emerging applications. Graphene-based airflow sensors are hampered by the sluggish response and recovery speed and low sensitivity. Here we employ laser-induced graphene (LIG) with poststructural biomimicry for fabricating high-performance, flexible airflow sensors, including cotton-like porous LIG, caterpillar fluff-like vertical LIG fiber, and Lepidoptera scale-like suspended LIG fiber (SLIGF) structures. The structural engineering changes the deformation behavior of LIGs under stress, among which the synchronous propagation of the scale-like structure of SLIGF is the most conducive to airflow sensing. The SLIGF achieves the shortest average response time of 0.5 s, the highest sensitivity of 0.11 s/m, and a record-low detection threshold of 0.0023 m/s, benchmarked against the state-of-the-art airflow sensors. Furthermore, we showcase the SLIGF airflow sensors in weather forecasting, health, and communications applications. Our study will help develop next-generation waterflow, sound, and motion sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Geng Li
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yun Song
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jianjun Su
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Le Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ganggang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Hanchen Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Ruquan Ye
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
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26
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Froyen AAF, Schenning APHJ. A multifunctional structural coloured electronic skin monitoring body motion and temperature. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:361-365. [PMID: 36625272 PMCID: PMC9846708 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01503j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional e-skins provide information on physiological and environmental parameters. However, the development and fabrication of such devices is challenging. Here, structural coloured electronic skins are presented, which are prepared via scalable methods that can simultaneously monitor the skin temperature and body motion when patched onto the human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne A F Froyen
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- SCNU-TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), South China Normal University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
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27
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Kim H, Choi S, Lee B, Seo J, Lee S, Yoon J, Hong Y. Nonpatterned Soft Piezoresistive Films with Filamentous Conduction Paths for Mimicking Multiple-Resolution Receptors of Human Skin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55088-55097. [PMID: 36458332 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soft pressure sensors play key roles as input devices of electronic skin (E-skin) to imitate real human skin. For efficient data acquisition according to stimulus types such as detailed pressure images or macroscopic strength of stimuli, soft pressure sensors can have variable spatial resolution, just like the uneven spatial distribution of pressure-sensing receptors on the human body. However, previous methods on soft pressure sensors cannot achieve such tunability of spatial resolution because their sensor materials and read-out electrodes need to be elaborately patterned for a specific sensor density. Here, we report a universal soft pressure-sensitive platform based on anisotropically self-assembled ferromagnetic particles embedded in elastomer matrices whose spatial resolution can be facilely tuned. Various spatial densities of pressure-sensing receptors of human body parts can be implemented by simply sandwiching the film between soft electrodes with different pitches. Since the anisotropically aligned nickel particles form independent filamentous conductive paths, the pressure sensors show spatial sensing ability without crosstalk, whose spatial resolution up to 100 dpi can be achieved from a single platform. The sensor array shows a wide dynamic range capable of detecting various pressure levels, such as liquid drops (∼30 Pa) and plantar (∼300 kPa) pressures. Our universal soft pressure-sensing platform would be a key enabling technology for actually imitating the receptor systems of human skin in robot and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanul Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Korea
| | | | - Byeongmoon Lee
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul02792, Korea
| | - Jiseok Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Korea
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Korea
| | - Jinsu Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Korea
| | - Yongtaek Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Korea
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28
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Cheng Y, Zhou Y, Wang R, Chan KH, Liu Y, Ding T, Wang XQ, Li T, Ho GW. An Elastic and Damage-Tolerant Dry Epidermal Patch with Robust Skin Adhesion for Bioelectronic Interfacing. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18608-18620. [PMID: 36318185 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
On-skin patches that record biopotential and biomechanical signals are essential for wearable healthcare monitoring, clinical treatment, and human-machine interaction. To acquire wearing comfort and high-quality signals, patches with tissue-like softness, elastic recovery, damage tolerance, and robust bioelectronic interface are highly desired yet challenging to achieve. Here, we report a dry epidermal patch made from a supramolecular polymer (SESA) and an in situ transferred carbon nanotubes' percolation network. The polymer possesses a hybrid structure of copolymerized permanent scaffold permeated by multiple dynamic interactions, which imparts a desired mechanical response transition from elastic recoil to energy dissipation with increased elongation. Such SESA-based patches are soft (Young's modulus ∼0.1 MPa) and elastic within physiologically relevant strain levels (97% elastic recovery at 50% tensile strain), intrinsically mechanical-electrical damage-resilient (∼90% restoration from damage after 5 min), and interference-immune in dynamic signal acquisition (stretch, underwater, sweat). We demonstrate its versatile physiological sensing applications, including electrocardiogram recording under various disturbances, machine-learning-enabled hand-gesture recognition through electromyogram measurement, subtle radial artery pulse, and drastic knee kinematics sensing. This epidermal patch offers a promising noninvasive, long-duration, and ambulant bioelectronic interfacing with anti-interference robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Ranran Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Kwok Hoe Chan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Yan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Tianpeng Ding
