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Shi Q, Shen XJ, Gao LP, Xiao K, Zhou W, Wang Y, Chen C, Dong XP. A Chinese patient with the clinical features of Parkinson's disease contains a single copy of octarepeat deletion in PRNP case report. Prion 2021; 15:121-125. [PMID: 34224312 PMCID: PMC8259714 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2021.1946376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insertion or deletion of single copy of octapeptide repeat (OR) in human PrP protein are considered as polymorphism, while of insertions of more numbers of OR and deletion of two copies of OR are associated with genetic prion diseases.Here, we reported a 58-year-old female patient who displayed clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD) but contained deletion mutation of single copy of OR in one PRNP allele. The patient complained involuntary tremor of left upper limb for 18 months and her symptoms aggravation for 6 months at the time referring to Chinese National CJD surveillance system. The tremor was pronounced at rest, exacerbated by stress and disappear during sleep. Her symptoms were partially relieved after receiving medicament for PD. Neurological examination recorded involuntary movement of left hand and gear-like muscle tension of left upper limb. Coordination movement reported positive of Romberg sign and unstable in heel-keen test. EEG recorded a mild abnormality, but without periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWC). MRI showed a mild write matter demyelination. CSF protein 14-3-3 was negative. PRNP sequencing revealed heterozygosity of single copy deletion on ORs (R1-2-3-4/R1-2-2-3-4).No family history of neurodegenerative disease was recorded. Such case with a single copy of OR deletion in PRNP displaying the feature of PD is rarely reported in Chinese mainland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Prion Disease department, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Shen
- Infectious Disease Prevention and control department, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Prion Disease department, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Joint Research Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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2
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Yu KH, Huang MY, Lee YR, Lin YK, Chen HR, Lee CI. The Effect of Octapeptide Repeats on Prion Folding and Misfolding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041800. [PMID: 33670336 PMCID: PMC7918816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolding of prion protein (PrP) into amyloid aggregates is the central feature of prion diseases. PrP has an amyloidogenic C-terminal domain with three α-helices and a flexible tail in the N-terminal domain in which multiple octapeptide repeats are present in most mammals. The role of the octapeptides in prion diseases has previously been underestimated because the octapeptides are not located in the amyloidogenic domain. Correlation between the number of octapeptide repeats and age of onset suggests the critical role of octapeptide repeats in prion diseases. In this study, we have investigated four PrP variants without any octapeptides and with 1, 5 and 8 octapeptide repeats. From the comparison of the protein structure and the thermal stability of these proteins, as well as the characterization of amyloids converted from these PrP variants, we found that octapeptide repeats affect both folding and misfolding of PrP creating amyloid fibrils with distinct structures. Deletion of octapeptides forms fewer twisted fibrils and weakens the cytotoxicity. Insertion of octapeptides enhances the formation of typical silk-like fibrils but it does not increase the cytotoxicity. There might be some threshold effect and increasing the number of peptides beyond a certain limit has no further effect on the cell viability, though the reasons are unclear at this stage. Overall, the results of this study elucidate the molecular mechanism of octapeptides at the onset of prion diseases.
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3
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Dong P, Ji X, Han W, Han H. Oxymatrine exhibits anti-neuroinflammatory effects on Aβ 1-42-induced primary microglia cells by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105686. [PMID: 31207405 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxymatrine (OMT), isolated from Sophora flavescens or Sophora alopecuroides, possesses various pharmacological and biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic properties. Microglia cells, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), play a key role in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, the neuroinflammatory effects of OMT and its mechanisms were investigated by Aβ1-42-induced rat brain tissue model and primary microglia cells model. The hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry results showed that OMT could reduce neuronal damage and inhibit microglia activation in the model tissue. The in vitro experiments revealed that OMT could decrease the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nitric oxide (NO), and down-regulate the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, OMT inhibited phosphorylation of JNK, ERK 1/2, P-p38 and NF-κB in Aβ1-42-induced microglia cells. In summary, OMT exhibits anti-neuroinflammatory effects and the anti-inflammatory activity of OMT is related to the regulation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiliang Dong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wei Han
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Hua Han
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China.
