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Materna Mikmeková E, Materna J, Konvalina I, Mikmeková Š, Müllerová I, Asefa T. A soft touch with electron beams: Digging out structural information of nanomaterials with advanced scanning low energy electron microscopy coupled with deep learning. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 262:113965. [PMID: 38640578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2024.113965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials continue to find applications in various electronic and sensing devices, chromatography, separations, drug delivery, renewable energy, and catalysis. While major advancements on the synthesis and characterization of these materials have already been made, getting information about their structures at sub-nanometer resolution remains challenging. It is also unfortunate to find that many emerging or already available powerful analytical methods take time to be fully adopted for characterization of various nanomaterials. The scanning low energy electron microscopy (SLEEM) is a good example to this. In this report, we show how clearer structural and surface information at nanoscale can be obtained by SLEEM, coupled with deep learning. The method is demonstrated using Au nanoparticles-loaded mesoporous silica as a model system. Moreover, unlike conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SLEEM does not require the samples to be coated with conductive films for analysis; thus, not only it is convenient to use but it also does not give artifacts. The results further reveal that SLEEM and deep learning can serve as great tools to analyze materials at nanoscale well. The biggest advantage of the presented method is its availability, as most modern SEMs are able to operate at low energies and deep learning methods are already being widely used in many fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Materna Mikmeková
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Materna
- Machine Learning College, s.r.o., Chrlická 787/56, 620 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Konvalina
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Šárka Mikmeková
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilona Müllerová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tewodros Asefa
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA; Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New, Jersey 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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2
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Xiao D, Jin Z, Sheng G, Chen L, Xiao X, Shan T, Wang J, Navik R, Xu J, Zhou L, Guo QH, Li G, Zhu Y, Stoddart JF, Huang F. Single crystals of purely organic free-standing two-dimensional woven polymer networks. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01580-3. [PMID: 39026092 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The aesthetic and practicality of macroscopic fabrics continue to encourage chemists to weave molecules into interlaced patterns with the aim of providing emergent physical and chemical properties when compared with their starting materials. Weaving purely organic molecular threads into flawless two-dimensional patterns remains a formidable challenge, even though its feasibility has been proposed on several occasions. Herein we describe the synthesis of a flawless, purely organic, free-standing two-dimensional woven polymer network driven by dative B-N bonds. Single crystals of this woven polymer network were obtained and its well-defined woven topology was revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Free-standing two-dimensional monolayer nanosheets of the woven polymer network were exfoliated from the layered crystals using Scotch Magic Tape. The surface features of the nanosheets were investigated by integrated low-dose and cryogenic electron microscopy imaging techniques. These findings demonstrate the precise construction of purely organic woven polymer networks and highlight the unique opportunities for the application of woven topologies in two-dimensional organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xiao
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhitong Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Guan Sheng
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liya Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xuedong Xiao
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Shan
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Rahul Navik
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Hui Guo
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guangfeng Li
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Feihe Huang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
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3
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Sheng X, Wang Z, Sheng G, Zhu C, Xiao D, Shan T, Xiao X, Liu M, Li G, Zhu Y, Sessler JL, Huang F. Three-Dimensional Crystalline Organic Framework Stabilized by Molecular Mortise-and-Tenon Jointing. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12547-12555. [PMID: 38656766 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) crystalline organic frameworks with complex topologies, high surface area, and low densities afford a variety of application prospects. However, the design and construction of these frameworks have been largely limited to systems containing polyhedron-shaped building blocks or those relying on component interpenetration. Here, we report the synthesis of a 3D crystalline organic framework based on molecular mortise-and-tenon jointing. This new material takes advantage of tetra(4-pyridylphenyl)ethylene and chlorinated bis(benzodioxaborole)benzene as building blocks and is driven by dative B-N bonds. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the framework reveals the presence of two-dimensional (2D) layers with helical channels that are formed presumably during the boron-nitrogen coordination process. The protrusion of dichlorobenzene units from the upper and lower surfaces of the 2D layers facilitates the key mortise-and-tenon connections. These connections enable the interlocking of adjacent layers and the stabilization of an overall 3D framework. The resulting framework is endowed with high porosity and attractive mechanical properties, rendering it potentially suitable for the removal of impurities from acetylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Sheng
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zeju Wang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Guan Sheng
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Chongzhi Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ding Xiao
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Shan
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, P. R. China
| | - Xuedong Xiao
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, P. R. China
| | - Ming Liu
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Guangfeng Li
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Feihe Huang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, P. R. China
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Zhong K, Sun P, Xu H. Advances in Defect Engineering of Metal Oxides for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310677. [PMID: 38686700 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction technology, capable of converting low-density solar energy into high-density chemical energy, stands as a promising approach to alleviate the energy crisis and achieve carbon neutrality. Semiconductor metal oxides, characterized by their abundant reserves, good stability, and easily tunable structures, have found extensive applications in the field of photocatalysis. However, the wide bandgap inherent in metal oxides contributes to their poor efficiency in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Defect engineering presents an effective strategy to address these challenges. This paper reviews the research progress in defect engineering to enhance the photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of metal oxides, summarizing defect classifications, preparation methods, and characterization techniques. The focus is on defect engineering, represented by vacancies and doping, for improving the performance of metal oxide photocatalysts. This includes advancements in expanding the photoresponse range, enhancing photogenerated charge separation, and promoting CO2 molecule activation. Finally, the paper provides a summary of the current issues and challenges faced by defect engineering, along with a prospective outlook on the future development of photocatalytic CO2 reduction technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhong
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Sun
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
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Wang C, Sombut P, Puntscher L, Jakub Z, Meier M, Pavelec J, Bliem R, Schmid M, Diebold U, Franchini C, Parkinson GS. CO-Induced Dimer Decay Responsible for Gem-Dicarbonyl Formation on a Model Single-Atom Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317347. [PMID: 38294119 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The ability to coordinate multiple reactants at the same active site is important for the wide-spread applicability of single-atom catalysis. Model catalysts are ideal to investigate the link between active site geometry and reactant binding, because the structure of single-crystal surfaces can be precisely determined, the adsorbates imaged by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and direct comparisons made to density functional theory. In this study, we follow the evolution of Rh1 adatoms and minority Rh2 dimers on Fe3O4(001) during exposure to CO using time-lapse STM at room temperature. CO adsorption at Rh1 sites results exclusively in stable Rh1CO monocarbonyls, because the Rh atom adapts its coordination to create a stable pseudo-square planar environment. Rh1(CO)2 gem-dicarbonyl species are also observed, but these form exclusively through the breakup of Rh2 dimers via an unstable Rh2(CO)3 intermediate. Overall, our results illustrate how minority species invisible to area-averaging spectra can play an important role in catalytic systems, and show that the decomposition of dimers or small clusters can be an avenue to produce reactive, metastable configurations in single-atom catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, 1040, Austria
| | - Panukorn Sombut
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, 1040, Austria
| | - Lena Puntscher
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, 1040, Austria
| | - Zdenek Jakub
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, 1040, Austria
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Brno University of Technology, Brno, 612 00, Czechia
| | - Matthias Meier
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, 1040, Austria
- Faculty of Physics, Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Jiri Pavelec
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, 1040, Austria
| | - Roland Bliem
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, 1098XG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael Schmid
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, 1040, Austria
| | - Ulrike Diebold
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, 1040, Austria
| | - Cesare Franchini
- Faculty of Physics, Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy
