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Margiotti K, Fabiani M, Cima A, Libotte F, Mesoraca A, Giorlandino C. Prenatal Diagnosis by Trio Clinical Exome Sequencing: Single Center Experience. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3209-3217. [PMID: 38666931 PMCID: PMC11048976 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fetal anomalies, characterized by structural or functional abnormalities occurring during intrauterine life, pose a significant medical challenge, with a notable prevalence, affecting approximately 2-3% of live births and 20% of spontaneous miscarriages. This study aims to identify the genetic cause of ultrasound anomalies through clinical exome sequencing (CES) analysis. The focus is on utilizing CES analysis in a trio setting, involving the fetuses and both parents. To achieve this objective, prenatal trio clinical exome sequencing was conducted in 51 fetuseses exhibiting ultrasound anomalies with previously negative results from chromosomal microarray (CMA) analysis. The study revealed pathogenic variants in 24% of the analyzed cases (12 out of 51). It is worth noting that the findings include de novo variants in 50% of cases and the transmission of causative variants from asymptomatic parents in 50% of cases. Trio clinical exome sequencing stands out as a crucial tool in advancing prenatal diagnostics, surpassing the effectiveness of relying solely on chromosomal microarray analysis. This underscores its potential to become a routine diagnostic standard in prenatal care, particularly for cases involving ultrasound anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Margiotti
- Human Genetics Lab, Altamedica Main Centre, Viale Liegi 45, 00198 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (A.C.); (F.L.); (A.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Marco Fabiani
- Human Genetics Lab, Altamedica Main Centre, Viale Liegi 45, 00198 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (A.C.); (F.L.); (A.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Antonella Cima
- Human Genetics Lab, Altamedica Main Centre, Viale Liegi 45, 00198 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (A.C.); (F.L.); (A.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Francesco Libotte
- Human Genetics Lab, Altamedica Main Centre, Viale Liegi 45, 00198 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (A.C.); (F.L.); (A.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Alvaro Mesoraca
- Human Genetics Lab, Altamedica Main Centre, Viale Liegi 45, 00198 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (A.C.); (F.L.); (A.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Claudio Giorlandino
- Human Genetics Lab, Altamedica Main Centre, Viale Liegi 45, 00198 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (A.C.); (F.L.); (A.M.); (C.G.)
- Fetal-Maternal Medical Centre, Altamedica Viale Liegi 45, 00198 Rome, Italy
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Jacobs E, Whitehead MT. Clinical spectrum of orbital and ocular abnormalities on fetal MRI. Pediatr Radiol 2023; 53:121-130. [PMID: 35867110 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-022-05439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may reveal sonographically occult ocular abnormalities. When discovered, acquired causes and genetic associations must be sought. OBJECTIVE We aim to evaluate a fetal cohort with orbit and/or globe malformations to determine whether there are imaging patterns that suggest the underlying cause. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched all fetal MRI reports performed at an academic children's hospital over 9 consecutive years for orbit and/or globe abnormalities. Each positive exam and all follow-up MRIs were evaluated for interocular distance, globe size, shape and signal, and brain malformations. Genetic and clinical diagnoses were recorded from the medical record. RESULTS Seventy-six of 3,085 fetuses (2.5%) were diagnosed with ocular and/or globe abnormalities; 50% had postnatal follow-up MR exams, all confirming the fetal MRI findings. Ninety-two percent (70/76) had concurrent brain malformations. Sixty-seven percent (51/76) were diagnosed with an underlying disorder and 39% of these were genetically proven. The most common diagnoses with ocular globe abnormalities included CHARGE (coloboma of the eye, heart anomaly, choanal atresia, retardation and genital and ear anomalies) syndrome, trisomy 13 syndrome, dystroglycanopathy, holoprosencephaly and diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia. Genetic diagnoses were more likely with ocular globe abnormalities than isolated orbital abnormalities (P=0.04). Sixty-seven percent of fetuses with ocular calcifications, hemorrhage and/or lens abnormalities had potential maternal risk factors (P=0.03). CONCLUSION Malformed ocular globes are associated with brain malformations and genetic abnormalities. Ocular calcifications, hemorrhage and/or lens abnormalities may be associated with maternal risk factors. Genetic work-up should be considered when an ocular globe size or shape abnormality is detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Jacobs
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
| | - Matthew T Whitehead
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.,Department of Neuroradiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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Nasal fistula, epidermal cyst and hypernatremia in a girl presenting holoprosencephaly due to a rare ZIC2 point mutation. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 63:103641. [PMID: 30894326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly is the most common brain malformation in humans and it is a complex genetic disorder. We report on a patient with holoprosencephaly caused by a rare ZIC2 mutation presenting a bifid nose associated with a nasal fistula and an epidermal cyst, besides hypernatremia. The patient was a 1 year and 4 months old girl that developed an important neuropsychomotor delay. Currently, she uses a wheelchair to move around and only emits sounds. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a semilobar holoprosencephaly and a Dandy-Walker variant. Head magnetic resonance imaging also disclosed corpus callosum agenesis and prefrontal subarachnoid space enlargement. On physical examination at 1 year and 4 months of age, we verified growth retardation, microcephaly, bilateral epicantic fold, upslanting palpebral fissures, bifid nose, and limbs spasticity secondary to hypertonia. Later, she began to present hypernatremia; however, its precise cause was not identified. At 6 years and 10 months of age, a nasal fistula was suspected. Facial CT scan showed an epidermal cyst at cartilaginous portion of the nasal septum. High resolution GTG-Banding karyotype was normal. However, molecular analysis through direct sequencing technique showed a mutation at regulatory region of the ZIC2 gene: c.1599*954T > A, a genetic variation previously described only in a Brazilian patient. Our patient presented findings still not reported in literature among patients with holoprosencephaly, including those with ZIC2 mutations. Thus, the spectrum of abnormalities associated to ZIC2 mutations may be broader and include other defects as those observed in our patient.
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Martinez AF, Kruszka PS, Muenke M. Extracephalic manifestations of nonchromosomal, nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 178:246-257. [PMID: 29761634 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonchromosomal, nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly (NCNS-HPE) has traditionally been considered as a condition of brain and craniofacial maldevelopment. In this review, we present the results of a comprehensive literature search supporting a wide spectrum of extracephalic manifestations identified in patients with NCNS-HPE. These manifestations have been described in case reports and in large cohorts of patients with "single-gene" mutations, suggesting that the NCNS-HPE phenotype can be more complex than traditionally thought. Likely, a complex network of interacting genetic variants and environmental factors is responsible for these systemic abnormalities that deviate from the usual brain and craniofacial findings in NCNS-HPE. In addition to the systemic consequences of pituitary dysfunction (as a direct result of brain midline defects), here we describe a number of extracephalic findings of NCNS-HPE affecting various organ systems. It is our goal to provide a guide of extracephalic features for clinicians given the important clinical implications of these manifestations for the management and care of patients with HPE and their mutation-positive relatives. The health risks associated with some manifestations (e.g., fatty liver disease) may have historically been neglected in affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel F Martinez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul S Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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5
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Paspaliaris V, Vrachnis N, Iliodromiti Z, Antonakopoulos N, Papaioannou G, Vlachadis N, Anastasiadou F, Sotiriou S, Garas A, Thomaidis L, Manolakos E. 7q Deletion/12q Duplication Is the Possible Cause of an Alobar Holoprosencephaly Case. Mol Syndromol 2018; 9:52-57. [PMID: 29456484 DOI: 10.1159/000481972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) spectrum disorder is the most common congenital malformation of the human brain with absence of or incomplete midline cleavage. Its cause is heterogenic, making genetic counseling a challenge. In this case report, a pregnancy affected by alobar HPE is described. Using aCGH, an 8.9-Mb deletion at 7q36.1q36.3 together with a 4.9-Mb duplication at 12q24.32q24.33 is assumed to be the possible reason for this alobar HPE case. It is discussed that disruption of key elements of the developing brain, taking environmental factors into account, contributes to the HPE spectrum. The use of aCGH for invasive prenatal testing is starting to become the standard technique, providing accurate information about the cause of congenital diseases for couples receiving genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Paspaliaris
- Access to genome (ATG P.C.), Clinical Laboratory Genetics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Giorgos Papaioannou
- Department of Gynecology, Attikon Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Foteini Anastasiadou
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Larissa Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios Sotiriou
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Larissa Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Antonios Garas
- Department of Gynecology, Larissa Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Lorreta Thomaidis
- Developmental Assessment Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, P&A Kyriakou Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Manolakos
- Access to genome (ATG P.C.), Clinical Laboratory Genetics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Developmental Assessment Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, P&A Kyriakou Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cagliari, Binaghi Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