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Qiao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Tongtao Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Ghim Wei Ho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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29
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Yang R, Zhang W, Tiwari N, Yan H, Li T, Cheng H. Multimodal Sensors with Decoupled Sensing Mechanisms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202470. [PMID: 35835946 PMCID: PMC9475538 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and multimodal sensors have recently emerged for a wide range of applications, including epidermal electronics, robotics, health-monitoring devices and human-machine interfaces. However, cross-sensitivity prevents accurate measurements of the target input signals when a multiple of them are simultaneously present. Therefore, the selection of the multifunctional materials and the design of the sensor structures play a significant role in multimodal sensors with decoupled sensing mechanisms. Hence, this review article introduces varying methods to decouple different input signals for realizing truly multimodal sensors. Early efforts explore different outputs to distinguish the corresponding input signals applied to the sensor in sequence. Next, this study discusses the methods for the suppression of the interference, signal correction, and various decoupling strategies based on different outputs to simultaneously detect multiple inputs. The recent insights into the materials' properties, structure effects, and sensing mechanisms in recognition of different input signals are highlighted. The presence of the various decoupling methods also helps avoid the use of complicated signal processing steps and allows multimodal sensors with high accuracy for applications in bioelectronics, robotics, and human-machine interfaces. Finally, current challenges and potential opportunities are discussed in order to motivate future technological breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Yang
- School of Mechanical EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401P. R. China
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Wanqing Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Naveen Tiwari
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Han Yan
- School of Mechanical EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401P. R. China
| | - Tiejun Li
- School of Mechanical EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401P. R. China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
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30
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Yang J, Liu S, Meng Y, Xu W, Liu S, Jia L, Chen G, Qin Y, Han M, Li X. Self-Powered Tactile Sensor for Gesture Recognition Using Deep Learning Algorithms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:25629-25637. [PMID: 35612540 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional wearable tactile sensor assisted by deep learning algorithms is developed, which can realize the functions of gesture recognition and interaction. This tactile sensor is the fusion of a triboelectric nanogenerator and piezoelectric nanogenerator to construct a hybrid self-powered sensor with a higher power density and sensibility. The power generation performance is characterized with an open-circuit voltage VOC of 200 V, a short-circuit current ISC of 8 μA, and a power density of 0.35 mW cm-2 under a matching load. It also has an excellent sensibility, including a response time of 5 ms, a signal-to-noise ratio of 22.5 dB, and a pressure resolution of 1% (1-10 kPa). The sensor is successfully integrated on a glove to collect the electrical signal output generated by the gesture. Using deep learning algorithms, the functions of gesture recognition and control can be realized in real time. The combination of tactile sensor and deep learning algorithms provides ideas and guidance for its applications in the field of artificial intelligence, such as human-computer interaction, signal monitoring, and smart sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Sida Liu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yan Meng
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Shuangshuang Liu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Lingjie Jia
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Guobin Chen
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiuhan Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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Wu J, Fan X, Liu X, Ji X, Shi X, Wu W, Yue Z, Liang J. Highly Sensitive Temperature-Pressure Bimodal Aerogel with Stimulus Discriminability for Human Physiological Monitoring. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4459-4467. [PMID: 35608193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal sensor with high sensitivity, accurate sensing resolution, and stimuli discriminability is very desirable for human physiological state monitoring. A dual-sensing aerogel is fabricated with independent pyro-piezoresistive behavior by leveraging MXene and semicrystalline polymer to assemble shrinkable nanochannel structures inside multilevel cellular walls of aerogel for discriminable temperature and pressure sensing. The shrinkable nanochannels, controlled by the melt flow-triggered volume change of semicrystalline polymer, act as thermoresponsive conductive channels to endow the pyroresistive aerogel with negative temperature coefficient of resistance of -10.0% °C-1 and high accuracy within 0.2 °C in human physiological temperature range of 30-40 °C. The flexible cellular walls, working as pressure-responsive conductive channels, enable the piezoresistive aerogel to exhibit a pressure sensitivity up to 777 kPa-1 with a detectable pressure limit of 0.05 Pa. The pyro-piezoresistive aerogel can detect the temperature-dependent characteristics of pulse pressure waveforms from artery vessels under different human body temperature states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiangqian Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xue Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinyi Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinlei Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Department of Microelectronics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhao Yue
- Department of Microelectronics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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32