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Ishida Y. Atomic-Scale Imaging of Clay Mineral Nanosheets and Their Supramolecular Complexes through Electron Microscopy: A Supramolecular Chemist's Perspective. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6065-6076. [PMID: 38484331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in electron microscopy techniques have revolutionized the ability to directly visualize and understand the intricate world of supramolecular chemistry. This paper provides a concise overview of a study delving into the atomic-scale imaging of monolayer clay mineral nanosheets and their associated supramolecular complexes. The imaging is conducted by harnessing the power of aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Clay mineral nanosheets, with their anionic charge and ultrathin thickness (of 1 nm), serve as a stable Coulombic host material for cationic guest molecules through electrostatic interactions, facilitating exceptional stability and control during observation. By incorporation of heavy-metal atom markers coordinated within the target molecules, high-angle annular dark field STEM enables a clear visualization of these supramolecular complexes. This approach helps to overcome the limitations of graphene-based systems and expands the possibilities of atomic-scale imaging of nonperiodic molecular assemblies formed by weak supramolecular interactions. The fusion of electron microscopy techniques with the principles of supramolecular and material chemistry offers exciting opportunities for studying the structure, behavior, and properties of complex supramolecular systems. It sheds light on the intricate molecular architectures and design principles governing these systems. This study showcases the immense potential of electron microscopy in supramolecular chemistry and invites researchers from various disciplines to explore the transformative possibilities of atomic-scale imaging in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishida
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
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Monasterio A, Osorio FA. Physicochemical Properties of Nanoliposomes Encapsulating Grape Seed Tannins Formed with Ultrasound Cycles. Foods 2024; 13:414. [PMID: 38338549 PMCID: PMC10855365 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Grape seeds are an excellent source of flavonoids and tannins with powerful antioxidant properties. However, the astringency of tannins limits their direct incorporation into food. To overcome this challenge, we investigated the encapsulation of grape seed tannins within nanoliposomes formed by ultrasound cycling. We characterized the nanoliposomes' physicochemical properties, including encapsulation efficiency, antioxidant activity, stability, microstructure, and rheological properties. Our findings reveal that the nanoliposomes exhibited excellent stability under refrigerated conditions for up to 90 days with a mean particle size of 228 ± 26 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.598 ± 0.087, and a zeta potential of -41.6 ± 1.30 mV, maintaining a spherical multilamellar microstructure. Moreover, they displayed high antioxidant activity, with encapsulation efficiencies of 79% for epicatechin and 90% for catechin. This innovative approach demonstrates the potential of using ultrasound-assisted nanoliposome encapsulation to directly incorporate grape seed tannins into food matrices, providing a sustainable and efficient method for enhancing their bioavailability and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando A. Osorio
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago—Chile, USACH, Av. El Belloto 3735, Estación Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile;
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Mabuchi H, Irie T, Sakai J, Das S, Negishi Y. Covalent Organic Frameworks: Cutting-Edge Materials for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Water Harvesting from Air. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303474. [PMID: 38078517 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The implacable rise of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentration in the atmosphere and acute water stress are one of the central challenges of our time. Present-day chemistry is strongly inclined towards more sustainable solutions. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), attributable to their structural designability with atomic precision, functionalizable chemical environment and robust extended architectures, have demonstrated promising performances in CO2 trapping and water harvesting from air. In this Review, we discuss the major developments in this field as well as sketch out the opportunities and shortcomings that remain over large-scale COF synthesis, device engineering, and long-term performance in real environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Mabuchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Irie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Jin Sakai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Saikat Das
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
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Liu Y, Liu X, Su A, Gong C, Chen S, Xia L, Zhang C, Tao X, Li Y, Li Y, Sun T, Bu M, Shao W, Zhao J, Li X, Peng Y, Guo P, Han Y, Zhu Y. Revolutionizing the structural design and determination of covalent-organic frameworks: principles, methods, and techniques. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:502-544. [PMID: 38099340 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00287j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) represent an important class of crystalline porous materials with designable structures and functions. The interconnected organic monomers, featuring pre-designed symmetries and connectivities, dictate the structures of COFs, endowing them with high thermal and chemical stability, large surface area, and tunable micropores. Furthermore, by utilizing pre-functionalization or post-synthetic functionalization strategies, COFs can acquire multifunctionalities, leading to their versatile applications in gas separation/storage, catalysis, and optoelectronic devices. Our review provides a comprehensive account of the latest advancements in the principles, methods, and techniques for structural design and determination of COFs. These cutting-edge approaches enable the rational design and precise elucidation of COF structures, addressing fundamental physicochemical challenges associated with host-guest interactions, topological transformations, network interpenetration, and defect-mediated catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikuan Liu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaona Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - An Su
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chengtao Gong
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shenwei Chen
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Liwei Xia
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chengwei Zhang
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaohuan Tao
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Intelligent Computing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yonghe Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tulai Sun
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Mengru Bu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wei Shao
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jia Zhao
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaonian Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yongwu Peng
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Peng Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yu Han
- School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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10
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Chen Y, Chou TC, Fang CH, Lu CY, Hsiao CN, Hsu WT, Chen CC. Direct observation of single-atom defects in monolayer two-dimensional materials by using electron ptychography at 200 kV acceleration voltage. Sci Rep 2024; 14:277. [PMID: 38167628 PMCID: PMC10761697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Electron ptychography has emerged as a popular technology for high-resolution imaging by combining the high coherence of electron sources with the ultra-fast scanning electron coil. However, the limitations of conventional pixelated detectors, including poor dynamic range and slow data readout speeds, have posed restrictions in the past on conducting electron ptychography experiments. We used the Gatan STELA pixelated detector to capture sequential diffraction data of monolayer two-dimensional (2D) materials for ptychographic reconstruction. By using the pixelated detector and electron ptychography, we demonstrate the observation of the radiation damage at atomic resolution in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chieh Chou
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsing Fang
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Lu
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Nan Hsiao
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, 300092, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Chen
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan.
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11
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Danelius E, Bu G, Wieske LHE, Gonen T. MicroED as a Powerful Tool for Structure Determination of Macrocyclic Drug Compounds Directly from Their Powder Formulations. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2582-2589. [PMID: 37944119 PMCID: PMC10728894 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrocycles are important drug leads with many advantages including the ability to target flat and featureless binding sites as well as to act as molecular chameleons and thereby reach intracellular targets. However, due to their complex structures and inherent flexibility, macrocycles are difficult to study structurally, and there are limited structural data available. Herein, we use the cryo-EM method MicroED to determine the novel atomic structures of several macrocycles that have previously resisted structural determination. We show that structures of similar complexity can now be obtained rapidly from nanograms of material and that different conformations of flexible compounds can be derived from the same experiment. These results will have an impact on contemporary drug discovery as well as natural product exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Danelius
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, University of California
Los Angeles, 615 Charles E.Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Guanhong Bu
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, University of California
Los Angeles, 615 Charles E.Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lianne H. E. Wieske
- Department
of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, University of California
Los Angeles, 615 Charles E.Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Physiology, University of California
Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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12