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Richieri-Costa A, Vendramini-Pittoli S, Kokitsu-Nakata NM, Zechi-Ceide RM, Alvarez CW, Ribeiro-Bicudo LA. Multisystem Involvement in a Patient with a PTCH1 Mutation: Clinical and Imaging Findings. J Pediatr Genet 2016; 6:103-106. [PMID: 28496998 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1588028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report on a Brazilian female patient born to consanguineous parents and presenting with alobar holoprosencephaly, severe eye involvement, and unusual skin hyperpigmented lesions. She was found to have a mutation (c.2240T > C; p.Val751Gly) in exon 15 of the PTCH1 gene. Mutations in this gene are associated with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS, OMIM 109400) and, in other instances, with holoprosencephaly (holoprosencephaly-7, OMIM 610828). Severe eye involvement ranging from orbital coloboma to microphthalmia has been seldom reported in patients with NBCCS with PTCH1 mutations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an individual with central nervous system, skin, and eye manifestations due to a PTCH1 mutation. Mechanisms involved in these multisystem manifestations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Richieri-Costa
- Serviço de Genética, Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Siulan Vendramini-Pittoli
- Serviço de Genética, Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nancy Mizue Kokitsu-Nakata
- Serviço de Genética, Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roseli Maria Zechi-Ceide
- Serviço de Genética, Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Wenceslau Alvarez
- Serviço de Genética, Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Dubourg C, Carré W, Hamdi-Rozé H, Mouden C, Roume J, Abdelmajid B, Amram D, Baumann C, Chassaing N, Coubes C, Faivre-Olivier L, Ginglinger E, Gonzales M, Levy-Mozziconacci A, Lynch SA, Naudion S, Pasquier L, Poidvin A, Prieur F, Sarda P, Toutain A, Dupé V, Akloul L, Odent S, de Tayrac M, David V. Mutational Spectrum in Holoprosencephaly Shows That FGF is a New Major Signaling Pathway. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:1329-1339. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christèle Dubourg
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique; CHU; Rennes France
- UMR6290 Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - Wilfrid Carré
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique; CHU; Rennes France
- UMR6290 Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - Houda Hamdi-Rozé
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique; CHU; Rennes France
- UMR6290 Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - Charlotte Mouden
- UMR6290 Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - Joëlle Roume
- Service de Génétique Médicale; CHI; Poissy France
| | | | - Daniel Amram
- Unité de Génétique Clinique; CHI; Créteil France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marie Gonzales
- Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales; Hôpital Armand Trousseau; Paris France
| | | | - Sally-Ann Lynch
- Medical Genetics; Our Lady's Children Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| | | | | | - Amélie Poidvin
- Service d'Endocrinologie; CHU Robert Debré; Paris France
| | | | - Pierre Sarda
- Département de Génétique Médicale; CHU; Montpellier France
| | | | - Valérie Dupé
- UMR6290 Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - Linda Akloul
- Service de Génétique Clinique; CHU; Rennes France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- UMR6290 Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Service de Génétique Clinique; CHU; Rennes France
| | - Marie de Tayrac
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique; CHU; Rennes France
- UMR6290 Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - Véronique David
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique; CHU; Rennes France
- UMR6290 Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
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9
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Paulo SS, Fernandes-Rosa FL, Turatti W, Coeli-Lacchini FB, Martinelli CE, Nakiri GS, Moreira AC, Santos AC, de Castro M, Antonini SR. Sonic Hedgehog mutations are not a common cause of congenital hypopituitarism in the absence of complex midline cerebral defects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:562-9. [PMID: 25056824 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and GLI2, an obligatory mediator of SHH signal transduction, are holoprosencephaly (HPE)-associated genes essential in pituitary formation. GLI2 variants have been found in patients with congenital hypopituitarism without complex midline cerebral defects (MCD). However, data on the occurrence of SHH mutations in these patients are limited. We screened for SHH and GLI2 mutations or copy number variations (CNV) in patients with congenital hypopituitarism without MCD or with variable degrees of MCD. PATIENTS AND METHODS Detailed data on clinical, laboratory and neuroimaging findings of 115 patients presenting with congenital hypopituitarism without MCD, septo-optic dysplasia or HPE were analysed. The SHH and GLI2 genes were directly sequenced, and the presence of gene CNV was analysed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). RESULTS Anterior pituitary deficiency was found in 74% and 53% of patients with SOD or HPE, respectively. Diabetes insipidus was common in patients with HPE (47%) but infrequent in patients with congenital hypopituitarism or SOD (7% and 8%, respectively). A single heterozygous nonsense SHH mutation (p.Tyr175Ter) was found in a patient presenting with hypopituitarism and alobar HPE. No other SHH mutations or CNV were found. Nine GLI2 variations (8 missense and 1 frameshift) including a homozygous and a compound heterozygous variation were found in patients with congenital hypopituitarism or SOD, but not in HPE patients. No GLI2 CNV were found. CONCLUSION SHH mutations or copy number variations are not a common cause of congenital hypopituitarism in patients without complex midline cerebral defects. GLI2 variants are found in some patients with congenital hypopituitarism without complex midline cerebral defects or septo-optic dysplasia. However, functional analyses of these variants are needed to strengthen genotype-phenotype relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Soares Paulo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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10
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Abstract
The adrenal gland consists of two distinct parts, the cortex and the medulla. Molecular mechanisms controlling differentiation and growth of the adrenal gland have been studied in detail using mouse models. Knowledge also came from investigations of genetic disorders altering adrenal development and/or function. During embryonic development, the adrenal cortex acquires a structural and functional zonation in which the adrenal cortex is divided into three different steroidogenic zones. Significant progress has been made in understanding adrenal zonation. Recent lineage tracing experiments have accumulated evidence for a centripetal differentiation of adrenocortical cells from the subcapsular area to the inner part of the adrenal cortex. Understanding of the mechanism of adrenocortical cancer (ACC) development was stimulated by knowledge of adrenal gland development. ACC is a rare cancer with a very poor overall prognosis. Abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-catenin as well as the IGF2 signaling plays an important role in ACC development. Studies examining rare genetic syndromes responsible for familial ACT have played an important role in identifying genetic alterations in these tumors (like TP53 or CTNNB1 mutations as well as IGF2 overexpression). Recently, genomic analyses of ACT have shown gene expression profiles associated with malignancy as well as chromosomal and methylation alterations in ACT and exome sequencing allowed to describe the mutational landscape of these tumors. This progress leads to a new classification of these tumors, opening new perspectives for the diagnosis and prognostication of ACT. This review summarizes current knowledge of adrenocortical development, growth, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Lefèvre
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France Department of Endocrinology, Referral Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Radojicic J, Tanic T, Pesic Z, Jovic N, Cutovic T, Filipovic G. Rare Disease: Lobar Holoprosencephaly With a Median Cleft Lip-Case Report. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2014; 53:109-17. [PMID: 25291088 DOI: 10.1597/14-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly is a complex malformation of the brain associated with the median facial defects. Variability of the clinical picture is the characteristic of this anomaly. In most cases, the degree of severity of the facial anomaly correlates with the degree of damage to the brain. This article aims to present a rare case of child with a milder form of brain anomaly combined with a severe form of facial anomaly. The article also presents the application of a feeding stimulator to improve the child's quality of life. The anomaly was diagnosed by postnatal sonography of the brain, magnetic resonance imaging of the endocranium, and three-dimensional computed tomography of the craniofacial skeleton.
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12
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Pramfalk C, Eriksson M, Parini P. Role of TG-interacting factor (Tgif) in lipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:9-12. [PMID: 25088698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
TG interacting factors (Tgifs) 1 and 2 are members of the TALE (three-amino-acid loop extension) superfamily of homeodomain proteins. These two proteins bind to the same DNA sequence and share a conserved C-terminal repression domain. Mutations in TGIF1 have been linked to holoprosencephaly, which is a human genetic disease that affects craniofacial development. As these proteins can interact with the ligand binding domain of retinoid X receptor α, a common heterodimeric partner of several nuclear receptors [e.g., liver X receptors (LXRs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)], Tgif1 and Tgif2 might repress other transcriptional pathways activated by lipids. In line with this, Tgif1 interacts with LXRα and Tgif1 null mice have increased expression of the two Lxrα target genes apolipoproteins (Apo) c2 and a4. Also, we have recently identified Tgif1 to function as a transcriptional repressor of the cholesterol esterifying enzyme acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (gene name SOAT2). As no studies yet have shown involvement of Tgif2 in the lipid metabolism, this review will focus on the role of Tgif1 in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Linking transcription to physiology in lipodomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pramfalk
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Sweden; Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mats Eriksson
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Sweden; Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Sweden; Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Sweden.
