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Mayawad K, Gogoi R, Raidongia K. Stimuli-Responsive Delivery of Ions through Layered Materials-Based Triangular Nanofluidic Device. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:8268-8276. [PMID: 38940535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The elegance and accuracy of biological ion channels inspire the fabrication of artificial devices with similar properties. Here, we report the fabrication of iontronic devices capable of delivering ions at the nanomolar (nmol) level of accuracy. The triangular nanofluidic device prepared with reconstructed vanadium pentoxide (VO) membranes of thickness 45 ± 5.5 μm can continuously deliver K+, Na+, and Ca2+ ions at the rate of 0.44 ± 0.24, 0.35 ± 0.06, and 0.03 nmol/min, respectively. The ionic flow rate can be further tuned by modulating the membrane thickness and salt concentration at the source reservoir. The triangular VO device can also deliver ions in minuscule doses (∼132 ± 9.7 nmol) by electrothermally heating (33 °C) with a nichrome wire (NW) or applying light of specific intensities. The simplicity of the fabrication process of reconstructed layered material-based nanofluidic devices allows the design of complicated iontronic devices such as the three-terminal-Ni-VO (3T-Ni-VO) devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Mayawad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Raktim Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Kalyan Raidongia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India
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2
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Xu LY, Wang W, Yang X, Wang S, Shao Y, Chen M, Sun R, Min J. Real-time monitoring polymerization degree of organic photovoltaic materials toward no batch-to-batch variations in device performance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1248. [PMID: 38341407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45510-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymerization degree plays a vital role in material properties. Previous methodologies of molecular weight control generally cannot suppress or alleviate batch-to-batch variations in device performance, especially in polymer solar cells. Herein, we develop an in-situ photoluminescence system in tandem with a set of analysis and processing procedures to track and estimate the polymerization degree of organic photovoltaic materials. To support the development of this protocol, we introduce polymer acceptor PYT constructed by near-infrared Y-series small molecule acceptors via Stille polymerization, and shed light on the correlations between molecular weight, spectral parameters, and device efficiencies that enable the design of the optical setup and confirm its feasibility. The universality is verified in PYT derivatives with stereoregularity and fluoro-substitution as well as benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-based polymers. Overall, our result provides a tool to tailor suitable conjugated oligomers applied to polymer solar cells and other organic electronics for industrial scalability and desired cost reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yong Xu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xinrong Yang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mingxia Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jie Min
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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3
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Tarasov SE, Plekhanova YV, Bykov AG, Kadison KV, Medvedeva AS, Reshetilov AN, Arlyapov VA. Novel Conductive Polymer Composite PEDOT:PSS/Bovine Serum Albumin for Microbial Bioelectrochemical Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:905. [PMID: 38339622 PMCID: PMC10857495 DOI: 10.3390/s24030905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A novel conductive composite based on PEDOT:PSS, BSA, and Nafion for effective immobilization of acetic acid bacteria on graphite electrodes as part of biosensors and microbial fuel cells has been proposed. It is shown that individual components in the composite do not have a significant negative effect on the catalytic activity of microorganisms during prolonged contact. The values of heterogeneous electron transport constants in the presence of two types of water-soluble mediators were calculated. The use of the composite as part of a microbial biosensor resulted in an electrode operating for more than 140 days. Additional modification of carbon electrodes with nanomaterial allowed to increase the sensitivity to glucose from 1.48 to 2.81 μA × mM-1 × cm-2 without affecting the affinity of bacterial enzyme complexes to the substrate. Cells in the presented composite, as part of a microbial fuel cell based on electrodes from thermally expanded graphite, retained the ability to generate electricity for more than 120 days using glucose solution as well as vegetable extract solutions as carbon sources. The obtained data expand the understanding of the composition of possible matrices for the immobilization of Gluconobacter bacteria and may be useful in the development of biosensors and biofuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei E. Tarasov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prosp. Nauki, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (S.E.T.); (Y.V.P.); (A.G.B.); (A.N.R.)
| | - Yulia V. Plekhanova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prosp. Nauki, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (S.E.T.); (Y.V.P.); (A.G.B.); (A.N.R.)
| | - Aleksandr G. Bykov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prosp. Nauki, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (S.E.T.); (Y.V.P.); (A.G.B.); (A.N.R.)
| | - Konstantin V. Kadison
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia; (K.V.K.)
| | - Anastasia S. Medvedeva
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia; (K.V.K.)
| | - Anatoly N. Reshetilov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prosp. Nauki, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (S.E.T.); (Y.V.P.); (A.G.B.); (A.N.R.)
| | - Vyacheslav A. Arlyapov
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia; (K.V.K.)
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Kim JH, Halaksa R, Jo IY, Ahn H, Gilhooly-Finn PA, Lee I, Park S, Nielsen CB, Yoon MH. Peculiar transient behaviors of organic electrochemical transistors governed by ion injection directionality. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7577. [PMID: 38016963 PMCID: PMC10684893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in dynamic behaviors at the frequency domain, there exist very few studies on molecular orientation-dependent transient responses of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors. In this research, we investigated the effect of ion injection directionality on transient electrochemical transistor behaviors by developing a model mixed conductor system. Two polymers with similar electrical, ionic, and electrochemical characteristics but distinct backbone planarities and molecular orientations were successfully synthesized by varying the co-monomer unit (2,2'-bithiophene or phenylene) in conjunction with a novel 1,4-dithienylphenylene-based monomer. The comprehensive electrochemical analysis suggests that the molecular orientation affects the length of the ion-drift pathway, which is directly correlated with ion mobility, resulting in peculiar OECT transient responses. These results provide the general insight into molecular orientation-dependent ion movement characteristics as well as high-performance device design principles with fine-tuned transient responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Roman Halaksa
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Il-Young Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Inho Lee
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Park
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Mills HA, Rahman S, Zigelstein R, Xu H, Varju BR, Bender TP, Wilson MWB, Seferos DS. Sequence-Defined Conjugated Oligomers in Donor-Acceptor Dyads. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23519-23526. [PMID: 37862238 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated macromolecules have a rich history in chemistry, owing to their chemical arrangements that intertwine physical and electronic properties. The continuing study and application of these systems, however, necessitates the development of atomically precise models that bridge the gap between molecules, polymers, and/or their blends. One class of conjugated polymers that have facilitated the advancement of structure-property relationships is discrete, precision oligomers that have remained an outstanding synthetic challenge with only a handful of reported examples. Here we show the first synthesis of molecular dyads featuring sequence-defined oligothiophene donors covalently linked a to small-molecule acceptor. These dyads serve as a platform for probing complex photophysical interactions involving sequence-defined oligomers. This assessment is facilitated through the unprecedented control of oligothiophene length- and sequence-dependent arrangement relative to the acceptor unit, made possible by the incorporation of hydroxyl-containing side chains at precise positions along the backbone through sequence-defined oligomerizations. We show that both the oligothiophene sequence and length play complementary roles in determining the transfer efficiency of photoexcited states. Overall, the work highlights the importance of the spatial arrangement of donor-acceptor systems that are commonly studied for a range of uses, including light harvesting and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison A Mills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Samihat Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Rachel Zigelstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Bryton R Varju
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Timothy P Bender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Mark W B Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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Li J, Zhang L, Cui J, Lv X, Feng M, Ouyang M, Chen Z, Wright DS, Zhang C. Hydrogen-Bonding Induced Crosslinked Polymer Network for Highly Stable Electrochromic Device and a Construction Strategy for Black-Bilayer Electrochromic Film. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303359. [PMID: 37415549 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a new strategy to achieve highly stable electrochromic devices and bilayer film construction. A novel solution-processable electrochromic polymer P1-Boc with quinacridone as the conjugated backbone and t-Boc as N-substituted non-conjugated solubilizing groups is designed. Thermal annealing of P1-Boc film results in the cleavage of t-Boc groups and the formation of N─H⋯O═C hydrogen-bonding crosslinked network, which changes its intrinsic solubility characteristics into a solvent-resistant P1 film. This film retains the electrochemical behavior and spectroelectrochemistry properties of the original P1-Boc film. Intriguingly, the electrochromic device based on the P1 film exhibits an ultrafast switching time (0.56/0.80 s at 523 nm) and robust electrochromic stability (retaining 88.4% of the initial optical contrast after 100 000 cycles). The observed cycle lifetime is one of the highest reported for all-organic electrochromic devices. In addition, a black-transparent bilayer electrochromic film P1/P2 is developed in which the use of the solvent-resistant P1 film as the bottom layer avoids interface erosion of the solution-processable polymer in a multilayer stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jiankun Cui
