Pristine Metal-Organic Frameworks and their Composites for Energy Storage and Conversion

Fully Conjugated Covalent Triazine Framework Integrating Hexaazatrinaphthylene Unit as Anode Material for High-Performance Hybrid Lithium-Ion Capacitors

As a high-performance energy storage device consisting of a battery-type anode and a capacitor-type cathode, hybrid lithium-ion capacitors (HLICs) combine the advantages of high energy density of batteries and high power density of capacitors. However, the imbalance in electrochemical kinetics between the battery-type anode and the capacitor-type cathode hinders the further development of HLICs. Fully conjugated covalent organic frameworks have great potential as electrode materials for HLICs due to the designability of their structure. Herein, a fully conjugated covalent triazine framework (PT-CTF) integrating the hexaazatrinaphthylene unit was constructed, which provides abundant active sites (C═N and C═C groups) as the pseudocapacitive anode material for HLICs. And the connection of the triazine unit of PT-CTF improves the molecular conjugate degree, facilitating the transport of electrons. The fabricated PT-CTF||AC HLICs exhibit a high energy density (164.9 Wh kg-1 at 100 mA g-1), large power density (13.1 kW kg-1 at 4 A g-1), and excellent cycling capability (72% after 10 000 cycles at 2 A g-1).

Engineered Amine-Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework to Fabricate a Composite for Next-Generation Asymmetric Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Performance: Modulating the Energy Storage Barrier

The present work summarizes the fabrication of an amine-functionalized cadmium-based metal-organic framework (MOF), {[Cd(AT)(BP)]·4DMF}n or Cd_AT-BP, by adopting a simple solvothermal approach using 2-aminoterephthalic acid (AT) as the main linker, while 4,4'-bipyridyl (BP) as an auxiliary linker. The structure of Cd_AT-BP was validated by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique that revealed the formation of an overall three-dimensional network with BP acting as a bridge between the 2D sheets of the MOF. The robust framework of Cd_AT-BP decorated with a free amine functional group was utilized for energy storage application. The electrochemical measurements of Cd_AT-BP revealed a maximum areal capacitance of 9.8 mF/cm2 at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. Further, to enhance the practical utility of Cd_AT-BP in energy storage devices, two composites of Cd_AT-BP with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), viz., Cd_AT-BP/rGO and Cd_AT-BP/CNT, were prepared by adopting a facile ultrasonication approach. The synthesized Cd_AT-BP/rGO and Cd_AT-BP/CNT composites displayed an impressive areal capacitance of 117 and 37 mF/cm2 (58.5 and 17.5 F/g) at a scan rate of 5 mV/s, respectively, and a capacitance retention of up to 118 and 100% after 5000 cycles at a constant current density of 5 mA/cm2. The highest energy density of about 4.23 mW h/cm2 (2.12 W h/kg) at a current density of 1 mA/cm2 was shown by Cd_AT-BP/rGO among all the three materials attributable to the layered structure of rGO, providing a larger surface area accessible for ion adsorption. Enticed by the remarkable outcomes exhibited by Cd_AT-BP/rGO, we fabricated a two-electrode asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device. The developed ASC device revealed energy and power densities of 26.7 mW h/cm2 (13.4 W h/kg) and 3760 mW/cm2 (1880 W/kg), respectively, with a galvanostatic charge-discharge stability of up to 10,000 cycles. The findings identify Cd_AT-BP/rGO as a potential contender for future-generation supercapacitors.

Multimaterial Digital-Light Processing of Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Composites: A Versatile Tool for the Rapid Microfabrication of MOF-Based Devices

Patterning Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) is essential for their use in sensing, electronics, photonics, and encryption technologies. However, current lithography methods are limited in their ability to pattern more than two MOFs, hindering the potential for creating advanced multifunctional surfaces. Additionally, balancing design flexibility, simplicity, and cost often results in compromises. This study addresses these challenges by combining Digital-Light Processing (DLP) with a capillary-assisted stop-flow system to enable multimaterial MOF patterning. It demonstrates the desktop fabrication of multiplexed arbitrary micropatterns across cm-scale areas while preserving the MOF's pore accessibility. The ink, consisting of a MOF crystal suspension in a low volatile solvent, a mixture of high molecular weight oligomers, and a photoinitiator, is confined by capillarity in the DLP projection area and quickly exchanged using syringe pumps. The versatility of this method is demonstrated by the direct printing of a ZIF-8-based luminescent oxygen sensor, a 5-component dynamic information concealment method, and a PCN-224-based colorimetric sensor for amines, covering disparate pore and analyte sizes. The multi-MOF capabilities, simplicity, and accessibility of this strategy pave the way for the facile exploration of MOF materials across a wide range of applications, with the potential to significantly accelerate the design-to-application cycle of MOF-based devices.

Conducting Composite Polymer-Based Solid-State Electrolyte with High Ion Conductivity via Amorphous Condensed Structure and Multiple Li+ Transport Channels

Traditional PEO electrolyte has high crystallinity which hinders the transmission of Li+, resulting in poor ion conductivity and complicated processing technology. Herein, a polymer electrolyte (p-electrolyte) with a wide electrochemical window and high ionic conductivity is designed, which possesses an amorphous condensed structure. The amorphous structure provides fast transport channels for Li+, so the p-electrolyte possesses an electrochemical window of 4.2 V, and high ionic conductivity of 1.58 × 10-5 S cm-1 at room temperature, which is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that of traditional PEO electrolyte. By using the designed polymer electrolyte as the foundation, an in situ curable composite polymer electrolyte (CPE-L) with multiple Li+ transport channels is elaborately constructed. The Cu-BTC MOF stores abundant Li+, which is introduced into the p-electrolyte. The rich unsaturated Cu2+ coordination sites of Cu-BTC can anchor TFSI- to release Li+, and the pore structure of Cu-BTC MOF cooperates with LLZTO nanoparticles to provide multiple fast transport channel for Li+, resulting in remarkable ionic conductivity (1.02 × 10-3 S cm-1) and Li+ transference number (0.58). The Li||CPE-L||Li symmetric battery cycles stably for more than 700 h at 0.1 mA cm-2, while the specific capacity of full battery is ≈153 mAh g-1 (RT, 0.2 C).