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Savastano CP, El-Jaick KB, Costa-Lima MA, Abath CMB, Bianca S, Cavalcanti DP, Félix TM, Scarano G, Llerena JC, Vargas FR, Moreira MÂM, Seuánez HN, Castilla EE, Orioli IM. Molecular analysis of holoprosencephaly in South America. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:250-62. [PMID: 24764759 PMCID: PMC3983586 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014000200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a spectrum of brain and facial malformations primarily reflecting genetic factors, such as chromosomal abnormalities and gene mutations. Here, we present a clinical and molecular analysis of 195 probands with HPE or microforms; approximately 72% of the patients were derived from the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC), and 82% of the patients were newborns. Alobar HPE was the predominant brain defect in almost all facial defect categories, except for patients without oral cleft and median or lateral oral clefts. Ethmocephaly, cebocephaly, and premaxillary agenesis were primarily observed among female patients. Premaxillary agenesis occurred in six of the nine diabetic mothers. Recurrence of HPE or microform was approximately 19%. The frequency of microdeletions, detected using Multiplex Ligation-dependant Probe Amplification (MLPA) was 17% in patients with a normal karyotype. Cytogenetics or QF-PCR analyses revealed chromosomal anomalies in 27% of the probands. Mutational analyses in genes SHH, ZIC2, SIX3 and TGIF were performed in 119 patients, revealing eight mutations in SHH, two mutations in SIX3 and two mutations in ZIC2. Thus, a detailed clinical description of new HPE cases with identified genetic anomalies might establish genotypic and phenotypic correlations and contribute to the development of additional strategies for the analysis of new cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Pagani Savastano
- Estudo Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformações Congênitas, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil . ; Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kênia Balbi El-Jaick
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sebastiano Bianca
- Centro di Consulenza Genetica e di Teratologia della Riproduzione, Dipartimento Materno Infantile, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima, Catania, CT, Italy
| | | | - Têmis Maria Félix
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gioacchino Scarano
- Registro Campano Difetti Congeniti, Azienda Ospedaliera "Gaetano Rummo", Benevento, BN, Italy
| | - Juan Clinton Llerena
- Centro de Genética Médica, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando Regla Vargas
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil . ; Estudo Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformações Congênitas, Laboratório de Epidemiologia de Defeitos Congênitos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Hector N Seuánez
- Programa de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Enrique Castilla
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil . ; Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformaciones Congenitas, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigación Clínica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iêda Maria Orioli
- Estudo Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformações Congênitas, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil . ; Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Savastano CP, Bernardi P, Seuánez HN, Moreira MÂM, Orioli IM. Rare nasal cleft in a patient with holoprosencephaly due to a mutation in the ZIC2 gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:300-6. [PMID: 24677696 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a spectrum of midline malformations of the prosencephalon generally reflected in a continuum of midline facial anomalies. Patients with mutation in the ZIC2 gene usually present a normal or mildly dysmorphic face associated with a severe brain malformation. Here we present a rare unilateral nasal cleft (Tessier cleft n. 1) with holoprosencephaly in a patient with a ZIC2 mutation. CASE The male newborn presented with alobar HPE, microcephaly, ocular hypertelorism, upslanting palpebral fissures, a bulky nose with a left paramedian alar cleft. Mutational screening for HPE genes revealed the occurrence of a frameshift mutation in the ZIC2 gene. The mutation was inherited from the father who presented only mild ocular hypotelorism but had an affected child with HPE from his first marriage. CONCLUSION The occurrence of oral clefts is common in patients with HPE, but unusual in patients with mutation in the ZIC2 gene. To our knowledge, clefts of the nasal alae have been reported only once or twice in patients with ZIC2 mutations. In documented patients from the literature, only 2% of individuals with described pathogenic mutations in the ZIC2 gene (3/171) presented facial clefts, one of them a nasal cleft, while common oral clefts were observed in 27% of individuals (7/26) described with nonpathogenic ZIC2 mutations or presenting a concomitant mutation in another HPE gene. When compared with the general population, nasal clefts are common in ZIC2 mutations and these mutations must be searched for in undiagnosed cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Pagani Savastano
- Estudo Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformações Congênitas (ECLAMC), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; INAGEMP - Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Pelegrino KDO, Sugayama S, Catelani AL, Lezirovitz K, Kok F, Chauffaille MDL. 7q36 deletion and 9p22 duplication: effects of a double imbalance. Mol Cytogenet 2013; 6:2. [PMID: 23317051 PMCID: PMC3557211 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of mental retardation/developmental delay (MRDD) remains a challenge to geneticists and clinicians and can be correlated to environmental and genetic factors. Chromosomal aberrations are common causes of moderate to severe mental retardation and may represent 10% of these occurrences. Here we report the case of a boy with development delay, hypoplasia of corpus callosum, microcephaly, muscular hypotonia, and facial dysmorphisms. A deletion of 7q36.1 → 36.3 and duplication of 9p22.3 → 23 was detected as a result of an unbalanced translocation of paternal origin. Breakpoint delimitation was achieved with array comparative genomic hybridization assay. Additional multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analyzes confirmed one copy loss of 7q36.3 region and one copy gain of 9p24.3 region. Patient resultant phenotype is consistent with the already described findings for both 7q deletion and 9p duplication syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla de Oliveira Pelegrino
- Research and Development Institute, Fleury Group, Av, Gal Valdomiro de Lima, 508, São Paulo, SP, Zip Code: 04344-070, Brazil.
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16
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Vaaralahti K, Raivio T, Koivu R, Valanne L, Laitinen EM, Tommiska J. Genetic Overlap between Holoprosencephaly and Kallmann Syndrome. Mol Syndromol 2012; 3:1-5. [PMID: 22855648 DOI: 10.1159/000338706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Kallmann syndrome (KS; congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and decreased/absent sense of smell), septo-optic dysplasia (SOD), or holoprosencephaly (HPE) reportedly have midline defects. In this study, we investigate a genetic overlap between KS, SOD, and HPE. Nineteen subjects (18 males, 1 female) with KS and without mutations in the known KS genes were screened for mutations in SOX2, SHH, SIX3,TGIF1,TDGF1,FOXH1,GLI2, and GLI3. One male carried 2 heterozygous missense changes, one in SIX3 (c.428G>A, p.G143D) and the other in GLI2 (c.2509G>A, p.E837K). Both of these genes have been implicated in the etiology of HPE and neither of these changes were present in 200 control subjects. Other variants found among the subjects were known polymorphisms. KS and HPE may display a genetic overlap. The involvement of genes implicated in the etiology of midline defects in patients with KS warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vaaralahti
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Mercier S, Dubourg C, Garcelon N, Campillo-Gimenez B, Gicquel I, Belleguic M, Ratié L, Pasquier L, Loget P, Bendavid C, Jaillard S, Rochard L, Quélin C, Dupé V, David V, Odent S. New findings for phenotype-genotype correlations in a large European series of holoprosencephaly cases. J Med Genet 2011; 48:752-60. [PMID: 21940735 PMCID: PMC3386902 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common forebrain defect in humans. It results from incomplete midline cleavage of the prosencephalon. METHODS A large European series of 645 HPE probands (and 699 relatives), consisting of 51% fetuses and 49% liveborn children, is reported. RESULTS Mutations in the four main genes involved in HPE (SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, TGIF) were identified in 25% of cases. The SHH, SIX3, and TGIF mutations were inherited in more than 70% of these cases, whereas 70% of the mutations in ZIC2 occurred de novo. Moreover, rearrangements were detected in 22% of the 260 patients screened by array comparative genomic hybridisation. 15 probands had two mutations providing additional support for the 'multiple-hit process' in HPE. There was a positive correlation between the severity of the brain malformation and facial features for SHH, SIX3, and TGIF, but no such correlation was found for ZIC2 mutations. The most severe HPE types were associated with SIX3 and ZIC2 mutations, whereas microforms were associated with SHH mutations. The study focused on the associated brain malformations, including neuronal migration defects, which predominated in individuals with ZIC2 mutations, and neural tube defects, which were frequently associated with ZIC2 (rachischisis) and TGIF mutations. Extracraniofacial features were observed in 27% of the individuals in this series (up to 40% of those with ZIC2 mutations) and a significant correlation was found between renal/urinary defects and mutations of SHH and ZIC2. CONCLUSIONS An algorithm is proposed based on these new phenotype-genotype correlations, to facilitate molecular analysis and genetic counselling for HPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mercier
