1
|
Kim Y, Kimpel J, Giovannitti A, Müller C. Small signal analysis for the characterization of organic electrochemical transistors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7606. [PMID: 39218920 PMCID: PMC11366767 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A method for the characterization of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on small signal analysis is presented that allows to determine the electronic mobility as a function of continuous gate potential using a standard two-channel AC potentiostat. Vector analysis in the frequency domain allows to exclude parasitic components in both ionic and electronic conduction regardless of film thickness, thus resulting in a standard deviation as low as 4%. Besides the electronic mobility, small signal analysis of OECTs also provides information about a wide range of other parameters including the conductance, transconductance, conductivity and volumetric capacitance through a single measurement. General applicability of small signal analysis is demonstrated by characterizing devices based on n-type, p-type, and ambipolar materials operating in accumulation or depletion modes. Accurate benchmarking of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors through small signal analysis can be anticipated to guide both materials development and the design of bioelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Joost Kimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jin W, Yang CY, Pau R, Wang Q, Tekelenburg EK, Wu HY, Wu Z, Jeong SY, Pitzalis F, Liu T, He Q, Li Q, Huang JD, Kroon R, Heeney M, Woo HY, Mura A, Motta A, Facchetti A, Fahlman M, Loi MA, Fabiano S. Photocatalytic doping of organic semiconductors. Nature 2024; 630:96-101. [PMID: 38750361 PMCID: PMC11153156 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Chemical doping is an important approach to manipulating charge-carrier concentration and transport in organic semiconductors (OSCs)1-3 and ultimately enhances device performance4-7. However, conventional doping strategies often rely on the use of highly reactive (strong) dopants8-10, which are consumed during the doping process. Achieving efficient doping with weak and/or widely accessible dopants under mild conditions remains a considerable challenge. Here, we report a previously undescribed concept for the photocatalytic doping of OSCs that uses air as a weak oxidant (p-dopant) and operates at room temperature. This is a general approach that can be applied to various OSCs and photocatalysts, yielding electrical conductivities that exceed 3,000 S cm-1. We also demonstrate the successful photocatalytic reduction (n-doping) and simultaneous p-doping and n-doping of OSCs in which the organic salt used to maintain charge neutrality is the only chemical consumed. Our photocatalytic doping method offers great potential for advancing OSC doping and developing next-generation organic electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Jin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Riccardo Pau
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eelco K Tekelenburg
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Federico Pitzalis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Qiao He
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jun-Da Huang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrea Mura
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessandro Motta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Roma "La Sapienza" and INSTM, UdR Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Antonietta Loi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Craighero M, Guo J, Zokaei S, Griggs S, Tian J, Asatryan J, Kimpel J, Kroon R, Xu K, Reparaz JS, Martín J, McCulloch I, Campoy-Quiles M, Müller C. Impact of Oligoether Side-Chain Length on the Thermoelectric Properties of a Polar Polythiophene. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2024; 6:2909-2916. [PMID: 38828039 PMCID: PMC11137803 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with oligoether side chains make up a promising class of thermoelectric materials. In this work, the impact of the side-chain length on the thermoelectric and mechanical properties of polythiophenes is investigated. Polymers with tri-, tetra-, or hexaethylene glycol side chains are compared, and the shortest length is found to result in thin films with the highest degree of order upon doping with the p-dopant 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ). As a result, a stiff material with an electrical conductivity of up to 830 ± 15 S cm-1 is obtained, resulting in a thermoelectric power factor of about 21 μW m-1 K-2 in the case of as-cast films. Aging at ambient conditions results in an initial decrease in thermoelectric properties but then yields a highly stable performance for at least 3 months, with values of about 200 S cm-1 and 5 μW m-1 K-2. Evidently, identification of the optimal side-chain length is an important criterion for the design of conjugated polymers for organic thermoelectrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Goteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Jiali Guo
- Materials
Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sepideh Zokaei
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Goteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Sophie Griggs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Junfu Tian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jesika Asatryan
- Universidade
da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI, Esteiro, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Joost Kimpel
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Goteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Linköping
University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Kai Xu
- Materials
Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Juan Sebastian Reparaz
- Materials
Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- Universidade
da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI, Esteiro, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
- POLYMAT, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials
Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Goteborg 41296, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kimpel J, Kim Y, Asatryan J, Martín J, Kroon R, Müller C. High-mobility organic mixed conductors with a low synthetic complexity index via direct arylation polymerization. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7679-7688. [PMID: 38784738 PMCID: PMC11110131 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01430h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Through direct arylation polymerization, a series of mixed ion-electron conducting polymers with a low synthetic complexity index is synthesized. A thieno[3,2-b]thiophene monomer with oligoether side chains is used in direct arylation polymerization together with a wide range of aryl bromides with varying electronic character from electron-donating thiophene to electron-accepting benzothiadiazole. The obtained polymers are less synthetically complex than other mixed ion-electron conducting polymers due to higher yield, fewer synthetic steps and less toxic reagents. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on a newly synthesized copolymer comprising thieno[3,2-b]thiophene with oligoether side chains and bithiophene exhibit excellent device performance. A high charge-carrier mobility of up to μ = 1.8 cm2 V-1 s-1 was observed, obtained by dividing the figure of merit [μC*] from OECT measurements by the volumetric capacitance C* from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which reached a value of more than 215 F cm-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joost Kimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jesika Asatryan
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI Esteiro 15403 Ferrol Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI Esteiro 15403 Ferrol Spain
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University Norrköping Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University Norrköping Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song J, Lu H, Liu M, Hu H, Jiang J, Zhang L, Li H. Dopant Enhanced Conjugated Polymer Thin Film for Low-Power, Flexible and Wearable DMMP Sensor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308595. [PMID: 38050930 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer has the potential to be applied on flexible devices as an active layer, but further investigation is still hindered by poor conductivity and mechanical stability. Here, this work demonstrates a dopant-enhanced conductive polymer thin film and its application in dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) sensor. Among five comparable polymers this work employs, poly(bisdodecylthioquaterthiophene) (PQTS12) achieves the highest doping efficiency after doped by FeCl3, with the conductivity increasing by about five orders of magnitude. The changes in Young's modulus are also considered to optimize the conductivity and flexibility of this thin film, and finally the decay of conductivity is only 9.2% after 3000 times of mechanical bending. This work applies this thin film as the active layer of the DMMP gas sensor, which could be operated under 1 mV driving voltage and 28 nW power consumption, with a sustainable durability against bending and compression. In addition, this sensor is provided with alarm capability while exposed to the DMMP atmospheres at different hazard levels. This work expects that this general approach could offer solutions for the fabrication of low-power and flexible gas sensors, and provide guidance for next-generation wearable devices with broader applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- School of microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Huimin Lu
- School of microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Meng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Hong Hu
- School of microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Jingyan Jiang