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Bühler J, Roncin P, Brand C. Describing the scattering of keV protons through graphene. Front Chem 2023; 11:1291065. [PMID: 38033471 PMCID: PMC10687178 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1291065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Implementing two-dimensional materials in technological solutions requires fast, economic, and non-destructive tools to ensure efficient characterization. In this context, scattering of keV protons through free-standing graphene was proposed as an analytical tool. Here, we critically evaluate the predicted effects using classical simulations including a description of the lattice's thermal motion and the membrane corrugation via statistical averaging. Our study shows that the zero-point motion of the lattice atoms alone leads to considerable broadening of the signal that is not properly described by thermal averaging of the interaction potential. In combination with the non-negligible probability for introducing defects, it limits the prospect of proton scattering at 5 keV as an analytic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Bühler
- Department of Quantum Nanophysics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Quantum Technologies, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philippe Roncin
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Christian Brand
- Department of Quantum Nanophysics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Quantum Technologies, Ulm, Germany
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13
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Bao Z, Yao Z, Zhu C, Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhao J, Ding L, Xu Z, Zhong X, Zhu Y, Wang J. Coherent Sub-Nanometer Interface between Crystalline and Amorphous Materials Boosts Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302380. [PMID: 37357155 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
There are enormous yet largely underexplored exotic phenomena and properties emerging from interfaces constructed by diverse types of components that may differ in composition, shape, or crystal structure. It remains poorly understood the unique properties a coherent interface between crystalline and amorphous materials may evoke, and there lacks a general strategy to fabricate such interfaces. It is demonstrated that by topotactic partial oxidation heterostructures composed of coherently registered crystalline and amorphous materials can be constructed. As a proof-of-concept study, heterostructures consisting of crystalline P3 N5 and amorphous P3 N5 Ox can be synthesized by creating amorphous P3 N5 Ox from crystalline P3 N5 without interrupting the covalent bonding across the coherent interface. The heterostructure is dictated by nanometer-sized short-range-ordered P3 N5 domains enclosed by amorphous P3 N5 Ox matrix, which entails simultaneously fast charge transfer across the interface and bicomponent synergistic effect in catalysis. Such a P3 N5 /P3 N5 Ox heterostructure attains an optimal adsorption energy for *OOH intermediates and exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance toward H2 O2 production by adopting a selectivity of 96.68% at 0.4 VRHE and a production rate of 321.5 mmol h-1 gcatalyst -1 at -0.3 VRHE . The current study provides new insights into the synthetic strategy, chemical structure, and catalytic property of a sub-nanometer coherent interface formed between crystalline and amorphous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikang Bao
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Center for Electron Microscopy, College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Zihao Yao
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Center for Electron Microscopy, College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Chongzhi Zhu
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Center for Electron Microscopy, College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Yikuan Liu
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Center for Electron Microscopy, College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Center for Electron Microscopy, College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Jinyan Zhao
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Center for Electron Microscopy, College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Center for Electron Microscopy, College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Zaixiang Xu
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Center for Electron Microscopy, College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Xing Zhong
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Center for Electron Microscopy, College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Center for Electron Microscopy, College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Center for Electron Microscopy, College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
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14
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Zhou Y, Zhang X, Sheng G, Wang S, Chen M, Zhuang G, Zhu Y, Du P. A metal-free photoactive nitrogen-doped carbon nanosolenoid with broad absorption in visible region for efficient photocatalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5831. [PMID: 37730724 PMCID: PMC10511729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Riemann surfaces inspired chemists to design and synthesize such multidimensional curved carbon architectures. It has been predicted that carbon nanosolenoid materials with Riemann surfaces have unique structures and novel physical properties. Here we report the first synthesis of a nitrogen-doped carbon nanosolenoid (N-CNS) using bottom-up approach with a well-defined structure. N-CNS was obtained by a rational Suzuki polymerization, followed by oxidative cyclodehydrogenation. The successful synthesis of N-CNS was fully characterized by GPC, FTIR, solid-state 13C NMR and Raman techniques. The intrinsic single-strand molecular structures of N-CNS helices can be clearly resolved using low-dose integrated differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (iDPC-STEM) technique. Possessing unique structural and physical properties, this long π-extended polymer N-CNS can provide new insight towards bottom-up syntheses of curved nanoribbons and potential applications as a metal-free photocatalyst for visible-light-driven H2 evolution and highly efficient photocatalyst for photoredox organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, 523808, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Guan Sheng
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shengda Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, 523808, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Guilin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Pingwu Du
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
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15
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Moreira Da Silva C, Vallet M, Semion C, Blin T, Saint-Martin R, Leroy J, Dragoé D, Brisset F, Gillet C, Guillot R, Huc V. A simple and efficient process for the synthesis of 2D carbon nitrides and related materials. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15423. [PMID: 37723176 PMCID: PMC10507022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39899-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe here a new process for the synthesis of very high quality 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs), such a C2N and CN carbon nitrides. This process relies on the use of a metallic surface as both a reagent and a support for the coupling of small halogenated building blocks. The conditions of the assembly reaction are chosen so as to leave the inorganic salts by-products on the surface, to further confine the assembly reaction on the surface and increase the quality of the 2D layers. We found that under these conditions, the process directly returns few layers material. The structure/quality of these materials is demonstrated by extensive cross-characterizations at different scales, combining optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The availability of such very large, high-quality layers of these materials opens interesting perspectives, for example in photochemistry and electronics (intrinsic transport properties, high gap substrate for graphene, etc...).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Moreira Da Silva
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Maxime Vallet
- École Centrale Sup'Élec, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Clément Semion
- ONERA, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Étude des Microstructures, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtillon, 92322, France
| | - Thomas Blin
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Romuald Saint-Martin
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Jocelyne Leroy
- CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Diana Dragoé
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - François Brisset
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Cynthia Gillet
- CNRS-Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Vincent Huc
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France.
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16
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Švarc T, Majerič P, Feizpour D, Jelen Ž, Zadravec M, Gomboc T, Rudolf R. Recovery Study of Gold Nanoparticle Markers from Lateral Flow Immunoassays. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5770. [PMID: 37687463 PMCID: PMC10488536 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) are a simple diagnostic device used to detect targeted analytes. Wasted and unused rapid antigen lateral flow immunoassays represent mass waste that needs to be broken down and recycled into new material components. The aim of this study was to recover gold nanoparticles that are used as markers in lateral flow immunoassays. For this purpose, a dissolution process with aqua regia was utilised, where gold nanoparticles were released from the lateral flow immunoassay conjugate pads. The obtained solution was then concentrated further with gold chloride salt (HAuCl4) so that it could be used for the synthesis of new gold nanoparticles in the process of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP). Various characterisation methods including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma were used during this study. The results of this study showed that the recovery of gold nanoparticles from lateral flow immunoassays is possible, and the newly synthesised gold nanoparticles represent the possibility for incorporation into new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilen Švarc
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (P.M.); (Ž.J.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Peter Majerič
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (P.M.); (Ž.J.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (R.R.)
- Zlatarna Celje d.o.o., 3000 Celje, Slovenia
| | - Darja Feizpour
- Institute of Metals and Technology (IMT), 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Žiga Jelen
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (P.M.); (Ž.J.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Matej Zadravec
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (P.M.); (Ž.J.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Timi Gomboc
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (P.M.); (Ž.J.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Rebeka Rudolf
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (P.M.); (Ž.J.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (R.R.)