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Lv
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Menglong Feng
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Mi Ouyang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhangxin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China
| | - Dominic S Wright
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
- The Husuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Cheng Zhang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
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Kong L, Wen H, Luo Y, Chen X, Sheng X, Liu Y, Chen P. Dual-Conductive and Stiffness-Morphing Microneedle Patch Enables Continuous In Planta Monitoring of Electrophysiological Signal and Ion Fluctuation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:43515-43523. [PMID: 37677088 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of conductive microneedles presents a promising solution for achieving high-fidelity electrophysiological recordings with minimal impact on the interfaced tissue. However, a conventional metal-based microneedle suffers from high electrochemical impedance and mechanical mismatch. In this paper, we report a dual-conductive (i.e., both ionic and electronic conductive) and stiffness-morphing microneedle patch (DSMNP) for high-fidelity electrophysiological recordings with reduced tissue damage. The polymeric network of the DSMNP facilitates electrolyte absorption and therefore allows the transition of stiffness from 6.82 to 0.5139 N m-1. Furthermore, the nanoporous conductive polymer increases the specific electrochemical surface area after tissue penetration, resulting in an ultralow specific impedance of 893.13 Ω mm2 at 100 Hz. DSMNPs detect variation potential and action potential in real time and cation fluctuations in plants in response to environmental stimuli. After swelling, DSMNPs mechanically "lock" into biological tissues and prevent motion artifact by providing a stable interface. These results demonstrate the potential of DSMNPs for various applications in the field of plant physiology research and smart agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxuan Kong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Hanqi Wen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, China
| | - Yifei Luo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, 4 Engineering Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & TechnologyiHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
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8
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Qian S, Zhang S, Chen D, Wang J, Wu W, Zhang S, Geng Z, He Y, Zhu B. Phosphorylcholine-Functionalized PEDOT-Gated Organic Electrochemical Transistor Devices for Ultra-Specific and Sensitive C-Reactive Protein Detection. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3739. [PMID: 37765593 PMCID: PMC10535691 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Affinity-based organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) sensors offer an attractive approach to point-of-care diagnostics due to their extreme sensitivity and easy operation; however, their application in the real world is frequently challenged by the poor storage stability of antibody proteins and the interference from biofouling in complex biofluids. In this work, we developed an antibody-free and antifouling OECT biosensor to detect C-reactive protein (CRP) at ultra-high specificity and sensitivity. The key to this novel biosensor is the gate coated by phosphorylcholine-functionalized poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT-PC), which possesses large capacitance and low impedance, prevents biofouling of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the fetal bovine serum (FBS), and interacts specifically with CRP molecules in the presence of calcium ions. This PEDOT-PC-gated OECT biosensor demonstrated exceptional sensitivity when detecting the CRP molecules at 10 pg/mL, while significantly depressing the signal from the nonspecific binding. This indicates that this biosensor could detect the CRP molecules directly without nonspecific binding blocking, the usual process for the earlier transistor sensors before detection. We envision that this PEDOT-PC-gated OECT biosensor platform may offer a potentially valuable tool for point-of-care diagnostics as it alleviates concerns about poor antibody stability and BSA blocking inconstancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China;
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Shouyan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Danni Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Shuhua Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhi Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Yong He
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
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9
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Ye Y, Yu L, Lizundia E, Zhu Y, Chen C, Jiang F. Cellulose-Based Ionic Conductor: An Emerging Material toward Sustainable Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9204-9264. [PMID: 37419504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Ionic conductors (ICs) find widespread applications across different fields, such as smart electronic, ionotronic, sensor, biomedical, and energy harvesting/storage devices, and largely determine the function and performance of these devices. In the pursuit of developing ICs required for better performing and sustainable devices, cellulose appears as an attractive and promising building block due to its high abundance, renewability, striking mechanical strength, and other functional features. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary regarding ICs fabricated from cellulose and cellulose-derived materials in terms of fundamental structural features of cellulose, the materials design and fabrication techniques for engineering, main properties and characterization, and diverse applications. Next, the potential of cellulose-based ICs to relieve the increasing concern about electronic waste within the frame of circularity and environmental sustainability and the future directions to be explored for advancing this field are discussed. Overall, we hope this review can provide a comprehensive summary and unique perspectives on the design and application of advanced cellulose-based ICs and thereby encourage the utilization of cellulosic materials toward sustainable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Ye
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Le Yu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking Group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao 48013, Spain
- BCMaterials Lab, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Yeling Zhu
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chaoji Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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10
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Pitchiya AP, Slenker BE, Sreeram A, Johnson C, Orimolade T, Roy D, Krishnan S. Graphene-Enhanced Ion Transport in Dual-Conducting Composite Films of Polyacetylene and an Imidazolium Iodide Ionic Liquid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:6767-6779. [PMID: 37140961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dual-conducting polymer films were synthesized by dispersing graphene in an aqueous solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) and 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ([C3mim]I) ionic liquid and thermally converting the poly(vinyl alcohol) to polyene in the presence of hydroiodic acid catalyst. The electrical and mechanical properties of the resulting free-standing films of the nanocomposite, containing different concentrations of graphene, were analyzed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), respectively. Nyquist plots (imaginary vs real components of the frequency-dependent impedance) showed two characteristic arcs representing the composite's electronic and ionic conduction pathways. The conductivity values corresponding to both charge transport mechanisms increased with temperature and the graphene concentration. The enhancement in electronic conductivity is expected because of graphene's high electron mobility. Interestingly, ionic conductivity also showed a significant increase with graphene concentration, approximately triple the extent of the rise in the electronic conductivity, even though the loss and storage moduli of the films increased. (Generally, a higher modulus results in lower ionic conductivities in ionic gels.) Molecular dynamics simulations of the three-component system provided some insights into this unusual behavior. Mean square displacement data showed that the diffusion of the iodide anions was relatively isotropic. The iodide diffusion coefficient was higher in a blend with 5 vol % graphene than in blends with 3 vol % graphene or no graphene. The improvement is attributed to the interfacial effects of the graphene on the free volume of the blend. Furthermore, an exclusion of the iodide ions from the vicinity of graphene was observed in the radial distribution function analysis. The increase in the effective concentration of iodide due to this exclusion and the increase in its diffusion coefficient because of the excess free volume are the primary reasons for the observed enhancement in ionic conductivity by adding graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Prathap Pitchiya
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Benjamin Edward Slenker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Arvind Sreeram
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Cody Johnson
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Temitope Orimolade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Dipankar Roy
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Sitaraman Krishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
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11