Exploring the Dynamics of Charge Transfer in Photocatalysis: Applications of Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

Artificial photocatalytic energy conversion is a very interesting strategy to solve energy crises and environmental problems by directly collecting solar energy, but low photocatalytic conversion efficiency is a bottleneck that restricts the practical application of photocatalytic reactions. The key issue is that the photo-generated charge separation process spans a huge spatio-temporal scale from femtoseconds to seconds, and involves complex physical processes from microscopic atoms to macroscopic materials. Femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying electron transfer paths in photogenerated carrier dynamics of photocatalysts. By extracting the attenuation characteristics of the spectra, the quenching path and lifetimes of carriers can be simulated on femtosecond and picosecond time scales. This paper introduces the principle of transient absorption, typical dynamic processes and the application of femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy in photocatalysis, and summarizes the bottlenecks faced by ultrafast spectroscopy in photocatalytic applications, as well as future research directions and solutions. This will provide inspiration for understanding the charge transfer mechanism of photocatalytic processes.

A bimetallic NiFe MOF with ultra-thin two-dimensional nanosheet structure effectively accelerates oxygen evolution reaction

To address the shortage of fossil energy, the development of affordable and efficient non-precious metal catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) from electrocatalytic water splitting is still a crucial challenge. Herein, the bimetallic NiFe metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are synthesized by hydrothermal and electro-deposition. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of Fe and Ni, the catalyst demonstrates extraordinary activity, which exhibits favorable OER catalytic activity in 1 M KOH solution with an overpotential of 206 mV at 10 mA cm-2. Meanwhile, the obtained NiFe-NDC presents promising stability in the 20 h test at 50 mA cm-2.

Zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks and their roles in electrocatalysis

Due to their exceptional chemical stability in water and high structural tunability, zirconium(IV)-based MOFs (Zr-MOFs) have been considered attractive materials in the broad fields of electrocatalysis. Numerous studies published since 2015 have attempted to utilise Zr-MOFs in electrocatalysis, with the porous framework serving as either the active electrocatalyst or the scaffold or surface coating to further enhance the performance of the actual electrocatalyst. Herein, the roles of Zr-MOFs in electrocatalytic processes are discussed, and some selected examples reporting the applications of Zr-MOFs in various electrocatalytic reactions, including several studies from our group, are overviewed. Challenges, limitations and opportunities in using Zr-MOFs in electrocatalysis in future studies are discussed.

A Highly Robust and Conducting Ultramicroporous 3D Fe(II)-Based Metal-Organic Framework for Efficient Energy Storage

Exploitation of metal-organic framework (MOF) materials as active electrodes for energy storage or conversion is reasonably challenging owing to their poor robustness against various acidic/basic conditions and conventionally low electric conductivity. Keeping this in perspective, herein, a 3D ultramicroporous triazolate Fe-MOF (abbreviated as Fe-MET) is judiciously employed using cheap and commercially available starting materials. Fe-MET possesses ultra-stability against various chemical environments (pH-1 to pH-14 with varied organic solvents) and is highly electrically conductive (σ = 0.19 S m-1) in one fell swoop. By taking advantage of the properties mentioned above, Fe-MET electrodes give prominence to electrochemical capacitor (EC) performance by delivering an astounding gravimetric (304 F g-1) and areal (181 mF cm-2) capacitance at 0.5 A g-1 current density with exceptionally high cycling stability. Implementation of Fe-MET as an exclusive (by not using any conductive additives) EC electrode in solid-state energy storage devices outperforms most of the reported MOF-based EC materials and even surpasses certain porous carbon and graphene materials, showcasing superior capabilities and great promise compared to various other alternatives as energy storage materials.

A sheet-like tin-based metal-organic framework with enhanced lithium storage

A novel sheet-like tin-based metal-organic framework exhibited a specific capacity for lithium storage as high as 1033.3 mAh g-1 at 200 mA g-1 with excellent cycling stability. This framework, due to its unique porous structure and multiple lithium storage sites, could better cope with challenges occurring during lithium insertion/extraction than could traditional tin materials.

A comprehensive review of the application of Zr-based metal-organic frameworks for electrochemical sensors and biosensors

A family of inorganic-organic hybrid crystalline materials made up of organic ligands and metal cations or clusters is known as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Because of their unique stability, intriguing characteristics, and structural diversity, zirconium-based MOFs (Zr-MOFs) are regarded as one of the most interesting families of MOF materials for real-world applications. Zr-MOFs that have the ligands, metal nodes, and guest molecules enclosed show distinct electrochemical reactions. They can successfully and sensitively identify a wide range of substances, which is important for both environmental preservation and human health. The rational design and synthesis of Zr-MOF electrochemical sensors and biosensors, as well as their applications in the detection of drugs, biomarkers, pesticides, food additives, hydrogen peroxide, and other materials, are the main topics of this comprehensive review. We also touch on the current issues and potential future paths for Zr-MOF electrochemical sensor research.

Strengthening Sn-MOF with SiO2/GeO2 Nanoparticles for Synergistically Enhanced High Capacity and Cycle Stability

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on tin (Sn) have shown great potential as materials for lithium storage, thanks to their ability to alleviate volume expansion due to the homogeneous distribution of Sn in a porous matrix framework. However, the weak mechanical strength of the porous Sn-MOF structure has been a major challenge, leading to pulverization during the discharging/charging process. To overcome this issue, we have developed a feasible strategy to strengthen the Sn-MOF mechanical properties by incorporating SiO2/GeO2 nanoparticles during the synthesis process. The resulting composites of Sn-Si and Sn-Ge exhibited high energy density and long-term cycle stability, thanks to their synergistic effect in alloying and conversion reactions. Our density functional theory (DFT) calculations have revealed that the rigid SiO2/GeO2 nanoparticles enhance the Sn-MOF mechanical properties, including Young's and shear moduli, which contribute to the long-term cycle stability of these composites.