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Yu Q, Zhao B, Ren X, Zhu C, Wang Q, Lin Y, Zeng W, Chen Z, Wang S. Porous Pure MXene Fibrous Network for Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5494-5501. [PMID: 35452246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wearable and elastic pressure sensors have caused widespread concern due to the popularity of smart terminals and human health monitoring. To obtain a flexible pressure sensor with a wide detection region and outstanding sensitivity, exploring new materials and novel structures has become the first choice for the research. Here, a wearable and flexible MXene fibrous network pressure sensor (MFNS) with a high sensitivity and wide detection region is reported. The holistic fiber network is composed of pure MXene fibers; among them, MXene fibers were prepared by wet-spinning of MXene nanosheets. The MFNS exhibits a high sensitivity in a wide detection region (51 kPa-1 for 14.7 kPa and 427 kPa-1 within the 14.7-19.9 kPa range), a low detection limit (8 Pa), a robust durability (10,000 cycles), and a prompt response (95 ms). Due to the superior performance of MFNS, it also proves prospective applications for human motion signal detection (such as swallowing, pulse beat, and joint motion) and measuring pressure distribution. This work provides an effective way to fabricate a high-performance pressure sensor for human-machine interactions, personal healthcare monitoring, and multitouch devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitao Yu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- Industry-Education-Research Institute of Advanced Materials and Technology for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingtian Zhao
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- Industry-Education-Research Institute of Advanced Materials and Technology for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Ren
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- Industry-Education-Research Institute of Advanced Materials and Technology for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuijie Zhu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- Industry-Education-Research Institute of Advanced Materials and Technology for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Industry-Education-Research Institute of Advanced Materials and Technology for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lin
- Industry-Education-Research Institute of Advanced Materials and Technology for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- Industry-Education-Research Institute of Advanced Materials and Technology for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- Industry-Education-Research Institute of Advanced Materials and Technology for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Siliang Wang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- Industry-Education-Research Institute of Advanced Materials and Technology for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
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33
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Jiang Q, Li R, Wang F, Shi X, Chen F, Huang Y, Wang B, Zhang W, Wu X, Wei F, Zhang R. Ultrasensitive Airflow Sensors Based on Suspended Carbon Nanotube Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107062. [PMID: 35245967 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High-performance airflow sensors are in great demand in numerous fields but still face many challenges, such as slow response speed, low sensitivity, large detection threshold, and narrow sensing range. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit many advantages in fabricating airflow sensors due to their nanoscale diameters, excellent mechanical and electrical properties, and so on. However, the intrinsic extraordinary properties of CNTs are not fully exhibited in previously reported CNT-based airflow sensors due to the mixed structures of macroscale CNT assemblies. Herein, this article presents suspended CNT networks (SCNTNs) as high-performance airflow sensors, which are self-assembled by ultralong CNTs and short CNTs in a one-step floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition process. The SCNTN-based airflow sensors achieved a record-breaking short response time of 0.021 s, a high sensitivity of 0.0124 s m-1 , a small detection threshold of 0.11 m s-1 , and a wide detection range of ≈0.11-5.51 m s-1 , superior to most of the state-of-the-art airflow sensors. To reveal the sensing mechanism, an acoustic response testing system and a mathematical model are developed. It is found that the airflow-caused intertube stress change resulted in the resistance variation of SCNTNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Run Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fengxiang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ya Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Baoshun Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenshuo Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xueke Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fei Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rufan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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34
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Tan X, Zheng J. A Novel Porous PDMS-AgNWs-PDMS (PAP)-Sponge-Based Capacitive Pressure Sensor. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081495. [PMID: 35458245 PMCID: PMC9031670 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of capacitive pressure sensors with low cost, high sensitivity and facile fabrication techniques is desirable for flexible electronics and wearable devices. In this project, a highly sensitive and flexible capacitive pressure sensor was fabricated by sandwiching a porous PAP sponge dielectric layer between two copper electrodes. The porous PAP sponge dielectric layer was fabricated by introducing highly conductive silver nanowires (AgNWs) into the PDMS sponge with 100% sucrose as a template and with a layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film coating the surface. The sensitivity of the PAP sponge capacitive pressure sensor was optimized by increasing the load amount of AgNWs. Experimental results demonstrated that when the load amount of AgNWs increased to 150 mg in the PAP sponge, the sensitivity of the sensor was the highest in the low-pressure range of 0–1 kPa, reaching 0.62 kPa−1. At this point, the tensile strength and elongation of sponge were 1.425 MPa and 156.38%, respectively. In addition, the specific surface area of PAP sponge reached 2.0 cm2/g in the range of 0–10 nm pore size, and showed excellent waterproof performance with high elasticity, low hysteresis, light weight, and low density. Furthermore, as an application demonstration, ~110 LED lights were shown to light up when pressed onto the optimized sensor. Hence, this novel porous PAP-sponge-based capacitive pressure sensor has a wide range of potential applications in the field of wearable electronics.