- College of Big data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li J, Fan F, Fu X, Liu M, Chen Y, Zhang B. Building Uniformly Structured Polymer Memristors via a 2D Conjugation Strategy for Neuromorphic Computing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400172. [PMID: 38627960 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Polymer memristors represent a highly promising avenue for the advancement of next-generation computing systems. However, the intrinsic structural heterogeneity characteristic of most polymers often results in organic polymer memristors displaying erratic resistive switching phenomena, which in turn lead to diminished production yields and compromised reliability. In this study, a 2D conjugated polymer, named PBDTT-BPQTPA, is synthesized by integrating the coplanar bis(thiophene)-4,8-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b]dithiophene (BDTT) as an electron-donating unit with a quinoxaline derivative serving as an electron-accepting unit. The incorporation of triphenylamine groups at the quinoxaline termini significantly enhances the polymer's conjugation and planarity, thereby facilitating more efficient charge transport. The fabricated polymer memristor with the structure of Al/PBDTT-BPQTPA/ITO exhibits typical non-volatile resistive switching behavior under high voltage conditions, along with history-dependent memristive properties at lower voltages. The unique memristive behavior of the device enables the simulation of synaptic enhancement/inhibition, learning algorithms, and memory operations. Additionally, the memristor demonstrates its capability for executing logical operations and handling decimal calculations. This study offers a promising and innovative approach for the development of artificial neuromorphic computing systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Fei Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mingxing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Paulino PHS, Guimarães L, Nascimento CS. Chemical modification and doping of poly(p-phenylenes): A theoretical study. J Mol Model 2024; 30:114. [PMID: 38558272 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05920-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Conjugated polymers (CPs) have been recognized as promising materials for the manufacture of electronic devices. However, further studies are still needed to enhance the electrical conductivity of these type of organic materials. The two main strategies for achieving this improvement are the doping process and chemical modification of the polymer chain. Therefore, in this article, we conduct a theoretical investigation, employing DFT calculations to evaluate the structural, energetic, and electronic properties of pristine and push-pull-derived poly(p-phenylene) oligomers (PPPs), as well as the analysis at the molecular level of the polymer doping process. As a primary conclusion, we determined that the PPP oligomer substituted with the push-pull group 4-EtN/CNPhNO2 exhibited the smallest HOMO-LUMO gap (Eg) among the studied oligomers. Moreover, we observed that the doping process, whether through electron removal or the introduction of the dopant anion ClO4-, led to a substantial reduction in the Eg of the PPP, indicating an enhancement in the polymer's electrical conductivity. METHODS DFT calculations were conducted using the PBE0 functional along with the Pople's split valence 6-31G(d,p) basis set, which includes polarization functions on all atoms (B97D/6-31G(d,p)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique S Paulino
- Grupo de Pesquisa Em Química Computacional Aplicada (GPQCA), Departamento de Ciências Naturais (DCNAT), Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Dom BoscoSão João Del Rei, Minas Gerais, 36301-160, Brazil
| | - Luciana Guimarães
- Grupo de Pesquisa Em Química Computacional Aplicada (GPQCA), Departamento de Ciências Naturais (DCNAT), Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Dom BoscoSão João Del Rei, Minas Gerais, 36301-160, Brazil
| | - Clebio S Nascimento
- Grupo de Pesquisa Em Química Computacional Aplicada (GPQCA), Departamento de Ciências Naturais (DCNAT), Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Dom BoscoSão João Del Rei, Minas Gerais, 36301-160, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tu L, Wang J, Wu Z, Li J, Yang W, Liu B, Wu S, Xia X, Wang Y, Woo HY, Shi Y. Cyano-Functionalized Pyrazine: A Structurally Simple and Easily Accessible Electron-Deficient Building Block for n-Type Organic Thermoelectric Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319658. [PMID: 38265195 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Developing low-cost and high-performance n-type polymer semiconductors is essential to accelerate the application of organic thermoelectrics (OTEs). To achieve this objective, it is critical to design strong electron-deficient building blocks with simple structure and easy synthesis, which are essential for the development of n-type polymer semiconductors. Herein, we synthesized two cyano-functionalized highly electron-deficient building blocks, namely 3,6-dibromopyrazine-2-carbonitrile (CNPz) and 3,6-Dibromopyrazine-2,5-dicarbonitrile (DCNPz), which feature simple structures and facile synthesis. CNPz and DCNPz can be obtained via only one-step reaction and three-step reactions from cheap raw materials, respectively. Based on CNPz and DCNPz, two acceptor-acceptor (A-A) polymers, P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz) are successfully developed, featuring deep-positioned lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, which are beneficial to n-type organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) and OTEs performance. An optimal unipolar electron mobility of 0.85 and 1.85 cm2 V-1 s-1 is obtained for P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz), respectively. When doped with N-DMBI, P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz) show high n-type electrical conductivities/power factors of 25.3 S cm-1 /41.4 μW m-1 K-2 , and 33.9 S cm-1 /30.4 μW m-1 K-2 , respectively. Hence, the cyano-functionalized pyrazine CNPz and DCNPz represent a new class of structurally simple, low-cost and readily accessible electron-deficient building block for constructing n-type polymer semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Obaidulla SM, Supina A, Kamal S, Khan Y, Kralj M. van der Waals 2D transition metal dichalcogenide/organic hybridized heterostructures: recent breakthroughs and emerging prospects of the device. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 9:44-92. [PMID: 37902087 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00310h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The near-atomic thickness and organic molecular systems, including organic semiconductors and polymer-enabled hybrid heterostructures, of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D-TMDs) can modulate their optoelectronic and transport properties outstandingly. In this review, the current understanding and mechanism of the most recent and significant breakthrough of novel interlayer exciton emission and its modulation by harnessing the band energy alignment between TMDs and organic semiconductors in a TMD/organic (TMDO) hybrid heterostructure are demonstrated. The review encompasses up-to-date device demonstrations, including field-effect transistors, detectors, phototransistors, and photo-switchable superlattices. An exploration of distinct traits in 2D-TMDs and organic semiconductors delves into the applications of TMDO hybrid heterostructures. This review provides insights into the synthesis of 2D-TMDs and organic layers, covering fabrication techniques and challenges. Band bending and charge transfer via band energy alignment are explored from both structural and molecular orbital perspectives. The progress in emission modulation, including charge transfer, energy transfer, doping, defect healing, and phase engineering, is presented. The recent advancements in 2D-TMDO-based optoelectronic synaptic devices, including various 2D-TMDs and organic materials for neuromorphic applications are discussed. The section assesses their compatibility for synaptic devices, revisits the operating principles, and highlights the recent device demonstrations. Existing challenges and potential solutions are discussed. Finally, the review concludes by outlining the current challenges that span from synthesis intricacies to device applications, and by offering an outlook on the evolving field of emerging TMDO heterostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sk Md Obaidulla
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Department of Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Sector III, Block JD, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Antonio Supina
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Chair of Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef Strasse 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Sherif Kamal
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Yahya Khan
- Department of Physics, Karakoram International university (KIU), Gilgit 15100, Pakistan
| | - Marko Kralj
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Song TT, Huang WQ, Jiang KB, Chen WF, Zhou Y, Bian HY, Wang MS, Guo GC. Significant increase of the photoresponse range and conductivity for a chalcogenide semiconductor by viologen coating through charge transfer. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5677-5683. [PMID: 37791893 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01241g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Widening the photoresponse range while enhancing the electrical properties of semiconductors could reduce the complexity and cost of photodetectors or increase the power conversion efficiency of solar cells. Surface doping through charge transfer with organic species is one of the most effective and widely used approaches to achieve this aim. It usually features easier preparation over other doping methods but is still limited by the low physicochemical stability and high cost of the used organic species or low improvement of electrical properties. This work shows unprecedented surface doping of semiconductors with highly stable, easily obtained, and strong electron-accepting viologen components, realizing the significant improvement of both the photoresponse range and conductivity. Coating the chalcogenide semiconductor KGaS2 with dimethyl viologen dichloride (MV) yields a charge-transfer complex (CTC) on the surface, which broadens the photoresponse range by nearly 300 nm and improves the conductivity by 5 orders of magnitude. The latter value surpasses all records obtained by surface doping through charge transfer with organic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Song
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350608, P. R. China.