Crystal Engineering of MOF-Derived Bimetallic Oxide Solid Solution Anchored with Au Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Syngas and C2 Hydrocarbons

Considering that CO2 reduction is mostly a multielectron reaction, it is necessary for the photocatalysts to integrate multiple catalytic sites and cooperate synergistically to achieve efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction to various products, such as C2 hydrocarbons. Herein, through crystal engineering, we designed and constructed a metal-organic framework-derived Zr/Ti bimetallic oxide solid solution support, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. After anchoring Au nanoparticles, the composite photocatalyst exhibited excellent performances toward photocatalytic CO2 reduction to syngas (H2 and CO production rates of 271.6 and 260.6 μmol g-1 h-1) and even C2 hydrocarbons (C2H4 and C2H6 production rates of 6.80 and 4.05 μmol g-1 h-1). According to the control experiments and theoretical calculations, the strong interaction between bimetallic oxide solid solution support and Au nanoparticles was found to be beneficial for binding intermediates and reducing CO2 reduction, highlighting the synergy effect of the catalytic system with multiple active sites.

Advances in Mn-Based MOFs and Their Derivatives for High-Performance Supercapacitor

As the most widely used metal material in supercapacitors, manganese (Mn)-based materials possess the merits of high theoretical capacitance, stable structure as well as environmental friendliness. However, due to poor conductivity and easy accumulation, the practical capacitance of Mn-based materials is far lower than that of theoretical value. Therefore, accurate structural adjustment and controllable strategies are urgently needed to optimize the electrochemical properties of Mn-based materials. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials with high specific surface area (SSA), tunable pore size, and controllable structure. These features make them attractive as precursors or scaffold for the synthesis of metal-based materials and composites, which are important for electrochemical energy storage applications. Therefore, a timely and comprehensive review on the classification, design, preparation and application of Mn-based MOFs and their derivatives for supercapacitors has been given in this paper. The recent advancement of Mn-based MOFs and their derivatives applied in supercapacitor electrodes are particularly highlighted. Finally, the challenges faced by Mn-MOFs and their derivatives for supercapacitors are summarized, and strategies to further improve their performance are proposed. The aspiration is that this review will serve as a beneficial compass, guiding the logical creation of Mn-based MOFs and their derivatives in the future.

Recent progress of metal-organic framework-based nanozymes with oxidoreductase-like activity

Nanozymes, a class of synthetic nanomaterials possessing enzymatic catalytic properties, exhibit distinct advantages such as exceptional stability and cost-effectiveness. Among them, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based nanozymes have garnered significant attention due to their large specific surface area, tunable pore size and uniform structure. MOFs are porous crystalline materials bridged by inorganic metal ions/clusters and organic ligands, which hold immense potential in the fields of catalysis, sensors and drug carriers. The combination of MOFs with diverse nanomaterials gives rise to various types of MOF-based nanozyme, encompassing original MOFs, MOF-based nanozymes with chemical modifications, MOF-based composites and MOF derivatives. It is worth mentioning that the metal ions and organic ligands in MOFs are perfectly suited for designing oxidoreductase-like nanozymes. In this review, we intend to provide an overview of recent trends and progress in MOF-based nanozymes with oxidoreductase-like activity. Furthermore, the current obstacles and prospective outlook of MOF-based nanozymes are proposed and briefly discussed. This comprehensive analysis aims to facilitate progress in the development of novel MOF-based nanozymes with oxidoreductase-like activity while serving as a valuable reference for scientists engaged in related disciplines.

Bio-inspired High-Performance Artificial Ion Pump Mediated by Subnanoscale Dehydration Hydration Effects

The energy conversion in plant chloroplast is carried out by pumping protons into the thylakoid for driving ATP synthesis. Inspired by ion active transport in living organisms, we attempted to design an artificial ion pump induced by subnanoconfinement effects. This ionic device uses two polarity functional nanoporous films as ion-selective valves at both ends and UiO-66 metal-organic framework-filled microchannels as ion storage cavities. In the charging process, ions could be pumped into the central cavities by nanovalves, which produced an ion gradient 10 to 100 times higher than the bulk, and were trapped within the subnanocages by dehydration. In the discharging process, the enriched ions were rehydrated and slowly released by the surface charge of the nanovalves, producing a sustainable ion current. The ion storage efficiency of this nanofluidic device could be improved to 60.3%, and the release time of ion current was also prolonged by 1 order of magnitude. This work combines the active and passive transport of ions to realize fast storage and slow release of ionic current, which provides an ion gradient-mediated novel energy conversion strategy.

Multifunctional In-MOF and Its S-Scheme Heterojunction toward Pollutant Decontamination via Fluorescence Detection, Physical Adsorption, and Photocatalytic REDOX

A novel doubly interpenetrated indium-organic framework of 1 has been assembled by In3+ ions and highly conjugated biquinoline carboxylate-based bitopic connectors (H2L). The isolated 1 exhibits an anionic framework possessing channel-type apertures repleted with exposed quinoline N atoms and carboxyl O atoms. Owing to the unique architecture, 1 displays a durable photoluminescence effect and fluorescence quenching sensing toward CrO42-, Cr2O72-, and Cu2+ ions with reliable selectivity and anti-interference properties, fairly high detection sensitivity, and rather low detection limits. Ligand-to-ligand charge transition (LLCT) was identified as the essential cause of luminescence by modeling the ground state and excited states of 1 using DFT and TD-DFT. In addition, the negatively charged framework has the ability to rapidly capture single cationic MB, BR14, or BY24 and their mixture, including the talent to trap MB from the (MB + MO) system with high selectivity. Moreover, intrinsic light absorption capacity and band structure feature endow 1 with effective photocatalytic decomposition ability toward reactive dyes RR2 and RB13 under ultraviolet light. Notably, after further polishing the band structure state of 1 by constructing the S-scheme heterojunction of In2S3/1, highly efficient photocatalytic detoxification of Cr(VI) and degradation of reactive dyes have been fully achieved under visible light. This finding may open a new avenue for designing novel multifunctional MOF-based platforms to address some intractable environmental issues, i.e., detection of heavy metal ions, physical capture of pony-sized dyes, and photochemical decontamination of ultrastubborn reactive dyes and highly toxic Cr(VI) ions from water.