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35
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Li G, Liu S, Mao Q, Zhu R. Multifunctional Electronic Skins Enable Robots to Safely and Dexterously Interact with Human. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104969. [PMID: 35170258 PMCID: PMC9008439 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human-robot collaboration is playing more and more important roles in current deployments of robotic systems in our lives. Haptic perception and intelligent control are essential to ensure safety and efficiency of human-robot interaction. However, existing robotic sensory and control systems are deficient in terms of performance issues, complexity, and cost. Here, the authors report a multifunctional electronic skin (e-skin) incorporating multiple perceptions with intelligent robotic control, by which robots can safely and dexterously interact with humans. The e-skin with a simple and cost-effective sensory structure has multimodal perceptions of proximity, temperature, contact force, and contact position with broad measuring range, high sensitivity, and fast response. The e-skin is applied onto robots to accomplish obstacle avoidance, safe and dexterous human-robot interaction, smart teaching, and playing Tai-Chi, which demonstrate a broad range of applications for intelligent robots equipped with e-skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsDepartment of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsDepartment of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Qian Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsDepartment of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsDepartment of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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36
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Heng W, Solomon S, Gao W. Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107902. [PMID: 34897836 PMCID: PMC9035141 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Medical robots are invaluable players in non-pharmaceutical treatment of disabilities. Particularly, using prosthetic and rehabilitation devices with human-machine interfaces can greatly improve the quality of life for impaired patients. In recent years, flexible electronic interfaces and soft robotics have attracted tremendous attention in this field due to their high biocompatibility, functionality, conformability, and low-cost. Flexible human-machine interfaces on soft robotics will make a promising alternative to conventional rigid devices, which can potentially revolutionize the paradigm and future direction of medical robotics in terms of rehabilitation feedback and user experience. In this review, the fundamental components of the materials, structures, and mechanisms in flexible human-machine interfaces are summarized by recent and renowned applications in five primary areas: physical and chemical sensing, physiological recording, information processing and communication, soft robotic actuation, and feedback stimulation. This review further concludes by discussing the outlook and current challenges of these technologies as a human-machine interface in medical robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Heng
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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37
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Shin Y, Park Y, Ghosh SK, Lee Y, Park J, Ko H. Ultrasensitive Multimodal Tactile Sensors with Skin-Inspired Microstructures through Localized Ferroelectric Polarization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105423. [PMID: 35072354 PMCID: PMC8948547 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional electronic skins have attracted considerable attention for soft electronics including humanoid robots, wearable devices, and health monitoring systems. Simultaneous detection of multiple stimuli in a single self-powered device is desired to simplify artificial somatosensory systems. Here, inspired by the structure and function of human skin, an ultrasensitive self-powered multimodal sensor is demonstrated based on an interlocked ferroelectric copolymer microstructure. The triboelectric and pyroelectric effects of ferroelectric microstructures enable the simultaneous detection of mechanical and thermal stimuli in a spacer-free single device, overcoming the drawbacks of conventional devices, including complex fabrication, structural complexity, and high-power consumption. Furthermore, the interlocked microstructure induces electric field localization during ferroelectric polarization, leading to enhanced output performance. The multimodal tactile sensor provides ultrasensitive pressure and temperature detection capability (2.2 V kPa-1 , 0.27 nA °C-1 ) over a broad range (0.1-98 kPa, -20 °C < ΔT < 30 °C). Furthermore, multiple simultaneous stimuli can be distinguished based on different response times of triboelectric and pyroelectric effects. The remarkable performance of this sensor enables real-time monitoring of pulse pressure, acoustic wave detection, surface texture analysis, and profiling of multiple stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young‐Eun Shin
- School of Energy and Chemical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)50 UNIST‐gilUlsan44919Republic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Jin Park
- School of Energy and Chemical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)50 UNIST‐gilUlsan44919Republic of Korea
| | - Sujoy Kumar Ghosh
- School of Energy and Chemical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)50 UNIST‐gilUlsan44919Republic of Korea
| | - Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)50 UNIST‐gilUlsan44919Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)50 UNIST‐gilUlsan44919Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)50 UNIST‐gilUlsan44919Republic of Korea
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38
