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Yee MEM, Zerra PE, McCoy JW, Covington ML, Stowell SR, Joiner CH, Lough CM, Delvadia BB, Josephson CD, Roback JD, Fasano RM. Post-transfusion biotin-labeled red blood cell survival studies in pediatric sickle cell disease with antibodies of uncertain significance. Transfusion 2024; 64:800-807. [PMID: 38506450 PMCID: PMC11088511 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cell (RBC) antibodies are common in multiply transfused patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Unlike RBC alloantibodies, the potential of autoantibodies to cause post-transfusion hemolysis may be uncertain. Biotin-labeling provides a direct measurement of red cell survival (RCS) over time, thus can be used to assess the clinical significance of RBC antibodies. Antibodies to biotinylated RBC (B-RBC) occasionally are detected after exposure, which may impact B-RBC survival in subsequent RCS studies. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Pediatric patients with SCD receiving monthly chronic transfusions underwent RCS studies, receiving aliquots of allogeneic RBC labeled at distinct densities of biotin (2-18 μg/mL). B-RBC survival was followed for 4 months post-transfusion, and B-RBC antibody screening for 6 months. Patients with warm autoantibodies (WAA) or B-RBC antibodies are reported here. RESULTS RBC antibodies were detected during RCS in four patients: one with WAA, one with WAA followed by B-RBC-specific antibodies, and two with transient B-RBC antibodies within the first 5 weeks of exposure. B-RBC half-lives (T50) ranged 37.6-61.7 days (mean 47.8 days). There was no evidence of increased hemolysis or accelerated B-RBC clearance in the presence of WAA or B-RBC antibodies. DISCUSSION Biotinylation of allogenic RBC can be used to assess the possible effects of RBC antibodies on transfusion survival in individual cases, particularly when it is uncertain if the detected antibodies may result in hemolysis. In the cases presented here, neither WAA nor B-RBC antibodies were associated with significant shortening of B-RBC survival in individuals with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E M Yee
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Patricia E Zerra
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James W McCoy
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mischa L Covington
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clinton H Joiner
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher M Lough
- Medical Services, Lifesouth Community Blood Centers, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Cassandra D Josephson
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John D Roback
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ross M Fasano
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Ningtyas DC, Leitner F, Sohail H, Thong YL, Hicks SM, Ali S, Drew M, Javed K, Lee J, Kenangalem E, Poespoprodjo JR, Anstey NM, Rug M, Choi PYI, Kho S, Gardiner EE, McMorran BJ. Platelets mediate the clearance of senescent red blood cells by forming prophagocytic platelet-cell complexes. Blood 2024; 143:535-547. [PMID: 37992231 PMCID: PMC10934294 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT In humans, ∼0.1% to 0.3% of circulating red blood cells (RBCs) are present as platelet-RBC (P-RBC) complexes, and it is 1% to 2% in mice. Excessive P-RBC complexes are found in diseases that compromise RBC health (eg, sickle cell disease and malaria) and contribute to pathogenesis. However, the physiological role of P-RBC complexes in healthy blood is unknown. As a result of damage accumulated over their lifetime, RBCs nearing senescence exhibit physiological and molecular changes akin to those in platelet-binding RBCs in sickle cell disease and malaria. Therefore, we hypothesized that RBCs nearing senescence are targets for platelet binding and P-RBC formation. Confirming this hypothesis, pulse-chase labeling studies in mice revealed an approximately tenfold increase in P-RBC complexes in the most chronologically aged RBC population compared with younger cells. When reintroduced into mice, these complexes were selectively cleared from the bloodstream (in preference to platelet-free RBC) through the reticuloendothelial system and erythrophagocytes in the spleen. As a corollary, patients without a spleen had higher levels of complexes in their bloodstream. When the platelet supply was artificially reduced in mice, fewer RBC complexes were formed, fewer erythrophagocytes were generated, and more senescent RBCs remained in circulation. Similar imbalances in complex levels and senescent RBC burden were observed in humans with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). These findings indicate that platelets are important for binding and clearing senescent RBCs, and disruptions in platelet count or complex formation and clearance may negatively affect RBC homeostasis and may contribute to the known risk of thrombosis in ITP and after splenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian C. Ningtyas
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Florentina Leitner
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Huma Sohail
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yee Lin Thong
- Division of Genome Science and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- The National Platelet Research and Referral Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sarah M. Hicks
- Division of Genome Science and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- The National Platelet Research and Referral Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sidra Ali
- Division of Genome Science and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- The National Platelet Research and Referral Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Megan Drew
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kiran Javed
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Enny Kenangalem
- Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Jeanne R. Poespoprodjo
- Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Pediatrics, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nicholas M. Anstey
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Melanie Rug
- Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Philip Y.-I. Choi
- Division of Genome Science and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- The National Platelet Research and Referral Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Steven Kho
- Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E. Gardiner
- Division of Genome Science and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- The National Platelet Research and Referral Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Brendan J. McMorran
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Branch DR. Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia: new insights and hypotheses. Curr Opin Hematol 2023; 30:203-209. [PMID: 37497853 PMCID: PMC10552839 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (wAIHA) is the most common of the immune hemolytic anemias. Although there are numerous case reports and reviews regarding this condition, some of the unusual and more recent findings have not been fully defined and may be contentious. This review will provide insight into the common specificity of the warm autoantibodies and hypothesize a novel mechanism of wAIHA, that is proposed to be linked to the controversial subject of red blood cell senescence. RECENT FINDINGS AND HYPOTHESES It is now well established that band 3 on the red blood cell is the main target of autoantibodies in wAIHA. wAIHA targets the older red blood cells (RBCs) in about 80% of cases and, recently, it has been shown that the RBCs in these patients are aging faster than normal. It has been proposed that in these 80% of patients, that the autoantibody recognizes the senescent red blood cell antigen on band 3. It is further hypothesized that this autoantibody's production and potency has been exacerbated by hypersensitization to the RBC senescent antigen, which is processed through the adaptive immune system to create the pathogenic autoantibody. Recent publications have supported previous data that the senescent RBC antigen is exposed via a dynamic process, wherein oscillation of a band 3 internal loop flipping to the cell surface, creates a conformational neoantigen that is the RBC senescent antigen. It has also recently been shown that the cytokine profile in patients with wAIHA favors production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines that includes interleukin-8 which can activate neutrophils to increase the oxidative stress on circulating RBCs to induce novel antigens, as has been postulated to favour exposure of the senescent RBC antigen. SUMMARY This manuscript reviews new findings and hypotheses regarding wAIHA and proposes a novel mechanism active in most wAIHA patients that is due to an exacerbation of normal RBC senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Branch
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto and the Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
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Taneva SG, Todinova S, Andreeva T. Morphometric and Nanomechanical Screening of Peripheral Blood Cells with Atomic Force Microscopy for Label-Free Assessment of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14296. [PMID: 37762599 PMCID: PMC10531602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are complex, multifactorial disorders with significant social and economic impact in today's society. NDDs are predicted to become the second-most common cause of death in the next few decades due to an increase in life expectancy but also to a lack of early diagnosis and mainly symptomatic treatment. Despite recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic methods, there are yet no reliable biomarkers identifying the complex pathways contributing to these pathologies. The development of new approaches for early diagnosis and new therapies, together with the identification of non-invasive and more cost-effective diagnostic biomarkers, is one of the main trends in NDD biomedical research. Here we summarize data on peripheral biomarkers, biofluids (cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma), and peripheral blood cells (platelets (PLTs) and red blood cells (RBCs)), reported so far for the three most common NDDs-Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). PLTs and RBCs, beyond their primary physiological functions, are increasingly recognized as valuable sources of biomarkers for NDDs. Special attention is given to the morphological and nanomechanical signatures of PLTs and RBCs as biophysical markers for the three pathologies. Modifications of the surface nanostructure and morphometric and nanomechanical signatures of PLTs and RBCs from patients with AD, PD, and ALS have been revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM is currently experiencing rapid and widespread adoption in biomedicine and clinical medicine, in particular for early diagnostics of various medical conditions. AFM is a unique instrument without an analog, allowing the generation of three-dimensional cell images with extremely high spatial resolution at near-atomic scale, which are complemented by insights into the mechanical properties of cells and subcellular structures. Data demonstrate that AFM can distinguish between the three pathologies and the normal, healthy state. The specific PLT and RBC signatures can serve as biomarkers in combination with the currently used diagnostic tools. We highlight the strong correlation of the morphological and nanomechanical signatures between RBCs and PLTs in PD, ALS, and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefka G. Taneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Acad. G. Bontchev” Str. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Svetla Todinova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Acad. G. Bontchev” Str. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Tonya Andreeva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Acad. G. Bontchev” Str. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.T.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, D-72762 Reutlingen, Germany
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Peng S, Li W, Ke W. Association between red blood cell distribution width and all-cause mortality in unselected critically ill patients: Analysis of the MIMIC-III database. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1152058. [PMID: 37064043 PMCID: PMC10098131 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1152058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAlthough red cell distribution width (RDW) is widely observed in clinical practice, only a few studies have looked at all-cause mortality in unselected critically ill patients, and there are even fewer studies on long-term mortality. The goal of our study was to explore the prediction and inference of mortality in unselected critically ill patients by assessing RDW levels.MethodsWe obtained demographic information, laboratory results, prevalence data, and vital signs from the unselected critically ill patients using the publicly available MIMIC-III database. We then used this information to analyze the association between baseline RDW levels and unselected critically ill patients using Cox proportional risk analysis, smoothed curve fitting, subgroup analysis, and Kaplan–Meier survival curves for short, intermediate, and long-term all-cause mortality in unselected critically ill patients.ResultsA total of 26,818 patients were included in our study for the final data analysis after screening in accordance with acceptable conditions. Our study investigated the relationship between RDW levels and all-cause mortality in a non-selected population by a smoothed curve fit plots and COX proportional risk regression models integrating cubic spline functions reported results about a non-linear relationship. In the fully adjusted model, we found that RDW values were positively associated with 30-day, 90-day, 365-day, and 4-year all-cause mortality in 26,818 non-selected adult patients with HRs of 1.10 95%CIs (1.08, 1.12); 1.11 95%CIs (1.10, 1.13); 1.13 95%CIs (1.12, 1.14); 1.13 95%CIs (1.12, 1.14).ConclusionIn unselected critically ill patients, RDW levels were positively associated with all-cause mortality, with elevated RDW levels increasing all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Peng
- Department of Oncology, Graduate Collaborative Training Base of The First People’s Hospital of Xiangtan City, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wenxuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weiqi Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- *Correspondence: Weiqi Ke,
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6
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The enemy within: lipid asymmetry in intracellular parasite-host interactions. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:67-79. [PMID: 36820809 DOI: 10.1042/etls20220089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic pathogens with an intracellular parasitic lifestyle are shielded from extracellular threats during replication and growth. In addition to many nutrients, parasites scavenge host cell lipids to establish complex membrane structures inside their host cells. To counteract the disturbance of the host cell plasma membrane they have evolved strategies to regulate phospholipid asymmetry. In this review, the function and importance of lipid asymmetry in the interactions of intracellular protozoan parasites with the target and immune cells of the host are highlighted. The malaria parasite Plasmodium infects red blood cells and extensively refurbishes these terminally differentiated cells. Cholesterol depletion and an altered intracellular calcium ion homeostasis can lead to disruption in erythrocyte membrane asymmetry and increased exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS). Binding to the PS receptor on monocytes and macrophages results in phagocytosis and destruction of infected erythrocytes. Leishmania parasites display apoptotic mimicry by actively enhancing PS exposure on their surface to trigger increased infection of macrophages. In extracellular Toxoplasma gondii a P4-type ATPase/CDC50 co-chaperone pair functions as a flippase important for exocytosis of specialised secretory organelles. Identification and functional analysis of parasite lipid-translocating proteins, i.e. flippases, floppases, and scramblases, will be central for the recognition of the molecular mechanisms of parasite/host interactions. Ultimately, a better understanding of parasitic diseases, host immunity, and immune escape by parasites require more research on the dynamics of phospholipid bilayers of parasites and the infected host cell.