Laser-Driven Rapid Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks and Investigation of UV-NIR Optical Absorption, Luminescence, Photocatalytic Degradation, and Gas and Ion Adsorption Properties

In this study, we designed a platform based on a laser-driven approach for fast, efficient, and controllable MOF synthesis. The laser irradiation method was performed for the first time to synthesize Zn-based MOFs in record production time (approximately one hour) compared to all known MOF production methods with comparable morphology. In addition to well-known structural properties, we revealed that the obtained ZnMOFs have a novel optical response, including photoluminescence behavior in the visible range with nanosecond relaxation time, which is also supported by first-principles calculations. Additionally, photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue with ZnMOF was achieved, degrading the 10 ppm methylene blue (MB) solution 83% during 1 min of irradiation time. The application of laser technology can inspire the development of a novel and competent platform for a fast MOF fabrication process and extend the possible applications of MOFs to miniaturized optoelectronic and photonic devices.

Customized Synthesis of MOF Nanoplates via Molecular Scalpel Strategy for Efficient Oxygen Reduction in Zn-Air Batteries

The production of metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoplates with well-defined geometric morphology is remarkable for expanding their applications. Herein, the cobalt-based MOF nanoplates with hexagonal channels from a layer-pillared MOF are accomplished, via a molecular scalpel strategy, utilizing monodentate pyridine to replace the bidentate 4,4'-bipyridine. The morphology can be modified from nanorods to nanoplates with controllable thickness tuned by the amounts of pyridine. Succeeding carbonization treatment transforms the MOF nanoplates into Co particles homogeneously encapsulated in the nitrogen-doped carbon layers. The prepared catalyst with a unique platelike morphology displays a high half-wave potential of 0.88 V in oxygen reduction reaction. When used in primary Zn-air batteries, it delivers a high peak power density of 280 mW cm-2 . This work clarifies the structure-morphology-reactivity connection of MOF nanoplates.

Recent progress of MOF-functionalized nanocomposites: From structure to properties

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are novel crystalline porous materials assembled from metal ions and organic ligands. The adaptability of their design and the fine-tuning of the pore structures make them stand out in porous materials. Furthermore, by integrating MOF guest functional materials with other hosts, the novel composites have synergistic benefits in numerous fields such as batteries, supercapacitors, catalysis, gas storage and separation, sensors, and drug delivery. This article starts by examining the structural relationship between the host and guest materials, providing a comprehensive overview of the research advancements in various types of MOF-functionalized composites reported to date. The review focuses specifically on four types of spatial structures, including MOFs being (1) embedded in nanopores, (2) immobilized on surface, (3) coated as shells and (4) assembled into hybrids. In addition, specific design ideas for these four MOF-based composites are presented. Some of them involve in situ synthesis method, solvothermal method, etc. The specific properties and applications of these materials are also mentioned. Finally, a brief summary of the advantages of these four types of MOF composites is given. Hopefully, this article will help researchers in the design of MOF composite structures.

High-Density Artificial Synapse Array Consisting of Homogeneous Electrolyte-Gated Transistors

The artificial synapse array with an electrolyte-gated transistor (EGT) as an array unit presents considerable potential for neuromorphic computation. However, the integration of EGTs faces the drawback of the conflict between the polymer electrolytes and photo-lithography. This study presents a scheme based on a lateral-gate structure to realize high-density integration of EGTs and proposes the integration of 100 × 100 EGTs into a 2.5 × 2.5 cm2 glass, with a unit density of up to 1600 devices cm-2 . Furthermore, an electrolyte framework is developed to enhance the array performance, with ionic conductivity of up to 2.87 × 10-3  S cm-1 owing to the porosity of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-67. The artificial synapse array realizes image processing functions, and exhibits high performance and homogeneity. The handwriting recognition accuracy of a representative device reaches 92.80%, with the standard deviation of all the devices being limited to 9.69%. The integrated array and its high performance demonstrate the feasibility of the scheme and provide a solid reference for the integration of EGTs.

Recent advances in metal-organic frameworks: Synthesis, application and toxicity

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new class of crystalline porous hybrid materials with high porosity, large specific surface area and adjustable channel structure and biocompatibility, which are being investigated with increasing interest for energy storage and conversion, gas adsorption/separation, catalysis, sensing and biomedicine. However, the practical applications of MOFs make them release into the environment inevitable, posing a threat to humans and organisms. In this article, we cover advances in the currently available MOFs synthesis methods and the emerging applications of MOFs, especially in the biomedical field (therapeutic agents and bioimaging). Additionally, after evaluating the current status of main exposure routes and affecting factors in the field of MOFs-toxicity, the molecular mechanism is also clarified and identified. Knowledge gaps are identified from such a summarization and frontier development are explored for MOFs. Afterwards, we also present the limitations, challenges, and future perspectives in the study of the entire life cycle of MOFs. This review emphasizes the need for a more targeted discussion of the latest, widely used and effective versatile material class in order to exploit the full potential of high-performance and non-toxicity MOFs in the future.

A simple electrochemical strategy for the detection of the cancer marker CA19-9 by signal amplification using copper organic framework nanocomposite

In this work, label-free electrochemical immunosensing of the cancer biomarker carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is reported using [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a signal probe and a copper organic framework (Cu-BTC) nanocomposite for the amplification of the signal. The immunosensor was fabricated by the following process. First, the Cu-BTC nanomaterial with a larger surface area and good biocompatibility was synthesized to improve the dispersion of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Then, nitrogen-doped graphene (N-GR) was combined with Cu-BTC to form the nanocomposite. The synthesized Cu-BTC@N-GR@AuNPs@CS nanocomposite was employed to modify the surface of the immunosensor to accelerate the electron transfer rate and improve the immobilization amount of CA19-9 antibodies (Ab). Various techniques, including TEM, SEM and XPS were used to characterize Cu-BTC and nanocomposites. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to measure the electrochemical response of the immunosensor in [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-. The signal intensity of the immunosensor was linearly changed upon increasing the concentration of CA19-9 antigen from 10 μU mL-1 to 100 U mL-1, and a detection limit of 4.2 μU mL-1 was achieved. Furthermore, the immunosensor showed good stability, reproducibility and specificity, indicating its potential application in clinical analysis.