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4
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Blue EE, Bis JC, Dorschner MO, Tsuang D, Barral SM, Beecham G, Below JE, Bush WS, Butkiewicz M, Cruchaga C, DeStefano A, Farrer LA, Goate A, Haines J, Jaworski J, Jun G, Kunkle B, Kuzma A, Lee JJ, Lunetta K, Ma Y, Martin E, Naj A, Nato AQ, Navas P, Nguyen H, Reitz C, Reyes D, Salerno W, Schellenberg GD, Seshadri S, Sohi H, Thornton TA, Valladares O, van Duijn C, Vardarajan BN, Wang LS, Boerwinkle E, Dupuis J, Pericak-Vance MA, Mayeux R, Wijsman EM. Genetic Variation in Genes Underlying Diverse Dementias May Explain a Small Proportion of Cases in the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 45:1-17. [PMID: 29486463 PMCID: PMC5971141 DOI: 10.1159/000485503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP) aims to identify novel genes influencing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Variants within genes known to cause dementias other than AD have previously been associated with AD risk. We describe evidence of co-segregation and associations between variants in dementia genes and clinically diagnosed AD within the ADSP. METHODS We summarize the properties of known pathogenic variants within dementia genes, describe the co-segregation of variants annotated as "pathogenic" in ClinVar and new candidates observed in ADSP families, and test for associations between rare variants in dementia genes in the ADSP case-control study. The participants were clinically evaluated for AD, and they represent European, Caribbean Hispanic, and isolate Dutch populations. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Pathogenic variants in dementia genes were predominantly rare and conserved coding changes. Pathogenic variants within ARSA, CSF1R, and GRN were observed, and candidate variants in GRN and CHMP2B were nominated in ADSP families. An independent case-control study provided evidence of an association between variants in TREM2, APOE, ARSA, CSF1R, PSEN1, and MAPT and risk of AD. Variants in genes which cause dementing disorders may influence the clinical diagnosis of AD in a small proportion of cases within the ADSP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Debby Tsuang
- University of Washington
- Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Baylor College of Medicine
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
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5
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Chyra Kufova Z, Sevcikova T, Januska J, Vojta P, Boday A, Vanickova P, Filipova J, Growkova K, Jelinek T, Hajduch M, Hajek R. Newly designed 11-gene panel reveals first case of hereditary amyloidosis captured by massive parallel sequencing. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:687-694. [PMID: 29455155 PMCID: PMC6204976 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Amyloidosis is caused by deposition of abnormal protein fibrils, leading to damage of organ function. Hereditary amyloidosis represents a monogenic disease caused by germline mutations in 11 amyloidogenic precursor protein genes. One of the important but non-specific symptoms of amyloidosis is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Diagnostics of hereditary amyloidosis is complicated and the real cause can remain overlooked. We aimed to design hereditary amyloidosis gene panel and to introduce new next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach to investigate hereditary amyloidosis in a cohort of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of unknown significance. METHODS Design of target enrichment DNA library preparation using Haloplex Custom Kit containing 11 amyloidogenic genes was followed by MiSeq Illumina sequencing and bioinformatics identification of germline variants using tool VarScan in a cohort of 40 patients. RESULTS We present design of NGS panel for 11 genes (TTR, FGA, APOA1, APOA2, LYZ, GSN, CST3, PRNP, APP, B2M, ITM2B) connected to various forms of amyloidosis. We detected one mutation, which is responsible for hereditary amyloidosis. Some other single nucleotide variants are so far undescribed or rare variants or represent common polymorphisms in European population. CONCLUSIONS We report one positive case of hereditary amyloidosis in a cohort of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of unknown significance and set up first panel for NGS in hereditary amyloidosis. This work may facilitate successful implementation of the NGS method by other researchers or clinicians and may improve the diagnostic process after validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Chyra Kufova
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Sevcikova
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Vojta
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Arpad Boday
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Laboratory AGEL, Novy Jicin, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Vanickova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Laboratory AGEL, Novy Jicin, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Filipova
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Growkova
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Jelinek
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hajek
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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6
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Schmitz M, Dittmar K, Llorens F, Gelpi E, Ferrer I, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Zerr I. Hereditary Human Prion Diseases: an Update. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4138-4149. [PMID: 27324792 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases in humans are neurodegenerative diseases which are caused by an accumulation of abnormal, misfolded cellular prion protein known as scrapie prion protein (PrPSc). Genetic, acquired, or spontaneous (sporadic) forms are known. Pathogenic mutations in the human prion protein gene (PRNP) have been identified in 10-15 % of CJD patients. These mutations may be single point mutations, STOP codon mutations, or insertions or deletions of octa-peptide repeats. Some non-coding mutations and new mutations in the PrP gene have been identified without clear evidence for their pathogenic significance. In the present review, we provide an updated overview of PRNP mutations, which have been documented in the literature until now, describe the change in the DNA, the family history, the pathogenicity, and the number of described cases, which has not been published in this complexity before. We also provide a description of each genetic prion disease type, present characteristic histopathological features, and the PrPSc isoform expression pattern of various familial/genetic prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Dittmar