| | - Wei-Qiang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350608, P. R. China.
| | - Kai-Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350608, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-Fa Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350608, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350608, P. R. China.
| | - Hong-Yi Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350608, P. R. China.
| | - Ming-Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350608, P. R. China.
| | - Guo-Cong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350608, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Feng K, Wang J, Jeong SY, Yang W, Li J, Woo HY, Guo X. High-Performance n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics Enabled by Synergistically Achieving High Electron Mobility and Doping Efficiency. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302629. [PMID: 37553779 PMCID: PMC10582446 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
n-Doped polymers with high electrical conductivity (σ) are still very scarce in organic thermoelectrics (OTEs), which limits the development of efficient organic thermoelectric generators. A series of fused bithiophene imide dimer-based polymers, PO8, PO12, and PO16, incorporating distinct oligo(ethylene glycol) side-chain to optimize σ is reported here. Three polymers show a monotonic electron mobility decrease as side-chain size increasing due to the gradually lowered film crystallinity and change of backbone orientation. Interestingly, polymer PO12 with a moderate side-chain size delivers a champion σ up to 92.0 S cm-1 and a power factor (PF) as high as 94.3 µW m-1 K-2 in the series when applied in OTE devices. The PF value is among the highest ones for the solution-processing n-doped polymers. In-depth morphology studies unravel that the moderate crystallinity and the formation of 3D conduction channel derived from bimodal orientation synergistically contribute to high doping efficiency and large charge carrier mobility, thus resulting in high performance for the PO12-based OTEs. The results demonstrate the great power of simple tuning of side chain in developing n-type polymers with substantial σ for improving organic thermoelectric performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversityAnamro 145Seoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversityAnamro 145Seoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mone M, Kim Y, Darabi S, Zokaei S, Karlsson L, Craighero M, Fabiano S, Kroon R, Müller C. Mechanically Adaptive Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors Based on a Polar Polythiophene Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37262133 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with oligoether side chains are promising mixed ionic-electronic conductors, but they tend to feature a low glass transition temperature and hence a low elastic modulus, which prevents their use if mechanical robust materials are required. Carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are found to be a suitable reinforcing agent for a soft polythiophene with tetraethylene glycol side chains. Dry nanocomposites feature a Young's modulus of more than 400 MPa, which reversibly decreases to 10 MPa or less upon passive swelling through water uptake. The presence of CNF results in a slight decrease in electronic mobility but enhances the ionic mobility and volumetric capacitance, with the latter increasing from 164 to 197 F cm-3 upon the addition of 20 vol % CNF. Overall, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) feature a higher switching speed and a transconductance that is independent of the CNF content up to at least 20 vol % CNF. Hence, CNF-reinforced conjugated polymers with oligoether side chains facilitate the design of mechanically adaptive mixed ionic-electronic conductors for wearable electronics and bioelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariza Mone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sozan Darabi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sepideh Zokaei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Karlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yuan D, Liu W, Zhu X. Efficient and air-stable n-type doping in organic semiconductors. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37183967 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs) enables feasible tuning of carrier concentration, charge mobility, and energy levels, which is critical for the applications of OSCs in organic electronic devices. However, in comparison with p-type doping, n-type doping has lagged far behind. The achievement of efficient and air-stable n-type doping in OSCs would help to significantly improve electron transport and device performance, and endow new functionalities, which are, therefore, gaining increasing attention currently. In this review, the issue of doping efficiency and doping air stability in n-type doped OSCs was carefully addressed. We first clarified the main factors that influenced chemical doping efficiency in n-type OSCs and then explain the origin of instability in n-type doped films under ambient conditions. Doping microstructure, charge transfer, and dissociation efficiency were found to determine the overall doping efficiency, which could be precisely tuned by molecular design and post treatments. To further enhance the air stability of n-doped OSCs, design strategies such as tuning the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, charge delocalization, intermolecular stacking, in situ n-doping, and self-encapsulations are discussed. Moreover, the applications of n-type doping in advanced organic electronics, such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and thermoelectrics are being introduced. Finally, an outlook is provided on novel doping ways and material systems that are aimed at stable and efficient n-type doped OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wuyue Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Narasimha K, Albert SK, Kim J, Kang H, Kang S, Park J, Park J, Park SJ. Charge-Transfer-Induced Self-Assembly of Doped Conjugated Block Copolymer Nanofibers. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:382-388. [PMID: 36866815 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report charge-transfer-driven self-assembly of conjugated block copolymers (BCP) into highly doped conjugated polymer nanofibers. The ground-state integer charge transfer (ICT) between a BCP composed of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and poly(ethylene oxide) (P3HT-b-PEO) and electron-deficient 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) induced spontaneous self-assembly of the donor and the acceptor into well-defined one-dimensional nanofibers. The presence of the PEO block plays an important role for the self-assembly by providing a polar environment that can stabilize nanoscale charge transfer (CT) assemblies. The doped nanofibers were responsive to various external stimuli such as heat, chemical, and light and exhibited efficient photothermal properties in the near-IR region. The CT-driven BCP self-assembly reported here provides a new platform for the fabrication of highly doped semiconductor nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karnati Narasimha
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Shine K Albert
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Hyojung Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Sungsu Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - JaeHong Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Purohit P, Bhatt A, Mittal RK, Abdellattif MH, Farghaly TA. Polymer Grafting and its chemical reactions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1044927. [PMID: 36714621 PMCID: PMC9874337 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1044927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer grafting is a technique to improve the morphology, chemical, and physical properties of the polymer. This technique has the potential to improve the existing conduction and properties of polymers other than charge transport; as a result, it enhances the solubility, nano-dimensional morphology, biocompatibility, bio-communication, and other property of parent polymer. A polymer's physicochemical properties can be modified even further by creating a copolymer with another polymer or by grafting. Here in the various chemical approaches for polymer grafting, like free radical, click reaction, amide formation, and alkylation have been discussed with their importance, moreover the process and its importance are covered comprehensively with their scientific explanation. The present review also covers the effectiveness of the graft-to approaches and its application in various fields, which will give reader a glimpse about polymer grafting and its uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyank Purohit
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India,*Correspondence: Priyank Purohit, ,
| | - Akanksha Bhatt
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | | | | | - Thoraya A. Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wei X, Zhang P, Xu T, Zhou H, Bai Y, Chen Q. Chemical approaches for electronic doping in photovoltaic materials beyond crystalline silicon. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:10016-10063. [PMID: 36398768 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Electronic doping is applied to tailor the electrical and optoelectronic properties of semiconductors, which have been widely adopted in information and clean energy technologies, like integrated circuit fabrication and PVs. Though this concept has prevailed in conventional PVs, it has achieved limited success in the new-generation PV materials, particularly in halide perovskites, owing to their soft lattice nature and self-compensation by intrinsic defects. In this review, we summarize the evolution of the theoretical understanding and strategies of electronic doping from Si-based photovoltaics to thin-film technologies, e.g., GaAs, CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)Se2, and also cover the emerging PVs including halide perovskites and organic solar cells. We focus on the chemical approaches to electronic doping, emphasizing various chemical interactions/bonding throughout materials synthesis/modification to device fabrication/operation. Furthermore, we propose new classifications and models of electronic doping based on the physical and chemical properties of dopants, in the context of solid-state chemistry, which inspires further development of optoelectronics based on perovskites and other hybrid materials. Finally, we outline the effects of electronic doping in semiconducting materials and highlight the challenges that need to be overcome for reliable and controllable doping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Wei
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Pengxiang Zhang
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Tailai Xu
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Huanping Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yang Bai
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sami S, Alessandri R, W. Wijaya JB, Grünewald F, de Vries AH, Marrink SJ, Broer R, Havenith RWA. Strategies for Enhancing the Dielectric Constant of Organic Materials. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:19462-19469. [PMID: 36425002 PMCID: PMC9677499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c05682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