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Recent Advances in Electronic Skins with Multiple-Stimuli-Responsive and Self-Healing Abilities. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051661. [PMID: 35268894 PMCID: PMC8911295 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronic skin (e-skin) has provided a revolutionized way to intelligently sense environmental stimuli, which shows prospective applications in health monitoring, artificial intelligence and prosthetics fields. Drawn inspiration from biological skins, developing e-skin with multiple stimuli perception and self-healing abilities not only enrich their bionic multifunctionality, but also greatly improve their sensory performance and functional stability. In this review, we highlight recent important developments in the material structure design strategy to imitate the fascinating functionalities of biological skins, including molecular synthesis, physical structure design, and special biomimicry engineering. Moreover, their specific structure-property relationships, multifunctional application, and existing challenges are also critically analyzed with representative examples. Furthermore, a summary and perspective on future directions and challenges of biomimetic electronic skins regarding function construction will be briefly discussed. We believe that this review will provide valuable guidance for readers to fabricate superior e-skin materials or devices with skin-like multifunctionalities and disparate characteristics.
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39
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Ali MA, Hu C, Yttri EA, Panat R. Recent Advances in 3D Printing of Biomedical Sensing Devices. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2107671. [PMID: 36324737 PMCID: PMC9624470 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202107671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, also called 3D printing, is a rapidly evolving technique that allows for the fabrication of functional materials with complex architectures, controlled microstructures, and material combinations. This capability has influenced the field of biomedical sensing devices by enabling the trends of device miniaturization, customization, and elasticity (i.e., having mechanical properties that match with the biological tissue). In this paper, the current state-of-the-art knowledge of biomedical sensors with the unique and unusual properties enabled by 3D printing is reviewed. The review encompasses clinically important areas involving the quantification of biomarkers (neurotransmitters, metabolites, and proteins), soft and implantable sensors, microfluidic biosensors, and wearable haptic sensors. In addition, the rapid sensing of pathogens and pathogen biomarkers enabled by 3D printing, an area of significant interest considering the recent worldwide pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, is also discussed. It is also described how 3D printing enables critical sensor advantages including lower limit-of-detection, sensitivity, greater sensing range, and the ability for point-of-care diagnostics. Further, manufacturing itself benefits from 3D printing via rapid prototyping, improved resolution, and lower cost. This review provides researchers in academia and industry a comprehensive summary of the novel possibilities opened by the progress in 3D printing technology for a variety of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Azahar Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
| | - Chunshan Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
| | - Eric A Yttri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rahul Panat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
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40
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Li WD, Ke K, Jia J, Pu JH, Zhao X, Bao RY, Liu ZY, Bai L, Zhang K, Yang MB, Yang W. Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E-skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103734. [PMID: 34825473 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiresponsive flexile sensors with strain, temperature, humidity, and other sensing abilities serving as real electronic skin (e-skin) have manifested great application potential in flexible electronics, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT). Although numerous flexible sensors with sole sensing function have already been reported since the concept of e-skin, that mimics the sensing features of human skin, was proposed about a decade ago, the ones with more sensing capacities as new emergences are urgently demanded. However, highly integrated and highly sensitive flexible sensors with multiresponsive functions are becoming a big thrust for the detection of human body motions, physiological signals (e.g., skin temperature, blood pressure, electrocardiograms (ECG), electromyograms (EMG), sweat, etc.) and environmental stimuli (e.g., light, magnetic field, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), which are vital to real-time and all-round human health monitoring and management. Herein, this review summarizes the design, manufacturing, and application of multiresponsive flexible sensors and presents the future challenges of fabricating these sensors for the next-generation e-skin and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Di Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jun-Hong Pu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Lu Bai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
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41
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Zhong J, Li Z, Takakuwa M, Inoue D, Hashizume D, Jiang Z, Shi Y, Ou L, Nayeem MOG, Umezu S, Fukuda K, Someya T. Smart Face Mask Based on an Ultrathin Pressure Sensor for Wireless Monitoring of Breath Conditions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107758. [PMID: 34706136 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A smart face mask that can conveniently monitor breath information is beneficial for maintaining personal health and preventing the spread of diseases. However, some challenges still need to be addressed before such devices can be of practical use. One key challenge is to develop a pressure sensor that is easily triggered by low pressure and has excellent stability as well as electrical and mechanical properties. In this study, a wireless smart face mask is designed by integrating an ultrathin self-powered pressure sensor and a compact readout circuit with a normal face mask. The pressure sensor is the thinnest (totally compressed thickness of ≈5.5 µm) and lightest (total weight of ≈4.5 mg) electrostatic pressure sensor capable of achieving a peak open-circuit voltage of up to ≈10 V when stimulated by airflow, which endows the sensor with the advantage of readout circuit miniaturization and makes the breath-monitoring system portable and wearable. To demonstrate the capabilities of the smart face mask, it is used to wirelessly measure and analyze the various breath conditions of multiple testers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Zhong