Drug delivery using biocompatible covalent organic frameworks (COFs) towards a therapeutic approach

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are constructed exclusively with lightweight organic scaffolds, which can have a 2D or 3D architecture. The ease of synthesis, robust skeleton and tunable properties of COFs make them superior candidates among their counterparts for a wide range of uses including biomedical applications. In the biomedical field, drug delivery or photodynamic-photothermal (PDT-PTT) therapy can be individually considered a potential parameter to be investigated. Therefore, this comprehensive review is focused on drug delivery using COFs, highlighting the encapsulation and decapsulation of drugs by COF scaffolds and their delivery in biological media including live cells. Versatile COF scaffolds together with the delivery of several drug molecules are considered. We attempted to incorporate the status of drug encapsulation and decapsulation considering a wide range of recent publications.

Effective construction of a CuCo MOF@graphene functional electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction

Electrochemical water splitting is considered a green and sustainable method of producing hydrogen energy. Herein, to pursue a highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction, we fabricated high-performance electrocatalysts, by utilizing a bimetallic (Cu and Co) metal-organic framework to modify rGO through a one-step in situ approach. The synthesized CuCoOC@rGO presents a highly ordered structure with a defect-rich porous surface for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Specifically, the appropriate adjustment of metal (Cu and Co), 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (H3BTC), and rGO ratios leads to a well-defined morphology, which creates a defect-rich porous surface. Characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, FT-IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and BET, the morphology exposes more active sites, strong evidence for the promotion of electrocatalytic efficiency. Upon the analysis of the experimental data, the obtained CuCoOC@rGO catalyst exhibits excellent activity in alkaline media with a low overpotential of 120 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, and a Tafel slope of 124 mV dec-1 for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Guided by the structure-activity relationship, the superior HER activity of CuCoOC@rGO in alkaline electrolyte could originate from many sources, including: (1) as a self-supported substrate, CuCoOC@rGO not only leads to profitable electrical contact and mechanical stability but also firmly roots into the rGO without extra binders. (2) The highly ordered structure provides smooth ion and electron transport channels, which are conducive to electrolyte infiltration and gas release. (3) The abundance of defective pores on the surface of the nanoarrays, which offers more active sites for the catalytic process. This study provides new prospects for the rational design and fabrication of advanced hierarchical functional electrocatalysts for application in electrochemical energy devices.

Interlayer Symmetry Control in Flexible-Robust Layered Metal-Organic Frameworks for Highly Efficient C2H2/CO2 Separation

Removal of the CO2 impurities from C2H2/CO2 mixtures is an essential process to produce high-purity C2H2. Fabricating an adsorbent capable of discriminating these species, which have close kinetic diameters, is critical for developing advanced adsorption processes. Herein, we demonstrate a strategy to exploit the tunability of interlayer and intralayer spaces of two-dimensional (2D) layered metal-organic frameworks to achieve high performance for C2H2/CO2 separation. This indicates that interlayer symmetrical control can achieve more efficient packing of C2H2 into Ni(4-DPDS)2CrO4, with a high C2H2 capacity of 45.7 cm3·g-1 at 0.01 bar and a selectivity of 67.7 (298 K, 1 bar), which strikes a good balance between working capacity and separation selectivity compared to other isostructural Ni(4-DPDS)2MO4 (M = Mo, W). Crystallographic studies and DFT-D calculations reveal that such a C2H2-selective adsorbent possesses strong binding interactions due to the tailored pore confinement provided by the angular anions and rich electronic environment. Experimental breakthrough results comprehensively demonstrate the efficient C2H2/CO2 separation performance of this unique material.

Photoelectron "Bridge" in Van Der Waals Heterojunction for Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion Under Visible Light

Constructing Van der Waals heterojunction is a crucial strategy to achieve excellent photocatalytic activity. However, in most Van der Waals heterojunctions synthesized by ex situ assembly, electron transfer encounters huge hindrances at the interface between the two components due to the large spacing and potential barrier. Herein, a phosphate-bridged Van der Waals heterojunction of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc)/tungsten disulfide (WS2 ) bridged by phosphate (xCoPc-nPO4 - -WS2 ) is designed and prepared by the traditional wet chemistry method. By introducing a small phosphate molecule into the interface of CoPc and WS2 , creates an electron "bridge", resulting in a compact combination and eliminating the space barrier. Therefore, the phosphate (PO4 - ) bridge can serve as an efficient electron transfer channel in heterojunction and can efficiently transmit photoelectrons from WS2 to CoPc under excited states. These excited photoelectrons are captured by the catalytic central Co2+ in CoPc and subsequently convert CO2 molecules into CO and CH4 products, achieving 17-fold enhancement on the 3CoPc-0.6PO4 - -WS2 sample compared to that of pure WS2 . Introducing a small molecule "bridge" to create an electron transfer channel provides a new perspective in designing efficient photocatalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction into valuable products.

A Novel Platform of MOF for Sonodynamic Therapy Advanced Therapies

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) combined with sonodynamic therapy (SDT) have been introduced as a new and efficient treatment method. The critical advantage of SDT is its ability to penetrate deep tissues and concentrate energy on the tumor site to achieve a non-invasive or minimally invasive effect. Using a sonosensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under ultrasound is the primary SDT-related method of killing tumor cells. In the presence of a sonosensitizer, SDT exhibits a more lethal effect on tumors. The fast development of micro/nanotechnology has effectively improved the efficiency of SDT, and MOFs have been broadly evaluated in SDT due to their easy synthesis, easy surface functionalization, high porosity, and high biocompatibility. This article reviews the main mechanism of action of sonodynamic therapy in cancer treatment, and also reviews the applications of MOFs in recent years. The application of MOFs in sonodynamic therapy can effectively improve the targeting ability of SDT and the conversion ability of reactive oxygen species, thus improving their killing ability on cancer cells. This provides new ideas for the application of micro/nano particles in SDT and cancer therapy.