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Ding B, Jo IY, Yu H, Kim JH, Marsh AV, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Ramos N, Rapley CL, Rimmele M, He Q, Martín J, Gasparini N, Nelson J, Yoon MH, Heeney M. Enhanced Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers Modified with Hybrid Glycol/Ionic Side Chains by Postpolymerization Modification. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:3290-3299. [PMID: 37123107 PMCID: PMC10134426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emergent bioelectronic technologies are underpinned by the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), which employs an electrolyte medium to modulate the conductivity of its organic semiconductor channel. Here we utilize postpolymerization modification (PPM) on a conjugated polymer backbone to directly introduce glycolated or anionic side chains via fluoride displacement. The resulting polymers demonstrated increased volumetric capacitances, with subdued swelling, compared to their parent polymer in p-type enhancement mode OECTs. This increase in capacitance was attributed to their modified side chain configurations enabling cationic charge compensation for thin film electrochemical oxidation, as deduced from electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements. An overall improvement in OECT performance was recorded for the hybrid glycol/ionic polymer compared to the parent, owing to its low swelling and bimodal crystalline orientation as imaged by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, enabling its high charge mobility at 1.02 cm2·V-1·s-1. Compromised device performance was recorded for the fully glycolated derivative compared to the parent, which was linked to its limited face-on stacking, which hindered OECT charge mobility at 0.26 cm2·V-1·s-1, despite its high capacitance. These results highlight the effectiveness of anionic side chain attachment by PPM as a means of increasing the volumetric capacitance of p-type conjugated polymers for OECTs, while retaining solid-state macromolecular properties that facilitate hole transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ding
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Il-Young Jo
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Yu
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Adam V. Marsh
- KAUST
Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edgar Gutiérrez-Fernández
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nicolás Ramos
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Charlotte L. Rapley
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Rimmele
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Qiao He
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Grupo de
Polímeros, Departamento de Física e Ciencias da Terra,
Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT), Universidade da Coruña, Esteiro, 15471 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
- KAUST
Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Xing Y, Zhou M, Si Y, Yang CY, Feng LW, Wu Q, Wang F, Wang X, Huang W, Cheng Y, Zhang R, Duan X, Liu J, Song P, Sun H, Wang H, Zhang J, Jiang S, Zhu M, Wang G. Integrated opposite charge grafting induced ionic-junction fiber. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2355. [PMID: 37095082 PMCID: PMC10126126 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of ionic-junction devices has attracted growing interests due to the potential of serving as signal transmission and translation media between electronic devices and biological systems using ions. Among them, fiber-shaped iontronics possesses a great advantage in implantable applications owing to the unique one-dimensional geometry. However, fabricating stable ionic-junction on curved surfaces remains a challenge. Here, we developed a polyelectrolyte based ionic-junction fiber via an integrated opposite charge grafting method capable of large-scale continuous fabrication. The ionic-junction fibers can be integrated into functions such as ionic diodes and ionic bipolar junction transistors, where rectification and switching of input signals are implemented. Moreover, synaptic functionality has also been demonstrated by utilizing the fiber memory capacitance. The connection between the ionic-junction fiber and sciatic nerves of the mouse simulating end-to-side anastomosis is further performed to realize effective nerve signal conduction, verifying the capability for next-generation artificial neural pathways in implantable bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjie Zhou
- Department of Hand Surgery, Center for the Reconstruction of Limb Function, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital; Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital; NHC Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Institute of Hand Surgery, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueguang Si
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Brain Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Liang-Wen Feng
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Qilin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Center for the Reconstruction of Limb Function, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital; Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital; NHC Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Institute of Hand Surgery, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Center for the Reconstruction of Limb Function, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital; Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital; NHC Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Institute of Hand Surgery, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaozheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environmental Effects and Eletro-optical Engineering, 210007, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Song
- National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environmental Effects and Eletro-optical Engineering, 210007, Nanjing, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Brain Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Su Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Center for the Reconstruction of Limb Function, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital; Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital; NHC Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Institute of Hand Surgery, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China.
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13
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He XL, Shao B, Huang RK, Dong M, Tong YQ, Luo Y, Meng T, Yang FJ, Zhang Z, Huang J. A Mixed Protonic-Electronic Conductor Base on the Host-Guest Architecture of 2D Metal-Organic Layers and Inorganic Layers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2205944. [PMID: 37076939 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The key to designing and fabricating highly efficient mixed protonic-electronic conductors materials (MPECs) is to integrate the mixed conductive active sites into a single structure, to break through the shortcomings of traditional physical blending. Herein, based on the host-guest interaction, an MPEC is consisted of 2D metal-organic layers and hydrogen-bonded inorganic layers by the assembly methods of layered intercalation. Noticeably, the 2D intercalated materials (≈1.3 nm) exhibit the proton conductivity and electron conductivity, which are 2.02 × 10-5 and 3.84 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 100 °C and 99% relative humidity, much higher than these of pure 2D metal-organic layers (>>1.0 × 10-10 and 2.01×10-8 S cm-1 ), respectively. Furthermore, combining accurate structural information and theoretical calculations reveals that the inserted hydrogen-bonded inorganic layers provide the proton source and a networks of hydrogen-bonds leading to efficient proton transport, meanwhile reducing the bandgap of hybrid architecture and increasing the band electron delocalization of the metal-organic layer to greatly elevate the electron transport of intrinsic 2D metal-organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Lu He
- Pharmaceutical College, Key Laboratory of Micro-Nanoscale Bioanalysis and Drug Screening of Guangxi Education Department, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Bing Shao
- Pharmaceutical College, Key Laboratory of Micro-Nanoscale Bioanalysis and Drug Screening of Guangxi Education Department, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Kang Huang
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Min Dong
- Pharmaceutical College, Key Laboratory of Micro-Nanoscale Bioanalysis and Drug Screening of Guangxi Education Department, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Tong
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Yan Luo
- Pharmaceutical College, Key Laboratory of Micro-Nanoscale Bioanalysis and Drug Screening of Guangxi Education Department, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Ting Meng
- Pharmaceutical College, Key Laboratory of Micro-Nanoscale Bioanalysis and Drug Screening of Guangxi Education Department, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Jie Yang
- College Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Jin Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Key Laboratory of Micro-Nanoscale Bioanalysis and Drug Screening of Guangxi Education Department, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, P. R. China
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14
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Montero-Jimenez M, Amante FL, Fenoy GE, Scotto J, Azzaroni O, Marmisolle WA. PEDOT-Polyamine-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Monitoring Protein Binding. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:288. [PMID: 36832054 PMCID: PMC9954629 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of efficient organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs)-based biosensors requires the design of biocompatible interfaces for the immobilization of biorecognition elements, as well as the development of robust channel materials to enable the transduction of the biochemical event into a reliable electrical signal. In this work, PEDOT-polyamine blends are shown as versatile organic films that can act as both highly conducting channels of the transistors and non-denaturing platforms for the construction of the biomolecular architectures that operate as sensing surfaces. To achieve this goal, we synthesized and characterized films of PEDOT and polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and employed them as conducting channels in the construction of OECTs. Next, we studied the response of the obtained devices to protein adsorption, using glucose oxidase (GOx) as a model system, through two different strategies: The direct electrostatic adsorption of GOx on the PEDOT-PAH film and the specific recognition of the protein by a lectin attached to the surface. Firstly, we used surface plasmon resonance to monitor the adsorption of the proteins and the stability of the assemblies on PEDOT-PAH films. Then, we monitored the same processes with the OECT showing the capability of the device to perform the detection of the protein binding process in real time. In addition, the sensing mechanisms enabling the monitoring of the adsorption process with the OECTs for the two strategies are discussed.