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter J Schulz-Schaeffer
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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7
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Sassi C, Guerreiro R, Gibbs R, Ding J, Lupton MK, Troakes C, Al-Sarraj S, Niblock M, Gallo JM, Adnan J, Killick R, Brown KS, Medway C, Lord J, Turton J, Bras J, Morgan K, Powell JF, Singleton A, Hardy J. Investigating the role of rare coding variability in Mendelian dementia genes (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, GRN, MAPT, and PRNP) in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2881.e1-2881.e6. [PMID: 25104557 PMCID: PMC4236585 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The overlapping clinical and neuropathologic features between late-onset apparently sporadic Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), and other neurodegenerative dementias (frontotemporal dementia, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) raise the question of whether shared genetic risk factors may explain the similar phenotype among these disparate disorders. To investigate this intriguing hypothesis, we analyzed rare coding variability in 6 Mendelian dementia genes (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, GRN, MAPT, and PRNP), in 141 LOAD patients and 179 elderly controls, neuropathologically proven, from the UK. In our cohort, 14 LOAD cases (10%) and 11 controls (6%) carry at least 1 rare variant in the genes studied. We report a novel variant in PSEN1 (p.I168T) and a rare variant in PSEN2 (p.A237V), absent in controls and both likely pathogenic. Our findings support previous studies, suggesting that (1) rare coding variability in PSEN1 and PSEN2 may influence the susceptibility for LOAD and (2) GRN, MAPT, and PRNP are not major contributors to LOAD. Thus, genetic screening is pivotal for the clinical differential diagnosis of these neurodegenerative dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Sassi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raphael Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Claire Troakes
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jihad Adnan
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | | | - Kristelle S Brown
- Translation Cell Sciences-Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher Medway
- Translation Cell Sciences-Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jenny Lord
- Translation Cell Sciences-Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James Turton
- Translation Cell Sciences-Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kevin Morgan
- Translation Cell Sciences-Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John F Powell
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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8
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Luo JJ, Truant AL, Kong Q, Zou WQ. Sporadic fatal insomnia with clinical, laboratory, and genetic findings. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:1188-92. [PMID: 22717776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A 75-year-old man presented with a three-year history of progressively worsening insomnia and dementia. His mother and older sister had similar disorders. On initial examination, he was awake, apathetic, and disoriented but had no focal neurological deficits. Electroencephalography showed diffuse background slowing with neither periodic discharge nor sleeping activity. A single-photon emission CT scan showed significantly reduced cerebral perfusion in bilateral thalami, basal ganglia, and limbic cortices. In the late stage of his illness, he developed sphincter dysfunction. Laboratory studies showed increased T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes and reduced cortisol level. Cerebrospinal fluid 14-3-3 protein was absent. Genetic evaluations failed to show the aspartate to asparagine point mutation at codon 178 but disclosed an asparagine to serine substitution at codon 171 in one allele and a deletion of 24 base pairs in the other allele in the human prion protein gene. These findings led to a diagnosis of sporadic fatal insomnia, which is a recently described prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jun Luo
- Department of Neurology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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9
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Madsen O, Kortum TT, Hupkes M, Kohlen W, van Rheede T, de Jong WW. Loss of Octarepeats in two processed prion pseudogenes in the red squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris. J Mol Evol 2010; 71:356-63. [PMID: 20878152 PMCID: PMC2990005 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-010-9390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal region of the mammalian prion protein (PrP) contains an 'octapeptide' repeat which is involved in copper binding. This eight- or nine-residue peptide is repeated four to seven times, depending on the species, and polymorphisms in repeat number do occur. Alleles with three repeats are very rare in humans and goats, and deduced PrP sequences with two repeats have only been reported in two lemur species and in the red squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris. We here describe that the red squirrel two-repeat PrP sequence actually represents a retroposed pseudogene, and that an additional and older processed pseudogene with three repeats also occurs in this species as well as in ground squirrels. We argue that repeat numbers may tend to contract rather than expand in prion retropseudogenes, and that functional prion genes with two repeats may not be viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Madsen
- Biomolecular Chemistry, 271 Nijmegen Center of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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10