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory and Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Masahito Takakuwa
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory and Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Daishi Inoue
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory and Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory and Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zhi Jiang
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory and Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yujun Shi
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Lexiang Ou
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Md Osman Goni Nayeem
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Umezu
- Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory and Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory and Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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Lee Y, Park J, Choe A, Shin YE, Kim J, Myoung J, Lee S, Lee Y, Kim YK, Yi SW, Nam J, Seo J, Ko H. Flexible Pyroresistive Graphene Composites for Artificial Thermosensation Differentiating Materials and Solvent Types. ACS NANO 2022; 16:1208-1219. [PMID: 35020369 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
When we touch an object, thermosensation allows us to perceive not only the temperature but also wetness and types of materials with different thermophysical properties (i.e., thermal conductivity and heat capacity) of objects. Emulation of such sensory abilities is important in robots, wearables, and haptic interfaces, but it is challenging because they are not directly perceptible sensations but rather learned abilities via sensory experiences. Emulating the thermosensation of human skin, we introduce an artificial thermosensation based on an intelligent thermo-/calorimeter (TCM) that can objectively differentiate types of contact materials and solvents with different thermophysical properties. We demonstrate a TCM based on pyroresistive composites with ultrahigh sensitivity (11.2% °C-1) and high accuracy (<0.1 °C) by precisely controlling the melt-induced volume expansion of a semicrystalline polymer, as well as the negative temperature coefficient of reduced graphene oxide. In addition, the ultrathin TCM with coplanar electrode design shows deformation-insensitive temperature sensing, facilitating wearable skin temperature monitoring with accuracy higher than a commercial thermometer. Moreover, the TCM with a high pyroresistivity can objectively differentiate types of contact materials and solvents with different thermophysical properties. In a proof-of-principle application, our intelligent TCM, coupled with a machine-learning algorithm, enables objective evaluation of the thermal attributes (coolness and wetness) of skincare products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Choe
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Shin
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Myoung
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjae Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsu Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyung Kim
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, 17074 Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Yi
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, 17074 Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Nam
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, 17074 Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Seo
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, 17074 Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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43
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Hsieh GW, Shih LC, Chen PY. Porous Polydimethylsiloxane Elastomer Hybrid with Zinc Oxide Nanowire for Wearable, Wide-Range, and Low Detection Limit Capacitive Pressure Sensor. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:256. [PMID: 35055273 PMCID: PMC8779111 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose a flexible capacitive pressure sensor that utilizes porous polydimethylsiloxane elastomer with zinc oxide nanowire as nanocomposite dielectric layer via a simple porogen-assisted process. With the incorporation of nanowires into the porous elastomer, our capacitive pressure sensor is not only highly responsive to subtle stimuli but vigorously so to gentle touch and verbal stimulation from 0 to 50 kPa. The fabricated zinc oxide nanowire-porous polydimethylsiloxane sensor exhibits superior sensitivity of 0.717 kPa-1, 0.360 kPa-1, and 0.200 kPa-1 at the pressure regimes of 0-50 Pa, 50-1000 Pa, and 1000-3000 Pa, respectively, presenting an approximate enhancement by 21-100 times when compared to that of a flat polydimethylsiloxane device. The nanocomposite dielectric layer also reveals an ultralow detection limit of 1.0 Pa, good stability, and durability after 4000 loading-unloading cycles, making it capable of perception of various human motions, such as finger bending, calligraphy writing, throat vibration, and airflow blowing. A proof-of-concept trial in hydrostatic water pressure sensing has been demonstrated with the proposed sensors, which can detect tiny changes in water pressure and may be helpful for underwater sensing research. This work brings out the efficacy of constructing wearable capacitive pressure sensors based on a porous dielectric hybrid with stress-sensitive nanostructures, providing wide prospective applications in wearable electronics, health monitoring, and smart artificial robotics/prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Wen Hsieh
- Institute of Lighting and Energy Photonics, College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 301, Section 2, Gaofa 3rd Road, Guiren District, Tainan 71150, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Cheng Shih
- Institute of Photonic System, College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 301, Gaofa 3rd Road, Section 2, Guiren District, Tainan 71150, Taiwan; (L.-C.S.); (P.-Y.C.)