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15
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Ohayon D, Druet V, Inal S. A guide for the characterization of organic electrochemical transistors and channel materials. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1001-1023. [PMID: 36637165 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00920j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is one of the most versatile devices within the bioelectronics toolbox, with its compatibility with aqueous media and the ability to transduce and amplify ionic and biological signals into an electronic output. The OECT operation relies on the mixed (ionic and electronic charge) conduction properties of the material in its channel. With the increased popularity of OECTs in bioelectronics applications and to benchmark mixed conduction properties of channel materials, the characterization methods have broadened somewhat heterogeneously. We intend this review to be a guide for the characterization methods of the OECT and the channel materials used. Our review is composed of two main sections. First, we review techniques to fabricate the OECT, introduce different form factors and configurations, and describe the device operation principle. We then discuss the OECT performance figures of merit and detail the experimental procedures to obtain these characteristics. In the second section, we shed light on the characterization of mixed transport properties of channel materials and describe how to assess films' interactions with aqueous electrolytes. In particular, we introduce experimental methods to monitor ion motion and diffusion, charge carrier mobility, and water uptake in the films. We also discuss a few theoretical models describing ion-polymer interactions. We hope that the guidelines we bring together in this review will help researchers perform a more comprehensive and consistent comparison of new materials and device designs, and they will be used to identify advances and opportunities to improve the device performance, progressing the field of organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Harikesh PC, Yang CY, Wu HY, Zhang S, Donahue MJ, Caravaca AS, Huang JD, Olofsson PS, Berggren M, Tu D, Fabiano S. Ion-tunable antiambipolarity in mixed ion-electron conducting polymers enables biorealistic organic electrochemical neurons. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:242-248. [PMID: 36635590 PMCID: PMC9894750 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Biointegrated neuromorphic hardware holds promise for new protocols to record/regulate signalling in biological systems. Making such artificial neural circuits successful requires minimal device/circuit complexity and ion-based operating mechanisms akin to those found in biology. Artificial spiking neurons, based on silicon-based complementary metal-oxide semiconductors or negative differential resistance device circuits, can emulate several neural features but are complicated to fabricate, not biocompatible and lack ion-/chemical-based modulation features. Here we report a biorealistic conductance-based organic electrochemical neuron (c-OECN) using a mixed ion-electron conducting ladder-type polymer with stable ion-tunable antiambipolarity. The latter is used to emulate the activation/inactivation of sodium channels and delayed activation of potassium channels of biological neurons. These c-OECNs can spike at bioplausible frequencies nearing 100 Hz, emulate most critical biological neural features, demonstrate stochastic spiking and enable neurotransmitter-/amino acid-/ion-based spiking modulation, which is then used to stimulate biological nerves in vivo. These combined features are impossible to achieve using previous technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padinhare Cholakkal Harikesh
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Silan Zhang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mary J Donahue
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - April S Caravaca
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jun-Da Huang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Deyu Tu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
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17
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Construction of amphiphilic networks in blend membranes for CO2 separation. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Makki H, Troisi A. Morphology of conducting polymer blends at the interface of conducting and insulating phases: insight from PEDOT:PSS atomistic simulations. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:16126-16137. [PMID: 36387833 PMCID: PMC9632246 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc03158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Having phase-separated conductive and less-conductive domains is a common morphology in semiconducting polymer blends as it exists in the case of PEDOT:PSS, which is a representative example with a wide range of applications. In this paper, we constructed atomistic models for the interface between the PEDOT-rich (conductive) grains and the PSS-rich (less-conductive) phase through molecular dynamics simulations. Our models are obtained from experimentally relevant compositions, based on precise force field parameters, and through a robust relaxation procedure. We show that both PEDOT-rich and PSS-rich phases consist of PEDOT lamellae embedded in PSS chains. The size of these lamellae depends on the PEDOT concentration in each phase and our model predictions are in quantitative agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, our models suggest that neither the phases nor the interfaces are entirely connected by π-π stacking. Thus, inter-lamellae tunnelling is essential for both intra- and inter-grain charge transport. We also show that a small increase (≈8 wt%) in the PEDOT concentration results in rather larger lamellae sizes, considerably more oriented lamellae, and slightly better inter-lamellae connectivity, which result in enhanced intra-grain conductivity. Moreover, we show how enhancing phase separation between PEDOT-rich and PSS-rich domains (similar to the effect of polar co-solvents), i.e., pulling out PEDOT from the PSS-rich phase and adding it in the PEDOT-rich phase, highly enhances the intra-grain connectivity but decreases the inter-grain conduction paths through the interface. Our results explain how the marginal extra degree of phase separation (based on experimentally obtained values) could result in a great enhancement in the overall film conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Makki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
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19
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Borrmann F, Tsuda T, Guskova O, Kiriy N, Hoffmann C, Neusser D, Ludwigs S, Lappan U, Simon F, Geisler M, Debnath B, Krupskaya Y, Al‐Hussein M, Kiriy A. Charge-Compensated N-Doped π-Conjugated Polymers: Toward both Thermodynamic Stability of N-Doped States in Water and High Electron Conductivity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203530. [PMID: 36065004 PMCID: PMC9631074 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The understanding and applications of electron-conducting π-conjugated polymers with naphtalene diimide (NDI) blocks show remarkable progress in recent years. Such polymers demonstrate a facilitated n-doping due to the strong electron deficiency of the main polymer chain and the presence of the positively charged side groups stabilizing a negative charge of the n-doped backbone. Here, the n-type conducting NDI polymer with enhanced stability of its n-doped states for prospective "in-water" applications is developed. A combined experimental-theoretical approach is used to identify critical features and parameters that control the doping and electron transport process. The facilitated polymer reduction ability and the thermodynamic stability in water are confirmed by electrochemical measurements and doping studies. This material also demonstrates a high conductivity of 10-2 S cm-1 under ambient conditions and 10-1 S cm-1 in vacuum. The modeling explains the stabilizing effects for various dopants. The simulations show a significant doping-induced "collapse" of the positively charged side chains on the core bearing a partial negative charge. This explains a decrease in the lamellar spacing observed in experiments. This study fundamentally enables a novel pathway for achieving both thermodynamic stability of the n-doped states in water and the high electron conductivity of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Borrmann
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Takuya Tsuda
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Olga Guskova
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS)TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Nataliya Kiriy
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Cedric Hoffmann
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - David Neusser
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Uwe Lappan
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Frank Simon
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Martin Geisler
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Bipasha Debnath
- Leibniz‐Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Yulia Krupskaya
- Leibniz‐Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Mahmoud Al‐Hussein
- Physics Department and Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific ResearchThe University of JordanAmman11942Jordan
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
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20
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Liu D, Tian X, Bai J, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Ning W, Chan PKL, Wu K, Sun J, Zhang S. Intrinsically Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Rigid-Device-Benchmarkable Performance. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203418. [PMID: 35904088 PMCID: PMC9561867 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically stretchable organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are being pursued as the next-generation tissue-like bioelectronic technologies to improve the interfacing with the soft human body. However, the performance of current intrinsically stretchable OECTs is far inferior to their rigid counterparts. In this work, for the first time, the authors report intrinsically stretchable OECTs with overall performance benchmarkable to conventional rigid devices. In particular, oxygen level in the stretchable substrate is revealed to have a significant impact on the on/off ratio. By employing stretchable substrates with low oxygen permeabilities, the on/off ratio is elevated from ≈10 to a record-high value of ≈104 , which is on par with a rigid OECT. The device remained functional after cyclic stretching tests. This work demonstrates that intrinsically stretchable OECTs have the potential to serve as a new building block for emerging soft bioelectronic applications such as electronic skin, soft implantables, and soft neuromorphic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yixun Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Weijie Ning
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Paddy K. L. Chan
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Kai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringCollege of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065China
| | - Junqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
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21