High dielectric constant organic semiconductors, often obtained by the use of ethylene glycol (EG) side chains, have gained attention in recent years in the efforts of improving the device performance for various applications. Dielectric constant enhancements due to EGs have been demonstrated extensively, but various effects, such as the choice of the particular molecule and the frequency and temperature regime, that determine the extent of this enhancement require further understanding. In this work, we study these effects by means of polarizable molecular dynamics simulations on a carefully selected set of fullerene derivatives with EG side chains. The selection allows studying the dielectric response in terms of both the number and length of EG chains and also the choice of the group connecting the fullerene to the EG chain. The computed time- and frequency-dependent dielectric responses reveal that the experimentally observed rise of the dielectric constant within the kilo/megahertz regime for some molecules is likely due to the highly stretched dielectric response of the EGs: the initial sharp increase over the first few nanoseconds is followed by a smaller but persistent increase in the range of microseconds. Additionally, our computational protocol allows the separation of different factors that contribute to the overall dielectric constant, providing insights to make several molecular design guides for future organic materials in order to enhance their dielectric constant further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selim Sami
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Alessandri
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeff B. W. Wijaya
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Grünewald
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alex H. de Vries
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J. Marrink
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ria Broer
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remco W. A. Havenith
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-(S3), B-9000Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Persson G, Järsvall E, Röding M, Kroon R, Zhang Y, Barlow S, Marder SR, Müller C, Olsson E. Visualisation of individual dopants in a conjugated polymer: sub-nanometre 3D spatial distribution and correlation with electrical properties. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:15404-15413. [PMID: 36218271 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03554e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While molecular doping is ubiquitous in all branches of organic electronics, little is known about the spatial distribution of dopants, especially at molecular length scales. Moreover, a homogeneous distribution is often assumed when simulating transport properties of these materials, even though the distribution is expected to be inhomogeneous. In this study, electron tomography is used to determine the position of individual molybdenum dithiolene complexes and their three-dimensional distribution in a semiconducting polymer at the sub-nanometre scale. A heterogeneous distribution is observed, the characteristics of which depend on the dopant concentration. At 5 mol% of the molybdenum dithiolene complex, the majority of the dopant species are present as isolated molecules or small clusters up to five molecules. At 20 mol% dopant concentration and higher, the dopant species form larger nanoclusters with elongated shapes. Even in case of these larger clusters, each individual dopant species is still in contact with the surrounding polymer. The electrical conductivity first strongly increases with dopant concentration and then slightly decreases for the most highly doped samples, even though no large aggregates can be observed. The decreased conductivity is instead attributed to the increased energetic disorder and lower probability of electron transfer that originates from the increased size and size variation in dopant clusters. This study highlights the importance of detailed information concerning the dopant spatial distribution at the sub-nanometre scale in three dimensions within the organic semiconductor host. The information acquired using electron tomography may facilitate more accurate simulations of charge transport in doped organic semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Persson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Emmy Järsvall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Röding
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Biomaterials and Health, Agriculture and Food, 41276 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- School of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Siemons N, Pearce D, Cendra C, Yu H, Tuladhar SM, Hallani RK, Sheelamanthula R, LeCroy GS, Siemons L, White AJP, McCulloch I, Salleo A, Frost JM, Giovannitti A, Nelson J. Impact of Side-Chain Hydrophilicity on Packing, Swelling, and Ion Interactions in Oxy-Bithiophene Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204258. [PMID: 35946142 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exchanging hydrophobic alkyl-based side chains to hydrophilic glycol-based side chains is a widely adopted method for improving mixed-transport device performance, despite the impact on solid-state packing and polymer-electrolyte interactions being poorly understood. Presented here is a molecular dynamics (MD) force field for modeling alkoxylated and glycolated polythiophenes. The force field is validated against known packing motifs for their monomer crystals. MD simulations, coupled with X-ray diffraction (XRD), show that alkoxylated polythiophenes will pack with a "tilted stack" and straight interdigitating side chains, whilst their glycolated counterpart will pack with a "deflected stack" and an s-bend side-chain configuration. MD simulations reveal water penetration pathways into the alkoxylated and glycolated crystals-through the π-stack and through the lamellar stack respectively. Finally, the two distinct ways triethylene glycol polymers can bind to cations are revealed, showing the formation of a metastable single bound state, or an energetically deep double bound state, both with a strong side-chain length dependence. The minimum energy pathways for the formation of the chelates are identified, showing the physical process through which cations can bind to one or two side chains of a glycolated polythiophene, with consequences for ion transport in bithiophene semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Siemons
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Drew Pearce
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Camila Cendra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sachetan M Tuladhar
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rawad K Hallani
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajendar Sheelamanthula
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Garrett S LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lucas Siemons
- Structural biology of cells and viruses laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Chemical Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jarvist M Frost
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang X, Li J, Dong C, Zhang L, Hu J, Liu J, Liu Y. n-Type thermoelectric properties of a doped organoboron polymer. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
Tan STM, Lee G, Denti I, LeCroy G, Rozylowicz K, Marks A, Griggs S, McCulloch I, Giovannitti A, Salleo A. Tuning Organic Electrochemical Transistor Threshold Voltage using Chemically Doped Polymer Gates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202359. [PMID: 35737653 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have shown promise as transducers and amplifiers of minute electronic potentials due to their large transconductances. Tuning the OECT threshold voltage is important to achieve low-powered devices with amplification properties within the desired operational voltage range. However, traditional design approaches have struggled to decouple channel and materials properties from threshold voltage, thereby compromising on several other OECT performance metrics, such as electrochemical stability, transconductance, and dynamic range. In this work, simple solution-processing methods are utilized to chemically dope polymer gate electrodes, thereby controlling their work function, which in turn tunes the operation voltage range of the OECTs without perturbing their channel properties. Chemical doping of initially air-sensitive polymer electrodes further improves their electrochemical stability in ambient conditions. Thus, OECTs that are simultaneously low-powered and electrochemically resistant to oxidative side reactions under ambient conditions are demonstrated. This approach shows that threshold voltage, which is once interwoven with other OECT properties, can in fact be an independent design parameter, expanding the design space of OECTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siew Ting Melissa Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, California, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gijun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, California, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ilaria Denti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, California, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Garrett LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, California, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kalee Rozylowicz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, California, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, California, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, California, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, California, CA, 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Du T, Liu Y, Wang C, Deng Y, Geng Y. n-Type Conjugated Polymers Based on an Indandione-Terminated Quinoidal Building Block. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Järsvall E, Biskup T, Zhang Y, Kroon R, Barlow S, Marder SR, Müller C. Double Doping of a Low-Ionization-Energy Polythiophene with a Molybdenum Dithiolene Complex. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:5673-5679. [PMID: 35782206 PMCID: PMC9245179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Doping of organic semiconductors is crucial for tuning the charge-carrier density of conjugated polymers. The exchange of more than one electron between a monomeric dopant and an organic semiconductor allows the polaron density to be increased relative to the number of counterions that are introduced into the host matrix. Here, a molybdenum dithiolene complex with a high electron affinity of 5.5 eV is shown to accept two electrons from a polythiophene that has a low ionization energy of 4.7 eV. Double p-doping is consistent with the ability of the monoanion salt of the molybdenum dithiolene complex to dope the polymer. The transfer of two electrons to the neutral dopant was also confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy since the monoanion, but not the dianion, of the molybdenum dithiolene complex features an unpaired electron. Double doping allowed an ionization efficiency of 200% to be reached, which facilitates the design of strongly doped semiconductors while lessening any counterion-induced disruption of the nanostructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Järsvall
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Till Biskup
- Physical
Chemistry, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Georgia
Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Linköping
University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Georgia
Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- Georgia
Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Departments
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stegerer D, Pracht M, Günther F, Sun H, Preis K, Zerson M, Maftuhin W, Tan WL, Kroon R, McNeill CR, Fabiano S, Walter M, Biskup T, Gemming S, Magerle R, Müller C, Sommer M. Organogels from Diketopyrrolopyrrole Copolymer Ionene/Polythiophene Blends Exhibit Ground-State Single Electron Transfer in the Solid State. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Stegerer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martin Pracht
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Florian Günther
- Instituto de Física de Saõ Carlos, Universidade de Saõ Paulo, Saõ Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Kevin Preis
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Mario Zerson