| | - Pei-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Photonic System, College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 301, Gaofa 3rd Road, Section 2, Guiren District, Tainan 71150, Taiwan; (L.-C.S.); (P.-Y.C.)
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44
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Chen KY, Xu YT, Zhao Y, Li JK, Wang XP, Qu LT. Recent progress in graphene-based wearable piezoresistive sensors: From 1D to 3D device geometries. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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45
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Luo Y, An X, Chen L, Li KH. Chip-scale optical airflow sensor. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:4. [PMID: 35047209 PMCID: PMC8724291 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Airflow sensors are an essential component in a wide range of industrial, biomedical, and environmental applications. The development of compact devices with a fast response and wide measurement range capable of in situ airflow monitoring is highly desirable. Herein, we report a miniaturized optical airflow sensor based on a GaN chip with a flexible PDMS membrane. The compact GaN chip is responsible for light emission and photodetection. The PDMS membrane fabricated using a droplet-based molding process can effectively transform the airflow stimuli into optical reflectance changes that can be monitored by an on-chip photodetector. Without the use of external components for light coupling, the proposed sensor adopting the novel integration scheme is capable of detecting airflow rates of up to 53.5 ms-1 and exhibits a fast response time of 12 ms, holding great promise for diverse practical applications. The potential use in monitoring human breathing is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Luo
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Xiaoshuai An
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Kwai Hei Li
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
- Engineering Research Center of Three Dimensional Integration in Guangdong Province, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
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46
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Cai M, Jiao Z, Nie S, Wang C, Zou J, Song J. A multifunctional electronic skin based on patterned metal films for tactile sensing with a broad linear response range. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl8313. [PMID: 34936460 PMCID: PMC8694613 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl8313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skins (e-skins) with multifunctional sensing functions have attracted a lot of attention due to their promising applications in intelligent robotics, human-machine interfaces, and wearable healthcare systems. Here, we report a multifunctional e-skin based on patterned metal films for tactile sensing of pressure and temperature with a broad linear response range by implementing the single sensing mechanism of piezoresistivity, which allows for the easy signal processing and simple device configuration. The sensing pixel features serpentine metal traces and spatially distributed microprotrusions. Experimental and numerical studies reveal the fundamental aspects of the multifunctional tactile sensing mechanism of the e-skin, which exhibits excellent flexibility and wearable conformability. The fabrication approach being compatible with the well-established microfabrication processes has enabled the scalable manufacturing of a large-scale e-skin for spatial tactile sensing in various application scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cai
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongdong Jiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Nie
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jizhou Song
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- Corresponding author.