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Hazra S, Banerjee A, Nandi AK. Organic Mixed Ion-Electron Conductivity in Polymer Hybrid Systems. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32849-32862. [PMID: 36157781 PMCID: PMC9494440 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, organic materials with mixed ion/electron conductivity (OMIEC) have gained significant interest among research communities all over the world. The unique ability to conduct ions and electrons in the same organic material adds to their use in next generation electrochemical, biotechnological, energy generation, energy storage, electrochromic, and sensor devices. Semiconducting conjugated polymers are well-known OMIECs due to their feasibility for both ion and electron transport in the bulk region. In this mini-review, we have shed light on conjugated polymers with ionic pendent groups, block copolymers of electronically and ionic conducting polymers, polymer electrolytes, blends of conjugated polymers with polyelectrolyte/polymer electrolytes; blends of conducting polymer with small organic molecules including conducting polymer-peptide conjugates; and blends of nonconjugated polymers as mixed conducting systems. These systems not only include the well-studied OMEIC systems, but also include some new systems where the OMEIC property has been predicted from the typical current-voltage (I-V) plots. The conduction mechanism of ions and electrons, ion-electron coupling, directionality, and dimensionality of these OMEIC materials are discussed in brief. The different properties of OMEIC materials and their applications in diverse fields like energy, electrochromic, biotechnology, sensing, and so forth are enlightened together with the perspective for future improvement of OMEIC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyajit Hazra
- Polymer
Science Unit, School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata700 032, India
- School
of Biological Science, Indian Association
for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata700 032, India
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- School
of Biological Science, Indian Association
for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata700 032, India
| | - Arun K. Nandi
- Polymer
Science Unit, School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata700 032, India
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22
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Keene ST, Gueskine V, Berggren M, Malliaras GG, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Exploiting mixed conducting polymers in organic and bioelectronic devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19144-19163. [PMID: 35942679 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient transport of both ionic and electronic charges in conjugated polymers (CPs) has enabled a wide range of novel electrochemical devices spanning applications from energy storage to bioelectronic devices. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the fundamental physical processes which underlie the operation of mixed conducting polymer (MCP) devices. While charge injection and transport have been studied extensively in both ionic and electronic conductors, translating these principles to mixed conducting systems proves challenging due to the complex relationships among the individual materials properties. We break down the process of electrochemical (de)doping, the basic feature exploited in mixed conducting devices, into its key steps, highlighting recent advances in the study of these physical processes in the context of MCPs. Furthermore, we identify remaining challenges in further extending fundamental understanding of MCP-based device operation. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the elementary processes governing operation in MCPs will drive the advancement in both materials design and device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Keene
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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23
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Wu S, Zhou S, Wu J, Jingyuan H, Zhengl Y. Ionic-electronic Conductive Fabric Electrodes for Wearable Biopotential Monitoring. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:2483-2486. [PMID: 36086382 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This work proposed a low-cost and convenient way to develop textile electrodes with mixed conductive polymer by drop-casting. The effect of a conductivity enhancing agent (i.e., ethylene glycol (EG)) for PEDOT:PSS-coated fabric electrodes was investigated specifically. The results showed that the conductivity of the fabric electrode reached the highest with the addition of 20% EG compared to 0% and 5% EG loadings, which was different from that of thin-film electrodes in previous studies. In addition, the stability of the conductivity to washing was improved with the addition of the crosslinker GOPS and the surfactant DBSA. The signal quality in electrocardiogram recording with the PEDOT:PSS-coated fabric electrodes were comparable to that of commercial wet electrodes and outperformed silver-coated textile electrodes. Clinical Relevance- The dry textile electrodes with high conductivity and biopotential signal quality are of vital importance for wearable health monitoring to enable the early diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases.
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24
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Kukhta N, Marks A, Luscombe CK. Molecular Design Strategies toward Improvement of Charge Injection and Ionic Conduction in Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4325-4355. [PMID: 34902244 PMCID: PMC8874907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Expanding the toolbox of the biology and electronics mutual conjunction is a primary aim of bioelectronics. The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) has undeniably become a predominant device for mixed conduction materials, offering impressive transconduction properties alongside a relatively simple device architecture. In this review, we focus on the discussion of recent material developments in the area of mixed conductors for bioelectronic applications by means of thorough structure-property investigation and analysis of current challenges. Fundamental operation principles of the OECT are revisited, and characterization methods are highlighted. Current bioelectronic applications of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) are underlined. Challenges in the performance and operational stability of OECT channel materials as well as potential strategies for mitigating them, are discussed. This is further expanded to sketch a synopsis of the history of mixed conduction materials for both p- and n-type channel operation, detailing the synthetic challenges and milestones which have been overcome to frequently produce higher performing OECT devices. The cumulative work of multiple research groups is summarized, and synthetic design strategies are extracted to present a series of design principles that can be utilized to drive figure-of-merit performance values even further for future OMIEC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya
A. Kukhta
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Adam Marks
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Molecular
Engineering & Sciences Institute, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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25
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Organic electrochemical neurons and synapses with ion mediated spiking. Nat Commun 2022; 13:901. [PMID: 35194026 PMCID: PMC8863887 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Future brain-machine interfaces, prosthetics, and intelligent soft robotics will require integrating artificial neuromorphic devices with biological systems. Due to their poor biocompatibility, circuit complexity, low energy efficiency, and operating principles fundamentally different from the ion signal modulation of biology, traditional Silicon-based neuromorphic implementations have limited bio-integration potential. Here, we report the first organic electrochemical neurons (OECNs) with ion-modulated spiking, based on all-printed complementary organic electrochemical transistors. We demonstrate facile bio-integration of OECNs with Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) to induce lobe closure upon input stimuli. The OECNs can also be integrated with all-printed organic electrochemical synapses (OECSs), exhibiting short-term plasticity with paired-pulse facilitation and long-term plasticity with retention >1000 s, facilitating Hebbian learning. These soft and flexible OECNs operate below 0.6 V and respond to multiple stimuli, defining a new vista for localized artificial neuronal systems possible to integrate with bio-signaling systems of plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates.
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26
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He Y, Kukhta NA, Marks A, Luscombe CK. The effect of side chain engineering on conjugated polymers in organic electrochemical transistors for bioelectronic applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:2314-2332. [PMID: 35310858 PMCID: PMC8852261 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05229b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics focuses on the establishment of the connection between the ion-driven biosystems and readable electronic signals. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) offer a viable solution for this task. Organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs) rest at the heart of OECTs. The balance between the ionic and electronic conductivities of OMIECs is closely connected to the OECT device performance. While modification of the OMIECs' electronic properties is largely related to the development of conjugated scaffolds, properties such as ion permeability, solubility, flexibility, morphology, and sensitivity can be altered by side chain moieties. In this review, we uncover the influence of side chain molecular design on the properties and performance of OECTs. We summarise current understanding of OECT performance and focus specifically on the knowledge of ionic-electronic coupling, shedding light on the significance of side chain development of OMIECs. We show how the versatile synthetic toolbox of side chains can be successfully employed to tune OECT parameters via controlling the material properties. As the field continues to mature, more detailed investigations into the crucial role side chain engineering plays on the resultant OMIEC properties will allow for side chain alternatives to be developed and will ultimately lead to further enhancements within the field of OECT channel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei He
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
| | - Nadzeya A Kukhta
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98195 USA
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27
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Modarresi M, Zozoulenko IV. Why does solvent treatment increase conductivity of PEDOT:PSS? Insight from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22073-22082. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02655d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most important conducting polymers. In its pristine form its electrical conductivity is low, but it can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude by...