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Wafa Maftuhin
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wen Liang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Walter
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Physikalische Chemie und Didaktik der Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gemming
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | - Robert Magerle
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhou D, Zhang H, Zheng H, Xu Z, Xu H, Guo H, Li P, Tong Y, Hu B, Chen L. Recent Advances and Prospects of Small Molecular Organic Thermoelectric Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200679. [PMID: 35285160 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric (TE) materials possess unique energy conversion capabilities between heat and electrical energy. Small organic semiconductors have aroused widespread attention for the fabrication of TE devices due to their advantages of low toxicity, large area, light weight, and easy fabrication. However, the low TE properties hinder their large-scale commercial application. Herein, the basic knowledge about TE materials, including parameters affecting the TE performance and the remaining challenges of the organic thermoelectric (OTE) materials, are initially summarized in detail. Second, the optimization strategies of power factor, including the selection and design of dopants and structural modification of the dope-host are introduced. Third, some achievements of p- and n-type small molecular OTE materials are highlighted to briefly provide their future developing trend; finally, insights on the future development of OTE materials are also provided in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Hehui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Haolan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Zhentian Xu
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Haitao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Huilong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Peining Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Yongfen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Lie Chen
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Influence of Solvent-Dependent Morphology on Molecular Doping and Charge Transport in Conductive Thiophene Polymer. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093293. [PMID: 35591627 PMCID: PMC9105990 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The utility of a solvent is one of the key factors that impacts resultant film morphology. However, the effect of solvent-dependent morphology on the doping process and electrical conductivity has not been adequately elucidated. In this work, we compared the morphology of chloroform- and chlorobenzene-processed thiophene polymer films and investigated how the choice of solvent influences film morphology, doping level, charge transport properties, and thus electrical conductivity. It was found that the film drop-casted from chloroform exhibits better crystallinity than that drop-casted from chlorobenzene. The crystallinity has negligible impact on the doping level but significant impact on charge transport properties. As a result, the chloroform-processed film shows a higher electrical conductivity of up to 408 S cm-1 due to a high carrier mobility related to the continuously crystalline domains in film. This finding indicates that the choice of solvent for preparation of film, which strongly correlated with molecular orientation, is a new strategy to optimize the electrical conductivity of doped polymers.
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang S, Zuo G, Kim J, Sirringhaus H. Progress of Conjugated Polymers as Emerging Thermoelectric Materials. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
28
|
Li QY, Yao ZF, Wu HT, Luo L, Ding YF, Yang CY, Wang XY, Shen Z, Wang JY, Pei J. Regulation of High Miscibility for Efficient Charge-Transport in n-Doped Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200221. [PMID: 35107203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Strong interchain interactions of conjugated polymers usually result in poor miscibility with molecular dopants, limiting the doping efficiency because of uncontrolled phase separation. We have developed a strategy to achieve efficient charge-transport and high doping miscibility in n-doped conjugated polymers. We solve the miscibility issue through disorder side-chains containing dopants better. Systemic structural characterization reveals a farther side-chain branching point will lead to higher disorders, which provides appropriate sites to accommodate extrinsic molecular dopants without harming original chain packings and charge-transport channels. Therefore, better sustainability of solid-state microstructure is obtained, yielding a stable conductivity even when overloading massive dopants. This work highlights the importance of realizing high host-dopant miscibility in molecular doping of conjugated polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao-Tian Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Longfei Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhihao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jacobs IE, D’Avino G, Lemaur V, Lin Y, Huang Y, Chen C, Harrelson TF, Wood W, Spalek LJ, Mustafa T, O’Keefe CA, Ren X, Simatos D, Tjhe D, Statz M, Strzalka JW, Lee JK, McCulloch I, Fratini S, Beljonne D, Sirringhaus H. Structural and Dynamic Disorder, Not Ionic Trapping, Controls Charge Transport in Highly Doped Conducting Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3005-3019. [PMID: 35157800 PMCID: PMC8874922 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Doped organic semiconductors are critical to emerging device applications, including thermoelectrics, bioelectronics, and neuromorphic computing devices. It is commonly assumed that low conductivities in these materials result primarily from charge trapping by the Coulomb potentials of the dopant counterions. Here, we present a combined experimental and theoretical study rebutting this belief. Using a newly developed doping technique based on ion exchange, we prepare highly doped films with several counterions of varying size and shape and characterize their carrier density, electrical conductivity, and paracrystalline disorder. In this uniquely large data set composed of several classes of high-mobility conjugated polymers, each doped with at least five different ions, we find electrical conductivity to be strongly correlated with paracrystalline disorder but poorly correlated with ionic size, suggesting that Coulomb traps do not limit transport. A general model for interacting electrons in highly doped polymers is proposed and carefully parametrized against atomistic calculations, enabling the calculation of electrical conductivity within the framework of transient localization theory. Theoretical calculations are in excellent agreement with experimental data, providing insights into the disorder-limited nature of charge transport and suggesting new strategies to further improve conductivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian E. Jacobs
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Gabriele D’Avino
- Grenoble
Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut
Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons, Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Yue Lin
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Yuxuan Huang
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Chen Chen
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Thomas F. Harrelson
- Molecular
Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road Building 67, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William Wood
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Leszek J. Spalek
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Tarig Mustafa
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Christopher A. O’Keefe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Dimitrios Simatos
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Dion Tjhe
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Martin Statz
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Joseph W. Strzalka
- X-Ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jin-Kyun Lee
- Department
of Polymer Science & Engineering, Inha
University, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
- KAUST
Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials
Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simone Fratini
- Grenoble
Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut
Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons, Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kukhta N, Marks A, Luscombe CK. Molecular Design Strategies toward Improvement of Charge Injection and Ionic Conduction in Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4325-4355. [PMID: 34902244 PMCID: PMC8874907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Expanding the toolbox of the biology and electronics mutual conjunction is a primary aim of bioelectronics. The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) has undeniably become a predominant device for mixed conduction materials, offering impressive transconduction properties alongside a relatively simple device architecture. In this review, we focus on the discussion of recent material developments in the area of mixed conductors for bioelectronic applications by means of thorough structure-property investigation and analysis of current challenges. Fundamental operation principles of the OECT are revisited, and characterization methods are highlighted. Current bioelectronic applications of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) are underlined. Challenges in the performance and operational stability of OECT channel materials as well as potential strategies for mitigating them, are discussed. This is further expanded to sketch a synopsis of the history of mixed conduction materials for both p- and n-type channel operation, detailing the synthetic challenges and milestones which have been overcome to frequently produce higher performing OECT devices. The cumulative work of multiple research groups is summarized, and synthetic design strategies are extracted to present a series of design principles that can be utilized to drive figure-of-merit performance values even further for future OMIEC materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya
A. Kukhta
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Adam Marks
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Molecular
Engineering & Sciences Institute, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Organic electrochemical neurons and synapses with ion mediated spiking. Nat Commun 2022; 13:901. [PMID: 35194026 PMCID: PMC8863887 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Future brain-machine interfaces, prosthetics, and intelligent soft robotics will require integrating artificial neuromorphic devices with biological systems. Due to their poor biocompatibility, circuit complexity, low energy efficiency, and operating principles fundamentally different from the ion signal modulation of biology, traditional Silicon-based neuromorphic implementations have limited bio-integration potential. Here, we report the first organic electrochemical neurons (OECNs) with ion-modulated spiking, based on all-printed complementary organic electrochemical transistors. We demonstrate facile bio-integration of OECNs with Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) to induce lobe closure upon input stimuli. The OECNs can also be integrated with all-printed organic electrochemical synapses (OECSs), exhibiting short-term plasticity with paired-pulse facilitation and long-term plasticity with retention >1000 s, facilitating Hebbian learning. These soft and flexible OECNs operate below 0.6 V and respond to multiple stimuli, defining a new vista for localized artificial neuronal systems possible to integrate with bio-signaling systems of plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates.