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Ghoshal N, Cali I, Perrin RJ, Josephson SA, Sun N, Gambetti P, Morris JC. Codistribution of amyloid beta plaques and spongiform degeneration in familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with the E200K-129M haplotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:1240-6. [PMID: 19822779 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dominantly inherited Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) represents 5% to 15% of all CJD cases. The E200K mutation in the prion protein (PrP) gene (PRNP) is the most frequent cause of familial CJD. Coexistent amyloid beta (Abeta) plaques have been reported in some transmissible spongiform encephalopathies but to date have not been reported in familial CJD with the E200K mutation. OBJECTIVE To characterize a family with CJD in which Abeta plaques codistribute with spongiform degeneration. DESIGN Clinicopathologic and molecular study of a family with CJD with the E200K-129M haplotype. SETTING Alzheimer disease research center. PARTICIPANTS Two generations of a family. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical, biochemical, and neuropathologic observations in 2 generations of a family. RESULTS In this kindred, 3 autopsied cases showed pathologic changes typical for the E200K-129M haplotype, including spongiform degeneration, gliosis, neuronal loss, and PrP deposition. Moreover, 2 of these cases (ages 57 and 63 years) showed numerous Abeta plaques codistributed with spongiform degeneration. APOE genotyping in 2 cases revealed that Abeta plaques were present in the APOE epsilon4 carrier but not in the APOE epsilon4 noncarrier. Two additional cases exhibited incomplete penetrance, as they had no clinical evidence of CJD at death after age 80 years but had affected siblings and children. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first description of Abeta plaques in familial CJD with the E200K mutation. The codistribution of plaques and CJD-associated changes suggests that PrP plays a central role in Abeta formation and that Abeta pathology and prion disease likely in fluence each other. The kindred described herein provides support that PrP(E200K) may result in increased Abeta deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Ghoshal
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4488 Forest Park Ave, Ste 101, St Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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11
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Perera WS, Hooper NM. Ablation of the metal ion-induced endocytosis of the prion protein by disease-associated mutation of the octarepeat region. Curr Biol 2001; 11:519-23. [PMID: 11413003 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neurodegenerative spongiform encephalopathies, or prion diseases, are characterized by the conversion of the normal cellular form of the prion protein PrP(C) to a pathogenic form, PrP(Sc) [1]. There are four copies of an octarepeat PHGG(G/S)WGQ that specifically bind Cu(2+) ions within the N-terminal half of PrP(C) [2--4]. This has led to proposals that prion diseases may, in part, be due to abrogation of the normal cellular role of PrP(C) in copper homeostasis [5]. Here, we show that murine PrP(C) is rapidly endocytosed upon exposure of neuronal cells to physiologically relevant concentrations of Cu(2+) or Zn(2+), but not Mn(2+). Deletion of the four octarepeats or mutation of the histidine residues (H68/76 dyad) in the central two repeats abolished endocytosis, indicating that the internalization of PrP(C) is governed by metal binding to the octarepeats. Furthermore, a mutant form of PrP that contains nine additional octarepeats and is associated with familial prion disease [6] failed to undergo Cu(2+)-mediated endocytosis. For the first time, these results provide evidence that metal ions can promote the endocytosis of a mammalian prion protein in neuronal cells and that neurodegeneration associated with some prion diseases may arise from the ablation of this function due to mutation of the octarepeat region.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Perera
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Finckh U, Müller-Thomsen T, Mann U, Eggers C, Marksteiner J, Meins W, Binetti G, Alberici A, Hock C, Nitsch RM, Gal A. High prevalence of pathogenic mutations in patients with early-onset dementia detected by sequence analyses of four different genes. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:110-7. [PMID: 10631141 PMCID: PMC1288316 DOI: 10.1086/302702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical differential diagnosis of early-onset dementia (EOD) includes familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) and hereditary prion disease. In both disease entities, postmortem brain histopathological examination is essential for unambiguous diagnosis. Mutations in the genes encoding the presenilins (PS1 and PS2) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) are associated with FAD, whereas mutations in the prion protein (PrP) gene are associated with prion disease. To investigate the proportion of EOD attributable to known genes, we prospectively (i.e., antemortem) screened these four genes for mutations by sequencing genomic PCR products from patients with EOD before age 60 years. Family history for dementia was positive (PFH) in 16 patients, negative (NFH) in 17 patients, and unknown (UFH) in 3 patients. In 12 patients, we found five novel mutations (in PS1, F105L; in PS2, T122P and M239I; and in PrP, Q160X and T188K) and five previously reported mutations (in APP, in three patients who were most likely unrelated, V717I; in PS1, A79V and M139V; and in PrP, P102L and T183A) that are all considered to be disease causing. Of these 12 patients, 9 had PFH. This indicates a detection rate of 56% (9/16) in patients with PFH. We found two mutations (APP V717I) in two of the three UFH patients, and only one mutation (PrP T188K) in 1 of the 17 patients with NFH. We conclude that because of the lack of specific antemortem diagnostic markers for FAD and hereditary prion disease, all four genes should be included in a molecular diagnostic program in patients with EOD who had PFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Finckh
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Germany.