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU RennesUniversité de Rennes 116 bd de Bulgarie BP 90437, 35203 Rennes Cedex 2,FR
| | - Christèle Dubourg
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Nicolas Garcelon
- LIM, Laboratoire d'Informatique Médicale
Université de Rennes 1Laboratoire d'Informatique Médicale CHU - Pontchaillou 2, rue Henri Le Guilloux 35033 RENNES,FR
| | - Boris Campillo-Gimenez
- LIM, Laboratoire d'Informatique Médicale
Université de Rennes 1Laboratoire d'Informatique Médicale CHU - Pontchaillou 2, rue Henri Le Guilloux 35033 RENNES,FR
| | - Isabelle Gicquel
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Marion Belleguic
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU RennesUniversité de Rennes 116 bd de Bulgarie BP 90437, 35203 Rennes Cedex 2,FR
| | - Leslie Ratié
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Laurent Pasquier
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU RennesUniversité de Rennes 116 bd de Bulgarie BP 90437, 35203 Rennes Cedex 2,FR
| | - Philippe Loget
- Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques
Hôpital PontchaillouUniversité de Rennes 1CHU Rennes2, rue Henri-le-Guilloux, 35000 Rennes,FR
| | - Claude Bendavid
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Sylvie Jaillard
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Lucie Rochard
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Chloé Quélin
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU RennesUniversité de Rennes 116 bd de Bulgarie BP 90437, 35203 Rennes Cedex 2,FR
| | - Valérie Dupé
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Véronique David
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Sylvie Odent
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU RennesUniversité de Rennes 116 bd de Bulgarie BP 90437, 35203 Rennes Cedex 2,FR
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18
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Dupé V, Rochard L, Mercier S, Le Pétillon Y, Gicquel I, Bendavid C, Bourrouillou G, Kini U, Thauvin-Robinet C, Bohan TP, Odent S, Dubourg C, David V. NOTCH, a new signaling pathway implicated in holoprosencephaly. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 20:1122-31. [PMID: 21196490 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetics of Holoprosencephaly (HPE), a congenital malformation of the developing human forebrain, is due to multiple genetic defects. Most genes that have been implicated in HPE belong to the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Here we describe a new candidate gene isolated from array comparative genomic hybridization redundant 6qter deletions, DELTA Like 1 (DLL1), which is a ligand of NOTCH. We show that DLL1 is co-expressed in the developing chick forebrain with Fgf8. By treating chick embryos with a pharmacological inhibitor, we demonstrate that DLL1 interacts with FGF signaling pathway. Moreover, a mutation analysis of DLL1 in HPE patients revealed a three-nucleotide deletion. These various findings implicate DLL1 in early patterning of the forebrain and identify NOTCH as a new signaling pathway involved in HPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Dupé
- Institut de Génétique et Développement, CNRS UMR6061, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140 GFAS, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
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Paulussen ADC, Schrander-Stumpel CT, Tserpelis DCJ, Spee MKM, Stegmann APA, Mancini GM, Brooks AS, Collée M, Maat-Kievit A, Simon MEH, van Bever Y, Stolte-Dijkstra I, Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, Herkert JC, van Essen AJ, Lichtenbelt KD, van Haeringen A, Kwee ML, Lachmeijer AMA, Tan-Sindhunata GMB, van Maarle MC, Arens YHJM, Smeets EEJGL, de Die-Smulders CE, Engelen JJM, Smeets HJ, Herbergs J. The unfolding clinical spectrum of holoprosencephaly due to mutations in SHH, ZIC2, SIX3 and TGIF genes. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:999-1005. [PMID: 20531442 PMCID: PMC2987413 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly is a severe malformation of the brain characterized by abnormal formation and separation of the developing central nervous system. The prevalence is 1:250 during early embryogenesis, the live-born prevalence is 1:16 000. The etiology of HPE is extremely heterogeneous and can be teratogenic or genetic. We screened four known HPE genes in a Dutch cohort of 86 non-syndromic HPE index cases, including 53 family members. We detected 21 mutations (24.4%), 3 in SHH, 9 in ZIC2 and 9 in SIX3. Eight mutations involved amino-acid substitutions, 7 ins/del mutations, 1 frame-shift, 3 identical poly-alanine tract expansions and 2 gene deletions. Pathogenicity of mutations was presumed based on de novo character, predicted non-functionality of mutated proteins, segregation of mutations with affected family-members or combinations of these features. Two mutations were reported previously. SNP array confirmed detected deletions; one spanning the ZIC2/ZIC5 genes (approx. 100 kb) the other a 1.45 Mb deletion including SIX2/SIX3 genes. The mutation percentage (24%) is comparable with previous reports, but we detected significantly less mutations in SHH: 3.5 vs 10.7% (P=0.043) and significantly more in SIX3: 10.5 vs 4.3% (P=0.018). For TGIF1 and ZIC2 mutation the rate was in conformity with earlier reports. About half of the mutations were de novo, one was a germ line mosaic. The familial mutations displayed extensive heterogeneity in clinical manifestation. Of seven familial index patients only two parental carriers showed minor HPE signs, five were completely asymptomatic. Therefore, each novel mutation should be considered as a risk factor for clinically manifest HPE, with the caveat of reduced clinical penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée D C Paulussen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, School for Oncology & Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht UMC, The Netherlands.
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Paiva KBS, Silva-Valenzuela MDG, Massironi SMG, Ko GM, Siqueira FM, Nunes FD. Differential Shh, Bmp and Wnt gene expressions during craniofacial development in mice. Acta Histochem 2010; 112:508-17. [PMID: 19608221 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Bmp-4, Wnt-5a and Shh gene expressions were compared during early craniofacial development in mice by comparative non-isotopic in situ hybridization. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were studied at various stages of embryonic development (from 8.5- to 13.5-day-old embryos--E8.5-13.5). During early odontogenesis, transcripts for Bmp-4, Shh and Wnt-5a were co-localised at the tooth initiation stage. At E8.5, Shh mRNA expression was restricted to diencephalon and pharyngeal endoderm. Before maxillae and mandible ossification, Bmp-4 and Wnt-5a signals were detected in the mesenchymal cells and around Meckel's cartilage. During palatogenesis, Shh was expressed only in the epithelium and Wnt-5a only in the mesenchyme of the elevating palatal shelves. During tongue development, Shh expression was found in mesenchyme, probably contributing to tongue miogenesis, while Wnt-5a signal was in the epithelium, possibly during placode development and papillae formation. Taken together, these findings suggest that Bmp-4, Shh and Wnt-5a gene expressions may act together on the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions occurring in several aspects of the early mouse craniofacial development, such as odontogenesis, neuronal development, maxillae and mandible ossification, palatogenesis and tongue formation.
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Corona-Rivera JR, Rea-Rosas A, Santana-Ramírez A, Acosta-León J, Hernández-Rocha J, Miguel-Jiménez K. Holoprosencephaly and genitourinary anomalies in fetal methotrexate syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1741-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Mesodermal Tbx1 is required for patterning the proximal mandible in mice. Dev Biol 2010; 344:669-81. [PMID: 20501333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Defects in the lower jaw, or mandible, occur commonly either as isolated malformations or in association with genetic syndromes. Understanding its formation and genetic pathways required for shaping its structure in mammalian model organisms will shed light into the pathogenesis of malformations in humans. The lower jaw is derived from the mandibular process of the first pharyngeal arch (MdPA1) during embryogenesis. Integral to the development of the mandible is the signaling interplay between Fgf8 and Bmp4 in the rostral ectoderm and their downstream effector genes in the underlying neural crest derived mesenchyme. The non-neural crest MdPA1 core mesoderm is needed to form muscles of mastication, but its role in patterning the mandible is unknown. Here, we show that mesoderm specific deletion of Tbx1, a T-box transcription factor and gene for velo-cardio-facial/DiGeorge syndrome, results in defects in formation of the proximal mandible by shifting expression of Fgf8, Bmp4 and their downstream effector genes in mouse embryos at E10.5. This occurs without significant changes in cell proliferation or apoptosis at the same stage. Our results elucidate a new function for the non-neural crest core mesoderm and specifically, mesodermal Tbx1, in shaping the lower jaw.