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Higgins JA, Ramos DS, Gili S, Spetea C, Kanoski S, Ha D, McDonough AA, Youn JH. Stable potassium isotopes (41K/39K) track transcellular and paracellular potassium transport in biological systems. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1016242. [PMID: 36388124 PMCID: PMC9644202 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1016242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant cation in archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic cells, potassium (K+) is an essential element for life. While much is known about the machinery of transcellular and paracellular K transport–channels, pumps, co-transporters, and tight-junction proteins—many quantitative aspects of K homeostasis in biological systems remain poorly constrained. Here we present measurements of the stable isotope ratios of potassium (41K/39K) in three biological systems (algae, fish, and mammals). When considered in the context of our current understanding of plausible mechanisms of K isotope fractionation and K+ transport in these biological systems, our results provide evidence that the fractionation of K isotopes depends on transport pathway and transmembrane transport machinery. Specifically, we find that passive transport of K+ down its electrochemical potential through channels and pores in tight-junctions at favors 39K, a result which we attribute to a kinetic isotope effect associated with dehydration and/or size selectivity at the channel/pore entrance. In contrast, we find that transport of K+ against its electrochemical gradient via pumps and co-transporters is associated with less/no isotopic fractionation, a result that we attribute to small equilibrium isotope effects that are expressed in pumps/co-transporters due to their slower turnover rate and the relatively long residence time of K+ in the ion pocket. These results indicate that stable K isotopes may be able to provide quantitative constraints on transporter-specific K+ fluxes (e.g., the fraction of K efflux from a tissue by channels vs. co-transporters) and how these fluxes change in different physiological states. In addition, precise determination of K isotope effects associated with K+ transport via channels, pumps, and co-transporters may provide unique constraints on the mechanisms of K transport that could be tested with steered molecular dynamic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Higgins
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: John A. Higgins,
| | - Danielle Santiago Ramos
- Department of Marine and Coastal Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Stefania Gili
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Cornelia Spetea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Scott Kanoski
- Department of Human and Evolutionary Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Darren Ha
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alicia A. McDonough
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jang H. Youn
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Blagovic K, Smith CK, Ramakrishnan A, Moore L, Soto DR, Thompson Z, Stockmann AP, Kruszelnicki S, Thakkar A, Murray J, Torres S, Wondimagegnhu B, Yi R, Dadgar M, Paracha AM, Page C, Clear L, Chaudhry OA, Myint M, Bridgen DT, Gilbert JB, Seidl KJ, Sharei A, Loughhead S, Bernstein H, Yarar D. Engineered red blood cells (activating antigen carriers) drive potent T cell responses and tumor regression in mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015585. [PMID: 36263022 PMCID: PMC9573954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of T cell responses is essential for effective tumor clearance; however, inducing targeted, potent antigen presentation to stimulate T cell responses remains challenging. We generated Activating Antigen Carriers (AACs) by engineering red blood cells (RBCs) to encapsulate relevant tumor antigens and the adjuvant polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), for use as a tumor-specific cancer vaccine. The processing method and conditions used to create the AACs promote phosphatidylserine exposure on RBCs and thus harness the natural process of aged RBC clearance to enable targeting of the AACs to endogenous professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) without the use of chemicals or viral vectors. AAC uptake, antigen processing, and presentation by APCs drive antigen-specific activation of T cells, both in mouse in vivo and human in vitro systems, promoting polyfunctionality of CD8+ T cells and, in a tumor model, driving high levels of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell infiltration and tumor killing. The efficacy of AAC therapy was further enhanced by combination with the chemotherapeutic agent Cisplatin. In summary, these findings support AACs as a potential vector-free immunotherapy strategy to enable potent antigen presentation and T cell stimulation by endogenous APCs with broad therapeutic potential.
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Oxidation Stress as a Mechanism of Aging in Human Erythrocytes: Protective Effect of Quercetin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147781. [PMID: 35887126 PMCID: PMC9323120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a multi-factorial process developing through a complex net of interactions between biological and cellular mechanisms and it involves oxidative stress (OS) as well as protein glycation. The aim of the present work was to verify the protective role of Quercetin (Q), a polyphenolic flavonoid compound, in a d-Galactose (d-Gal)-induced model of aging in human erythrocytes. The anion-exchange capability through the Band 3 protein (B3p) measured by the rate constant of the SO42− uptake, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels—a marker of lipid peroxidation—total sulfhydryl (-SH) groups, glycated hemoglobin (A1c), and a reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH-GSSG) ratio were determined following the exposure of erythrocytes to 100 mM d-Gal for 24 h, with or without pre-incubation with 10 µM Q. The results confirmed that d-Gal activated OS pathways in human erythrocytes, affecting both membrane lipids and proteins, as denoted by increased TBARS levels and decreased total sulfhydryl groups, respectively. In addition, d-Gal led to an acceleration of the rate constant of the SO42− uptake through the B3p. Both the alteration of the B3p function and oxidative damage have been improved by pre-treatment with Q, which preferentially ameliorated lipid peroxidation rather than protein oxidation. Moreover, Q prevented glycated A1c formation, while no protective effect on the endogenous antioxidant system (GSH-GSSG) was observed. These findings suggest that the B3p could be a novel potential target of antioxidant treatments to counteract aging-related disturbances. Further studies are needed to confirm the possible role of Q in pharmacological strategies against aging.
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Continuous-Flow Magnetic Fractionation of Red Blood Cells Based on Hemoglobin Content and Oxygen Saturation—Clinical Blood Supply Implications and Sickle Cell Anemia Treatment. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 36,000 units of red blood cells (RBCs) are used every day in the U.S. and there is a great challenge for hospitals to maintain a reliable supply, given the 42-day expiration period from the blood donation date. For many years, research has been conducted to develop ex vivo storage solutions that limit RBC lysis and maintain a high survival rate of the transfused cells. However, little attention is directed towards potential fractionation methods to remove unwanted cell debris or aged blood cells from stored RBC units prior to transfusion, which could not only expand the ex vivo shelf life of RBC units but also avoid adverse events in transfused patients. Such fractionation methods could also limit the number of transfusions required for treating certain pathologies, such as sickle cell disease (SCD). In this work, magnetic fractionation is studied as a potential technology to fractionate functional and healthy RBCs from aged or sickle cells. It has been reported that during ex vivo RBC storage, RBCs lose hemoglobin (Hb) and lipid content via formation of Hb-containing exosomes. Given the magnetic character of deoxygenated- or met-Hb, in this work, we propose the use of a quadrupole magnetic sorter (QMS) to fractionate RBCs based on their Hb content from both healthy stored blood and SCD blood. In our QMS, a cylindrical microchannel placed inside the center of the quadrupolar magnets is subjected to high magnetic fields and constant field gradients (286 T/m), which causes the deflection of the paramagnetic, Hb-enriched, and functional RBCs from their original path and their collection into a different outlet. Our results demonstrated that although we could obtain a significant difference in the magnetic mobility of the sorted fractions (corresponding to a difference in more than 1 pg of Hb per cell), there exists a tradeoff between throughput and purity. Therefore, this technology when optimized could be used to expand the ex vivo shelf life of RBC units and avoid adverse events in transfused individuals or SCD patients requiring blood exchange therapy.