Collapse
|
32
|
Li Q, Yao Z, Wu H, Luo L, Ding Y, Yang C, Wang X, Shen Z, Wang J, Pei J. Regulation of High Miscibility for Efficient Charge‐Transport in n‐Doped Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi‐Yi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ze‐Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Hao‐Tian Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Longfei Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yi‐Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Chi‐Yuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xin‐Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhihao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tang J, Ji J, Chen R, Yan Y, Zhao Y, Liang Z. Achieving Efficient p-Type Organic Thermoelectrics by Modulation of Acceptor Unit in Photovoltaic π-Conjugated Copolymers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103646. [PMID: 34854572 PMCID: PMC8811840 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
π-Conjugated donor (D)-acceptor (A) copolymers have been extensively studied as organic photovoltaic (OPV) donors yet remain largely unexplored in organic thermoelectrics (OTEs) despite their outstanding mechanical bendability, solution processability and flexible molecular design. Importantly, they feature high Seebeck coefficient (S) that are desirable in room-temperature wearable application scenarios under small temperature gradients. In this work, the authors have systematically investigated a series of D-A semiconducting copolymers possessing various electron-deficient A-units (e.g., BDD, TT, DPP) towards efficient OTEs. Upon p-type ferric chloride (FeCl3 ) doping, the relationship between the thermoelectric characteristics and the electron-withdrawing ability of A-unit is largely elucidated. It is revealed that a strong D-A nature tends to induce an energetic disorder along the π-backbone, leading to an enlarged separation of the transport and Fermi levels, and consequently an increase of S. Meanwhile, the highly electron-deficient A-unit would impair electron transfer from D-unit to p-type dopants, thus decreasing the doping efficiency and electrical conductivity (σ). Ultimately, the peak power factor (PF) at room-temperature is obtained as high as 105.5 µW m-1 K-2 with an outstanding S of 247 µV K-1 in a paradigm OPV donor PBDB-T, which holds great potential in wearable electronics driven by a small temperature gradient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Tang
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Jingjing Ji
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Ruisi Chen
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Yongkun Yan
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Ziqi Liang
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zokaei S, Craighero M, Cea C, Kneissl LM, Kroon R, Khodagholy D, Lund A, Müller C. Electrically Conducting Elastomeric Fibers with High Stretchability and Stability. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2102813. [PMID: 34816573 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable conducting materials are appealing for the design of unobtrusive wearable electronic devices. Conjugated polymers with oligoethylene glycol side chains are excellent candidate materials owing to their low elastic modulus and good compatibility with polar stretchable polymers. Here, electrically conducting elastomeric blend fibers with high stretchability, wet spun from a blend of a doped polar polythiophene with tetraethylene glycol side chains and a polyurethane are reported. The wet-spinning process is versatile, reproducible, scalable, and produces continuous filaments with a diameter ranging from 30 to 70 µm. The fibers are stretchable up to 480% even after chemical doping with iron(III) p-toluenesulfonate hexahydrate and exhibit an electrical conductivity of up to 7.4 S cm-1 , which represents a record combination of properties for conjugated polymer-based fibers. The fibers remain conductive during elongation until fiber fracture and display excellent long-term stability at ambient conditions. Cyclic stretching up to 50% strain for at least 400 strain cycles reveals that the doped fibers exhibit high cyclic stability and retain their electrical conductivity. Finally, a directional strain sensing device, which makes use of the linear increase in resistance of the fibers up to 120% strain is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Zokaei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Claudia Cea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lucas M Kneissl
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Dion Khodagholy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ponder JF, Gregory SA, Atassi A, Menon AK, Lang AW, Savagian LR, Reynolds JR, Yee SK. Significant Enhancement of the Electrical Conductivity of Conjugated Polymers by Post-Processing Side Chain Removal. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1351-1360. [PMID: 35007084 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The processability and electronic properties of conjugated polymers (CPs) have become increasingly important due to the potential of these materials in redox and solid-state devices for a broad range of applications. To solubilize CPs, side chains are needed, but such side chains reduce the relative fraction of electroactive material in the film, potentially obstructing π-π intermolecular interactions, localizing charge carriers, and compromising desirable optoelectronic properties. To reduce the deleterious effects of side chains, we demonstrate that post-processing side chain removal, exemplified here via ester hydrolysis, significantly increases the electrical conductivity of chemically doped CP films. Beginning with a model system consisting of an ester functionalized ProDOT copolymerized with a dimethylProDOT, we used a variety of methods to assess the changes in polymer film volume and morphology upon hydrolysis and resulting active material densification. Via a combination of electrochemistry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and charge transport models, we demonstrate that this increase in electrical conductivity is not due to an increase in degree of doping but an increase in charge carrier density and reduction in carrier localization that occurs due to side chain removal. With this improved understanding of side chain hydrolysis, we then apply this method to high-performance ProDOT-alt-EDOTx copolymers. After hydrolysis, these ProDOT-alt-EDOTx copolymers yield exceptional electrical conductivities (∼700 S/cm), outperforming all previously reported oligoether-/glycol-based CP systems. Ultimately, this methodology advances the ability to solution process highly electrically conductive CP films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James F Ponder
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shawn A Gregory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Amalie Atassi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Akanksha K Menon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Augustus W Lang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lisa R Savagian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shannon K Yee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zokaei S, Kim D, Järsvall E, Fenton AM, Weisen AR, Hultmark S, Nguyen PH, Matheson AM, Lund A, Kroon R, Chabinyc ML, Gomez ED, Zozoulenko I, Müller C. Tuning of the elastic modulus of a soft polythiophene through molecular doping. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:433-443. [PMID: 34787612 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01079d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping of a polythiophene with oligoethylene glycol side chains is found to strongly modulate not only the electrical but also the mechanical properties of the polymer. An oxidation level of up to 18% results in an electrical conductivity of more than 52 S cm-1 and at the same time significantly enhances the elastic modulus from 8 to more than 200 MPa and toughness from 0.5 to 5.1 MJ m-3. These changes arise because molecular doping strongly influences the glass transition temperature Tg and the degree of π-stacking of the polymer, as indicated by both X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations. Surprisingly, a comparison of doped materials containing mono- or dianions reveals that - for a comparable oxidation level - the presence of multivalent counterions has little effect on the stiffness. Evidently, molecular doping is a powerful tool that can be used for the design of mechanically robust conducting materials, which may find use within the field of flexible and stretchable electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Zokaei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Emmy Järsvall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Abigail M Fenton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Albree R Weisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Sandra Hultmark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Phong H Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Amanda M Matheson