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47
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Pyo S, Lee J, Bae K, Sim S, Kim J. Recent Progress in Flexible Tactile Sensors for Human-Interactive Systems: From Sensors to Advanced Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005902. [PMID: 33887803 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flexible tactile sensors capable of measuring mechanical stimuli via physical contact have attracted significant attention in the field of human-interactive systems. The utilization of tactile information can complement vision and/or sound interaction and provide new functionalities. Recent advancements in micro/nanotechnology, material science, and information technology have resulted in the development of high-performance tactile sensors that reach and even surpass the tactile sensing ability of human skin. Here, important advances in flexible tactile sensors over recent years are summarized, from sensor designs to system-level applications. This review focuses on the representative strategies based on design and material configurations for improving key performance parameters including sensitivity, detection range/linearity, response time/hysteresis, spatial resolution/crosstalk, multidirectional force detection, and insensitivity to other stimuli. System-level integration for practical applications beyond conceptual prototypes and promising applications, such as artificial electronic skin for robotics and prosthetics, wearable controllers for electronics, and bidirectional communication tools, are also discussed. Finally, perspectives on issues regarding further advances are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonjae Pyo
- Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyong Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubin Bae
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjun Sim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbaeg Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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48
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Yan ZY, Liu JY, Niu JR. Research of a Novel Ag Temperature Sensor Based on Fabric Substrate Fabricated by Magnetron Sputtering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6014. [PMID: 34683606 PMCID: PMC8540354 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TPU-coated polyester fabric was used as the substrate of a flexible temperature sensor and Ag nanoparticles were deposited on its surface as the temperature sensing layer by the magnetron sputtering method. The effects of sputtering powers and heat treatment on properties of the sensing layers, such as the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), linearity, hysteresis, drift, reliability, and bending resistance, were mainly studied. The results showed that the TCR (0.00234 °C-1) was the highest when sputtering power was 90 W and sputtering pressure was 0.8 Pa. The crystallinity of Ag particles would improve, as the TCR was improved to 0.00262 °C-1 under heat treatment condition at 160°. The Ag layer obtained excellent linearity, lower hysteresis and drift value, as well as good reliability and bending resistance when the sputtering power was 90 W. The flexible temperature sensor based on the coated polyester fabric improved the softness and comfortableness of sensor, which can be further applied in intelligent wearable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Yao Yan
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China;
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites Ministry of Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jian-Yong Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China;
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites Ministry of Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jia-Rong Niu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China;
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites Ministry of Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
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49
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Li X, Li X, Lu Y, Shang C, Ding X, Zhang J, Feng Y, Xu FJ. Wearable, Washable, and Highly Sensitive Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Based on a 3D Sponge Network for Real-Time Monitoring Human Body Activities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46848-46857. [PMID: 34553599 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable pressure sensors are highly desirable for monitoring human health and realizing a nice human-machine interaction. Herein, a chitosan/MXene/polyurethane-sponge/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/MXene/PU sponge/PVA)-based 3D pressure sensor is developed to simultaneously achieve wearability, washability, and high sensitivity in a wide region. In the force-sensitive layer of the sensor, MXene and CS are fully attached to the PU sponge to ensure that the composite sponge has remarkable conductivity and washability. Benefiting from the highly resistive PVA-nanowire spacer, the initial current of the sensor is reduced significantly so that the sensor exhibits extremely high sensitivity (84.9 kPa-1 for the less than 5 kPa region and 140.6 kPa-1 for the 5-22 kPa region). Moreover, the sensor has an excellent fast response time of 200 ms and a short recovery time of 30 ms, as well as non-attenuating durability over 5000 cycles. With the high sensitivity in a wide range, the sensor is capable of detecting multiple human and animal activities in real time, ranging from the large pressure of joint activities to a subtle pressure of pulse. Furthermore, the sensor also demonstrates the potential application in measuring pressure distribution. Overall, such a multifunctional pressure sensor can supply a new platform for the design and development of wearable health-monitoring equipment and an efficient human-machine interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Li
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xu Li
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong Lu
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chengshuo Shang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaokang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jicai Zhang
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongjun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fu-Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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50
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Supramolecular Self-Healing Sensor Fiber Composites for Damage Detection in Piezoresistive Electronic Skin for Soft Robots. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172983. [PMID: 34503023 PMCID: PMC8433753 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-healing materials can prolong the lifetime of structures and products by enabling the repairing of damage. However, detecting the damage and the progress of the healing process remains an important issue. In this study, self-healing, piezoresistive strain sensor fibers (ShSFs) are used for detecting strain deformation and damage in a self-healing elastomeric matrix. The ShSFs were embedded in the self-healing matrix for the development of self-healing sensor fiber composites (ShSFC) with elongation at break values of up to 100%. A quadruple hydrogen-bonded supramolecular elastomer was used as a matrix material. The ShSFCs exhibited a reproducible and monotonic response. The ShSFCs were investigated for use as sensorized electronic skin on 3D-printed soft robotic modules, such as bending actuators. Depending on the bending actuator module, the electronic skin was loaded under either compression (pneumatic-based module) or tension (tendon-based module). In both configurations, the ShSFs could be successfully used as deformation sensors, and in addition, detect the presence of damage based on the sensor signal drift. The sensor under tension showed better recovery of the signal after healing, and smaller signal relaxation. Even with the complete severing of the fiber, the piezoresistive properties returned after the healing, but in that case, thermal heat treatment was required. With their resilient response and self-healing properties, the supramolecular fiber composites can be used for the next generation of soft robotic modules.
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