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Akbar KMA, Dharma S, Andriantoro H, Sukmawan R, Mangkuanom AS, Rejeki VG. Relationship between Hemoglobin Concentration at Admission with the Incidence of No-Reflow Phenomenon and In-Hospital Mortality in Acute Myocardial Infarction with Elevation of ST Segments in Patients who underwent Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Int J Angiol 2022; 32:106-112. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAnemia in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated with a pro-coagulant state, contributing to the incidence of no-reflow phenomenon and increased mortality following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). However, clinical data remain contradictory. The objective of our study was to evaluate the association of admission hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and in-hospital mortality of STEMI patients' post-PPCI, as well as final thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow. A cross-sectional study was performed from the database of Jakarta Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry, consisting of 3,071 STEMI patients who underwent PPCI between January 2014 and December 2019. No-reflow phenomenon was defined as final TIMI flow <3 of the infarct-related artery. Outcome measures were the occurrence of no-reflow and in-hospital mortality. Anemia criteria were based on the World Health Organization. Anemia was found in 550 patients (17.9%). Patients with anemia were older (60 ± 10 years, p < 0.001), predominantly women (20.7 vs. 11.2%, p < 0.001), TIMI risk score >4 (45.8 vs. 30.4%, p < 0.00), and Killip classification >1 (25.8 vs. 20.8%, p < 0.009). Anemia at admission was not associated with no-reflow phenomenon (odds ratio [OR] = 0.889; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.654–1.209, p = 0.455). Multivariate regression models showed that anemia was not associated with in-hospital mortality (OR = 0.963; 95% CI = 0.635–1.459, p = 0.857) and with no-reflow phenomenon (OR = 0.939; 95% CI = 0.361–2.437, p = 0.896). Anemia upon admission was not related to the no-reflow phenomena or in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients undergoing PPCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiagus Muhammad Andri Akbar
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Surya Dharma
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hananto Andriantoro
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Renan Sukmawan
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Arwin Saleh Mangkuanom
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vidya Gilang Rejeki
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
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12
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Hidalgo D, Bejder J, Pop R, Gellatly K, Hwang Y, Maxwell Scalf S, Eastman AE, Chen JJ, Zhu LJ, Heuberger JAAC, Guo S, Koury MJ, Nordsborg NB, Socolovsky M. EpoR stimulates rapid cycling and larger red cells during mouse and human erythropoiesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7334. [PMID: 34921133 PMCID: PMC8683474 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The erythroid terminal differentiation program couples sequential cell divisions with progressive reductions in cell size. The erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is essential for erythroblast survival, but its other functions are not well characterized. Here we use Epor-/- mouse erythroblasts endowed with survival signaling to identify novel non-redundant EpoR functions. We find that, paradoxically, EpoR signaling increases red cell size while also increasing the number and speed of erythroblast cell cycles. EpoR-regulation of cell size is independent of established red cell size regulation by iron. High erythropoietin (Epo) increases red cell size in wild-type mice and in human volunteers. The increase in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) outlasts the duration of Epo treatment and is not the result of increased reticulocyte number. Our work shows that EpoR signaling alters the relationship between cycling and cell size. Further, diagnostic interpretations of increased MCV should now include high Epo levels and hypoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hidalgo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jacob Bejder
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ramona Pop
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kyle Gellatly
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yung Hwang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - S Maxwell Scalf
- Department of Cell Biology and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anna E Eastman
- Department of Cell Biology and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jane-Jane Chen
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Shangqin Guo
- Department of Cell Biology and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark J Koury
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Merav Socolovsky
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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13
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Ferguson BS, Neidert LE, Rogatzki MJ, Lohse KR, Gladden LB, Kluess HA. Red blood cell ATP release correlates with red blood cell hemolysis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C761-C769. [PMID: 34495762 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00510.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The precise matching of blood flow to skeletal muscle during exercise remains an important area of investigation. Release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from red blood cells (RBCs) is postulated as a mediator of peripheral vascular tone in response to shear stress, hypoxia, and mechanical deformation. We tested the following hypotheses: 1) RBCs of different densities contain different quantities of ATP; 2) hypoxia is a stimulus for ATP release from RBCs; and 3) hypoxic ATP release from RBCs is related to RBC lysis. Human blood was drawn from male and female volunteers (n = 11); the RBCs were isolated and washed. A Percoll gradient was used to separate RBCs based on cellular density. Density groups were then resuspended to 4% hematocrit and exposed to normoxia or hypoxia in a tonometer. Equilibrated samples were drawn and centrifuged; paired analyses of ATP (luminescence via a luciferase-catalyzed reaction) and hemolysis (Harboe spectrophotometric absorbance assay) were measured in the supernatant. ATP release was not different among low-density cells versus middle-density versus high-density cells. Similarly, hemoglobin (Hb) release was not different among the red blood cell subsets. No difference was found for either ATP release or Hb release following matched exposure to normoxic or hypoxic gas. The concentrations of ATP and Hb for all subsets combined were linearly correlated (r = 0.59, P ≤ 0.001). With simultaneous probing for Hb and ATP in the supernatant of each sample, we conclude that ATP release from RBCs can be explained by hemolysis and that hypoxia per se does not stimulate either ATP release or Hb release from RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Ferguson
- College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leslie E Neidert
- Naval Medical Research Unit San Antonio, Joint Base San Antonio-Ft. Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Matthew J Rogatzki
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
| | - Keith R Lohse
- Physical Therapy Program and Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Heidi A Kluess
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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14
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Kuck L, McNamee AP, Simmonds MJ. Impact of small fractions of abnormal erythrocytes on blood rheology. Microvasc Res 2021; 139:104261. [PMID: 34624306 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) populations are inherently heterogeneous, given mature RBC lack the transcriptional machinery to re-synthesize proteins affected during in vivo aging. Clearance of older, less functional cells thus aids in maintaining consistent hemorheological properties. Scenarios occur, however, where portions of mechanically impaired RBC are re-introduced into blood (e.g., damaged from circulatory support, blood transfusion) and may alter whole blood fluid behavior. Given such perturbations are associated with poor clinical outcomes, determining the tolerable level of abnormal RBC in blood is valuable. Thus, the current study aimed to define the critical threshold of blood fluid properties to re-infused physically-impaired RBC. Cell mechanics of RBC were impaired through membrane cross-linking (glutaraldehyde) or intracellular oxidation (phenazine methosulfate). Mechanically impaired RBC were progressively re-introduced into the native cell population. Negative alterations of cellular deformability and high shear blood viscosity were observed following additions of only 1-5% rigidified RBC. Low-shear blood viscosity was conversely decreased following addition of glutaraldehyde-treated cells; high-resolution microscopy of these mixed cell populations revealed decreased capacity to form reversible aggregates and decreased aggregate size. Mixed RBC populations, when exposed to supraphysiological shear, presented with compounded mechanical impairment. Collectively, key determinants of blood flow behavior are sensitive to mechanical perturbations in RBC, even when only 1-5% of the cell population is affected. Given this fraction is well-below the volume of rigidified RBC introduced during circulatory support or transfusion practice, it is plausible that some adverse events following surgery and/or transfusion may be related to impaired blood fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Kuck
- Biorheology Research Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Antony P McNamee
- Biorheology Research Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael J Simmonds
- Biorheology Research Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, QLD, Australia.
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15
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Park HS, Price H, Ceballos S, Chi JT, Wax A. Single Cell Analysis of Stored Red Blood Cells Using Ultra-High Throughput Holographic Cytometry. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092455. [PMID: 34572104 PMCID: PMC8465484 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Holographic cytometry is introduced as an ultra-high throughput implementation of quantitative phase imaging of single cells flowing through parallel microfluidic channels. Here, the approach was applied for characterizing the morphology of individual red blood cells during storage under regular blood bank conditions. Samples from five blood donors were examined, over 100,000 cells examined for each, at three time points. The approach allows high-throughput phase imaging of a large number of cells, greatly extending our ability to study cellular phenotypes using individual cell images. Holographic cytology images can provide measurements of multiple physical traits of the cells, including optical volume and area, which are observed to consistently change over the storage time. In addition, the large volume of cell imaging data can serve as training data for machine-learning algorithms. For the study here, logistic regression was used to classify the cells according to the storage time points. The analysis showed that at least 5000 cells are needed to ensure accuracy of the classifiers. Overall, results showed the potential of holographic cytometry as a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sang Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (H.-S.P.); (H.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Hillel Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (H.-S.P.); (H.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Silvia Ceballos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (H.-S.P.); (H.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (H.-S.P.); (H.P.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Arslan B, Akdağ D, Ünlü N, Arslan A, Açık V. The prognostic value of red cell distribution width for in-hospital mortality in patients with methanol poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S196-S202. [PMID: 34378448 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211038738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a numerical measure of variability in the size of circulating erythrocytes and is routinely reported as a component of a complete blood count panel. It has been shown that higher RDW is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in several types of intoxication. This study was designed to evaluate the prognostic value of RDW for in-hospital mortality and need of invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with methanol poisoning. METHODS A retrospective chart review of patients with methanol poisoning was performed using data from Adana City Training and Research Hospital obtained between January 2019 and January 2020. Patients' demographics, clinical features, the time elapsed between ingestion and presentation, the treatment applied, blood gas analysis, laboratory measures including RDW on admission, and clinical outcome were obtained. RESULTS A total of 42 patients with methanol poisoning were included in the study with a mean age of 45 ± 11 years. The overall mortality was 21.4%. Values of RDW on admission were significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors. The area under the receiver operating curve of RDW was 0.778 (95% CI: 0.567-0.988) for predicting in-hospital mortality and 0.762 (95% CI: 0.592-0.932) for predicting mechanical ventilator requirement. CONCLUSION This study suggests that increased RDW on the first admission is associated with mortality and with mechanical ventilator requirement in patients with methanol poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barış Arslan