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Finckh U, Müller-Thomsen T, Mann U, Eggers C, Marksteiner J, Meins W, Binetti G, Alberici A, Sonderegger P, Hock C, Nitsch RM, Gal A. High frequency of mutations in four different disease genes in early-onset dementia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 920:100-6. [PMID: 11193137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the genes for amyloid precursor protein (APP), the presenilins (PS1, PS2), prion protein (PrP), neuroserpin, and tau are associated with early-onset dementia (EOD) with or without neurological signs in the early disease stage. To investigate the proportion of EOD without early neurological signs attributable to known genes we prospectively (i.e., ante mortem) screened these six genes for mutations in 36 patients with EOD before age 60. Family history for dementia was positive (PFH) in 16, negative (NFH) in 17, and unknown (UFH) in 3 patients. In 12 patients, we found 5 novel mutations (PS1: F105L; PS2: T122P, M239I; PrP: Q160X, T188K) and 5 previously reported mutations (APP: in three most likely unrelated patients V717I; PS1: A79V, M139V; PrP: P102L, T183A) that all are considered disease causing. Of these 12 patients, 9 had PFH. This indicates a detection rate of 56% (9/16) in patients with PFH. We found 2 mutations (APP V717I) in 2 of the 3 the UFH-patients, and only 1 mutation (PrP T188K) in 1 of the 17 patients with NFH. No mutation was found in tau and neuroserpin genes. To date, three patients died and FAD, predicted by PS mutations in two patients, and prion disease, predicted by a PrP mutation in the third one, were histopathologically confirmed at autopsy. Up to now, mutation findings may be the most specific biomarkers for an ante mortem diagnosis of FAD or hereditary prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Finckh
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
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Zerr I, Bodemer M, Otto M, Poser S, Windl O, Kretzschmar HA, Gefeller O, Weber T. Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid. Lancet 1996; 348:846-9. [PMID: 8826809 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)08077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is based on clinical and electroencephalographic criteria which do not allow a reliable diagnosis to be made during life. METHODS Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained after informed consent from relatives of suspected cases of CJD referred to the German CJD surveillance unit. CSF samples from 58 definite (neuropathologically verified), 46 probable, and 34 possible CJD cases, and from 44 patients without CJD were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Two investigators blinded to clinical findings recorded the presence of two proteins, p130/131. The kappa value for the level of agreement between these investigators was calculated. Results obtained were compared with the determination of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in CSF. NSE concentrations of more than 35 ng/mL were considered indicative of CJD. FINDINGS p130/131 was detected in 81% of definite (47/58), 80% of probable (37/46), 68% of possible (23/34) CJD cases, and in none of the other 44 cases. NSE concentrations of more than 35 ng/mL were seen in 79% of definite (46/58), 80% of probable (37/46), 59% of possible (20/34) CJD cases, and 9% of other cases (4/43). The positive predictive value for 2-DE of CSF is 100% and the negative predictive value is 69%. The level of agreement for the detection of p130/131 by two evaluators in a subset of 141 2-DE gels was a kappa of 0.93 (95% CI 0.86-0.99). Of 13 cases initially classified as possible and later reclassified as definite, ten cases were identified correctly by the 2-DE analysis, indicating a better diagnostic accuracy of this test compared with the current clinical classification. None of nine cases classified as other by neuropathology had p130/131 in 2-DE. INTERPRETATION 2-DE for p130/131 is a specific test for the diagnosis of CJD. These data suggest including detection of p130/131 as a criterion for the diagnosis of probable CJD in addition to the currently accepted criteria of a rapidly progressive dementia of less than 2 years duration, typical neurological signs, and periodic sharp-wave complexes in the EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zerr
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
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