- Zlatarna Celje d.o.o., 3000 Celje, Slovenia
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17
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Danelius E, Bu G, Wieske H, Gonen T. MicroED as a powerful tool for structure determination of macrocyclic drug compounds directly from their powder formulations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.31.551405. [PMID: 37577574 PMCID: PMC10418104 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Macrocycles are important drug leads with many advantages including the ability to target flat and featureless binding sites as well as act as molecular chameleons and thereby reach intracellular targets. However, due to their complex structures and inherent flexibility, macrocycles are difficult to study structurally and there are limited structural data available. Herein, we use the cryo-EM method MicroED to determine the novel atomic structures of several macrocycles which have previously resisted structural determination. We show that structures of similar complexity can now be obtained rapidly from nanograms of material, and that different conformations of flexible compounds can be derived from the same experiment. These results will have impact on contemporary drug discovery as well as natural product exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Danelius
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E.Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - G Bu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E.Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - H Wieske
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Gonen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E.Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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18
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Mangan GL, Moldovan G, Stewart A. InFluence: An Open-Source Python Package to Model Images Captured with Direct Electron Detectors. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1380-1401. [PMID: 37488831 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The high detection efficiencies of direct electron detectors facilitate the routine collection of low fluence electron micrographs and diffraction patterns. Low dose and low fluence electron microscopy experiments are the only practical way to acquire useful data from beam sensitive pharmaceutical and biological materials. Appropriate modeling of low fluence images acquired using direct electron detectors is, therefore, paramount for quantitative analysis of the experimental images. We have developed a new open-source Python package to accurately model any single layer direct electron detector for low and high fluence imaging conditions, including a means to validate against experimental data through computation of modulation transfer function and detective quantum efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gearóid Liam Mangan
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Grigore Moldovan
- Point Electronic Gmbh, Erich-Neuss-Weg 15, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Andrew Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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19
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Ogunfunmi T, Peng X, Tu Q, Zhang Y, Jun K, Shen F, Sun Y, Tucker MC, Ceder G, Scott MC. Unraveling Li Growth Kinetics in Solid Electrolytes Due to Charging Effect under Electron Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1335-1336. [PMID: 37613544 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tofunmi Ogunfunmi
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Xinxing Peng
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Qingsong Tu
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Yaqian Zhang
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - KyuJung Jun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Fengyu Shen
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Yingzhi Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Michael C Tucker
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Gerbrand Ceder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - M C Scott
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
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20
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Dukes MD, Guo Y, Walden S, Krans N, Marusak K, Eldred T, Damiano J. Machine Vision Software Enables Normalization of Electron Dose Calibration Between Microscopes and Delivers Accurate Quantifiable Tracking of Electron Dose for In-Situ, Operando, and Dose Sensitive Experiments. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1849-1850. [PMID: 37613898 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaofeng Guo
- Protochips, Inc. Morrisville, NC, United States
| | | | - Nynke Krans
- Protochips, Inc. Morrisville, NC, United States
| | | | - Tim Eldred
- Protochips, Inc. Morrisville, NC, United States
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21
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Adamji H, Nandy A, Kevlishvili I, Román-Leshkov Y, Kulik HJ. Computational Discovery of Stable Metal-Organic Frameworks for Methane-to-Methanol Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37339429 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The challenge of direct partial oxidation of methane to methanol has motivated the targeted search of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a promising class of materials for this transformation because of their site-isolated metals with tunable ligand environments. Thousands of MOFs have been synthesized, yet relatively few have been screened for their promise in methane conversion. We developed a high-throughput virtual screening workflow that identifies MOFs from a diverse space of experimental MOFs that have not been studied for catalysis, yet are thermally stable, synthesizable, and have promising unsaturated metal sites for C-H activation via a terminal metal-oxo species. We carried out density functional theory calculations of the radical rebound mechanism for methane-to-methanol conversion on models of the secondary building units (SBUs) from 87 selected MOFs. While we showed that oxo formation favorability decreases with increasing 3d filling, consistent with prior work, previously observed scaling relations between oxo formation and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) are disrupted by the greater diversity in our MOF set. Accordingly, we focused on Mn MOFs, which favor oxo intermediates without disfavoring HAT or leading to high methanol release energies─a key feature for methane hydroxylation activity. We identified three Mn MOFs comprising unsaturated Mn centers bound to weak-field carboxylate ligands in planar or bent geometries with promising methane-to-methanol kinetics and thermodynamics. The energetic spans of these MOFs are indicative of promising turnover frequencies for methane to methanol that warrant further experimental catalytic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husain Adamji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aditya Nandy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yuriy Román-Leshkov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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22
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Chao HY, Venkatraman K, Moniri S, Jiang Y, Tang X, Dai S, Gao W, Miao J, Chi M. In Situ and Emerging Transmission Electron Microscopy for Catalysis Research. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37327473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts are the primary facilitator in many dynamic processes. Therefore, a thorough understanding of these processes has vast implications for a myriad of energy systems. The scanning/transmission electron microscope (S/TEM) is a powerful tool not only for atomic-scale characterization but also in situ catalytic experimentation. Techniques such as liquid and gas phase electron microscopy allow the observation of catalysts in an environment conducive to catalytic reactions. Correlated algorithms can greatly improve microscopy data processing and expand multidimensional data handling. Furthermore, new techniques including 4D-STEM, atomic electron tomography, cryogenic electron microscopy, and monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) push the boundaries of our comprehension of catalyst behavior. In this review, we discuss the existing and emergent techniques for observing catalysts using S/TEM. Challenges and opportunities highlighted aim to inspire and accelerate the use of electron microscopy to further investigate the complex interplay of catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yun Chao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
| | - Kartik Venkatraman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
| | - Saman Moniri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenpei Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
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23
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Sadri A, Findlay SD. Determining the Projected Crystal Structure from Four-dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy via the Scattering Matrix. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:967-982. [PMID: 37749695 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a gradient-descent-based approach to determining the projected electrostatic potential from four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy measurements of a periodic, crystalline material even when dynamical scattering occurs. The method solves for the scattering matrix as an intermediate step, but overcomes the so-called truncation problem that limited previous scattering-matrix-based projected structure determination methods. Gradient descent is made efficient by using analytic expressions for the gradients. Through simulated case studies, we show that iteratively improving the scattering matrix determination can significantly improve the accuracy of the projected structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sadri
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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24
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Ribet SM, Ophus C, Dos Reis R, Dravid VP. Defect Contrast with 4D-STEM: Understanding Crystalline Order with Virtual Detectors and Beam Modification. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1087-1095. [PMID: 37749690 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Material properties strongly depend on the nature and concentration of defects. Characterizing these features may require nano- to atomic-scale resolution to establish structure-property relationships. 4D-STEM, a technique where diffraction patterns are acquired at a grid of points on the sample, provides a versatile method for highlighting defects. Computational analysis of the diffraction patterns with virtual detectors produces images that can map material properties. Here, using multislice simulations, we explore different virtual detectors that can be applied to the diffraction patterns that go beyond the binary response functions that are possible using ordinary STEM detectors. Using graphene and lead titanate as model systems, we investigate the application of virtual detectors to study local order and in particular defects. We find that using a small convergence angle with a rotationally varying detector most efficiently highlights defect signals. With experimental graphene data, we demonstrate the effectiveness of these detectors in characterizing atomic features, including vacancies, as suggested in simulations. Phase and amplitude modification of the electron beam provides another process handle to change image contrast in a 4D-STEM experiment. We demonstrate how tailored electron beams can enhance signals from short-range order and how a vortex beam can be used to characterize local symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Ribet
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roberto Dos Reis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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25