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Devrim Akdağ
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Ünlü
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ali Arslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Vedat Açık
- Department of Neurosurgery, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
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17
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Badior KE, Casey JR. Large conformational dynamics in Band 3 protein: Significance for erythrocyte senescence signalling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183678. [PMID: 34175296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Band 3 (Anion Exchanger 1, AE1), the predominant protein of erythrocyte membranes, facilitates Cl-/HCO3- exchange and anchors the plasma membrane to the cytoskeleton. The Band 3 crystal structure revealed the amino acid 812-830 region as intracellular, conflicting with protein chemical data that suggested extracellular disposition. Further, circulating senescent cell auto-antibody that cannot enter erythrocytes, binds two regions of Band 3: residues 538-554 and 812-830. To reconcile this discrepancy, we assessed localization of residues 812-830 with Band 3 expressed in HEK293 cells and human erythrocytes, using chemical labeling probes and an antibody against residues 812-830. Antibody and chemical probes revealed reorientation of 812-830 region between extracellular and intracellular. This dramatic conformational change is an intrinsic property of the Band 3 molecule, occurring when expressed in HEK293 cells and without the damage that occurs during erythrocyte circulation. Conditions used to crystallize Band 3 for structural determination did not alter conformational dynamics. Collectively, these data reveal large Band 3 conformational dynamics localized to a region previously identified as an erythrocyte senescence epitope. Surface exposure of the senescence epitope (812-830), limited by conformational dynamics, may act as the "molecular clock" in erythrocyte senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Badior
- Department of Biochemistry, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Joseph R Casey
- Department of Biochemistry, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
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18
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Deshmukh SS, Shakya B, Chen A, Durmus NG, Greenhouse B, Egan ES, Demirci U. Multiparametric biophysical profiling of red blood cells in malaria infection. Commun Biol 2021; 4:697. [PMID: 34103669 PMCID: PMC8187722 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical separation promises label-free, less-invasive methods to manipulate the diverse properties of live cells, such as density, magnetic susceptibility, and morphological characteristics. However, some cellular changes are so minute that they are undetectable by current methods. We developed a multiparametric cell-separation approach to profile cells with simultaneously changing density and magnetic susceptibility. We demonstrated this approach with the natural biophysical phenomenon of Plasmodium falciparum infection, which modifies its host erythrocyte by simultaneously decreasing density and increasing magnetic susceptibility. Current approaches have used these properties separately to isolate later-stage infected cells, but not in combination. We present biophysical separation of infected erythrocytes by balancing gravitational and magnetic forces to differentiate infected cell stages, including early stages for the first time, using magnetic levitation. We quantified height distributions of erythrocyte populations-27 ring-stage synchronized samples and 35 uninfected controls-and quantified their unique biophysical signatures. This platform can thus enable multidimensional biophysical measurements on unique cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya S Deshmukh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Canary Center for Early Cancer Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Bikash Shakya
- Department of Pediatrics; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anna Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Naside Gozde Durmus
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Egan
- Department of Pediatrics; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center for Early Cancer Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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19
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The Gardos effect drives erythrocyte senescence and leads to Lu/BCAM and CD44 adhesion molecule activation. Blood Adv 2021; 4:6218-6229. [PMID: 33351118 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence of erythrocytes is characterized by a series of changes that precede their removal from the circulation, including loss of red cell hydration, membrane shedding, loss of deformability, phosphatidyl serine exposure, reduced membrane sialic acid content, and adhesion molecule activation. Little is known about the mechanisms that initiate these changes nor is it known whether they are interrelated. In this study, we show that Ca2+-dependent K+ efflux (the Gardos effect) drives erythrocyte senescence. We found that increased intracellular Ca2+ activates the Gardos channel, leading to shedding of glycophorin-C (GPC)-containing vesicles. This results in a loss of erythrocyte deformability but also in a marked loss of membrane sialic acid content. We found that GPC-derived sialic acid residues suppress activity of both Lutheran/basal cell adhesion molecule (Lu/BCAM) and CD44 by the formation of a complex on the erythrocyte membrane, and Gardos channel-mediated shedding of GPC results in Lu/BCAM and CD44 activation. This phenomenon was observed as erythrocytes aged and on erythrocytes that were otherwise prone to clearance from the circulation, such as sickle erythrocytes, erythrocytes stored for transfusion, or artificially dehydrated erythrocytes. These novel findings provide a unifying concept on erythrocyte senescence in health and disease through initiation of the Gardos effect.
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20
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Ameri Z, Farsinejad A, Vahidi R, Sheikh Rezaei
Z, Khaleghi M, Parvizi P, Moghadari M. Band 3 Protein: An Effective Interrogation Tool of Storage Lesions in RBC Units. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2021; 38:373-380. [PMID: 35496977 PMCID: PMC9001803 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-021-01447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the changes in different parameters related to the storage time of red blood cell (RBC) units. Microscopic, flow cytometric, and electrophoretic assessments were employed every few days for 60 days to investigate the alterations in morphology, size, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, and membrane proteins over time. Morphological transformation from discocytes to spherocytes progressed as the storage time increased, which was accompanied by an increment of cellular size. However, this storage period did not result in the externalization of significant amounts of PS (p > 0.05). Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) values increased by 11% to 23% between days 21 and 35 compared to the day 1 sample (p < 0.001). By day 60, the MFI decreased to about 70% of the day 1 sample. The analysis of membrane proteins' distribution showed a significant drop in band 3 expression after 35 days (p < 0.05 and 0.001 on days 42 and 60, respectively); however, no significant change was observed up to five weeks (p > 0.05). The inconsistency observed between Eosin-5-Maleimide (5-EMA) binding and the relative band 3 content could be due to additional accessibility of 5-EMA to hidden domains of other membrane proteins on RBCs as a result of increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and changes in morphology. Overall, our present study represents a step-wise and time-dependent series of events that progressively affects stored RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ameri
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Farsinejad
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Vahidi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Sheikh Rezaei
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Morteza Khaleghi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Poorya Parvizi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Moghadari
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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21
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Briole A, Podgorski T, Abou B. Molecular rotors as intracellular probes of red blood cell stiffness. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4525-4537. [PMID: 33949619 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The deformability of red blood cells is an essential parameter that controls the rheology of blood as well as its circulation in the body. Characterizing the rigidity of the cells and their heterogeneity in a blood sample is thus a key point in the understanding of occlusive phenomena, particularly in the case of erythrocytic diseases in which healthy cells coexist with pathological cells. However, measuring intracellular rheology in small biological compartments requires the development of specific techniques. We propose a technique based on molecular rotors - viscosity-sensitive fluorescent probes - to evaluate the above key point. DASPI molecular rotor has been identified with spectral fluorescence properties decoupled from those of hemoglobin, the main component of the cytosol. After validation of the rotor as a viscosity probe in model fluids, we showed by confocal microscopy that, in addition to binding to the membrane, the rotor penetrates spontaneously and uniformly into red blood cells. Experiments on red blood cells whose rigidity is varied with temperature, show that molecular rotors can detect variations in their overall rigidity. A simple model allowed us to separate the contribution of the cytosol from that of the membrane, allowing a qualitative determination of the variation of cytosol viscosity with temperature, consistent with independent measurements of the viscosity of hemoglobin solutions. Our experiments show that the rotor can be used to study the intracellular rheology of red blood cells at the cellular level, as well as the heterogeneity of this stiffness in a blood sample. This opens up new possibilities for biomedical applications, diagnosis and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Briole
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS - Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Podgorski
- Laboratoire Rhéologie et Procédés, UMR 5520 CNRS-UGA-G.INP - Domaine Universitaire, BP 53 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Bérengère Abou
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS - Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France.
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22
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Zimna A, Kaczmarska M, Szczesny-Malysiak E, Wajda A, Bulat K, Alcicek FC, Zygmunt M, Sacha T, Marzec KM. An Insight into the Stages of Ion Leakage during Red Blood Cell Storage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062885. [PMID: 33809183 PMCID: PMC7998123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Packed red blood cells (pRBCs), the most commonly transfused blood product, are exposed to environmental disruptions during storage in blood banks. In this study, temporal sequence of changes in the ion exchange in pRBCs was analyzed. Standard techniques commonly used in electrolyte measurements were implemented. The relationship between ion exchange and red blood cells (RBCs) morphology was assessed with use of atomic force microscopy with reference to morphological parameters. Variations observed in the Na+, K+, Cl−, H+, HCO3−, and lactate ions concentration show a complete picture of singly-charged ion changes in pRBCs during storage. Correlation between the rate of ion changes and blood group type, regarding the limitations of our research, suggested, that group 0 is the most sensitive to the time-dependent ionic changes. Additionally, the impact of irreversible changes in ion exchange on the RBCs membrane was observed in nanoscale. Results demonstrate that the level of ion leakage that leads to destructive alterations in biochemical and morphological properties of pRBCs depend on the storage timepoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zimna
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.Z.); (E.S.-M.); (A.W.); (K.B.); (F.C.A.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Kaczmarska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.Z.); (E.S.-M.); (A.W.); (K.B.); (F.C.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (K.M.M.); Tel.: +48-12-297-5472 (M.K.); +48-12-664-5476 (K.M.M.)
| | - Ewa Szczesny-Malysiak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.Z.); (E.S.-M.); (A.W.); (K.B.); (F.C.A.)
| | - Aleksandra Wajda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.Z.); (E.S.-M.); (A.W.); (K.B.); (F.C.A.)
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bulat
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.Z.); (E.S.-M.); (A.W.); (K.B.); (F.C.A.)
| | - Fatih Celal Alcicek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.Z.); (E.S.-M.); (A.W.); (K.B.); (F.C.A.)
| | - Malgorzata Zygmunt
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Sacha
- Chair of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 sw. Anny St., 30-008 Krakow, Poland;
- Department of Haematology, Jagiellonian University Hospital, 17 Kopernika St., 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Maria Marzec
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.Z.); (E.S.-M.); (A.W.); (K.B.); (F.C.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (K.M.M.); Tel.: +48-12-297-5472 (M.K.); +48-12-664-5476 (K.M.M.)