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Michael L Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wu HY, Yang CY, Li Q, Kolhe NB, Strakosas X, Stoeckel MA, Wu Z, Jin W, Savvakis M, Kroon R, Tu D, Woo HY, Berggren M, Jenekhe SA, Fabiano S. Influence of Molecular Weight on the Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Ladder-Type Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106235. [PMID: 34658088 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) hold promise for developing a variety of high-performance (bio-)electronic devices/circuits. While OECTs based on p-type semiconductors have achieved tremendous progress in recent years, n-type OECTs still suffer from low performance, hampering the development of power-efficient electronics. Here, it is demonstrated that fine-tuning the molecular weight of the rigid, ladder-type n-type polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) by only one order of magnitude (from 4.9 to 51 kDa) enables the development of n-type OECTs with record-high geometry-normalized transconductance (gm,norm ≈ 11 S cm-1 ) and electron mobility × volumetric capacitance (µC* ≈ 26 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 ), fast temporal response (0.38 ms), and low threshold voltage (0.15 V). This enhancement in OECT performance is ascribed to a more efficient intermolecular charge transport in high-molecular-weight BBL than in the low-molecular-weight counterpart. OECT-based complementary inverters are also demonstrated with record-high voltage gains of up to 100 V V-1 and ultralow power consumption down to 0.32 nW, depending on the supply voltage. These devices are among the best sub-1 V complementary inverters reported to date. These findings demonstrate the importance of molecular weight in optimizing the OECT performance of rigid organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors and open for a new generation of power-efficient organic (bio-)electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Nagesh B Kolhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Xenofon Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Marios Savvakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Deyu Tu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Teknikringen 7, Linköping, SE-58330, Sweden
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Teknikringen 7, Linköping, SE-58330, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Khot A, Savoie BM. How
side‐chain
hydrophilicity modulates morphology and charge transport in mixed conducting polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Khot
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ghini M, Rubino A, Camellini A, Kriegel I. Multi-charge transfer from photodoped ITO nanocrystals. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6628-6634. [PMID: 34913027 PMCID: PMC8610084 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00656h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide nanocrystals are emerging as an extremely versatile material for addressing many of the current challenging demands of energy-conversion technology. Being able to exploit their full potential is not only an advantage but also a scientific and economic ambition for a more sustainable energy development. In this direction, the photodoping of metal oxide nanocrystals is a very notable process that allows accumulating multiple charge carriers per nanocrystal after light absorption. The reactivity of the photodoped electrons is currently the subject of an intense study. In this context, the possibility to extract efficiently the stored electrons could be beneficial for numerous processes, from photoconversion and sunlight energy storage to photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry. In this work we provide, via oxidative titration and optical spectroscopy, evidence for multi-electron transfer processes from photodoped Sn : In2O3 nanocrystals to a widely employed organic electron acceptor (F4TCNQ). The results of this study disclose the potential of photodoped electrons to drive chemical reactions involving more than one electron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ghini
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova Via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genova Italy
| | - Andrea Rubino
- Functional Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Andrea Camellini
- Functional Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Ilka Kriegel
- Functional Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Scaccabarozzi AD, Basu A, Aniés F, Liu J, Zapata-Arteaga O, Warren R, Firdaus Y, Nugraha MI, Lin Y, Campoy-Quiles M, Koch N, Müller C, Tsetseris L, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Doping Approaches for Organic Semiconductors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4420-4492. [PMID: 34793134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic doping in organic materials has remained an elusive concept for several decades. It drew considerable attention in the early days in the quest for organic materials with high electrical conductivity, paving the way for the pioneering work on pristine organic semiconductors (OSCs) and their eventual use in a plethora of applications. Despite this early trend, however, recent strides in the field of organic electronics have been made hand in hand with the development and use of dopants to the point that are now ubiquitous. Here, we give an overview of all important advances in the area of doping of organic semiconductors and their applications. We first review the relevant literature with particular focus on the physical processes involved, discussing established mechanisms but also newly proposed theories. We then continue with a comprehensive summary of the most widely studied dopants to date, placing particular emphasis on the chemical strategies toward the synthesis of molecules with improved functionality. The processing routes toward doped organic films and the important doping-processing-nanostructure relationships, are also discussed. We conclude the review by highlighting how doping can enhance the operating characteristics of various organic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filip Aniés
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ross Warren
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jalan Sangkuriang Komplek LIPI Building 20 level 4, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekulé-Strasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sahu H, Li H, Chen L, Rajan AC, Kim C, Stingelin N, Ramprasad R. An Informatics Approach for Designing Conducting Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53314-53322. [PMID: 34038635 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Doping conjugated polymers, which are potential candidates for the next generation of organic electronics, is an effective strategy for manipulating their electrical conductivity. However, selecting a suitable polymer-dopant combination is exceptionally challenging because of the vastness of the chemical, configurational, and morphological spaces one needs to search. In this work, high-performance surrogate models, trained on available experimentally measured data, are developed to predict the p-type electrical conductivity and are used to screen a large candidate hypothetical data set of more than 800 000 polymer-dopant combinations. Promising candidates are identified for synthesis and device fabrication. Additionally, new design guidelines are extracted that verify and extend knowledge on important molecular fragments that correlate to high conductivity. Conductivity prediction models are also deployed at www.polymergenome.org for broader open-access community use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishna Sahu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hongmo Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Arunkumar Chitteth Rajan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Chiho Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rampi Ramprasad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Krauss G, Hochgesang A, Mohanraj J, Thelakkat M. Highly Efficient Doping of Conjugated Polymers Using Multielectron Acceptor Salts. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100443. [PMID: 34599788 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemical doping is a vital tool for tuning electronic properties of conjugated polymers. Most single electron acceptors used for p-doping necessitate high dopant concentrations to achieve good electrical conductivity. However, high-molar doping ratios hamper doping efficiency. Here a new concept of using multielectron acceptor (MEA) salts as dopants for conjugated polymers is presented. Two novel MEA salts are synthesized and their doping efficiency towards two polymers differing in their dielectric properties are compared with two single electron acceptors such as NOPF6 and magic blue. Cutting-edge methods such as ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy/X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), impedance spectroscopy, and density of states analysis in addition to UV-vis-NIR absorption, spectroelectrochemistry, and Raman spectroscopy methods are used to characterize the doped systems. The tetracation salt improves the conductivity by two orders of magnitude and quadruples the charge carrier concentration compared to single electron acceptors for the same molar ratio. The differences in charge carrier density and activation energy on doping are delineated. Further, a strong dependency of the carrier release on the polymer polarity is observed. High carrier densities at reduced dopant loadings and improved doping efficacies using MEA dopants offer a highly efficient doping strategy for conjugated polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gert Krauss
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Adrian Hochgesang
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - John Mohanraj
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ma T, Dong BX, Onorato JW, Niklas J, Poluektov O, Luscombe CK, Patel SN. Correlating conductivity and Seebeck coefficient to doping within crystalline and amorphous domains in poly(3‐(methoxyethoxyethoxy)thiophene). JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tengzhou Ma
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Ban Xuan Dong
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Jonathan W. Onorato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory Lemont Illinois USA
| | - Oleg Poluektov
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory Lemont Illinois USA
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Shrayesh N. Patel