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Kosasih FU, Su F, Du T, Ratnasingham SR, Briscoe J, Ducati C. Deep Learning-Assisted Multivariate Analysis for Nanoscale Characterization of Heterogeneous Beam-Sensitive Materials. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1047-1061. [PMID: 37749677 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale materials characterization often uses highly energetic probes which can rapidly damage beam-sensitive materials, such as hybrid organic-inorganic compounds. Reducing the probe dose minimizes the damage, but often at the cost of lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the acquired data. This work reports the optimization and validation of principal component analysis (PCA) and nonnegative matrix factorization for the postprocessing of low-dose nanoscale characterization data. PCA is found to be the best approach for data denoising. However, the popular scree plot-based method for separation of principal and noise components results in inaccurate or excessively noisy models of the heterogeneous original data, even after Poissonian noise weighting. Manual separation of principal and noise components produces a denoised model which more accurately reproduces physical features present in the raw data while improving SNR by an order of magnitude. However, manual selection is time-consuming and potentially subjective. To suppress these disadvantages, a deep learning-based component classification method is proposed. The neural network model can examine PCA components and automatically classify them with an accuracy of >99% and a rate of ∼2 component/s. Together, multivariate analysis and deep learning enable a deeper analysis of nanoscale materials' characterization, allowing as much information as possible to be extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Utama Kosasih
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Fanzhi Su
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Tian Du
- School of Engineering and Materials Science and Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Sinclair Ryley Ratnasingham
- School of Engineering and Materials Science and Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Department of Materials and Centre for Processable Electronics, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Joe Briscoe
- School of Engineering and Materials Science and Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Caterina Ducati
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
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26
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Hu G, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Yan W, Sun Y, Peng S, Zhao C, Zhou X, Deng H. Extremely Large 3D Cages in Metal-Organic Frameworks for Nucleic Acid Extraction. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37224417 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cages in the mesopore regime (2-50 nm) assembled from molecular building blocks are highly desirable in biological applications; however, their synthesis in crystalline form is quite challenging, as well as their structure characterization. Here, we report the synthesis of extremely large 3D cages in MOF crystals, with internal cage sizes of 6.9, and 8.5 nm in MOF-929; 9.3 and 11.4 nm in MOF-939, in cubic unit cells, a = 17.4 and 22.8 nm, respectively. These cages are constructed from relatively short organic linkers with the lengths of 0.85 and 1.3 nm, where the influence from molecular motion is minimized, thus favoring their crystallization. A 0.45 nm linker length elongation leads to a maximum 2.9 nm increase in cage size, giving a supreme efficiency in cage expansion. The spatial arrangements of these 3D cages were visualized by both X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The efforts to obtain these cages in crystals pushed forward the size boundary for the construction of 3D cages from molecules and also exploited the limit of the area in space possibly supported per chemical bond, where the expansion efficiencies of the cages were found to play a critical role. These extremely large 3D cages in MOFs were useful in the complete extraction of long nucleic acid, such as total RNA and plasmid from aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Yan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chengbin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hexiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan 430075, China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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27
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Konečná A, Rotunno E, Grillo V, García de Abajo FJ, Vanacore GM. Single-Pixel Imaging in Space and Time with Optically Modulated Free Electrons. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:1463-1472. [PMID: 37215321 PMCID: PMC10197172 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Single-pixel imaging, originally developed in light optics, facilitates fast three-dimensional sample reconstruction as well as probing with light wavelengths undetectable by conventional multi-pixel detectors. However, the spatial resolution of optics-based single-pixel microscopy is limited by diffraction to hundreds of nanometers. Here, we propose an implementation of single-pixel imaging relying on attainable modifications of currently available ultrafast electron microscopes in which optically modulated electrons are used instead of photons to achieve subnanometer spatially and temporally resolved single-pixel imaging. We simulate electron beam profiles generated by interaction with the optical field produced by an externally programmable spatial light modulator and demonstrate the feasibility of the method by showing that the sample image and its temporal evolution can be reconstructed using realistic imperfect illumination patterns. Electron single-pixel imaging holds strong potential for application in low-dose probing of beam-sensitive biological and molecular samples, including rapid screening during in situ experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Konečná
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Enzo Rotunno
- Centro
S3, Istituto di Nanoscienze-CNR, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Maria Vanacore
- Laboratory
of Ultrafast Microscopy for Nanoscale Dynamics (LUMiNaD), Department
of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20121 Milano, Italy
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28
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Jiang N. Electron irradiation effects in transmission electron microscopy: Random displacements and collective migrations. Micron 2023; 171:103482. [PMID: 37167653 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Electron beam damage in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is complicated because the damage phenomena can be the result of random atomic displacements or collective migrations. The former is categorized as the primary beam effects and the latter is the secondary beam effects. The mechanisms for these two distinguishing atomic processes of damage are different. The primary beam effects can be caused by the mechanisms of knock-on and/or radiolysis, while the secondary effects must be driven by a field that is induced by electron irradiation. One such field has been identified to be the electric field produced by the accumulated charges due to the ejection of secondary and Auger electrons from the irradiated region. One convincing example is the electron irradiation-induced domain switch in ferroelectric materials, in which the collective cation displacements are driven by the induced electric field. A detailed interpretation is given in this review. The sintering of metal NPs under electron irradiation is a secondary beam effect and is most likely also caused by the induced electric fields. The interactions between the charged NP and substrate, and between charged NPs, result in NP motion. Interchanging atoms between NPs during the sintering may also be driven by the electric fields. Although many beam-damage phenomena in C nanotubes and layered materials, such as graphene, BN, and transition metal dichalcogenides, are caused by the primary beam effects and have been well studied experimentally and theoretically in the literature, some phenomena from the secondary beam effects have also been identified in this review. These phenomena are sensitive to electron current density, the shape and orientation of the specimen, and even the illumination mode (i.e., TEM or STEM). Unfortunately, the mechanisms responsible for these phenomena still need to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281-1504, USA.
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29
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Peng X, Tu Q, Zhang Y, Jun K, Shen F, Ogunfunmi T, Sun Y, Tucker MC, Ceder G, Scott MC. Unraveling Li growth kinetics in solid electrolytes due to electron beam charging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq3285. [PMID: 37126560 PMCID: PMC10132747 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the local structure of solid electrolytes (SEs) with electron microscopy is critical for the fundamental understanding of the performance of solid-state batteries (SSBs). However, the intrinsic structural information in the SSB can be misleading if the sample's interactions with the electron beams are not fully understood. In this work, we systematically investigate the effect of electron beams on Al-doped lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) under different imaging conditions. Li metal is observed to grow directly on the clean surface of LLZO. The Li metal growth kinetics and the morphology obtained are found to be heavily influenced by the temperature, accelerating voltage, and electron beam intensity. We prove that the lithium growth is due to the LLZO delithiation activated by a positive charging effect under electron beam emission. Our results deepen the understanding of the electron beam impact on SEs and provide guidance for battery material characterization using electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Peng
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Qingsong Tu
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Yaqian Zhang
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - KyuJung Jun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fengyu Shen
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tofunmi Ogunfunmi
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yingzhi Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael C Tucker
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gerbrand Ceder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mary C Scott
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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30
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Tang X, Ye J, Guo L, Pu T, Cheng L, Cao XM, Guo Y, Wang L, Guo Y, Zhan W, Dai S. Atomic Insights into the Cu Species Supported on Zeolite for Direct Oxidation of Methane to Methanol via Low-Damage HAADF-STEM. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2208504. [PMID: 37014632 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Precise determination of the structure-property relationship of zeolite-based metal catalysts is critical for the development toward practical applications. However, the scarcity of real-space imaging of zeolite-based low-atomic-number (LAN) metal materials due to the electron-beam sensitivity of zeolites has led to continuous debates regarding the exact LAN metal configurations. Here, a low-damage high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) imaging technique is employed for direct visualization and determination of LAN metal (Cu) species in ZSM-5 zeolite frameworks. The structures of the Cu species are revealed based on the microscopy evidence and also proved by the complementary spectroscopy results. The correlation between the characteristic Cu size in Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts and their direct oxidation of methane to methanol reaction properties is unveiled. As a result, the mono-Cu species stably anchored by Al pairs inside the zeolite channels are identified as the key structure for higher C1 oxygenates yield and methanol selectivity for direct oxidation of methane. Meanwhile, the local topological flexibility of the rigid zeolite frameworks induced by the Cu agglomeration in the channels is also revealed. This work exemplifies the combination of microscopy imaging and spectroscopy characterization serves as a complete arsenal for revealing structure-property relationships of the supported metal-zeolite catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiajie Ye
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Lisheng Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Tiancheng Pu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18015, United States