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23
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Rosenfeld JA, Ballif BC, Martin DM, Aylsworth AS, Bejjani BA, Torchia BS, Shaffer LG. Clinical characterization of individuals with deletions of genes in holoprosencephaly pathways by aCGH refines the phenotypic spectrum of HPE. Hum Genet 2010; 127:421-40. [PMID: 20066439 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0778-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common developmental forebrain anomaly in humans. Both environmental and genetic factors have been identified to play a role in the HPE phenotype. Previous studies of the genetic bases of HPE have taken a phenotype-first approach by examining groups of patients with HPE for specific mutations or deletions in known or candidate HPE genes. In this study, we characterized the presence or absence of HPE or a microform in 136 individuals in which microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) identified a deletion of one of 35 HPE loci. Frank holoprosencephaly was present in 11 individuals with deletions of one of the common HPE genes SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, and TGIF1, in one individual with a deletion of the HPE8 locus at 14q13, and in one individual with a deletion of FGF8, whereas deletions of other HPE loci and candidate genes (FOXA2 and LRP2) expressed microforms of HPE. Although individuals with deletions of other HPE candidates (DISP1, LSS, HHIP, SMO, BMP4, CDON, CDC42, ACVR2A, OTX2, and WIF1) had clinically significant features, none had frank HPE or a microform. A search for significant aCGH findings in individuals referred for testing for HPE revealed a novel association of a duplication involving GSK3B at 3q13.33 with HPE or a microform, seen in two unrelated individuals.
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Levey EB, Stashinko E, Clegg NJ, Delgado MR. Management of children with holoprosencephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 154C:183-90. [PMID: 20104615 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common malformation of the embryonic forebrain in humans. Although HPE occurs along a continuous spectrum, it has been categorized into four types from most severe to least severe: alobar, semilobar, lobar, and middle interhemispheric (MIH) variant. Facial malformations are often associated with HPE and usually correlate with the severity of brain malformation. With the most severely affected newborns, there is a high mortality rate in the first month of life, however, with milder forms of HPE, the majority survive beyond infancy. The Carter Centers for Brain Research in Holoprosencephaly and Related Malformations have enrolled 182 living children in a prospective research study. Based on previously published reports using this database, reports from other investigators, as well as our experience and personal observations, the range of developmental, neurological, and medical problems found in children with HPE is described in this article. Virtually all children with HPE have some developmental disability and the severity correlates with the severity of the brain malformation on neuroimaging. Common medical problems include hydrocephalus, seizures, motor impairment, oromotor dysfunction with risk of poor nutrition and aspiration, chronic lung disease, gastroesophageal reflux, constipation, hypothalamic dysfunction with disturbed sleep-wake cycles and temperature dysregulation, as well as endocrine dysfunction. Diabetes insipidus in particular is found in about 70% of children with classic HPE. Recommendations for management of these problems are given based on experiences of the authors and familiarity with the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Levey
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Mercier S, Dubourg C, Belleguic M, Pasquier L, Loget P, Lucas J, Bendavid C, Odent S. Genetic counseling and "molecular" prenatal diagnosis of holoprosencephaly (HPE). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 154C:191-6. [PMID: 20104616 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a structural anomaly of the developing brain in which the forebrain fails to divide into two separate hemispheres and ventricles. The poor prognosis in the most severe forms justifies the importance of genetic counseling in affected families. The genetic counseling requires a thorough clinical approach given the extreme variability of phenotype and etiology. The karyotype is an essential diagnostic tool. Since mutations in the four major genes (SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, and TGIF) have been identified in HPE patients, molecular study is performed routinely in nonsyndromic HPE. New molecular tools, such as array-CGH analysis, are now part of the diagnostic process. Prenatal diagnosis is based primarily on fetal imaging, but "molecular" prenatal diagnosis can be performed if a mutation has been previously identified in a proband. Interpretations of molecular diagnosis must be given with caution, given the lack of strict genotype-phenotype correlation, and should be offered in addition to fetal imaging, using ultrasound followed by fetal MRI. We report on our experience of 15 molecular prenatal diagnoses from chorionic villi or amniotic fluid sampling. In eight instances, we were able to reassure the parents after taking into account the absence of the mutation in the fetus, previously identified before in a parent and/or a proband. Fetal RMI was normal later in pregnancy, and no child had medical problems after birth. The mutation was found in the seven other cases: four children were born, either without brain malformation and asymptomatic, or had a less severe form than the index case.
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Solomon BD, Mercier S, Vélez JI, Pineda-Alvarez DE, Wyllie A, Zhou N, Dubourg C, David V, Odent S, Roessler E, Muenke M. Analysis of genotype-phenotype correlations in human holoprosencephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 154C:133-41. [PMID: 20104608 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first gene causing holoprosencephaly (HPE), over 500 patients with mutations in genes associated with non-chromosomal, non-syndromic HPE have been described, with detailed descriptions available in over 300. Comprehensive clinical analysis of these individuals allows examination for the presence of genotype-phenotype correlations. These correlations allow a degree of differentiation between patients with mutations in different HPE-associated genes and for the application of functional studies to determine intragenic correlations. These early correlations are an important advance in the understanding of the clinical aspects of this disease, and in general argue for continued analysis of the genetic and clinical findings of large cohorts of patients with rare diseases in order to better inform both basic biological insight and care and counseling for affected patients and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Solomon
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Solomon BD, Lacbawan F, Mercier S, Clegg NJ, Delgado MR, Rosenbaum K, Dubourg C, David V, Olney AH, Wehner LE, Hehr U, Bale S, Paulussen A, Smeets HJ, Hardisty E, Tylki-Szymanska A, Pronicka E, Clemens M, McPherson E, Hennekam RCM, Hahn J, Stashinko E, Levey E, Wieczorek D, Roeder E, Schell-Apacik CC, Booth CW, Thomas RL, Kenwrick S, Cummings DAT, Bous SM, Keaton A, Balog JZ, Hadley D, Zhou N, Long R, Vélez JI, Pineda-Alvarez DE, Odent S, Roessler E, Muenke M. Mutations in ZIC2 in human holoprosencephaly: description of a novel ZIC2 specific phenotype and comprehensive analysis of 157 individuals. J Med Genet 2009; 47:513-24. [PMID: 19955556 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2009.073049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holoprosencephaly (HPE), the most common malformation of the human forebrain, may be due to mutations in genes associated with non-syndromic HPE. Mutations in ZIC2, located on chromosome 13q32, are a common cause of non-syndromic, non-chromosomal HPE. OBJECTIVE To characterise genetic and clinical findings in patients with ZIC2 mutations. METHODS Through the National Institutes of Health and collaborating centres, DNA from approximately 1200 individuals with HPE spectrum disorders was analysed for sequence variations in ZIC2. Clinical details were examined and all other known cases of mutations in ZIC2 were included through a literature search. RESULTS By direct sequencing of DNA samples of an unselected group of unrelated patients with HPE in our NIH laboratory, ZIC2 mutations were found in 8.4% (49/582) of probands. A total of 157 individuals from 119 unrelated kindreds are described, including 141 patients with intragenic sequence determined mutations in ZIC2. Only 39/157 patients have previously been clinically described. Unlike HPE due to mutations in other genes, most mutations occur de novo and the distribution of HPE types differs significantly from that of non-ZIC2 related HPE. Evidence is presented for the presence of a novel facial phenotype which includes bitemporal narrowing, upslanting palpebral fissures, a short nose with anteverted nares, a broad and well demarcated philtrum, and large ears. CONCLUSIONS HPE due to ZIC2 mutations is distinct from that due to mutations in other genes. This may shed light on the mechanisms involved in formation of the forebrain and face and will help direct genetic counselling and diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Solomon