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28
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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29
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Oh S, Khan MRR, Choi G, Seo J, Park E, An TK, Park YD, Lee HS. Advanced Organic Transistor-Based Sensors Utilizing a Solvatochromic Medium with Twisted Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Behavior and Its Application to Ammonia Gas Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:56385-56393. [PMID: 34796709 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Here, we designed and developed an organic field-effect transistor (OFET)-based gas sensor by applying solvatochromic dye (Nile red, NR) with twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) behavior depending on the polarity of the surrounding molecules, as an auxiliary NR sensing medium (aNR-SM). As a polar molecule approaches, intra-charge transfers from the donor diethylamine group to the ketone group occur in the NR molecule, resulting in the twisting of the donor functional group and thereby increasing its dipole moment. Using this characteristic, NR was applied as an auxiliary sensing medium to the OFET for detecting ammonia (NH3), a representative toxic gas. The Top-NR case, where the aNR-SM covers only the top of the organic semiconductor layer, showed the best gas sensing performance, and its response and recovery rates were improved by 46 and 94%, respectively, compared to the pristine case. More importantly, a sensitivity of 0.87 ± 0.045 ppm-1 % was measured, having almost perfect linearity (0.999) over the range of measured NH3 concentrations, which is the result of solving the saturation problem in the sensing characteristics of the OFET-based gas sensor. Our result not only improved the sensing performance of the OFET-based sensor but also made an important advance in that the reliability of the sensing performance was easily secured by applying solvatochromic and TICT behaviors of an auxiliary sensing medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungtaek Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Rajibur Rahaman Khan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Giheon Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyoon Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Park
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyu An
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- Department of IT Convergence, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Don Park
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Sung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
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30
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Yan J, Qin Y, Fan WT, Wu WT, Lv SW, Yan LP, Liu YL, Huang WH. Plasticizer and catalyst co-functionalized PEDOT:PSS enables stretchable electrochemical sensing of living cells. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14432-14440. [PMID: 34880994 PMCID: PMC8580016 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04138j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, stretchable electrochemical sensors have stood out as a powerful tool for the detection of soft cells and tissues, since they could perfectly comply with the deformation of living organisms and synchronously monitor mechanically evoked biomolecule release. However, existing strategies for the fabrication of stretchable electrochemical sensors still face with huge challenges due to scarce electrode materials, demanding processing techniques and great complexity in further functionalization. Herein, we report a novel and facile strategy for one-step preparation of stretchable electrochemical biosensors by doping ionic liquid and catalyst into a conductive polymer (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), PEDOT:PSS). Bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide lithium salt as a small-molecule plasticizer can significantly improve the stretchability and conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS film, and cobalt phthalocyanine as an electrocatalyst endows the film with excellent electrochemical sensing performance. Moreover, the functionalized PEDOT:PSS retained good cell biocompatibility with two extra dopants. These satisfactory properties allowed the real-time monitoring of stretch-induced transient hydrogen peroxide release from cells. This work presents a versatile strategy to fabricate conductive polymer-based stretchable electrodes with easy processing and excellent performance, which benefits the in-depth exploration of sophisticated life activities by electrochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yu Qin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Wen-Ting Fan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Wen-Tao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Song-Wei Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Li-Ping Yan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
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31
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Electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction at conductive polymer PEDOT: Insight from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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32
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Chen Y, Zhu Z, Tian Y, Jiang L. Rational ion transport management mediated through membrane structures. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2021; 1:20210101. [PMID: 37323215 PMCID: PMC10190948 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Unique membrane structures endow membranes with controlled ion transport properties in both biological and artificial systems, and they have shown broad application prospects from industrial production to biological interfaces. Herein, current advances in nanochannel-structured membranes for manipulating ion transport are reviewed from the perspective of membrane structures. First, the controllability of ion transport through ion selectivity, ion gating, ion rectification, and ion storage is introduced. Second, nanochannel-structured membranes are highlighted according to the nanochannel dimensions, including single-dimensional nanochannels (i.e., 1D, 2D, and 3D) functioning by the controllable geometrical parameters of 1D nanochannels, the adjustable interlayer spacing of 2D nanochannels, and the interconnected ion diffusion pathways of 3D nanochannels, and mixed-dimensional nanochannels (i.e., 1D/1D, 1D/2D, 1D/3D, 2D/2D, 2D/3D, and 3D/3D) tuned through asymmetric factors (e.g., components, geometric parameters, and interface properties). Then, ultrathin membranes with short ion transport distances and sandwich-like membranes with more delicate nanochannels and combination structures are reviewed, and stimulus-responsive nanochannels are discussed. Construction methods for nanochannel-structured membranes are briefly introduced, and a variety of applications of these membranes are summarized. Finally, future perspectives to developing nanochannel-structured membranes with unique structures (e.g., combinations of external macro/micro/nanostructures and the internal nanochannel arrangement) for mediating ion transport are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijingP. R. China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijingP. R. China
| | - Ye Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceTechnical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijingP. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceTechnical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
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33
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Banerjee J, Dutta K. A short overview on the synthesis, properties and major applications of poly(p-phenylene vinylene). CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Chen Y, Zhu Z, Jiang X, Jiang L. Superhydrophobic-Substrate-Assisted Construction of Free-Standing Microcavity-Patterned Conducting Polymer Films. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100949. [PMID: 34245121 PMCID: PMC8425917 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Patterned conducting polymer films with unique structures have promising prospects for application in various fields, such as actuation, water purification, sensing, and bioelectronics. However, their practical application is hindered because of the limitations of existing construction methods. Herein, a strategy is proposed for the superhydrophobic-substrate-assisted construction of free-standing 3D microcavity-patterned conducting polymer films (McPCPFs) at micrometer resolution. Easy-peeling and nondestructive transfer properties are achieved through electrochemical polymerization along the solid/liquid/gas triphase interface on micropillar-structured substrates. The effects of the wettability and geometrical parameters of the substrates on the construction of McPCPFs are systematically investigated in addition to the evolution of the epitaxial growth along the triphase interface at different polymerization times. The McPCPFs can be easily peeled from superhydrophobic surfaces using ethanol because of weak adhesion and nondestructively transferred to various substrates taking advantage of the capillarity. Furthermore, sensitive light-driven McPCPF locomotion on organic liquid surfaces is demonstrated. Ultimately, a facile strategy for the construction of free-standing 3D microstructure-patterned conducting polymer films is proposed, which can improve productivity and applicability of the films in different fields and expand the application scope of superwettable interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101407China
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35
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Functionalization Strategies of PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS Films for Organic Bioelectronics Applications. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9080212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic bioelectronics involves the connection of organic semiconductors with living organisms, organs, tissues, cells, membranes, proteins, and even small molecules. In recent years, this field has received great interest due to the development of all kinds of devices architectures, enabling the detection of several relevant biomarkers, the stimulation and sensing of cells and tissues, and the recording of electrophysiological signals, among others. In this review, we discuss recent functionalization approaches for PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS films with the aim of integrating biomolecules for the fabrication of bioelectronics platforms. As the choice of the strategy is determined by the conducting polymer synthesis method, initially PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS films preparation methods are presented. Later, a wide variety of PEDOT functionalization approaches are discussed, together with bioconjugation techniques to develop efficient organic-biological interfaces. Finally, and by making use of these approaches, the fabrication of different platforms towards organic bioelectronics devices is reviewed.