| | - Lu Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Cao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yanglong Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wangcheng Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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31
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Wang L, Ma M, Wang H, Xiong H, Chen X, Wei F, Shen B. Real-Space Imaging of the Molecular Changes in Metal-Organic Frameworks under Electron Irradiation. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4740-4747. [PMID: 36811555 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electron-induced structural changes influence the characterizations of the local structure of various materials by electron microscope. However, for beam-sensitive materials, it is still challenging to detect such changes by electron microscopy, which may help us quantitatively reveal how electrons interact with materials under electron irradiation. Here, we use an emergent phase contrast technique in electron microscopy to clearly image a metal-organic framework, UiO-66 (Zr), at an ultralow electron dose and dose rate. The effects of both the dose and dose rate on the UiO-66 (Zr) structure are visualized, which induce obvious missing organic linkers. The kinetics of the missing linker based on the radiolysis mechanism are semiquantitatively expressed by the different intensities of the imaged organic linkers. Deformation of the UiO-66 (Zr) lattice after the missing linker is also observed. These observations make it possible to visually investigate the electron-induced chemistry in various beam-sensitive materials and avoid electron damage to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Huiqiu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Boyuan Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
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32
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Tian Z, Wang W, Dong C, Deng X, Wang GH. A General and Scalable Approach to Sulfur-Doped Mono-/Bi-/Trimetallic Nanoparticles Confined in Mesoporous Carbon. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3889-3900. [PMID: 36790029 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles confined in porous carbon materials have been widely used in various heterogeneous catalytic processes due to their enhanced activity and stability. However, fabrication of such catalysts in a facile and scalable way remains challenging. Herein, we report a general and scalable thiol-assisted strategy to synthesize sulfur-doped mono-/bi-/trimetallic nanoparticles confined in mesoporous carbon (S-M@MC, M = Pt, Pd, Rh, Co, Zn, etc.), involving only two synthetic steps, i.e., a hydrothermal process and pyrolysis. The strategy is based on coordination chemistry and hydro-phobic interaction that the metal precursors coordinated with the hydrophobic thiol ligands are located at the hydrophobic core of micelles, in situ confined in the hydrothermally prepared mesostructured polymer, and then converted into sulfur-doped metal nanoparticles confined in MC after pyrolysis. It is demonstrated that the S-PtCo@MC exhibits enhanced catalytic activity and improved durability toward acidic hydrogen evolution reaction due to the confinement effect and S-doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbin Tian
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Dong
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xiaohui Deng
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Guang-Hui Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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33
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Wang HF, Marubayashi H, Jinnai H. Kinetic Pathway of the Order–Order Transition from Hexagonally Packed Cylinder to Hexagonally Perforated Layer in Polystyrene- block-Poly(2-vinylpyridine) Using Time-Resolved 3D Transmission Electron Microtomography. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Fang Wang
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hironori Marubayashi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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34
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Choi BK, Kim J, Luo Z, Kim J, Kim JH, Hyeon T, Mehraeen S, Park S, Park J. Shape Transformation Mechanism of Gold Nanoplates. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2007-2018. [PMID: 36692347 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Shape control is of key importance in utilizing the structure-property relationship of nanocrystals. The high surface-to-volume ratio of nanocrystals induces dynamic surface reactions on exposed facets of nanocrystals, such as adsorption, desorption, and diffusion of surface atoms, all of which are important in overall shape transformation. However, it is difficult to track shape transformation of nanocrystals and understand the underlying mechanism at the level of distinguishing events on individual facets. Herein, we investigate changes of individual surface-exposed facets during diverse shape transformations of Au nanocrystals using liquid phase TEM in various chemical potentials and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The results reveal that the diffusion of surface atoms on nanocrystals is the governing factor in determining the final structure in shape transformation, causing the fast transformation of unstable facets to truncated morphology with minimized surface energy. The role of surface diffusion introduced here can be further applied to understanding the formation mechanism of variously shaped nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Back Kyu Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60607, United States
| | - Joodeok Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Shafigh Mehraeen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60607, United States
| | - Sungho Park
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, 145, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do16229, Republic of Korea
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35
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Dwyer C. Quantum Limits of Transmission Electron Microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:056101. [PMID: 36800479 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.056101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
New-generation transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) are equipped with detectors that approach the shot-noise limit. Hence it is pertinent to ask: What are the quantum limits of electron scattering experiments in the TEM? For example, for a given electron dose, what is the ultimate accuracy allowed by quantum mechanics for the atomic structure of a material? We provide quantitative answers based on quantum estimation theory. We also show that, for an arbitrary set of sample parameters, the quantum limit is achievable under conditions of weak scattering, but not strong multiple scattering (this conclusion extends to scattering of other types of radiation). Implications for structure determination of radiation-sensitive materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dwyer
- Electron Imaging and Spectroscopy Tools, PO Box 506, Sans Souci, NSW 2219, Australia and Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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36
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Ma M, Wang L, Wang H, Xiong H, Chen X, Wei F, Shen B. Real-Space Imaging of the Node-Linker Coordination on the Interfaces between Self-Assembled Metal-Organic Frameworks. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9928-9934. [PMID: 36512412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface and interface, with unique local characteristics different from bulk structure, are of great significance in various applications of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which should be studied by real-space imaging methods, such as electron microscopy. However, it is still challenging to atomically resolve these local structures in MOFs, because they are even more sensitive to electron irradiation. Here, we use integrated differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (iDPC-STEM) to achieve the atomic imaging of both the metal nodes and organic linkers in UiO-66 (Zr) nanocrystals and their assembly. After adding acetic acid, we modulate the whole process of MOF assembly and observe the organic linkers at both the surfaces and twin interfaces in the chemically assembled UiO-66 (Zr) crystals by the iDPC-STEM. These results bring us a deeper understanding on the role of acid modulators that promote the MOF assembly by generating the missing-linker defects on the crystal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Huiqiu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Boyuan Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
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Kollmannsberger KL, Kronthaler L, Jinschek JR, Fischer RA. Defined metal atom aggregates precisely incorporated into metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9933-9959. [PMID: 36250400 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00992c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanosized metal aggregates (MAs), including metal nanoparticles (NPs) and nanoclusters (NCs), are often the active species in numerous applications. In order to maintain the active form of MAs in "use", they need to be anchored and stabilised, preventing agglomeration. In this context, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which exhibit a unique combination of properties, are of particular interest as a tunable and porous matrix to host MAs. A high degree of control in the synthesis towards atom-efficient and application-oriented MA@MOF composites is required to derive specific structure-property relationships and in turn to enable design of functions on the molecular level. Due to the versatility of MA@MOF (derived) materials, their applications are not limited to the obvious field of catalysis, but increasingly include 'out of the box' applications, for example medical diagnostics and theranostics, as well as specialised (bio-)sensoring techniques. This review focuses on recent advances in the controlled synthesis of MA@MOF materials en route to atom-precise MAs. The main synthetic strategies, namely 'ship-in-bottle', 'bottle-around-ship', and approaches to achieve novel hierarchical MA@MOF structures are highlighted and discussed while identifying their potential as well as their limitations. Hereby, an overview of standard characterisation methods that enable a systematic analysis procedure and state-of-art techniques that localise MA within MOF cavities are provided. While the perspectives of MA@MOF materials in general have been reviewed various times in the recent past, few atom-precise MAs inside MOFs have been reported so far, opening opportunities for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin L Kollmannsberger
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Catalysis Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Laura Kronthaler
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Catalysis Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Joerg R Jinschek
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterisation (DTU Nanolab), Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Catalysis Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
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38
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Ederer M, Löffler S. Image difference metrics for high-resolution electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2022; 240:113578. [PMID: 35785644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Digital image comparison and matching brings many advantages over the traditional subjective human comparison, including speed and reproducibility. Despite the existence of an abundance of image difference metrics, most of them are not suited for high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images. In this work we adopt two image difference metrics not widely used for TEM images. We compare them to subjective evaluation and to the mean squared error in regards to their behaviour regarding image noise pollution. Finally, the methods are applied to and tested by the task of determining precipitate sizes of a model material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ederer
- University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E057-02, 1040 Wien, Austria.