Ion Conduction in Composite Polymer Electrolytes: Potential Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are expected to become alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as next-generation rechargeable batteries, owing to abundant sodium sources and low cost. However, SIBs still use liquid organic electrolytes (LOEs), which are highly flammable and have the tendency to leak. Although inorganic solid electrolytes (ISEs) and solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have been investigated for many years, given their higher safety level, neither of them is likely to be commercialized because of the rigidity of ISEs and the low room-temperature ionic conductivity of SPEs. During the last decade, composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs), composed of ISEs and SPEs, exhibiting both relatively high ionic conductivity and flexibility, have gained much attention and are considered as promising electrolytes. However, the ionic conductivities of CPEs are still unsatisfactory for practical application. Hence, this Review focuses on the principle of sodium ion conductors and particularly on recent investigations and development of CPEs.

Multifunctional Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Nanoplatforms for Crop Protection and Growth Promotion

Phytopathogen, pest, weed, and nutrient deficiency cause severe losses to global crop yields every year. As the core engine, agrochemicals drive the continuous development of modern agriculture to meet the demand for agricultural productivity and increase the environmental burden due to inefficient use. With new advances in nanotechnology, introducing nanomaterials into agriculture to realize agrochemical accurate and targeted delivery has brought new opportunities to support the sustainable development of green agriculture. Metal-Organic frameworks (MOFs), which weave metal ions/clusters and organic ligands into porous frameworks, have exhibited significant advantages in constructing biotic/abiotic stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms for controlled agrochemical delivery. This review emphasizes the recent developments of MOF-based nanoplatforms for crop protection, including phytopathogen, pest, and weed control, and crop growth promotion, including fertilizer/plant hormone delivery. Finally, forward-looking perspectives and challenges on MOF-based nanoplatforms for future applications in crop protection and growth promotion are also discussed.

Highly Stable Metal-Organic Framework with Redox-Active Naphthalene Diimide Core as Cathode Material for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as the cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) received growing attention. Herein, a novel MOF, Ni-Ndi-trz (Ndi-trz=2,7-di(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzo[lmn][3,8]phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2H,7H)-tetraone) was synthesized through a solvothermal method. Its rational design using a naphthalene diimide (Ndi) core allowed the formation of a four-fold interpenetrated pcu (primitive cubic) topology. The as-synthesized Ni-Ndi-trz is highly stable over a wide pH range (0-12) for 30 days, which is critical to ensure the decent cyclability of zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs). When used as the cathode material of ZIBs, it shows a high initial specific capacity of 90.7 mAh g^-1 and excellent cycling stability. Remarkably, three-electrode system tests, ex situ FTIR, UV/Vis and XPS spectra revealed that the Ndi core of Ni-Ndi-trz undergoes a reversible interconversion between the keto and enol forms when interacting with Zn²⁺ ions. This work may shed light on the feasibility of designing novel MOFs and exploring their mechanisms for zinc ion batteries.

Metal-oxo Cluster Mediated Atomic Rh with High Accessibility for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution

Achieving single-atom catalysts (SACs) with high metal content and outstanding performance as well as robust stability is critically needed for clean and sustainable energy. However, most of the synthesized SACs are undesired on the loading content of the metal due to the anchored metals and the supports as well as the synthesizing methods. Herein, a Rh-SAC with high accessibility by loading it on the metal nodes of metal-porphyrin-based PCN MOFs (PCN-224) as supporting material is reported. Significantly, the PCN-Rh_15.9 /KB catalyst with a high Rh content of 15.9 wt% exhibits excellent hydrogen evolution activity with a low overpotential of 25 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm^-2 and a mass activity of 7.7 A mg^-1 _Rh at overpotential of 150 mV, which is much better than that of the commercial Rh/C. Various characterizations reveal the Rh species is stabilized by the metal nodes bearing -O/OH_x in MOFs, which is of importance for the high loading amount and the good activity. This work establishes an efficient approach to synthesize high content SACs on the nodes of MOFs for wide catalyst design.

Advances of Electroactive Metal-Organic Frameworks

The preparation of electroactive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for applications of supercapacitors and batteries has received much attention and remarkable progress during the past few years. MOF-based materials including pristine MOFs, hybrid MOFs or MOF composites, and MOF derivatives are well designed by a combination of organic linkers (e.g., carboxylic acids, conjugated aromatic phenols/thiols, conjugated aromatic amines, and N-heterocyclic donors) and metal salts to construct predictable structures with appropriate properties. This review will focus on construction strategies of pristine MOFs and hybrid MOFs as anodes, cathodes, separators, and electrolytes in supercapacitors and batteries. Descriptions and discussions follow categories of electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), pseudocapacitors (PSCs), and hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) for supercapacitors. In contrast, Li-ion batteries (LIBs), Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs), Lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs), Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), Sodium-sulfur batteries (SSBs), Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), Zinc-air batteries (ZABs), Aluminum-sulfur batteries (ASBs), and others (e.g., LiSe, NiZn, H⁺ , alkaline, organic, and redox flow batteries) are categorized for batteries.

Metal-Organic Framework Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells: Recent Advancements and Perspectives

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are among the most promising candidates for the next generation of photovoltaic devices because of the significant increase in their power conversion efficiency (PCE) from less than 10% to 25.7% in past decade. The metal-organic framework (MOF) materials owing to their unique properties, such as large specific surface area, abundant binding sites, adjustable nanostructures, and synergistic effects, are used as additives or functional layers to enhance the device performance and long-term stability of PSCs. This review focuses on the recent advancements in the applications of MOFs as/in different functional layers of PSCs. The photovoltaic performance, impact, and advantages of MOF materials integrated into the perovskite absorber, electron transport layer, hole transport layer, and interfacial layer are reviewed. In addition, the applicability of MOFs to mitigate leakage of Pb²⁺ from halide perovskites and corresponding devices is discussed. This review concludes with the perspectives on further research directions for employing MOFs in PSCs.