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Delavari N, Gladisch J, Petsagkourakis I, Liu X, Modarresi M, Fahlman M, Stavrinidou E, Linares M, Zozoulenko I. Water Intake and Ion Exchange in PEDOT:Tos Films upon Cyclic Voltammetry: Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Investigation. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Delavari
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Johannes Gladisch
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Petsagkourakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Group of Scientific Visualization, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Center (SeRC), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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Zozoulenko I, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Gueskine V, Mehandzhiyski A, Modarresi M, Rolland N, Tybrandt K. Electronic, Optical, Morphological, Transport, and Electrochemical Properties of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1436, Iran
| | - Nicolas Rolland
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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38
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Alessandri R, Grünewald F, Marrink SJ. The Martini Model in Materials Science. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008635. [PMID: 33956373 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Martini model, a coarse-grained force field initially developed with biomolecular simulations in mind, has found an increasing number of applications in the field of soft materials science. The model's underlying building block principle does not pose restrictions on its application beyond biomolecular systems. Here, the main applications to date of the Martini model in materials science are highlighted, and a perspective for the future developments in this field is given, particularly in light of recent developments such as the new version of the model, Martini 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Alessandri
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Grünewald
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
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39
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Zhuang A, Pan Q, Qian Y, Fan S, Yao X, Song L, Zhu B, Zhang Y. Transparent Conductive Silk Film with a PEDOT-OH Nano Layer as an Electroactive Cell Interface. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1202-1215. [PMID: 33599501 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bioelectronics based on biomaterial substrates are advancing toward biomedical applications. As excellent conductors, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its derivatives have been widely developed in this field. However, it is still a big challenge to obtain a functional layer with a good electroconductive property, transparency, and strong adhesion on the biosubstrate. In this work, poly(hydroxymethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT-OH) was chemically polymerized and deposited on the surface of a regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) film in an aqueous system. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as the surfactant to form micelles which are beneficial to the polymer structure. To overcome the trade-off between transparency and the electroconductive property of the PEDOT-OH coating, a composite oxidant recipe of FeCl3 and ammonium persulfate (APS) was developed. Through electrostatic interaction of oppositely charged doping ions, a well-organized conductive nanoscale coating formed and a transparent conductive RSF/PEDOT-OH film was produced, which can hardly be achieved in a traditional single oxidant system. The produced film had a sheet resistance (Rs) of 5.12 × 104 Ω/square corresponding to a conductivity of 8.9 × 10-2 S/cm and a maximum transmittance above 73% in the visible range. In addition, strong adhesion between PEDOT-OH and RSF and favorable electrochemical stability of the film were demonstrated. Desirable transparency of the film allowed real-time observation of live cells. Furthermore, the PEDOT-OH layer provided an improved environment for adhesion and differentiation of PC12 cells compared to the RSF surface alone. Finally, the feasibility of using the RSF/PEDOT-OH film to electrically stimulate PC12 cells was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Qichao Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Suna Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Lujie Song
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaopeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
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40
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Jain K, Mehandzhiyski AY, Zozoulenko I, Wågberg L. PEDOT:PSS nano-particles in aqueous media: A comparative experimental and molecular dynamics study of particle size, morphology and z-potential. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:57-66. [PMID: 33059231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PEDOT PSS is the most widely used conducting polymer in organic and printed electronics. PEDOT PSS films have been extensively studied to understand the morphology, ionic and electronic conductivity of the polymer. However, the polymer dispersion, which is used to cast or spin coat the films, is not well characterized and not well understood theoretically. Here, we study in detail the particle morphology, size, charge density and zeta potential (z-potential) by coarse-grained MD simulations and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, for different pH levels and ionic strengths. The PEDOT:PSS particles were found to be 12 nm-19 nm in diameter and had a z-potential of -30 mV to -50 mV when pH was changed from 1.7 to 9, at an added NaCl concentration of 1 mM, as measured by DLS. These values changed significantly with changing pH and ionic strength of the solution. The charge density of PEDOT:PSS particles was also found to be dependent on pH and ionic strength. Besides, the distribution of different ions (PSS-, PEDOT+, Na+, Cl-) present in the solution is simulated to understand the particle morphology and molecular origin of z-potential in PEDOT:PSS dispersion. The trend in change of particle size, charge density and z- potential with changing pH and ionic strength are in good agreement between the simulations and experiments. Our results show that the molecular model developed in this work represents very well the PEDOT:PSS nano-particles in aqueous dispersion. With this study, we hope to provide new insight and an in-depth understanding of the morphology and z-potential evolution in PEDOT:PSS dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Jain
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aleksandar Y Mehandzhiyski
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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41
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Bargigia I, Savagian LR, Österholm AM, Reynolds JR, Silva C. Charge-Transfer Intermediates in the Electrochemical Doping Mechanism of Conjugated Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:294-308. [PMID: 33373233 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We address the nature of electrochemically induced charged states in conjugated polymers, their evolution as a function of electrochemical potential, and their coupling to their local environment by means of transient absorption and Raman spectroscopies synergistically performed in situ throughout the electrochemical doping process. In particular, we investigate the fundamental mechanism of electrochemical doping in an oligoether-functionalized 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) copolymer. The changes embedded in both linear and transient absorption features allow us to identify a precursor electronic state with charge-transfer (CT) character that precedes polaron formation and bulk electronic conductivity. This state is shown to contribute to the ultrafast quenching of both neutral molecular excitations and polarons. Raman spectra relate the electronic transition of this precursor state predominantly to the Cβ-Cβ stretching mode of the thiophene heterocycle. We characterize the coupling of the CT-like state with primary excitons and electrochemically induced charge-separated states, providing insight into the energetic landscape of a heterogeneous polymer-electrolyte system and demonstrating how such coupling depends on environmental parameters, such as polymer structure, electrolyte composition, and environmental polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bargigia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lisa R Savagian
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Anna M Österholm
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, 837 State Street NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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42
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Gluschke JG, Seidl J, Lyttleton RW, Nguyen K, Lagier M, Meyer F, Krogstrup P, Nygård J, Lehmann S, Mostert AB, Meredith P, Micolich AP. Integrated bioelectronic proton-gated logic elements utilizing nanoscale patterned Nafion. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:224-233. [PMID: 34821301 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01070g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A central endeavour in bioelectronics is the development of logic elements to transduce and process ionic to electronic signals. Motivated by this challenge, we report fully monolithic, nanoscale logic elements featuring n- and p-type nanowires as electronic channels that are proton-gated by electron-beam patterned Nafion. We demonstrate inverter circuits with state-of-the-art ion-to-electron transduction performance giving DC gain exceeding 5 and frequency response up to 2 kHz. A key innovation facilitating the logic integration is a new electron-beam process for patterning Nafion with linewidths down to 125 nm. This process delivers feature sizes compatible with low voltage, fast switching elements. This expands the scope for Nafion as a versatile patternable high-proton-conductivity element for bioelectronics and other applications requiring nanoengineered protonic membranes and electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Gluschke
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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43
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Fang Y, Meng L, Prominski A, Schaumann E, Seebald M, Tian B. Recent advances in bioelectronics chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7978-8035. [PMID: 32672777 PMCID: PMC7674226 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research in bioelectronics is highly interdisciplinary, with many new developments being based on techniques from across the physical and life sciences. Advances in our understanding of the fundamental chemistry underlying the materials used in bioelectronic applications have been a crucial component of many recent discoveries. In this review, we highlight ways in which a chemistry-oriented perspective may facilitate novel and deep insights into both the fundamental scientific understanding and the design of materials, which can in turn tune the functionality and biocompatibility of bioelectronic devices. We provide an in-depth examination of several developments in the field, organized by the chemical properties of the materials. We conclude by surveying how some of the latest major topics of chemical research may be further integrated with bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fang
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lingyuan Meng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Erik Schaumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Seebald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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44
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Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) Toward Flexible and Wearable Bioelectronics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225288. [PMID: 33202778 PMCID: PMC7698176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic electronics have emerged as a fascinating area of research and technology in the past two decades and are anticipated to replace classic inorganic semiconductors in many applications. Research on organic light-emitting diodes, organic photovoltaics, and organic thin-film transistors is already in an advanced stage, and the derived devices are commercially available. A more recent case is the organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), whose core component is a conductive polymer in contact with ions and solvent molecules of an electrolyte, thus allowing it to simultaneously regulate electron and ion transport. OECTs are very effective in ion-to-electron transduction and sensor signal amplification. The use of synthetically tunable, biocompatible, and depositable organic materials in OECTs makes them specially interesting for biological applications and printable devices. In this review, we provide an overview of the history of OECTs, their physical characterization, and their operation mechanism. We analyze OECT performance improvements obtained by geometry design and active material selection (i.e., conductive polymers and small molecules) and conclude with their broad range of applications from biological sensors to wearable devices.