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kim D, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Zozoulenko I. How Long are Polymer Chains in Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Tosylate Films? An Insight from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10324-10334. [PMID: 34473507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is one of the most important conductive polymers utilized in a variety of applications in organic electronics and bioelectronics and energy storage. PEDOT chains are believed to be rather short, but detailed knowledge of their length is missing because of the challenges in its experimental determination due to insolubility of PEDOT films. Here, we report a molecular dynamics (MD) study of in situ oxidative chemical polymerization and simultaneous crystallization of molecularly doped PEDOT focusing on the determination of its chain lengths at different polymerization temperatures. We find the average chain length to be 6, 7, and 11 monomers for 298, 323 and 373 K, respectively. At the same time, the length distribution is rather broad, for example, between 2 and 16 monomer units for T = 323 K. We demonstrate that the limiting factor determining the chain length is the diffusivity of the reactants (PEDOT monomers and oligomers). We also study the polymer film formation during solvent evaporation, and we find that although crystallization starts and proceeds already during the polymerization and doping phases, it mostly occurs during the evaporation phase. Finally, we believe that our results providing the oligomer chain length and polymerization and crystallization mechanisms obtained by means of MD "computational microscopy" provide an important insight into the morphology of PEDOT that cannot be obtained by other means.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nam GH, Sun C, Chung DS, Kim YH. Enhancing Doping Efficiency of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Copolymers by Introducing Sparse Intramolecular Alkyl Chain Spacing. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geon-Hee Nam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University and Research Institute of Nature Science, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University and Research Institute of Nature Science, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang X, Zhou J, Tang W. Emerging polymer electrodes for aqueous energy storage. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2373-2386. [PMID: 34870290 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00672j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
New generation energy storage devices call for electrodes with high capacity, high cycling performance and environmental benignity. Polymer electrode materials (PEMs) are attractive for their abundant structural diversity and tunability as well as engineered conductivity, desirable processability and electrochemical properties for aqueous batteries. We herein overview the state-of-the-art development of PEMs for aqueous batteries, including conventional doped, redox-backbone, redox-pendant and hydrophilic conducting polymers. The merits and demerits of PEMs, and their structural modification and energy storage performance are discussed in detail. To provide a comprehensive understanding of polymer-based aqueous batteries, we correlate the molecular structures of PEMs with their conductivity, morphology and electrochemical behaviors. The review offers an insight into the rational design of conducting polymer electrodes for safe and cost-effective aqueous batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Weihua Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Untilova V, Zeng H, Durand P, Herrmann L, Leclerc N, Brinkmann M. Intercalation and Ordering of F 6TCNNQ and F 4TCNQ Dopants in Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Crystals: Impact on Anisotropic Thermoelectric Properties of Oriented Thin Films. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Huiyan Zeng
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pablo Durand
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICPEES UMR 7515, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Herrmann
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Leclerc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICPEES UMR 7515, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li JT, Lei T. Recent Progress on Addressing the Key Challenges in Organic Thermoelectrics. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1508-1518. [PMID: 33915036 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Compared with inorganic thermoelectric materials, organic thermoelectric (OTE) materials have attracted increasing attention due to their advantages of low toxicity, high mechanical flexibility, and large-scale solution processability. In the past few years, OTE materials have made remarkable progress in terms of their design, synthesis, and device performance. However, some challenges remain, including the low doping efficiency in n-type materials, poor doping stability with molecular dopants, and the largely reduced Seebeck coefficient after heavily doping, etc. All these factors hinder the further development of OTEs for commercial applications. In this Minireview, we highlight several key challenges during the development of OTEs and summarize recent understandings and efforts to address these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ye G, Liu J, Qiu X, Stäter S, Qiu L, Liu Y, Yang X, Hildner R, Koster LJA, Chiechi RC. Controlling n-Type Molecular Doping via Regiochemistry and Polarity of Pendant Groups on Low Band Gap Donor-Acceptor Copolymers. Macromolecules 2021; 54:3886-3896. [PMID: 34054145 PMCID: PMC8154869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We demonstrate the
impact of the type and position of pendant groups
on the n-doping of low-band gap donor–acceptor (D–A)
copolymers. Polar glycol ether groups simultaneously increase the
electron affinities of D–A copolymers and improve the host/dopant
miscibility compared to nonpolar alkyl groups, improving the doping
efficiency by a factor of over 40. The bulk mobility of the doped
films increases with the fraction of polar groups, leading to a best
conductivity of 0.08 S cm–1 and power factor (PF)
of 0.24 μW m–1 K–2 in the
doped copolymer with the polar pendant groups on both the D and A
moieties. We used spatially resolved absorption spectroscopy to relate
commensurate morphological changes to the dispersion of dopants and
to the relative local doping efficiency, demonstrating a direct relationship
between the morphology of the polymer phase, the solvation of the
molecular dopant, and the electrical properties of doped films. Our
work offers fundamental new insights into the influence of the physical
properties of pendant chains on the molecular doping process, which
should be generalizable to any molecularly doped polymer films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ye
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jian Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Stäter
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Li Qiu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yuru Liu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xuwen Yang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Hildner
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Jan Anton Koster
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Guilbert AAY, Parr ZS, Kreouzis T, Woods DJ, Sprick RS, Abrahams I, Nielsen CB, Zbiri M. Effect of substituting non-polar chains with polar chains on the structural dynamics of small organic molecule and polymer semiconductors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7462-7471. [PMID: 33876106 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00670c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The processability and optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductors can be tuned and manipulated via chemical design. The substitution of the popular alkyl side chains by oligoethers has recently been successful for applications such as bioelectronic sensors and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Beyond the differences in polarity, the carbon-oxygen bond in oligoethers is likely to render the system softer and more prone to dynamical disorder that can be detrimental to charge transport for example. In this context, we use neutron spectroscopy as a master method of probe, in addition to characterisation techniques such as X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy to study the effect of the substitution of n-hexyl (Hex) chains by triethylene glycol (TEG) chains on the structural dynamics of two organic semiconducting materials: a phenylene-bithiophene-phenylene (PTTP) small molecule and a fluorene-co-dibenzothiophene (FS) polymer. Counterintuitively, inelastic neutron scattering (INS) reveals a general softening of the modes of PTTP and FS materials with Hex chains, pointing towards an increased dynamical disorder in the Hex-based systems. However, temperature-dependent X-ray and neutron diffraction as well as INS and differential scanning calorimetry evidence an extra reversible transition close to room temperature for PTTP with TEG chains. The observed extra structural transition, which is not accompanied by a change in birefringence, can also be observed by quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS). A fastening of the TEG chains dynamics is observed in the case of PTTP and not FS. We therefore assign this transition to the melt of the TEG chains. Overall the TEG chains are promoting dynamical order at room temperature, but if crystallising, may introduce an extra reversible structural transition above room temperature leading to thermal instabilities. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of chain polarity and structural dynamics can help guide new materials design and navigate the intricate balance between electronic charge transport and aqueous swelling that is being sought for a number of emerging organic electronic and bioelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne A Y Guilbert
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|