Heterogeneous intercalated metal-organic framework active materials for fast-charging non-aqueous Li-ion capacitors

Intercalated metal-organic frameworks (iMOFs) based on aromatic dicarboxylate are appealing negative electrode active materials for Li-based electrochemical energy storage devices. They store Li ions at approximately 0.8 V vs. Li/Li⁺ and, thus, avoid Li metal plating during cell operation. However, their fast-charging capability is limited. Here, to circumvent this issue, we propose iMOFs with multi-aromatic units selected using machine learning and synthesized via solution spray drying. A naphthalene-based multivariate material with nanometric thickness allows the reversible storage of Li-ions in non-aqueous Li metal cell configuration reaching 85% capacity retention at 400 mA g^-1 (i.e., 30 min for full charge) and 20 °C compared to cycling at 20 mA g^-1 (i.e., 10 h for full charge). The same material, tested in combination with an activated carbon-based positive electrode, enables a discharge capacity retention of about 91% after 1000 cycles at 0.15 mA cm^-2 (i.e., 2 h for full charge) and 20 °C. We elucidate the charge storage mechanism and demonstrate that during Li intercalation, the distorted crystal structure promotes electron delocalization by controlling the frame vibration. As a result, a phase transition suppresses phase separation, thus, benefitting the electrode's fast charging behavior.

A "Pre-Division Metal Clusters" Strategy to Mediate Efficient Dual-Active Sites ORR Catalyst for Ultralong Rechargeable Zn-Air Battery

To conquer the bottleneck of sluggish kinetics in cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of metal-air batteries, catalysts with dual-active centers have stood out. Here, a "pre-division metal clusters" strategy is firstly conceived to fabricate a N,S-dual doped honeycomb-like carbon matrix inlaid with CoN₄ sites and wrapped Co₂ P nanoclusters as dual-active centers (Co₂ P/CoN₄ @NSC-500). A crystalline {Co^II ₂ } coordination cluster divided by periphery second organic layers is well-designed to realize delocalized dispersion before calcination. The optimal Co₂ P/CoN₄ @NSC-500 executes excellent 4e^- ORR activity surpassing the benchmark Pt/C. Theoretical calculation results reveal that the CoN₄ sites and Co₂ P nanoclusters can synergistically quicken the formation of *OOH on Co sites. The rechargeable Zn-air battery (ZAB) assembled by Co₂ P/CoN₄ @NSC-500 delivers ultralong cycling stability over 1742 hours (3484 cycles) under 5 mA cm^-2 and can light up a 2.4 V LED bulb for ≈264 hours, evidencing the promising practical application potentials in portable devices.

Copper-based catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide: progress and future prospects

There is an urgent need for the development of high performance electrocatalysts for the CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) to address environmental issues such as global warming and achieve carbon neutral energy systems. In recent years, Cu-based electrocatalysts have attracted significant attention in this regard. The present review introduces fundamental aspects of the electrocatalytic CO₂RR process together with a systematic examination of recent developments in Cu-based electrocatalysts for the electroreduction of CO₂ to various high-value multicarbon products. Current challenges and future trends in the development of advanced Cu-based CO₂RR electrocatalysts providing high activity and selectivity are also discussed.

Initiating Reversible Aqueous Copper-Tellurium Conversion Reaction with High Volumetric Capacity through Electrolyte Engineering

Pursuing conversion-type cathodes with high volumetric capacity that can be used in aqueous environments remains rewarding and challenging. Tellurium (Te) is a promising alternative electrode due to its intrinsic attractive electronic conductivity and high theoretical volumetric capacity yet still to be explored. Herein, the kinetically/thermodynamically co-dominat copper-tellurium (Cu-Te) alloying phase-conversion process and corresponding oxidation failure mechanism of tellurium are investigated using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and comprehensive ex situ characterization techniques. By virtue of the fundamental insights into the tellurium electrode, facile and precise electrolyte engineering (solvated structure modulation or reductive antioxidant addition) is implemented to essentially tackle the dramatic capacity loss in tellurium, affording reversible aqueous Cu-Te conversion reaction with an unprecedented ultrahigh volumetric capacity of up to 3927 mAh cm^-3 , a flat long discharge plateau (capacity proportion of ≈81%), and an extraordinary level of capacity retention of 80.4% over 2000 cycles at 20 A g^-1 of which lifespan thousand-fold longer than Cu-Te conversion using CuSO₄ -H₂ O electrolyte. This work paves a significant avenue for expanding high-performance conversion-type cathodes toward energetic aqueous multivalent-ion batteries.

Redox-Active Mixed-Linker Metal-Organic Frameworks with Switchable Semiconductive Characteristics for Tailorable Chemiresistive Sensing

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), with diverse metal nodes and designable organic linkers, offer unique opportunities for the rational engineering of semiconducting properties. In this work, we report a mixed-linker conductive MOF system with both tetrathiafulvalene and Ni-bis(dithiolene) moieties, which allows the fine-tuning of electronic structures and semiconductive characteristics. By continuously increasing the molar ratio between tetrathiafulvalene and Ni-bis(dithiolene), the switching of the semiconducting behaviors from n-type to p-type was observed along with an increase in electrical conductivity by 3 orders of magnitude (from 2.88×10^-7  S m^-1 to 9.26×10^-5  S m^-1 ). Furthermore, mixed-linker MOFs were applied for the chemiresistive detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), where the sensing performance was modulated by the corresponding linker ratios, showing synergistic and nonlinear modulation effects.

Oxidatively Doped Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for High Specific Energy of Supercapatteries

Poor electrical conductivity and instability of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have limited their energy storage and conversion efficiency. In this work, we report the application of oxidatively doped tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-based MOFs for high-performance electrodes in supercapatteries. Two isostructural MOFs, formulated as [M(py-TTF-py)(BPDC)]·2H₂O (M = Ni^II (1), Zn^II (2); py-TTF-py = 2,6-bis(4'-pyridyl)TTF; H₂BPDC = biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid), are crystallographically characterized. The structural analyses show that the two MOFs possess a three-dimensional 8-fold interpenetrating diamond-like topology, which is the first example for TTF-based dual-ligand MOFs. Upon iodine treatment, MOFs 1 and 2 are converted into oxidatively doped 1-ox and 2-ox with high crystallinity. The electrical conductivity of 1-ox and 2-ox is significantly increased by six∼seven orders of magnitude. Benefiting from the unique structure and the pronounced development of electrical conductivity, the specific capacities reach 833.2 and 828.3 C g^-1 at a specific current of 1 A g^-1 for 1-ox and 2-ox, respectively. When used as a battery-type positrode to assemble a supercapattery, the AC∥1-ox and AC∥2-ox (AC = activated carbon) present an energy density of 90.3 and 83.0 Wh kg^-1 at a power density of 1.18 kW kg^-1 and great cycling stability with 82% of original capacity and 92% columbic efficiency retention after 10,000 cycles. Ex situ characterization illustrates the ligand-dominated mechanism in the charge/discharge processes. The excellent electrochemical performances of 1-ox and 2-ox are rarely reported for supercapatteries, illustrating that the construction of unique highly dense and robust structures of MOFs followed by postsynthetic oxidative doping is an effective approach to fabricate MOF-based electrode materials.