| | - Stefan Löffler
- University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E057-02, 1040 Wien, Austria
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39
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Jin B, Liang F, Zhao D, Lu Y, Liu L, Liu F, Chen Z, Bi G, Wang P, Zhang Q, Qiu M. Suppression of Phase Transitions in Perovskite Thin Films through Cryogenic Electron Beam Irradiation. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7449-7456. [PMID: 36098785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) with superior optoelectronic properties have emerged as revolutionary semiconductor materials for diverse applications. A fundamental understanding of the interplay between the microscopic molecular-level structure and the macroscopic optoelectronic properties is essential to boost device performance toward theoretical limits. Here, we reveal the critical role of CH3NH3+ (MA) in the regulation of the physicochemical and optoelectronic properties of a MAPbI3 film irradiated by an electron beam at 130 K. The order-to-disorder transformation of the MA cation not only leads to a notably enhanced photoluminescence emission but also results in the suppression of the orthorhombic phase down to 85 K. Taking advantage of the regulation of MA cation dynamics, we demonstrate a perovskite photodetector with 100% photocurrent enhancement and long-term stability exceeding one month. Our study provides a powerful tool for regulating the optoelectronic properties and stabilities of perovskites and highlights potential opportunities related to the organic cation in OIHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Jin
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Fei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ding Zhao
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Yihan Lu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Lufang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Fengjiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Gang Bi
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
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40
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Xue H, Zhang M, Liu J, Wang J, Ren G. Cryo-electron tomography related radiation-damage parameters for individual-molecule 3D structure determination. Front Chem 2022; 10:889203. [PMID: 36110139 PMCID: PMC9468540 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.889203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the dynamic structure-function relationship of soft- and biomolecules, the determination of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of each individual molecule (nonaveraged structure) in its native state is sought-after. Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) is a unique tool for imaging an individual object from a series of tilted views. However, due to radiation damage from the incident electron beam, the tolerable electron dose limits image contrast and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the data, preventing the 3D structure determination of individual molecules, especially at high-resolution. Although recently developed technologies and techniques, such as the direct electron detector, phase plate, and computational algorithms, can partially improve image contrast/SNR at the same electron dose, the high-resolution structure, such as tertiary structure of individual molecules, has not yet been resolved. Here, we review the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and cryo-ET experimental parameters to discuss how these parameters affect the extent of radiation damage. This discussion can guide us in optimizing the experimental strategy to increase the imaging dose or improve image SNR without increasing the radiation damage. With a higher dose, a higher image contrast/SNR can be achieved, which is crucial for individual-molecule 3D structure. With 3D structures determined from an ensemble of individual molecules in different conformations, the molecular mechanism through their biochemical reactions, such as self-folding or synthesis, can be elucidated in a straightforward manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xue
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jianfang Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Ren
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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41
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Gong C, Wang H, Sheng G, Wang X, Xu X, Wang J, Miao X, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Dai F, Chen L, Li N, Xu G, Jia J, Zhu Y, Peng Y. Synthesis and Visualization of Entangled 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks with High-Valency Stereoscopic Molecular Nodes for Gas Separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204899. [PMID: 35639417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The structural diversity of three-dimensional (3D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are limited as there are only a few choices of building units with multiple symmetrically distributed connection sites. To date, 4 and 6-connected stereoscopic nodes with Td , D3h , D3d and C3 symmetries have been mostly reported, delivering limited 3D topologies. We propose an efficient approach to expand the 3D COF repertoire by introducing a high-valency quadrangular prism (D4h ) stereoscopic node with a connectivity of eight, based on which two isoreticular 3D imine-linked COFs can be created. Low-dose electron microscopy allows the direct visualization of their 2-fold interpenetrated bcu networks. These 3D COFs are endowed with unique pore architectures and strong molecular binding sites, and exhibit excellent performance in separating C2 H2 /CO2 and C2 H2 /CH4 gas pairs. The introduction of high-valency stereoscopic nodes would lead to an outburst of new topologies for 3D COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengtao Gong
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guan Sheng
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Xu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohe Miao
- The Instrumentation and Service Center for Physical Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yikuan Liu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinling Zhang
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangna Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Liangjun Chen
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nanjun Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guodong Xu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Breeding Pollution Control and Resource, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, China
| | - Jianhong Jia
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongwu Peng
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
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42
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Büchele S, Yakimov A, Collins SM, Ruiz-Ferrando A, Chen Z, Willinger E, Kepaptsoglou DM, Ramasse QM, Müller CR, Safonova OV, López N, Copéret C, Pérez-Ramírez J, Mitchell S. Elucidation of Metal Local Environments in Single-Atom Catalysts Based on Carbon Nitrides. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202080. [PMID: 35678101 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tailor the properties of metal centers in single-atom heterogeneous catalysts depends on the availability of advanced approaches for characterization of their structure. Except for specific host materials with well-defined metal adsorption sites, determining the local atomic environment remains a crucial challenge, often relying heavily on simulations. This article reports an advanced analysis of platinum atoms stabilized on poly(triazine imide), a nanocrystalline form of carbon nitride. The approach discriminates the distribution of surface coordination sites in the host, the evolution of metal coordination at different stages during the synthesis of the material, and the potential locations of metal atoms within the lattice. Consistent with density functional theory predictions, simultaneous high-resolution imaging in high-angle annular dark field and bright field modes experimentally confirms the preferred localization of platinum in-plane in the corners of the triangular cavities. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced 15 N nuclear magnetic resonance (DNP-NMR) spectroscopies coupled with density functional theory (DFT) simulations reveal that the predominant metal species comprise Pt(II) bound to three nitrogen atoms and one chlorine atom inside the coordination sites. The findings, which narrow the gap between experimental and theoretical elucidation, contribute to the improved structural understanding and provide a benchmark for exploring the speciation of single-atom catalysts based on carbon nitrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Büchele
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yakimov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sean M Collins
- Bragg Centre for Materials Research, School of Chemical and Process Engineering and School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrea Ruiz-Ferrando
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Zupeng Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Elena Willinger
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Quentin M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, UK
| | - Christoph R Müller
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Olga V Safonova
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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43
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Hu ZP, Qin G, Han J, Zhang W, Wang N, Zheng Y, Jiang Q, Ji T, Yuan ZY, Xiao J, Wei Y, Liu Z. Atomic Insight into the Local Structure and Microenvironment of Isolated Co-Motifs in MFI Zeolite Frameworks for Propane Dehydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12127-12137. [PMID: 35762495 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Embedding metal species into zeolite frameworks can create framework-bond metal sites in a confined microenvironment. The metals sitting in the specific T sites of zeolites and their crystalline surroundings are both committed to the interaction with the reactant, participation in the activation, and transient state achievement during the whole catalytic process. Herein, we construct isolated Co-motifs into purely siliceous MFI zeolite frameworks (Co-MFI) and reveal the location and microenvironment of the isolated Co active center in the MFI zeolite framework particularly beneficial for propane dehydrogenation (PDH). The isolated Co-motif with the distorted tetrahedral structure ({(≡SiO)2Co(HO-Si≡)2}, two Co-O-Si bonds, and two pseudobridging hydroxyls (Co···OH-Si) is located at T1(7) and T3(9) sites of the MFI zeolite. DFT calculations and deuterium-labeling reactions verify that the isolated Co-motif together with the MFI microenvironment collectively promotes the PDH reaction by providing an exclusive microenvironment to preactivate C3H8, polarizing the oxygen in Co-O-Si bonds to accept H* ({(≡SiO)CoHδ- (Hδ+O-Si≡)3}), and a scaffold structure to stabilize the C3H7* intermediate. The Co-motif active center in Co-MFI goes through the dynamic evolutions and restoration in electronic states and coordination states in a continuous and repetitive way, which meets the requirements from the series of elementary steps in the PDH catalytic cycle and fulfills the successful catalysis like enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Pan Hu
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Gangqiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng Han
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenna Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qike Jiang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Te Ji
- SSRF, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.,Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxu Wei
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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44
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Gong C, Wang H, Sheng G, Wang X, Xu X, Wang J, Miao X, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Dai F, Chen L, Li N, Xu G, Jia J, Zhu Y, Peng Y. Synthesis and Visualization of Entangled 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks with High‐Valency Stereoscopic Molecular Nodes for Gas Separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengtao Gong
- Center for Electron Microscopy Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang China
| | - Hao Wang
- Center for Electron Microscopy Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang China
| | - Guan Sheng
- Center for Electron Microscopy Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaokang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao 266580 China
| | - Xiaoqiu Xu
- Center for Electron Microscopy Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang China
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Electron Microscopy Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaohe Miao
- The Instrumentation and Service Center for Physical Sciences Westlake University Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang China
| | - Yikuan Liu