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Basu S, Kumar A, Das BK. Down syndrome (trisomy 21) with premaxillary agenesis and semilobar holoprosencephaly. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:2578-80. [PMID: 19876909 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sriparna Basu
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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Messaed C, Rouleau G. Molecular mechanisms underlying polyalanine diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 34:397-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Lacbawan F, Solomon BD, Roessler E, El-Jaick K, Domené S, Vélez JI, Zhou N, Hadley D, Balog JZ, Long R, Fryer A, Smith W, Omar S, McLean SD, Clarkson K, Lichty A, Clegg NJ, Delgado MR, Levey E, Stashinko E, Potocki L, Vanallen MI, Clayton-Smith J, Donnai D, Bianchi DW, Juliusson PB, Njølstad PR, Brunner HG, Carey JC, Hehr U, Müsebeck J, Wieacker PF, Postra A, Hennekam RCM, van den Boogaard MJH, van Haeringen A, Paulussen A, Herbergs J, Schrander-Stumpel CTRM, Janecke AR, Chitayat D, Hahn J, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Dobyns WB, Muenke M. Clinical spectrum of SIX3-associated mutations in holoprosencephaly: correlation between genotype, phenotype and function. J Med Genet 2009; 46:389-98. [PMID: 19346217 PMCID: PMC3510661 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.063818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common structural malformation of the human forebrain. There are several important HPE mutational target genes, including the transcription factor SIX3, which encodes an early regulator of Shh, Wnt, Bmp and Nodal signalling expressed in the developing forebrain and eyes of all vertebrates. OBJECTIVE To characterise genetic and clinical findings in patients with SIX3 mutations. METHODS Patients with HPE and their family members were tested for mutations in HPE-associated genes and the genetic and clinical findings, including those for additional cases found in the literature, were analysed. The results were correlated with a mutation-specific functional assay in zebrafish. RESULTS In a cohort of patients (n = 800) with HPE, SIX3 mutations were found in 4.7% of probands and additional cases were found through testing of relatives. In total, 138 cases of HPE were identified, 59 of whom had not previously been clinically presented. Mutations in SIX3 result in more severe HPE than in other cases of non-chromosomal, non-syndromic HPE. An over-representation of severe HPE was found in patients whose mutations confer greater loss of function, as measured by the functional zebrafish assay. The gender ratio in this combined set of patients was 1.5:1 (F:M) and maternal inheritance was almost twice as common as paternal. About 14% of SIX3 mutations in probands occur de novo. There is a wide intrafamilial clinical range of features and classical penetrance is estimated to be at least 62%. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that SIX3 mutations result in relatively severe HPE and that there is a genotype-phenotype correlation, as shown by functional studies using animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lacbawan
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3717, Building 35, Room 1B-203, Bethesda, MD 20892-3717, USA
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Solomon BD, Lacbawan F, Jain M, Domené S, Roessler E, Moore C, Dobyns WB, Muenke M. A novel SIX3 mutation segregates with holoprosencephaly in a large family. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:919-25. [PMID: 19353631 PMCID: PMC2737713 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly is the most common structural malformation of the forebrain in humans and has a complex etiology including chromosomal aberrations, single gene mutations and environmental components. Here we present the pertinent clinical findings among members of an unusually large kindred ascertained over 15 years ago following the evaluation and subsequent genetic work-up of a female infant with congenital anomalies. A genome-wide scan and linkage analysis showed only suggestive evidence of linkage to markers on chromosome 2 among the most likely of several pedigree interpretations. We now report that a novel missense mutation in the SIX3 holoprosencephaly gene is the likely cause in this family. Molecular genetic analysis and/or clinical characterization now show that at least 15 members of this family are presumed SIX3 mutation gene carriers, with clinical manifestations ranging from phenotypically normal adults (non-penetrance) to alobar holoprosencephaly incompatible with postnatal life. This particular family represents a seminal example of the variable manifestations of gene mutations in holoprosencephaly and difficulties encountered in their elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Solomon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Felicitas Lacbawan
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Mahim Jain
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sabina Domené
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Erich Roessler
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cynthia Moore
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - William B. Dobyns
- Departments of Human Genetics, Neurology, and Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Gawrych E, Janiszewska-Olszowska J, Walecka A, Syryńska M, Chojnacka H. Lobar holoprosencephaly with a median cleft: case report. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2009; 46:549-54. [PMID: 19929095 DOI: 10.1597/08-059.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly is a congenital abnormality of the prosencephalon associated with median facial defects. Its frequency is 1 in 250 pregnancies and 1 in 16,000 live births. The degree of facial deformity usually correlates with the severity of brain malformation. Early mortality is prevalent in severe forms. This report presents a child with lobar holoprosencephaly accompanied by median cleft lip and palate. The treatment and 9 months' follow-up are presented. This unique case shows that holoprosencephaly may present different manifestations of craniofacial malformations, which are not always parallel to the severity of brain abnormalities. Patients with mild to moderate brain abnormalities may survive into childhood and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Gawrych
- Department of Child Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, Poland
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Singh S, Tokhunts R, Baubet V, Goetz JA, Huang ZJ, Schilling NS, Black KE, MacKenzie TA, Dahmane N, Robbins DJ. Sonic hedgehog mutations identified in holoprosencephaly patients can act in a dominant negative manner. Hum Genet 2008; 125:95-103. [PMID: 19057928 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) plays an important instructional role in vertebrate development, as exemplified by the numerous developmental disorders that occur when the SHH pathway is disrupted. Mutations in the SHH gene are the most common cause of sporadic and inherited holoprosencephaly (HPE), a developmental disorder that is characterized by defective prosencephalon development. SHH HPE mutations provide a unique opportunity to better understand SHH biogenesis and signaling, and to decipher its role in the development of HPE. Here, we analyzed a panel of SHH HPE missense mutations that encode changes in the amino-terminal active domain of SHH. Our results show that SHH HPE mutations affect SHH biogenesis and signaling at multiple steps, which broadly results in low levels of protein expression, defective processing of SHH into its active form and protein with reduced activity. Additionally, we found that some inactive SHH proteins were able to modulate the activity of wt SHH in a dominant negative manner, both in vitro and in vivo. These findings show for the first time the susceptibility of SHH driven developmental processes to perturbations by low-activity forms of SHH. In conclusion, we demonstrate that SHH mutations found in HPE patients affect distinct steps of SHH biogenesis to attenuate SHH activity to different levels, and suggest that these variable levels of SHH activity might contribute to some of the phenotypic variation found in HPE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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PTCH1 duplication in a family with microcephaly and mild developmental delay. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 17:267-71. [PMID: 18830227 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
With the exception of the X chromosome, genomic deletions appear to be more prevalent than duplications. Because of a lack of accurate diagnostic methods, submicroscopic duplications have been under-ascertained for a long period. The development of array CGH has enabled the detection of chromosomal microduplications with nearly the same sensitivity as deletions, leading to the discovery of previously unrecognized syndromes. Using a clinical targeted oligonucleotide array (CMA-V6.3 OLIGO), we identified an approximately 360-kb duplication in 9q22.32 in a 21-month-old boy with developmental delay, failure to thrive, and microcephaly. The same duplication was identified in the patient's mother who is also microcephalic and mildly delayed. We have sequenced the chromosomal breakpoints and determined the duplication as tandem in orientation and 363 599 bp in size. The duplicated segment harbors the entire PTCH1 gene. Deletions or loss-of-function mutations of PTCH1 result in basal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin syndrome), whereas gain-of-function mutations were proposed to lead to holoprosencephaly 7. We propose that patients with microcephaly or holoprosencephaly of unknown origin should also be screened for PTCH1 duplication.