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PIEZO1 and the mechanism of the long circulatory longevity of human red blood cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008496. [PMID: 33690597 PMCID: PMC7946313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human red blood cells (RBCs) have a circulatory lifespan of about four months. Under constant oxidative and mechanical stress, but devoid of organelles and deprived of biosynthetic capacity for protein renewal, RBCs undergo substantial homeostatic changes, progressive densification followed by late density reversal among others, changes assumed to have been harnessed by evolution to sustain the rheological competence of the RBCs for as long as possible. The unknown mechanisms by which this is achieved are the subject of this investigation. Each RBC traverses capillaries between 1000 and 2000 times per day, roughly one transit per minute. A dedicated Lifespan model of RBC homeostasis was developed as an extension of the RCM introduced in the previous paper to explore the cumulative patterns predicted for repetitive capillary transits over a standardized lifespan period of 120 days, using experimental data to constrain the range of acceptable model outcomes. Capillary transits were simulated by periods of elevated cell/medium volume ratios and by transient deformation-induced permeability changes attributed to PIEZO1 channel mediation as outlined in the previous paper. The first unexpected finding was that quantal density changes generated during single capillary transits cease accumulating after a few days and cannot account for the observed progressive densification of RBCs on their own, thus ruling out the quantal hypothesis. The second unexpected finding was that the documented patterns of RBC densification and late reversal could only be emulated by the implementation of a strict time-course of decay in the activities of the calcium and Na/K pumps, suggestive of a selective mechanism enabling the extended longevity of RBCs. The densification pattern over most of the circulatory lifespan was determined by calcium pump decay whereas late density reversal was shaped by the pattern of Na/K pump decay. A third finding was that both quantal changes and pump-decay regimes were necessary to account for the documented lifespan pattern, neither sufficient on their own. A fourth new finding revealed that RBCs exposed to levels of PIEZO1-medited calcium permeation above certain thresholds in the circulation could develop a pattern of early or late hyperdense collapse followed by delayed density reversal. When tested over much reduced lifespan periods the results reproduced the known circulatory fate of irreversible sickle cells, the cell subpopulation responsible for vaso-occlusion and for most of the clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease. Analysis of the results provided an insightful new understanding of the mechanisms driving the changes in RBC homeostasis during circulatory aging in health and disease. The average circulatory lifespan of human red blood cells is about four months, amounting to about 200000 capillary transits. Among the many documented age-related changes red cells experience during this long sojourn the most relevant to homeostasis control comprise progressive densification with late density reversal, decline in the activities of calcium and sodium-potassium pumps, and slow inverse changes in their original sodium and potassium contents. Early experimental results have long established the view that these changes result from the cumulative effects of myriad capillary transits. However, many aspects of this process remain inaccessible to in vivo investigation. This prompted us to attempt a modelling approach applying a dedicated extension to our original red cell model. The results relegated the cumulative mechanism to a secondary role and exposed surprising critical roles for the declining patterns of the calcium and sodium-potassium pumps, as if harnessed by evolution to extend the circulatory longevity of cells within volume ranges that enable optimal rheological performance. The mechanism the model revealed implicated complex interactions between PIEZO1, the calcium-activated potassium channel KCNN4, the anion exchanger AE1, and the calcium and sodium-potassium pumps. These studies proved the model potential for exploring red cell homeostasis in health and disease.
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24
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Chng KZ, Ng YC, Namgung B, Tan JKS, Park S, Tien SL, Leo HL, Kim S. Assessment of transient changes in oxygen diffusion of single red blood cells using a microfluidic analytical platform. Commun Biol 2021; 4:271. [PMID: 33654170 PMCID: PMC7925684 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) capability to deliver oxygen (O2) has been routinely measured by P50. Although this defines the ability of RBCs to carry O2 under equilibrium states, it cannot determine the efficacy of O2 delivery in dynamic blood flow. Here, we developed a microfluidic analytical platform (MAP) that isolates single RBCs for assessing transient changes in their O2 release rate. We found that in vivo (biological) and in vitro (blood storage) aging of RBC could lead to an increase in the O2 release rate, despite a decrease in P50. Rejuvenation of stored RBCs (Day 42), though increased the P50, failed to restore the O2 release rate to basal level (Day 0). The temporal dimension provided at the single-cell level by MAP could shed new insights into the dynamics of O2 delivery in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ziyang Chng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Cheng Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Efngineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bumseok Namgung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Kok Soon Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soyeon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sim Leng Tien
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hwa Liang Leo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Efngineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sangho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Efngineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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25
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Rogers S, Lew VL. Up-down biphasic volume response of human red blood cells to PIEZO1 activation during capillary transits. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008706. [PMID: 33657092 PMCID: PMC7928492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we apply a novel JAVA version of a model on the homeostasis of human red blood cells (RBCs) to investigate the changes RBCs experience during single capillary transits. In the companion paper we apply a model extension to investigate the changes in RBC homeostasis over the approximately 200000 capillary transits during the ~120 days lifespan of the cells. These are topics inaccessible to direct experimentation but rendered mature for a computational modelling approach by the large body of recent and early experimental results which robustly constrain the range of parameter values and model outcomes, offering a unique opportunity for an in depth study of the mechanisms involved. Capillary transit times vary between 0.5 and 1.5s during which the red blood cells squeeze and deform in the capillary stream transiently opening stress-gated PIEZO1 channels allowing ion gradient dissipation and creating minuscule quantal changes in RBC ion contents and volume. Widely accepted views, based on the effects of experimental shear stress on human RBCs, suggested that quantal changes generated during capillary transits add up over time to develop the documented changes in RBC density and composition during their long circulatory lifespan, the quantal hypothesis. Applying the new red cell model (RCM) we investigated here the changes in homeostatic variables that may be expected during single capillary transits resulting from transient PIEZO1 channel activation. The predicted quantal volume changes were infinitesimal in magnitude, biphasic in nature, and essentially irreversible within inter-transit periods. A sub-second transient PIEZO1 activation triggered a sharp swelling peak followed by a much slower recovery period towards lower-than-baseline volumes. The peak response was caused by net CaCl2 and fluid gain via PIEZO1 channels driven by the steep electrochemical inward Ca2+ gradient. The ensuing dehydration followed a complex time-course with sequential, but partially overlapping contributions by KCl loss via Ca2+-activated Gardos channels, restorative Ca2+ extrusion by the plasma membrane calcium pump, and chloride efflux by the Jacobs-Steward mechanism. The change in relative cell volume predicted for single capillary transits was around 10-5, an infinitesimal volume change incompatible with a functional role in capillary flow. The biphasic response predicted by the RCM appears to conform to the quantal hypothesis, but whether its cumulative effects could account for the documented changes in density during RBC senescence required an investigation of the effects of myriad transits over the full four months circulatory lifespan of the cells, the subject of the next paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Rogers
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Virgilio L. Lew
- Physiological Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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26
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Chen Y, Li Z, Bai X, Feng Y, Feng L, Zhang D, Chen H, Chen H. Reduction of Erythrocyte Fluid Adaptability Due to Cell Membrane Hardening Based on Single-Cell Analysis. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-021-00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Urakov A, Urakova N, Nikolenko V, Belkharoeva R, Achkasov E, Kochurova E, Gavryushova L, Sinelnikov M. Current and emerging methods for treatment of hemoglobin related cutaneous discoloration: A literature review. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05954. [PMID: 33506129 PMCID: PMC7814147 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, there is no available medication for immediate correction of bruise discoloration. Instead, makeup, cosmetic powders, concealers, and various traditional herbal remedies are used to mask discoloration. These approaches have no influence on the pathology behind the discoloration. The purpose of this study was to explore existing methods and current trends in correction of hemoglobin related cutaneous discoloration. Methods This paper describes the treatment methodologies available for proposed correction of hemoglobin related cutaneous discoloration. A thorough literature review was conducted to assess current knowledge of available treatments for bruise discoloration. Results current cosmetics being marketed under the names "Bleacher bruises," "Bleaching agents" and "Blood bleachers" addressing bruise related discoloration do not offer targeted pathological treatment. Several methods for immediate discoloration of the skin and nail plate in the area of bruising and hematoma were found, yet no method offered sufficient clinical data in support of its efficacy and safety. The intricate mechanisms of discoloration associated with hemoglobin extravascular deterioration are not targeted by any treatment method. Only one paper outlining the clinical application of bleaching agents was found. Conclusion The primary blood pigments responsible for the discoloration in bruises include methemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, carbohymoglobin, verdoglobin, biliverdin, and bilirubin. No existing method targets the degradation of hemoglobin in the area of ecchymosis. The efficacy of existing patented methods remains questionable and unsupported clinically. Future research should focus on developing a drug targeting hemoglobin derivatives, preventing discoloration at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Urakov
- Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Urakova
- Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir Nikolenko
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Evgeny Achkasov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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28
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Paradkar S, Gambhire P. The Role of Cytoskeleton of a Red Blood Cell in Its Deformability. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Bizjak DA, Grolle A, Urena JAN, Bloch W, Deitenbeck R, Grau M. Monitoring of RBC rheology after cryopreservation to detect autologous blood doping in vivo? A pilot study. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 76:367-379. [PMID: 32675400 DOI: 10.3233/ch-200887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Autologous blood doping (ABD) is applied to improve performance capacity. ABD includes blood donation, red blood cell (RBC) storage at –80°C and re-infusion prior to or during competition. ABD is not directly detectable with current detection techniques. OBJECTIVE: Since cryopreservation is known to affect RBC physiology in vitro, the aim of the study was to examine whether these alterations are detectable in vivo. METHODS: Blood from six healthy male donors was transferred into conventional blood bags, cryopreserved, stored for 18 weeks at –80°C and re-infused with a RBC volume corresponding to ∼4% of total blood volume into respective donor. RBC physiology parameters were measured before blood donation/re-infusion, and 0/1/2/6/24/48/72 h and 1 w post re-infusion. RESULTS: RBC parameters and age markers were unaffected during intervention. RBC deformability increased from pre-blood-sampling to pre-re-infusion while deformability and viscosity values remained unaltered post re-infusion. RBC nitric oxide associated analytes, metabolic parameters and electrolyte concentrations remained unaffected. CONCLUSIONS: The data of this pilot study indicate that the increase in RBC deformability might be related to neoformation of RBC after blood donation. The lack of changes in tested parameters might be related to the low re-infused RBC volume which might explain differences to in vitro results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bizjak
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Grolle
- German Red Cross Blood Donation Service West, Hagen, Germany
| | | | - Wilhelm Bloch
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Marijke Grau
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Cologne, Germany