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45
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Xiao K, Wan C, Jiang L, Chen X, Antonietti M. Bioinspired Ionic Sensory Systems: The Successor of Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000218. [PMID: 32500602 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
All biological systems, including animals and plants, communicate in a language of ions and small molecules, while the modern information infrastructures and technologies rely on a language of electrons. Although electronics and bioelectronics have made great progress in the past several decades, they still face the disadvantage of signal transformation when communicating with biology. To narrow the gap between biological systems and artificial-intelligence systems, bioinspired ion-transport-based sensory systems should be developed as successor of electronics, since they can emulate biological functionality more directly and communicate with biology seamlessly. Herein, the essential principles of (accurate) ion transport are introduced, and the recent progress in the development of three elements of an ionic sensory system is reviewed: ionic sensors, ionic processors, and ionic interfaces. The current challenges and future developments of ion-transport-based sensory systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiao
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Changjin Wan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
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46
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Modarresi M, Mehandzhiyski A, Fahlman M, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Microscopic Understanding of the Granular Structure and the Swelling of PEDOT:PSS. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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47
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Chen N, Luo B, Patil AC, Wang J, Gammad GGL, Yi Z, Liu X, Yen SC, Ramakrishna S, Thakor NV. Nanotunnels within Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Carbon Nanotube Composite for Highly Sensitive Neural Interfacing. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8059-8073. [PMID: 32579337 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Neural electrodes are developed for direct communication with neural tissues for theranostics. Although various strategies have been employed to improve performance, creating an intimate electrode-tissue interface with high electrical fidelity remains a great challenge. Here, we report the rational design of a tunnel-like electrode coating comprising poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for highly sensitive neural recording. The coated electrode shows a 50-fold reduction in electrochemical impedance at the biologically relevant frequency of 1 kHz, compared to the bare gold electrode. The incorporation of CNT significantly reinforces the nanotunnel structure and improves coating adhesion by ∼1.5 fold. In vitro primary neuron culture confirms an intimate contact between neurons and the PEDOT-CNT nanotunnel. During acute in vivo nerve recording, the coated electrode enables the capture of high-fidelity neural signals with low susceptibility to electrical noise and reveals the potential for precisely decoding sensory information through mechanical and thermal stimulation. These findings indicate that the PEDOT-CNT nanotunnel composite serves as an active interfacing material for neural electrodes, contributing to neural prosthesis and brain-machine interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuan Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- SINAPSE Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Baiwen Luo
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Anoop C Patil
- SINAPSE Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Jiahui Wang
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | | | - Zhigao Yi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Shih-Cheng Yen
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Nitish V Thakor
- SINAPSE Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Water stable molecular n-doping produces organic electrochemical transistors with high transconductance and record stability. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3004. [PMID: 32532975 PMCID: PMC7293298 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
From established to emergent technologies, doping plays a crucial role in all semiconducting devices. Doping could, theoretically, be an excellent technique for improving repressively low transconductances in n-type organic electrochemical transistors – critical for advancing logic circuits for bioelectronic and neuromorphic technologies. However, the technical challenge is extreme: n-doped polymers are unstable in electrochemical transistor operating environments, air and water (electrolyte). Here, the first demonstration of doping in electron transporting organic electrochemical transistors is reported. The ammonium salt tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride is simply admixed with the conjugated polymer poly(N,N’-bis(7-glycol)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-co-2,2’-bithiophene-co-N,N’-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide), and found to act as a simultaneous molecular dopant and morphology-additive. The combined effects enhance the n-type transconductance with improved channel capacitance and mobility. Furthermore, operational and shelf-life stability measurements showcase the first example of water-stable n-doping in a polymer. Overall, the results set a precedent for doping/additives to impact organic electrochemical transistors as powerfully as they have in other semiconducting devices. Improving electron transport and stability of n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is required to realize a commercially-viable technology for bioelectronics applications. Here, the authors report water-stable doped n-type OECTs with enhanced transconductance and record stability.
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Chung J, Khot A, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Recent Advances and Opportunities for Mixed Ion and Charge Conducting Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:646-655. [PMID: 35648568 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecules that exhibit both electron transport and ionic mass transport (i.e., mixed conducting polymers) are ascendant with respect to both emerging application spaces and the elucidation of their fundamental physical principles. The unique coupling between the two modes of conduction puts these materials at the center of many next-generation organic electronic applications. The molecular details of this coupling are also at the epicenter of outstanding questions about how these materials function; how monomer and macromolecular chemistry dictates observable properties; and ultimately, how these macromolecular materials can be rationally designed, processed, and implemented into high-performance devices. Here, we focus on what is currently known about coupled ionic-electronic transport in these polymers and where there are open opportunities in the field. These opportunities include the syntheses of designer macromolecules, the need for significant simulation efforts that provide molecular-level insights into the mixed conduction mechanism, and the need for advanced characterization techniques for real-time monitoring of polymer morphology, as this is critical to coupled ion-charge transport processes. Considering the early stage of this important subfield of polymer science, we also present our view of how the development of mixed conductors can benefit from the lessons learned from previous polymer-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyub Chung
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Aditi Khot
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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50
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Villarroel Marquez A, Salinas G, Abarkan M, Idir M, Brochon C, Hadziioannou G, Raoux M, Kuhn A, Lang J, Cloutet E. Design of Potassium‐Selective Mixed Ion/Electron Conducting Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000134. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Villarroel Marquez
- University of BordeauxCNRS, Bordeaux INP LCPO, UMR 5629 Pessac F‐33615 France
- Prof. J. LangUniversity of BordeauxCNRS, Bordeaux INP CBMN, UMR 5248 Pessac F‐33600 France
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- University of BordeauxCNRS, Bordeaux INP ISM, UMR 5255 Pessac F‐33607 France
| | - Myriam Abarkan
- Prof. J. LangUniversity of BordeauxCNRS, Bordeaux INP CBMN, UMR 5248 Pessac F‐33600 France
| | - Maël Idir
- University of BordeauxCNRS, Bordeaux INP LCPO, UMR 5629 Pessac F‐33615 France
| | - Cyril Brochon
- University of BordeauxCNRS, Bordeaux INP LCPO, UMR 5629 Pessac F‐33615 France
| | | | - Matthieu Raoux
- Prof. J. LangUniversity of BordeauxCNRS, Bordeaux INP CBMN, UMR 5248 Pessac F‐33600 France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- University of BordeauxCNRS, Bordeaux INP ISM, UMR 5255 Pessac F‐33607 France
| | - Jochen Lang
- Prof. J. LangUniversity of BordeauxCNRS, Bordeaux INP CBMN, UMR 5248 Pessac F‐33600 France
| | - Eric Cloutet
- University of BordeauxCNRS, Bordeaux INP LCPO, UMR 5629 Pessac F‐33615 France
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