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Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE), characterized by incomplete separation of forebrain and facial components into left and right sides, is a common developmental defect in humans. It is caused by both genetic and environmental factors and its severity covers a wide spectrum of phenotypes. The genetic interactions underlying inherited forms of HPE are complex and poorly understood. Animal models, in particular mouse mutants, are providing a growing understanding of how the forebrain develops and how the cerebral hemispheres become split into left and right sides. These insights, along with the characterization to date of some of the genes involved in human HPE, suggest that two distinct mechanisms underlie the major classes of HPE, 'classic' and midline interhemispheric (MIH). Disruption either directly or indirectly of the ventralizing effect of sonic hedgehog signaling appears central to all or most forms of classic HPE, while disruption of the dorsalizing effect of bone morphogenetic protein signaling may be key to cases of MIH HPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernandes
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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36
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Bendavid C, Dubourg C, Pasquier L, Gicquel I, Le Gallou S, Mottier S, Durou MR, Henry C, Odent S, David V. MLPA screening reveals novel subtelomeric rearrangements in holoprosencephaly. Hum Mutat 2008; 28:1189-97. [PMID: 17683084 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common developmental brain anomaly in human, associated with a wide spectrum of presentations. The etiology is heterogeneous, due to environmental and genetic factors. Out of 12 cytogenetic candidate loci previously reported, eight were subtelomeric, including the loci in which two of the four major HPE genes were identified (SHH and TGIF). Recently, we reported that these two genes could be mutated or microdeleted. Therefore, we hypothesized that subtelomeres screening in HPE patients could refine the known subtelomeric candidate loci and identify novel ones. In this study, 181 samples, 72 fetuses and 109 live-born infants, with HPE and a normal karyotype, and 10 patients deleted for SHH or TGIF (3.5 Mb from telomeres) were screened for subtelomeric rearrangements using the multiplex ligation probe-dependent amplification (MLPA) method with two kits. Quantitative PCR was performed when discrepancies were observed between these two kits. We found that known SHH and TGIF microdeletions on 7q and 18p, encompassed their subtelomeric region (3.5 Mb) and were often associated with cryptic gains. Out of the 181 samples, we detected rearrangements in known candidate HPE loci (1q, 20p, and 21q) as well as in other novel subtelomeric locations (1p, 5q, 8p, 17q, 18q, 22q, and Xq) and in the subcentromeric 15q. We also found associations between cryptic subtelomeric gain and loss that may be inherited from a parental balanced translocation, which is helpful for genetic counseling. These findings reinforce the multihit origin for HPE and contribute to the explanation of the wide phenotypic spectrum described in this developmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Bendavid
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes1, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
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Holoprosencephaly spectrum, ano/microphthalmia, and first branchial arch defects: evidence for a new disorder. Clin Dysmorphol 2008; 17:41-46. [DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0b013e328274244f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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David AL, Gowda V, Turnbull C, Chitty LS. The Risk of Recurrence of Holoprosencephaly in Euploid Fetuses. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110:658-62. [PMID: 17766614 DOI: 10.1097/01.aog.0000277633.21576.7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the cause of and devise a management strategy for holoprosencephaly cases seen at a regional tertiary referral fetal medicine unit. METHODS Holoprosencephaly cases referred to University College London Hospital's Fetal Medicine Unit in the past 15 years were ascertained from a fetal database. We examined maternal, neonatal, genetic, and pathology records for prenatal and postnatal management, outcome, and genetic follow-up. RESULTS Forty-three women presented with a diagnosis of holoprosencephaly in one or more pregnancy. In one woman with a single affected pregnancy, there were incomplete data, and the postnatal diagnosis was not holoprosencephaly. For the remaining 41 women with complete outcome data, parental consent for fetal karyotyping was given in 36 women (88%) and was abnormal in 21 women (58%). Fifteen women had a euploid fetus or fetuses, of whom three women (20%, 95% confidence interval 4-48%) had a recurrence of holoprosencephaly. One woman had six affected pregnancies, the first diagnosed at 20 weeks of gestation and then at 12-14 weeks. The parental karyotypes were normal, but molecular analysis showed a mutation in the sonic hedgehog gene. In two women, holoprosencephaly was diagnosed at 27 weeks and birth, with a recurrence diagnosed at 22 and 24 weeks of gestation, respectively. CONCLUSION In this series there was a 20% recurrence risk for parents whose fetus had holoprosencephaly and a normal karyotype. Genetic review for parental examination, magnetic resonance imaging scanning, and mutation analysis is important in these cases. First-trimester ultrasound scanning is advised to detect recurrence early in gestation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L David
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and Obstetric Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom.
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Pombero A, Valdes L, Vieira C, Martinez S. Developmental mechanisms and experimental models to understand forebrain malformative diseases. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2007; 6 Suppl 1:45-52. [PMID: 17543039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2007.00322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of the central nervous system can be divided into a number of phases, each of which can be subject of genetic or epigenetic alterations that may originate particular developmental disorders. In recent years, much progress has been made in elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the vertebrate forebrain develops. Therefore, our understanding of major developmental brain disorders such as cortical malformations and neuronal migration disorders has significantly increased. In this review, we will describe the major stages in forebrain morphogenesis and regionalization, with special emphasis on developmental molecular mechanisms derailing telencephalic development with subsequent damage to cortical function. Because animal models, mainly mouse, have been fundamental for this progress, we will also describe some characteristic mouse models that have been capital to explore these molecular mechanisms of malformative diseases of the human brain. Although most of the genes involved in the regulation of basic developmental processes are conserved among vertebrates, the extrapolation of mouse data to corresponding gene expression and function in humans needs careful individual analysis in each functional system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pombero
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, Alicante, Spain
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Etchevers HC, Amiel J, Lyonnet S. Molecular bases of human neurocristopathies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 589:213-34. [PMID: 17076285 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-46954-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Etchevers
- Département de Génétique Médicale, INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris 15, France.
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Haworth KE, Wilson JM, Grevellec A, Cobourne MT, Healy C, Helms JA, Sharpe PT, Tucker AS. Sonic hedgehog in the pharyngeal endoderm controls arch pattern via regulation of Fgf8 in head ectoderm. Dev Biol 2007; 303:244-58. [PMID: 17187772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fgf8 signalling is known to play an important role during patterning of the first pharyngeal arch, setting up the oral region of the head and then defining the rostral and proximal domains of the arch. The mechanisms that regulate the restricted expression of Fgf8 in the ectoderm of the developing first arch, however, are not well understood. It has become apparent that pharyngeal endoderm plays an important role in regulating craniofacial morphogenesis. Endoderm ablation in the developing chick embryo results in a loss of Fgf8 expression in presumptive first pharyngeal arch ectoderm. Shh is locally expressed in pharyngeal endoderm, adjacent to the Fgf8-expressing ectoderm, and is thus a candidate signal regulating ectodermal Fgf8 expression. We show that in cultured explants of presumptive first pharyngeal arch, loss of Shh signalling results in loss of Fgf8 expression, both at early stages before formation of the first arch, and during arch formation. Moreover, following removal of the endoderm, Shh protein can replace this tissue and restore Fgf8 expression. Overexpression of Shh in the non-oral ectoderm leads to an expansion of Fgf8, affecting the rostral-caudal axis of the developing first arch, and resulting in the formation of ectopic cartilage. Shh from the pharyngeal endoderm thus regulates Fgf8 in the ectoderm and the role of the endoderm in pharyngeal arch patterning may thus be indirectly mediated by the ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Haworth
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Dubourg C, Bendavid C, Pasquier L, Henry C, Odent S, David V. Holoprosencephaly. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007; 2:8. [PMID: 17274816 PMCID: PMC1802747 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a complex brain malformation resulting from incomplete cleavage of the prosencephalon, occurring between the 18th and the 28th day of gestation and affecting both the forebrain and the face. It is estimated to occur in 1/16,000 live births and 1/250 conceptuses. Three ranges of increasing severity are described: lobar, semi-lobar and alobar HPE. Another milder subtype of HPE called middle interhemispheric variant (MIHF) or syntelencephaly is also reported. In most of the cases, facial anomalies are observed in HPE, like cyclopia, proboscis, median or bilateral cleft lip/palate in severe forms, ocular hypotelorism or solitary median maxillary central incisor in minor forms. These latter midline defects can occur without the cerebral malformations and then are called microforms. Children with HPE have many medical problems: developmental delay and feeding difficulties, epilepsy, instability of temperature, heart rate and respiration. Endocrine disorders like diabetes insipidus, adrenal hypoplasia, hypogonadism, thyroid hypoplasia and growth hormone deficiency are frequent. To date, seven genes have been positively implicated in HPE: Sonic hedgehog (SHH), ZIC2, SIX3, TGIF, PTCH, GLI2 and TDGF1. A molecular diagnosis can be performed by gene sequencing and allele quantification for the four main genes SHH, ZIC2, SIX3 and TGIF. Major rearrangements of the subtelomeres can also be identified by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Nevertheless, in about 70% of cases, the molecular basis of the disease remains unknown, suggesting the existence of several other candidate genes or environmental factors. Consequently, a "multiple-hit hypothesis" of genetic and/or environmental factors (like maternal diabetes) has been proposed to account for the extreme clinical variability. In a practical approach, prenatal diagnosis is based on ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) rather than on molecular diagnosis. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive, and requires a multidisciplinary management. Child outcome depends on the HPE severity and the medical and neurological complications associated. Severely affected children have a very poor prognosis. Mildly affected children may exhibit few symptoms and may live a normal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christèle Dubourg