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30
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Dias GF, Grobe N, Rogg S, Jörg DJ, Pecoits-Filho R, Moreno-Amaral AN, Kotanko P. The Role of Eryptosis in the Pathogenesis of Renal Anemia: Insights From Basic Research and Mathematical Modeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:598148. [PMID: 33363152 PMCID: PMC7755649 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.598148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBC) are the most abundant cells in the blood. Despite powerful defense systems against chemical and mechanical stressors, their life span is limited to about 120 days in healthy humans and further shortened in patients with kidney failure. Changes in the cell membrane potential and cation permeability trigger a cascade of events that lead to exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the RBC membrane. The translocation of phosphatidylserine is an important step in a process that eventually results in eryptosis, the programmed death of an RBC. The regulation of eryptosis is complex and involves several cellular pathways, such as the regulation of non-selective cation channels. Increased cytosolic calcium concentration results in scramblase and floppase activation, exposing phosphatidylserine on the cell surface, leading to early clearance of RBCs from the circulation by phagocytic cells. While eryptosis is physiologically meaningful to recycle iron and other RBC constituents in healthy subjects, it is augmented under pathological conditions, such as kidney failure. In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, the number of eryptotic RBC is significantly increased, resulting in a shortened RBC life span that further compounds renal anemia. In CKD patients, uremic toxins, oxidative stress, hypoxemia, and inflammation contribute to the increased eryptosis rate. Eryptosis may have an impact on renal anemia, and depending on the degree of shortened RBC life span, the administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents is often insufficient to attain desired hemoglobin target levels. The goal of this review is to indicate the importance of eryptosis as a process closely related to life span reduction, aggravating renal anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ferreira Dias
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Renal Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nadja Grobe
- Renal Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sabrina Rogg
- Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - David J. Jörg
- Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Roberto Pecoits-Filho
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Peter Kotanko
- Renal Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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31
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Papadopoulos C, Panopoulou M, Anagnostopoulos K, Tentes I. Immune and Metabolic Interactions of Human Erythrocytes: A Molecular Perspective. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:843-853. [PMID: 33148159 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666201104115016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apart from their main function as oxygen carriers in vertebrates, erythrocytes are also involved in immune regulation. By circulating throughout the body, the erythrocytes are exposed and interact with tissues that are damaged as a result of a disease. In this study, we summarize the literature regarding the contribution of erythrocytes to immune regulation and metabolism. Under the circumstances of a disease state, the erythrocytes may lose their antioxidant capacity and release Damage Associated Molecular Patterns, resulting in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, the erythrocytes scavenge and affect the levels of chemokines, circulating cell-free mtDNA, and C3b attached immune complexes. Furthermore, through surface molecules, erythrocytes control the function of T lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Through an array of enzymes, red blood cells contribute to the pool of blood's bioactive lipids. Finally, the erythrocytes contribute to reverse cholesterol transport through various mechanisms. Our study is highlighting overlooked molecular interactions between erythrocytes and immunity and metabolism, which could lead to the discovery of potent therapeutic targets for immunometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Panopoulou
- Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Tentes
- Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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32
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Edelson PK, James KE, Leong A, Arenas J, Cayford M, Callahan MJ, Bernstein SN, Tangren JS, Hivert MF, Higgins JM, Nathan DM, Powe CE. Longitudinal Changes in the Relationship Between Hemoglobin A1c and Glucose Tolerance Across Pregnancy and Postpartum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5721338. [PMID: 32010954 PMCID: PMC7236626 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the relationship between hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and glucose tolerance across pregnancy and postpartum. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS In a longitudinal study of pregnant women with gestational diabetes risk factors (N = 102), we performed oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) and HbA1c measurements at 10-15 weeks of gestation, 24-30 weeks of gestation (N = 73), and 6-24 weeks postpartum (N = 42). Complete blood counts were obtained from clinical records. We calculated HbA1c-estimated average glucose levels and compared them with mean OGTT glucose levels (average of fasting, 1- and 2-hour glucose levels). Linear mixed effects models were used to test for longitudinal changes in measurements. RESULTS Mean OGTT glucose increased between 10-15 and 24-30 weeks of gestation (β = 8.1 mg/dL, P = .001), while HbA1c decreased during the same time period (β = -0.13%, P < .001). At 10-15 weeks of gestation and postpartum the discrepancy between mean OGTT glucose and HbA1c-estimated average glucose was minimal (mean [standard deviation]: 1.2 [20.5] mg/dL and 0.16 [18.1] mg/dL). At 24-30 weeks of gestation, the discrepancy widened (13.2 [17.9] mg/dL, β = 12.7 mg/dL, P < .001, compared to 10-15 weeks of gestation, with mean OGTT glucose being higher than HbA1c-estimated average glucose). Lower hemoglobin at 24-30 weeks of gestation was associated with a greater discrepancy (β = 6.4 mg/dL per 1 g/dL lower hemoglobin, P = .03 in an age- and gestational age-adjusted linear regression model). CONCLUSIONS HbA1c accurately reflects glycemia in the 1st trimester, but underestimates glucose intolerance in the late 2nd trimester. Lower hemoglobin level is associated with greater underestimation. Accounting for gestational age and maternal hemoglobin may improve the clinical interpretation of HbA1c levels during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kaitlyn Edelson
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kaitlyn E James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Deborah Kelly Center for Outcomes Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron Leong
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juliana Arenas
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melody Cayford
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J Callahan
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah N Bernstein
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Sheehan Tangren
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John M Higgins
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David M Nathan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Camille E Powe
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Camille E. Powe M.D., Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 301, Boston, MA 02114. E-mail:
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33
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Bernhardt I, Nguyen DB, Wesseling MC, Kaestner L. Intracellular Ca 2+ Concentration and Phosphatidylserine Exposure in Healthy Human Erythrocytes in Dependence on in vivo Cell Age. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1629. [PMID: 31998145 PMCID: PMC6965055 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
After about 120 days of circulation in the blood stream, erythrocytes are cleared by macrophages in the spleen and the liver. The “eat me” signal of this event is thought to be the translocation of phosphatidylserine from the inner to the outer membrane leaflet due to activation of the scramblase, while the flippase is inactivated. Both processes are triggered by an increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Although this is not the only mechanism involved in erythrocyte clearance, in this minireview, we focus on the following questions: Is the intracellular-free Ca2+ concentration and hence phosphatidylserine exposure dependent on the erythrocyte age, i.e. is the Ca2+ concentration, progressively raising during the erythrocyte aging in vivo? Can putative differences in intracellular Ca2+ and exposure of phosphatidylserine to the outer membrane leaflet be measured in age separated cell populations? Literature research revealed less than dozen of such publications with vastly contradicting results for the Ca2+ concentrations but consistency for a lack of change for the phosphatidylserine exposure. Additionally, we performed reanalysis of published data resulting in an ostensive illustration of the situation described above. Relating these results to erythrocyte physiology and biochemistry, we can conclude that the variation of the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration is limited with 10 μM as the upper level of the concentration. Furthermore, we propose the hypothesis that variations in measured Ca2+ concentrations may to a large extent depend on the experimental conditions applied but reflect a putatively changed Ca2+ susceptibility of erythrocytes in dependence of in vivo cell age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingolf Bernhardt
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Duc Bach Nguyen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mauro C Wesseling
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lars Kaestner
- Experimental Physics, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Theoretical Medicine and Biosciences, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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34
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Buerck JP, Burke DK, Schmidtke DW, Snyder TA, Papavassiliou D, O'Rear EA. A Flow Induced Autoimmune Response and Accelerated Senescence of Red Blood Cells in Cardiovascular Devices. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19443. [PMID: 31857631 PMCID: PMC6923429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) passing through heart pumps, prosthetic heart valves and other cardiovascular devices undergo early senescence attributed to non-physiologic forces. We hypothesized that mechanical trauma accelerates aging by deformation of membrane proteins to cause binding of naturally occurring IgG. RBCs isolated from blood of healthy volunteers were exposed to high shear stress in a viscometer or microfluidics channel to mimic mechanical trauma and then incubated with autologous plasma. Increased binding of IgG was observed indicating forces caused conformational changes in a membrane protein exposing an epitope(s), probably the senescent cell antigen of band 3. The binding of immunoglobulin suggests it plays a role in the premature sequestration and phagocytosis of RBCs in the spleen. Measurement of IgG holds promise as a marker foreshadowing complications in cardiovascular patients and as a means to improve the design of medical devices in which RBCs are susceptible to sublethal trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Buerck
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Dustin K Burke
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - David W Schmidtke
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75083, USA
| | - Trevor A Snyder
- VADovations, 1333 Cornell Parkway, Oklahoma City, OK, 73108, USA.,CorWave, SA, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Dimitrios Papavassiliou
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Edgar A O'Rear
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA. .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
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35
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Chaudhury A, Miller GD, Eichner D, Higgins JM. Single-cell modeling of routine clinical blood tests reveals transient dynamics of human response to blood loss. eLife 2019; 8:48590. [PMID: 31845889 PMCID: PMC6917488 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Low blood count is a fundamental disease state and is often an early sign of illnesses including infection, cancer, and malnutrition, but our understanding of the homeostatic response to blood loss is limited, in part by coarse interpretation of blood measurements. Many common clinical blood tests actually include thousands of single-cell measurements. We present an approach for modeling the unsteady-state population dynamics of the human response to controlled blood loss using these clinical measurements of single-red blood cell (RBC) volume and hemoglobin. We find that the response entails (1) increased production of new RBCs earlier than is currently detectable clinically and (2) a previously unrecognized decreased RBC turnover. Both component responses offset the loss of blood. The model provides a personalized dimensionless ratio that quantifies the balance between increased production and delayed clearance for each individual and may enable earlier detection of both blood loss and the response it elicits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Chaudhury
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Geoff D Miller
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - John M Higgins
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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36