- Center for Electron Microscopy Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang China
| | - Yinling Zhang
- Center for Electron Microscopy Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang China
| | - Fangna Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao 266580 China
| | - Liangjun Chen
- Center for Electron Microscopy Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang China
| | - Nanjun Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang China
| | - Guodong Xu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Yancheng Teachers University Yancheng 224007 China
| | - Jianhong Jia
- Center for Electron Microscopy Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang China
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang China
| | - Yongwu Peng
- Center for Electron Microscopy Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang China
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45
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Sung J, Bae Y, Park H, Kang S, Choi BK, Kim J, Park J. Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy for Reliable In Situ Imaging of Nanomaterials. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:167-191. [PMID: 35700529 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-034534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM) is a powerful in situ visualization technique for directly characterizing nanomaterials in the liquid state. Despite its successful application in many fields, several challenges remain in achieving more accurate and reliable observations. We present LPTEM in chemical and biological applications, including studies for the morphological transformation and dynamics of nanoparticles, battery systems, catalysis, biomolecules, and organic systems. We describe the possible interactions and effects of the electron beam on specimens during observation and present sample-specific approaches to mitigate and control these electron-beam effects. We provide recent advances in achieving atomic-level resolution for liquid-phase investigation of structures anddynamics. Moreover, we discuss the development of liquid cell platforms and the introduction of machine-learning data processing for quantitative and objective LPTEM analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbaek Sung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; , , , , , , .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Bae
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; , , , , , , .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; , , , , , , .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; , , , , , , .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Back Kyu Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; , , , , , , .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joodeok Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; , , , , , , .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; , , , , , , .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Engineering Research, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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46
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Yao G, Zhao D, Hong Y, Zheng R, Qiu M. Ice-assisted electron-beam lithography for MoS 2 transistors with extremely low-energy electrons. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2479-2483. [PMID: 36134129 PMCID: PMC9417924 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00159d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ice-assisted electron-beam lithography (iEBL) by patterning ice with a focused electron-beam has emerged as a green nanofabrication technique for building nanostructures on diverse substrates. However, materials like atomically thin molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), can be easily damaged by electron irradiation. To ensure the performance of devices based on sensitive materials, it is critical to control electron-beam induced radiolysis in iEBL processes. In this paper, we demonstrate that electron-beam patterning with extremely low-energy electrons followed by a heating process can significantly reduce the damage to substrate materials. A thin film of water ice not only acts as a sacrificial layer for patterning but also becomes a protecting layer for the underlying materials. As a result, MoS2 field effect transistors with back-gate configuration and ohmic contacts have been successfully fabricated. Moreover, the presence or absence of such a protecting layer can lead to the retention or destruction of the underlying MoS2, which provides a flexible method for creating electrical insulation or connection on 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangnan Yao
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Ding Zhao
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Yu Hong
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Min Qiu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 China
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47
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Wu M, Harreiß C, Ophus C, Johnson M, Fink RH, Spiecker E. Seeing structural evolution of organic molecular nano-crystallites using 4D scanning confocal electron diffraction (4D-SCED). Nat Commun 2022; 13:2911. [PMID: 35614053 PMCID: PMC9132979 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct observation of organic molecular nanocrystals and their evolution using electron microscopy is extremely challenging, due to their radiation sensitivity and complex structure. Here, we introduce 4D-scanning confocal electron diffraction (4D-SCED), which enables direct in situ observation of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) thin films. 4D-SCED combines confocal electron optic setup with a pixelated detector to record focused spot-like diffraction patterns with high angular resolution, using an order of magnitude lower dose than previous methods. We apply it to study an active layer in organic solar cells, namely DRCN5T:PC71BM BHJ thin films. Structural details of DRCN5T nano-crystallites oriented both in- and out-of-plane are imaged at ~5 nm resolution and dose budget of ~5 e−/Å2. We use in situ annealing to observe the growth of the donor crystals, evolution of the crystal orientation, and progressive enrichment of PC71BM at interfaces. This highly dose-efficient method opens more possibilities for studying beam sensitive soft materials. Studying organic molecular nanocrystals with electron microscopy has been challenging due to complex structures and radiation sensitivity. Here, the authors present 4D-scanning confocal electron diffraction, and demonstrate direct in situ observation of structural evolution of bulk heterojunction thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjian Wu
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Christina Harreiß
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Manuel Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer H Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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48
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Modulating inherent lewis acidity at the intergrowth interface of mortise-tenon zeolite catalyst. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2924. [PMID: 35614036 PMCID: PMC9133034 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The acid sites of zeolite are important local structures to control the products in the chemical conversion. However, it remains a great challenge to precisely design the structures of acid sites, since there are still lack the controllable methods to generate and identify them with a high resolution. Here, we use the lattice mismatch of the intergrown zeolite to enrich the inherent Lewis acid sites (LASs) at the interface of a mortise-tenon ZSM-5 catalyst (ZSM-5-MT) with a 90° intergrowth structure. ZSM-5-MT is formed by two perpendicular blocks that are atomically resolved by integrated differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (iDPC-STEM). It can be revealed by various methods that novel framework-associated Al (AlFR) LASs are generated in ZSM-5-MT. Combining the iDPC-STEM results with other characterizations, we demonstrate that the partial missing of O atoms at interfaces results in the formation of inherent AlFR LASs in ZSM-5-MT. As a result, the ZSM-5-MT catalyst shows a higher selectivity of propylene and butene than the single-crystal ZSM-5 in the steady conversion of methanol. These results provide an efficient strategy to design the Lewis acidity in zeolite catalysts for tailored functions via interface engineering. The acid sites are important local structures to determine catalytic performances of zeolites. Here, the authors expand the interface engineering to the field of porous zeolites through the lattice mismatch of the intergrown zeolite to enrich the inherent Lewis acid sites at the interface of a mortise-tenon ZSM-5 catalyst.
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49
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Li L, Yun Q, Zhu C, Sheng G, Guo J, Chen B, Zhao M, Zhang Z, Lai Z, Zhang X, Peng Y, Zhu Y, Zhang H. Isoreticular Series of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks with the kgd Topology and Controllable Micropores. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6475-6482. [PMID: 35377630 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) possess designable pore architectures but limited framework topologies. Until now, 2D COFs adopting the kgd topology with ordered and rhombic pore geometry have rarely been reported. Here, an isoreticular series of 2D COFs with the kgd topology and controllable pore size is synthesized by employing a C6-symmetric aldehyde, i.e., hexa(4-formylphenyl)benzene (HFPB), and C3-symmetric amines i.e., tris(4-aminophenyl)amine (TAPA), tris(4-aminophenyl)trazine (TAPT), and 1,3,5-tris[4-amino(1,1-biphenyl-4-yl)]benzene (TABPB), as building units, referred to as HFPB-TAPA, HFPB-TAPT, and HFPB-TABPB, respectively. The micropore dimension down to 6.7 Å is achieved in HFPB-TAPA, which is among the smallest pore size of reported 2D COFs. Impressively, both the in-plane network and stacking sequence of the 2D COFs can be clearly observed by low-dose electron microscopy. Integrating the unique kgd topology with small rhombic micropores, these 2D COFs are endowed with both short molecular diffusion length and favorable host-guest interaction, exhibiting potential for drug delivery with high loading and good release control of ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Qinbai Yun
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chongzhi Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Guan Sheng
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Meiting Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhuangchai Lai
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yongwu Peng
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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50
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Manzorro R, Xu Y, Vincent JL, Rivera R, Matteson DS, Crozier PA. Exploring Blob Detection to Determine Atomic Column Positions and Intensities in Time-Resolved TEM Images with Ultra-Low Signal-to-Noise. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-14. [PMID: 35343415 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spatially resolved in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), equipped with direct electron detection systems, is a suitable technique to record information about the atom-scale dynamics with millisecond temporal resolution from materials. However, characterizing dynamics or fluxional behavior requires processing short time exposure images which usually have severely degraded signal-to-noise ratios. The poor signal-to-noise associated with high temporal resolution makes it challenging to determine the position and intensity of atomic columns in materials undergoing structural dynamics. To address this challenge, we propose a noise-robust, processing approach based on blob detection, which has been previously established for identifying objects in images in the community of computer vision. In particular, a blob detection algorithm has been tailored to deal with noisy TEM image series from nanoparticle systems. In the presence of high noise content, our blob detection approach is demonstrated to outperform the results of other algorithms, enabling the determination of atomic column position and its intensity with a higher degree of precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Manzorro
- School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Engineering G Wing #301, 501 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ85287, USA
| | - Yuchen Xu
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Joshua L Vincent
- School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Engineering G Wing #301, 501 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ85287, USA
| | - Roberto Rivera
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
| | - David S Matteson
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Peter A Crozier
- School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Engineering G Wing #301, 501 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ85287, USA
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