Covalent organic frameworks with Ni-Bis(dithiolene) and Co-porphyrin units as bifunctional catalysts for Li-O2 batteries

The rational design of efficient and stable catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction (ORR/OER) is the key to improving Li-O₂ battery performance. Here, we report the construction of ORR/OER bifunctional cathode catalysts in a covalent organic framework (COF) platform by simultaneously incorporating Ni-bis(dithiolene) and Co-porphyrin units. The resulting bimetallic Ni/Co-COF exhibits high surface area, fairly good electrical conductivity, and excellent chemical stability. Li-O₂ batteries with the Ni/Co-COF-based cathode show a low discharge/charge potential gap (1.0 V) and stable cycling (200 cycles) at a current density of 500 mA g^-1, rivaling that of PtAu nanocrystals. Density functional theory computations and control experiments using nonmetal or single metal-based isostructural COFs reveal the critical role of Ni and Co sites in reducing the discharge/charge overpotentials and regulating the Li₂O₂ deposition. This work highlights the advantage of bimetallic COFs in the rational design of efficient and stable Li-O₂ batteries.

Porous functional metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed from different N-heterocyclic carboxylic ligands for gas adsorption/separation

This review mainly summarizes the recent progress of MOFs composed of N-heterocyclic carboxylate ligands in gas sorption/separation. This work may help to understand the relationship between the structures of MOFs and gas sorption/separation.

Graphene-Based Metal-Organic Framework Hybrids for Applications in Catalysis, Environmental, and Energy Technologies

Current energy and environmental challenges demand the development and design of multifunctional porous materials with tunable properties for catalysis, water purification, and energy conversion and storage. Because of their amenability to de novo reticular chemistry, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have become key materials in this area. However, their usefulness is often limited by low chemical stability, conductivity and inappropriate pore sizes. Conductive two-dimensional (2D) materials with robust structural skeletons and/or functionalized surfaces can form stabilizing interactions with MOF components, enabling the fabrication of MOF nanocomposites with tunable pore characteristics. Graphene and its functional derivatives are the largest class of 2D materials and possess remarkable compositional versatility, structural diversity, and controllable surface chemistry. Here, we critically review current knowledge concerning the growth, structure, and properties of graphene derivatives, MOFs, and their graphene@MOF composites as well as the associated structure-property-performance relationships. Synthetic strategies for preparing graphene@MOF composites and tuning their properties are also comprehensively reviewed together with their applications in gas storage/separation, water purification, catalysis (organo-, electro-, and photocatalysis), and electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Current challenges in the development of graphene@MOF hybrids and their practical applications are addressed, revealing areas for future investigation. We hope that this review will inspire further exploration of new graphene@MOF hybrids for energy, electronic, biomedical, and photocatalysis applications as well as studies on previously unreported properties of known hybrids to reveal potential "diamonds in the rough".

Self-Supporting Metal-Organic Framework-Based Nanoarrays for Electrocatalysis

The replacement of powdery catalysts with self-supporting alternatives for catalyzing various electrochemical reactions is extremely important for the large-scale commercial application of renewable energy storage and conversion technologies. Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based nanoarrays possess tunable compositions, well-defined structure, abundant active sites, effective mass and electron transport, etc., which enable them to exhibit superior electrocatalytic performance in multiple electrochemical reactions. This review presents the latest research progress in developing MOF-based nanoarrays for electrocatalysis. We first highlight the structural features and electrocatalytic advantages of MOF-based nanoarrays, followed by a detailed summary of the design and synthesis strategies of MOF-based nanoarrays, and then describe the recent progress of their application in various electrocatalytic reactions. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are discussed, where further exploration into MOF-based nanoarrays will facilitate the development of electrochemical energy conversion technologies.

Demystifying the roles of single metal site and cluster in CO2 reduction via light and electric dual-responsive polyoxometalate-based metal-organic frameworks

Photo- or electroreduction of carbon dioxide into highly valued products offers a promising strategy to achieve carbon neutrality. Here, a series of polyoxometalate-based metal-organic frameworks (M-POMOFs) were constructed by metalloporphyrins [tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)-porphyrin-M (M-TCPPs)] and reductive POM for photo- and electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reductions (PCR and ECR, respectively), and the mysteries between the roles of single metal site and cluster in catalysis were disclosed. Iron-POMOF exhibited an excellent selectivity (97.2%) with high methane production of 922 micromoles per gram in PCR, together with superior Faradaic efficiency for carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide (92.1%) in ECR. The underlying mechanisms were further clarified. Photogenerated electrons transferred from iron-TCPP to the POM cluster for methane generation under irradiation, while the abundant electrons flowed to the center of iron-TCPP for carbon monoxide formation under the applied electric field. The specific multielectron products generated on iron-POMOF through switching driving forces to control electron flow direction between single metal site and cluster catalysis.

Advanced Nanostructured Materials for Electrocatalysis in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered as among the most promising electrochemical energy storage devices due to their high theoretical energy density and low cost. However, the inherently complex electrochemical mechanism in Li-S batteries leads to problems such as slow internal reaction kinetics and a severe shuttle effect, which seriously affect the practical application of batteries. Therefore, accelerating the internal electrochemical reactions of Li-S batteries is the key to realize their large-scale applications. This article reviews significant efforts to address the above problems, mainly the catalysis of electrochemical reactions by specific nanostructured materials. Through the rational design of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts (including but not limited to strategies such as single atoms, heterostructures, metal compounds, and small-molecule solvents), the chemical reactivity of Li-S batteries has been effectively improved. Here, the application of nanomaterials in the field of electrocatalysis for Li-S batteries is introduced in detail, and the advancement of nanostructures in Li-S batteries is emphasized.