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Pan J, Borné Y, Engström G. The relationship between red cell distribution width and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a general population. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16208. [PMID: 31700048 PMCID: PMC6838342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) could be a risk factor for developing various chronic diseases, and seems to be a prognostic marker in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) or cancer. Our aim was to explore the association between RDW and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a general population. RDW was measured in 27,063 participants (aged 45–73 years) from the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. After a follow-up of 19.8 ± 5.5 years, Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to study the relationship between RDW and all-cause and cause-specific mortality, with adjustment for confounding factors. A total of 9388 individuals (4715 men and 4673 women) died during the follow up. High RDW was significantly associated with all-cause mortality (HR, 4th vs. 1st quartile: 1.34, 95%CI: 1.24–1.45), cancer mortality (HR: 1.27, 95%CI: 1.12–1.44), CVD mortality (HR: 1.39, 95%CI: 1.21–1.59), and respiratory disease mortality (HR: 1.47, 95%CI: 1.06–2.03). The C-statistic increased significantly from 0.732 to 0.737 when adding RDW to a model adjusted for age and sex. There was a significant interaction between RDW and BMI with respect to all-cause mortality. We concluded that RDW is associated with mortality and propose that high RDW is a significant, but non-specific marker of mortality risk in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxue Pan
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Yan Borné
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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37
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Park HS, Eldridge WJ, Yang WH, Crose M, Ceballos S, Roback JD, Chi JTA, Wax A. Quantitative phase imaging of erythrocytes under microfluidic constriction in a high refractive index medium reveals water content changes. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:63. [PMID: 31814994 PMCID: PMC6885519 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the deformability of red blood cells can reveal a range of pathologies. For example, cells which have been stored for transfusion are known to exhibit progressively impaired deformability. Thus, this aspect of red blood cells has been characterized previously using a range of techniques. In this paper, we show a novel approach for examining the biophysical response of the cells with quantitative phase imaging. Specifically, optical volume changes are observed as the cells transit restrictive channels of a microfluidic chip in a high refractive index medium. The optical volume changes indicate an increase of cell's internal density, ostensibly due to water displacement. Here, we characterize these changes over time for red blood cells from two subjects. By storage day 29, a significant decrease in the magnitude of optical volume change in response to mechanical stress was witnessed. The exchange of water with the environment due to mechanical stress is seen to modulate with storage time, suggesting a potential means for studying cell storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sang Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Will J. Eldridge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Wen-Hsuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Michael Crose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Silvia Ceballos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Jen-Tsan Ashley Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
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38
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Svetina S, Švelc Kebe T, Božič B. A Model of Piezo1-Based Regulation of Red Blood Cell Volume. Biophys J 2018; 116:151-164. [PMID: 30580922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A red blood cell (RBC) performs its function of adequately carrying respiratory gases in blood by its volume being ∼60% of that of a sphere with the same membrane area. For this purpose, human and most other vertebrate RBCs regulate their content of potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) ions. The focus considered here is on K+ efflux through calcium-ion (Ca2+)-activated Gárdos channels. These channels open under conditions that allow Ca2+ to enter RBCs through Piezo1 mechanosensitive cation-permeable channels. It is postulated that the fraction of open Piezo1 channels depends on the RBC shape as a result of the curvature-dependent Piezo1-bilayer membrane interaction. The consequences of this postulate are studied by introducing a simple model of RBC osmotic behavior supplemented by the dependence of RBC membrane K+ permeability on the reduced volume (i.e., the ratio of cell volume to its maximal possible volume) of RBC discoid shapes. It is assumed that because of its intrinsic curvature and strong interaction with the surrounding membrane, Piezo1 tends to concentrate in the dimple regions of these shapes, and the fraction of open Piezo1 channels depends on the membrane curvature in that region. It is shown that the properties of the described model can provide the basis for the formation of the negative feedback loop that interrelates cell volume and its content of potassium ions. The model predicts the relation, valid for each cell in an RBC population, between RBC volume and membrane area, thus explaining the large value of the measured membrane area versus the volume correlation coefficient. The mechanism proposed here for RBC volume regulation is in accord with the loss of this correlation in RBCs of Piezo1 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Svetina
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | - Bojan Božič
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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39
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Smith GT, Li L, Zhu Y, Bowden AK. Low-power, low-cost urinalysis system with integrated dipstick evaluation and microscopic analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2111-2123. [PMID: 29926053 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00501j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a coupled dipstick and microscopy device for analyzing urine samples. The device is capable of accurately assessing urine dipstick results while simultaneously imaging the microscopic contents within the sample. We introduce a long working distance, cellphone-based microscope in combination with an oblique illumination scheme to accurately visualize and quantify particles within the urine sample. To facilitate accurate quantification, we couple the imaging set-up with a power-free filtration system. The proposed device is reusable, low-cost, and requires very little power. We show that results obtained with the proposed device and custom-built app are consistent with those obtained with the standard clinical protocol, suggesting the potential clinical utility of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennifer T Smith
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory and Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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40
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Mock DM, Nalbant D, Kyosseva SV, Schmidt RL, An G, Matthews NI, Vlaar APJ, van Bruggen R, de Korte D, Strauss RG, Cancelas JA, Franco RS, Veng-Pedersen P, Widness JA. Development, validation, and potential applications of biotinylated red blood cells for posttransfusion kinetics and other physiological studies: evidenced-based analysis and recommendations. Transfusion 2018; 58:2068-2081. [PMID: 29770455 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current reference method in the United States for measuring in vivo population red blood cell (RBC) kinetics utilizes chromium-51 (51 Cr) RBC labeling for determining RBC volume, 24-hour posttransfusion RBC recovery, and long-term RBC survival. Here we provide evidence supporting adoption of a method for kinetics that uses the biotin-labeled RBCs (BioRBCs) as a superior, versatile method for both regulatory and investigational purposes. RBC kinetic analysis using BioRBCs has important methodologic, analytical, and safety advantages over 51 Cr-labeled RBCs. We critically review recent advances in labeling human RBCs at multiple and progressively lower biotin label densities for concurrent, accurate, and sensitive determination of both autologous and allogeneic RBC population kinetics. BioRBC methods valid for RBC kinetic studies, including successful variations used by the authors, are presented along with pharmacokinetic modeling approaches for the accurate determination of RBC pharmacokinetic variables in health and disease. The advantages and limitations of the BioRBC method-including its capability of determining multiple BioRBC densities simultaneously in the same individual throughout the entire RBC life span-are presented and compared with the 51 Cr method. Finally, potential applications and limitations of kinetic BioRBC determinations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Mock
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Demet Nalbant
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Svetlana V Kyosseva
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Robert L Schmidt
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Guohua An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Nell I Matthews
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Alexander P J Vlaar
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin van Bruggen
- Sanquin Blood Supply, Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk de Korte
- Sanquin Blood Supply, Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald G Strauss
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - José A Cancelas
- Hoxworth Blood Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert S Franco
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Peter Veng-Pedersen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - John A Widness
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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41
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Badior KE, Casey JR. Molecular mechanism for the red blood cell senescence clock. IUBMB Life 2017; 70:32-40. [PMID: 29240292 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lacking protein synthesis machinery and organelles necessary for autophagy or apoptosis, aged red blood cells (RBCs) are marked by circulating auto-antibodies for macrophage-mediated clearance. The antigen recognized by these auto-antibodies is the major protein of the RBC membrane, Band 3. To ensure regulation and specificity in clearance, the molecular "clock" must mark senescent cells in a way that differentiates them from younger cells, to prevent premature clearance. Predominant models of Band 3 senescence signaling are reviewed, and merits are discussed in light of the recently published crystal structure of the Band 3 membrane domain. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 70(1):32-40, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Badior
- Department of Biochemistry, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph R Casey
- Department of Biochemistry, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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42
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Lew VL, Tiffert T. On the Mechanism of Human Red Blood Cell Longevity: Roles of Calcium, the Sodium Pump, PIEZO1, and Gardos Channels. Front Physiol 2017; 8:977. [PMID: 29311949 PMCID: PMC5732905 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a healthy adult, the transport of O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissues is performed by about 2 · 1013 red blood cells, of which around 1.7 · 1011 are renewed every day, a turnover resulting from an average circulatory lifespan of about 120 days. Cellular lifespan is the result of an evolutionary balance between the energy costs of maintaining cells in a fit functional state versus cell renewal. In this Review we examine how the set of passive and active membrane transporters of the mature red blood cells interact to maximize their circulatory longevity thus minimizing costs on expensive cell turnover. Red blood cell deformability is critical for optimal rheology and gas exchange functionality during capillary flow, best fulfilled when the volume of each human red blood cell is kept at a fraction of about 0.55-0.60 of the maximal spherical volume allowed by its membrane area, the optimal-volume-ratio range. The extent to which red blood cell volumes can be preserved within or near these narrow optimal-volume-ratio margins determines the potential for circulatory longevity. We show that the low cation permeability of red blood cells allows volume stability to be achieved with extraordinary cost-efficiency, favouring cell longevity over cell turnover. We suggest a mechanism by which the interplay of a declining sodium pump and two passive membrane transporters, the mechanosensitive PIEZO1 channel, a candidate mediator of Psickle in sickle cells, and the Ca2+-sensitive, K+-selective Gardos channel, can implement red blood cell volume stability around the optimal-volume-ratio range, as required for extended circulatory longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgilio L Lew
- Physiological Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Tiffert
- Physiological Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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43
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Romero PJ, Hernández-Chinea C. The Action of Red Cell Calcium Ions on Human Erythrophagocytosis in Vitro. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1008. [PMID: 29255426 PMCID: PMC5722851 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work we have studied in vitro the effect of increasing red cell Ca2+ ions on human erythrophagocytosis by peripheral monocyte-derived autologous macrophages. In addition, the relative contribution to phagocytosis of phosphatidylserine exposure, autologous IgG binding, complement deposition and Gárdos channel activity was also investigated. Monocytes were obtained after ficoll-hypaque fractionation and induced to transform by adherence to glass coverslips, for 24 h at 37°C in a RPMI medium, containing 10% fetal calf serum. Red blood cells (RBC) were loaded with Ca2+ using 10 μM A23187 and 1 mM Ca-EGTA buffers, in the absence of Mg2+. Ca2+-loaded cells were transferred to above coverslips and incubated for 2 h at 37°C under various experimental conditions, after which phagocytosis was assessed by light microscopy. Confirming earlier findings, phagocytosis depended on internal Ca2+. Accordingly; it was linearly raised from about 2–15% by increasing the free Ca2+ content of the loading solution from 0.5 to 20 μM, respectively. Such a linear increase was virtually doubled by the presence of 40% autologous serum. At 7 μM Ca2+, the phagocytosis degree attained with serum was practically equal to that obtained with either 2 mg/ml affinity-purified IgG or 40% IgG-depleted serum. However, phagocytosis was reduced to levels found with Ca2+ alone when IgG-depleted serum was inactivated by heat, implying an involvement of complement. On the other hand, phagocytosis in the absence of serum was markedly reduced by preincubating macrophages with phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes. In contrast, a similar incubation in the presence of serum affected it partially whereas employing liposomes made only of phosphatidylcholine essentially had no effect. Significantly, the Gárdos channel inhibitors clotrimazole (2 μM) and TRAM-34 (100 nM) fully blocked serum-dependent phagocytosis. These findings show that a raised internal Ca2+ promotes erythrophagocytosis by independently triggering phosphatidylserine externalization, complement deposition and IgG binding. Serum appeared to stimulate phagocytosis in a way dependent on Gárdos activity. It seems likely that Ca2+ promoted IgG-binding to erythrocytes via Gárdos channel activation. This can be an important signal for clearance of senescent human erythrocytes under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Romero
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Concepción Hernández-Chinea
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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44
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Piao L, Park H, Jo CH. Theoretical prediction and validation of cell recovery rates in preparing platelet-rich plasma through a centrifugation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187509. [PMID: 29095890 PMCID: PMC5667898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we propose a theoretical framework to predict the recovery rates of platelets and white blood cells in the process of centrifugal separation of whole blood contained in a tube for the preparation of platelet-rich plasma. Compared to previous efforts to optimize or standardize the protocols of centrifugation, we try to further the physical background (i.e., based on the multiphase flow phenomena) of analysis to develop a universal approach that can be applied to widely different conditions. That is, one-dimensional quasi-linear partial differential equation to describe the centrifugal sedimentation of dispersed phase (red and white blood cells) in continuous phase (plasma) is derived based on the kinematic-wave theory. With the information of whole blood volume and tube geometry considered, it is possible to determine the positions of interfaces between supernatant/suspension and suspension/sediment, i.e., the particle concentration gradient in a tube, for a wide range of centrifugation parameters (time and acceleration). While establishing a theory to predict the recovery rates of the platelet and white blood cell from the pre-determined interface positions, we also propose a new correlation model between the recovery rates of plasma and platelets, which is found to be a function of the whole blood volume, centrifugal time and acceleration, and tube geometry. The present predictions for optimal condition show good agreements with available human clinical data, obtained from different conditions, indicating the universal applicability of our method. Furthermore, the dependence of recovery rates on centrifugal conditions reveals that there exist a different critical acceleration and time for the maximum recovery rate of platelets and white blood cells, respectively. The other parameters such as hematocrit, whole blood volume and tube geometry are also found to strongly affect the maximum recovery rates of blood cells, and finally, as a strategy for increasing the efficiency, we suggest to dilute the whole blood, increase the whole blood volume with a tube geometry fixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Piao
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Enginnering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyungmin Park
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Enginnering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chris Hyunchul Jo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government–Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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45
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Bartolmäs T, Mayer B, Balola AH, Salama A. Eryptosis in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Eur J Haematol 2017; 100:36-44. [PMID: 28960523 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Haemolysis and anaemia related to autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) of warm type (wAIHA) and of cold type (cAIHA) are believed to be solely due to antibody and/or complement-mediated destruction and clearance of red blood cells (RBCs). There is evidence that RBCs of affected patients may also undergo eryptosis, the suicidal death of RBCs. METHOD RBCs from 24 patients with wAIHA, 7 patients with chronic cAIHA and one patient with AIHA of mixed type were analysed for exposed phosphatidylserine (PS) by treatment with phycoerythrin-labelled Annexin V, and cell-associated fluorescence was measured using a MACSQuant flow cytometer. RESULTS PS-exposing RBCs were detected in 7 of 13 patients with clinically significant wAIHA. Haemolysis was mostly related to IgM or IgA autoantibodies (aab) in those patients. In contrast, PS exposure in 11 patients with wAIHA in complete remission was comparable to that in healthy blood donors. All patients with chronic cAIHA and the patient with AIHA of mixed type showed haemolytic activity and high numbers of PS-exposing RBCs. Patients with decompensated AIHA appear to respond to treatment with erythropoietin, which is a known inhibitor of eryptosis. CONCLUSION Eryptosis may frequently occur in AIHA related to IgM or IgA aab. Inhibition of eryptosis with erythropoietin may represent a new therapeutic option in the treatment of AIHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Bartolmäs
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Mayer
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Abdelwahab H Balola
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Abdulgabar Salama
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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46
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Hudson KE, de Wolski K, Kapp LM, Richards AL, Schniederjan MJ, Zimring JC. Antibodies to Senescent Antigen and C3 Are Not Required for Normal Red Blood Cell Lifespan in a Murine Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1425. [PMID: 29163500 PMCID: PMC5670101 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) have a well-defined lifespan, indicating a mechanism by which senescent cells of a certain age are removed from circulation. However, the specifics by which senescent cells are recognized and removed are poorly understood. There are multiple competing hypotheses for this process, perhaps the most commonly cited is that senescent RBCs expose neoantigens [or senescent antigen(s)] that are then recognized by naturally occurring antibodies, which opsonize the senescent cells and result in clearance from circulation. While there are a large volume of published data to indicate that older RBCs accumulate increased levels of antibody on their surface, to the best of our knowledge, the causal role of such antibodies in clearance has not been rigorously assessed. In the current report, we demonstrate that RBC lifespan and clearance patterns are not altered in mice deficient in antibodies, in C3 protein, or missing both. These data demonstrate that neither antibody nor C3 is required for clearance of senescent RBCs, and questions if they are even involved, in a murine model of RBC lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen de Wolski
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Linda M Kapp
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Matthew J Schniederjan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James C Zimring
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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47
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Abstract
The erythrocyte contains a network of pathways that regulate salt and water content in the face of extracellular and intracellular osmotic perturbations. This allows the erythrocyte to maintain a narrow range of cell hemoglobin concentration, a process critical for normal red blood cell function and survival. Primary disorders that perturb volume homeostasis jeopardize the erythrocyte and may lead to its premature destruction. These disorders are marked by clinical, laboratory, and physiologic heterogeneity. Recent studies have revealed that these disorders are also marked by genetic heterogeneity. They have implicated roles for several proteins, PIEZO1, a mammalian mechanosensory protein; GLUT1, the glucose transporter; SLC4A1, the anion transporter; RhAG, the Rh-associated glycoprotein; KCNN4, the Gardos channel; and ABCB6, an adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette family member, in the maintenance of erythrocyte volume homeostasis. Secondary disorders of erythrocyte hydration include sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hemoglobin CC, and hereditary spherocytosis, where cellular dehydration may be a significant contributor to disease pathology and clinical complications. Understanding the pathways regulating erythrocyte water and solute content may reveal innovative strategies to maintain normal volume in disorders associated with primary or secondary cellular dehydration. These mechanisms will serve as a paradigm for other cells and may reveal new therapeutic targets for disease prevention and treatment beyond the erythrocyte.
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48
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Svetina S. Investigating cell functioning by theoretical analysis of cell-to-cell variability. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2017; 46:739-748. [PMID: 28986665 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-017-1258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we discuss cell-to-cell variability in isogenic cell populations on the basis of an analogy between the processes of vesicle self-reproduction and cell self-replication. A short review of the theoretical analysis of vesicle self-reproduction is presented to indicate that this process only occurs under the fulfillment of specific criteria: causal relations between the values of vesicle variables involved in its growth and division, and the parameters of the environment. It is shown that when division is asymmetric, both vesicle birth size and interdivision times are variable. We argue that during cell self-replication, the balance between processes of cell growth and division also relies on causal relations between the corresponding cellular variables. A possible method is suggested to unravel previously unidentified causal relations between cell variables from the relationships between their variability parameters such as the widths of their probability distributions and their correlation coefficients. The method is outlined by reviewing the results of the corresponding analysis applied to a population of red blood cells. Some novel research directions are suggested that could lead from the analysis of cell-to-cell variability to a better understanding of the organizational structure of cells and possibly also their evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Svetina
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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49
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Saldanha C. Human Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase in Health and Disease. Molecules 2017; 22:E1499. [PMID: 28885588 PMCID: PMC6151671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The biochemical properties of erythrocyte or human red blood cell (RBC) membrane acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and its applications on laboratory class and on research are reviewed. Evidence of the biochemical and the pathophysiological properties like the association between the RBC AChE enzyme activity and the clinical and biophysical parameters implicated in several diseases are overviewed, and the achievement of RBC AChE as a biomarker and as a prognostic factor are presented. Beyond its function as an enzyme, a special focus is highlighted in this review for a new function of the RBC AChE, namely a component of the signal transduction pathway of nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Saldanha
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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50
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Santarino IB, Vieira OV. Maturation of phagosomes containing different erythrophagocytic particles in primary macrophages. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1281-1290. [PMID: 28904858 PMCID: PMC5586347 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrophagocytosis is a physiological process that aims to remove damaged red blood cells from the circulation in order to avoid hemolysis and uncontrolled liberation of iron. Many efforts have been made to understand heme trafficking inside macrophages, but little is known about the maturation of phagosomes containing different types of erythrophagocytic particles with different signals at their surfaces. Therefore, we performed a comparative study on the maturation of phagosomes containing three different models of red blood cells (RBC): aged/senescent, complement-opsonized, and IgG-opsonized. We also used two types of professional phagocytes: bone marrow-derived and peritoneal macrophages. By comparing markers from different stages of phagosomal maturation, we found that phagosomes carrying aged RBC reach lysosomes with a delay compared to those containing IgG- or complement-opsonized RBC, in both types of macrophages. These findings contribute to understanding the importance of the different signals at the RBC surface in phagolysosome biogenesis, as well as in the dynamics of RBC removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês B. Santarino
- CEDOCNOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade NOVA de LisboaPortugal
| | - Otília V. Vieira
- CEDOCNOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade NOVA de LisboaPortugal
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