- UMR 6061 CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes1, IFR 140 GFAS, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, 35000, France
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Hormonologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Pontchaillou, Rennes, 35000, France
| | - Claude Bendavid
- UMR 6061 CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes1, IFR 140 GFAS, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, 35000, France
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Hormonologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Pontchaillou, Rennes, 35000, France
| | - Laurent Pasquier
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sud, Rennes, 35000, France
| | - Catherine Henry
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Pontchaillou, Rennes, 35000, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sud, Rennes, 35000, France
| | - Véronique David
- UMR 6061 CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes1, IFR 140 GFAS, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, 35000, France
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Hormonologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Pontchaillou, Rennes, 35000, France
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Ong S, Tonks A, Woodward ER, Wyldes MP, Kilby MD. An epidemiological study of holoprosencephaly from a regional congenital anomaly register: 1995–2004. Prenat Diagn 2007; 27:340-7. [PMID: 17286306 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate contemporary information to counsel patients with a prenatal diagnosis of holoprosencephaly is lacking. We addressed this using data from the West Midlands Congenital Anomaly Register (WMCAR), a population-based malformation register, during a time where technological improvements have been stable and anomaly screening is well established. METHODS Cases were defined using the ICD 10 code for holoprosencephaly. Cases of livebirths, stillbirths and termination at all gestations were included in the study. The diagnosis was verified by a pathology or definitive radiological report with cross validation from the regional pathology, clinical genetics, cytogenetics and fetal medicine databases. RESULTS There were 113 cases reported of holoprosencephaly for the years 1995-2004. This represents a prevalence of 1.7 per 10,000 births and terminations, with no change in prevalence over time. There was a decreased risk of holoprosencephaly in the white population [white vs. nonwhite; RR 0.53(0.36-0.79)]. Karyotypical abnormality was noted in 46% of cases where the karyotype was known. Trisomy 13 was the most common chromosomal abnormality. Correct allocation of a diagnosis of holoprosencephaly by ultrasound occurred in 77% of cases, with another 12% having a severe intracranial abnormality but was not reported as holoprosencephaly. In 4%, a prenatal diagnosis of holoprosencephaly was not made. Termination of pregnancy was performed in 80% of all cases. CONCLUSION Holoprosencephaly is a morbid condition associated with significant secondary etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ong
- Fetal Medicine Department, Birmingham Women's Hospital. stephen.ong @btinternet.com
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Chang HS, Anway MD, Rekow SS, Skinner MK. Transgenerational epigenetic imprinting of the male germline by endocrine disruptor exposure during gonadal sex determination. Endocrinology 2006; 147:5524-41. [PMID: 16973722 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic exposure to the endocrine disruptor vinclozolin at the time of gonadal sex determination was previously found to promote transgenerational disease states. The actions of vinclozolin appear to be due to epigenetic alterations in the male germline that are transmitted to subsequent generations. Analysis of the transgenerational epigenetic effects on the male germline (i.e. sperm) identified 25 candidate DNA sequences with altered methylation patterns in the vinclozolin generation sperm. These sequences were identified and mapped to specific genes and noncoding DNA regions. Bisulfite sequencing was used to confirm the altered methylation pattern of 15 of the candidate DNA sequences. Alterations in the epigenetic pattern (i.e. methylation) of these genes/DNA sequences were found in the F2 and F3 generation germline. Therefore, the reprogramming of the male germline involves the induction of new imprinted-like genes/DNA sequences that acquire an apparent permanent DNA methylation pattern that is passed at least through the paternal allele. The expression pattern of several of the genes during embryonic development were found to be altered in the vinclozolin F1 and F2 generation testis. A number of the imprinted-like genes/DNA sequences identified are associated with epigenetic linked diseases. In summary, an endocrine disruptor exposure during embryonic gonadal sex determination was found to promote an alteration in the epigenetic (i.e. induction of imprinted-like genes/DNA sequences) programming of the male germline, and this is associated with the development of transgenerational disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Shu Chang
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4231, USA
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Santiago G, Abramides DVM, De-Vitto LPM, Ribeiro LA, Meira SG, Richieri-Costa A. Language skills and neuropsychological performance in patients with SHH mutations and a holoprosencephaly-like phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:2085-90. [PMID: 16752381 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Here, we evaluate linguistic skills and neuropsychological performance in a sample of patients with SHH mutations and a holoprosencephaly (HPE)-like phenotype, a minor form of classic HPE. Our findings suggest that patients with SHH mutations and a HPE-like phenotype have normal cognitive ratios and significant language impairment. Imaging evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was normal in three patients and in one there was hypoplasia of the anterior commissure and the presence of a temporal cyst, apparently not related to the clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselda Santiago
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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DiBiase AT, Elcock C, Smith RN, Brook AH. A new technique for symmetry determination in tooth morphology using image analysis: Application in the diagnosis of solitary maxillary median central incisor. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 51:870-5. [PMID: 16620774 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a new technique for determining symmetry in tooth morphology and to evaluate this in the investigation of a patient with a solitary maxillary median central incisor (SMMCI) and a control group. DESIGN A 9-year-old Caucasian female presented with SMMCI. Clinically the tooth appeared symmetrical. Morphology measurements of the maxillary central incisor were made using an image analysis system. Symmetry was determined by outlining the tooth from labial and axial views. These images were block filled, duplicated, flipped horizontally and then superimposed on the original image. The coincident area and perimeter of the two images from both views were measured. The method was repeated for the maxillary central incisors of 20 sets of control study models for young adult patients from which reference intervals for comparison with the SMMCI case were prepared. RESULTS From the labial view, the area and perimeter of the two images of the SMMCI tooth were 98.85% and 98.97% coincident, respectively. From the axial view the area of the two images was 96.17% coincident, while the perimeter was 99.03% coincident. In all but one comparison for coincidence the SMMCI was above the upper limit of the reference range from the control group. CONCLUSIONS This new technique is a valid method of assessing symmetry and is a useful clinical tool in cases of SMMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T DiBiase
- Maxillofacial Unit, Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, Kent CT1 3NG, UK
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Guilmin-Crépon S, Garel C, Baumann C, Brémond-Gignac D, Bailleul-Forestier I, Magnier S, Castanet M, Czernichow P, VAN DEN Abbeele T, Léger J. High proportion of pituitary abnormalities and other congenital defects in children with congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis. Pediatr Res 2006; 60:478-84. [PMID: 16940234 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000238380.03683.cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the occurrence of pituitary dysfunction and additional malformations in patients with congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis (CNPAS) and to predict which patients are at risk of pituitary dysfunction. Among the 40 studied patients, hypothalamo-pituitary (HP) axis abnormalities were found in 16 patients (40%), with endocrine dysfunction (n = 9) and/or abnormal HP MRI findings (n = 15). A normal HP axis on MRI was highly predictive of normal endocrine function. Of the 40 patients, 31 had additional abnormalities in the cranio-facial area (n = 26), the brain (n = 12), the vertebrae (n = 5), the limbs (n = 4), the heart (n = 7) and the kidney (n = 3). Six patients had syndromic associations: VACTERL (n = 4), CHARGE (n = 1) and RHYNS (n = 1) syndromes. Craniofacial and brain malformations were more common in patients with HP axis abnormalities than in patients with normal HP axis. Familial history of midline defects and/or consanguinity were found in 30% of patients. In conclusion, HP axis abnormalities are frequent in patients with CNPAS and justify MRI of the brain early in life and clinical evaluation to screen for patients with pituitary insufficiency. CNPAS may be a genetically heterogeneous condition with a large phenotypic variability that shares common etiological mechanisms with the various forms of the holoprosencephaly phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Guilmin-Crépon
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Centre de Référence Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris VII University, 75019 Paris, France
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Bendavid C, Dubourg C, Gicquel I, Pasquier L, Saugier-Veber P, Durou MR, Jaillard S, Frébourg T, Haddad BR, Henry C, Odent S, David V. Molecular evaluation of foetuses with holoprosencephaly shows high incidence of microdeletions in the HPE genes. Hum Genet 2006; 119:1-8. [PMID: 16323008 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-0097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE), the most common structural malformation of the forebrain in humans, can be detected early during pregnancy using prenatal ultrasonography . Among foetuses with a normal karyotype, 14% have mutations in the four main HPE genes (SHH, ZIC2, SIX3 and TGIF). Genomic rearrangements have now been implicated in many genetic diseases, so we hypothesized that microdeletions in the major HPE genes may also be common in HPE foetuses with severe phenotype or other associated malformations. We screened the DNA obtained from 94 HPE foetuses with a normal karyotype for the presence of microdeletions involving the four major HPE genes (SHH, ZIC2, SIX3 and TGIF). Thirteen of the foetuses had a point mutation in one of the 4 genes and 81 had no known mutations. Quantitative multiplex PCR of short fluorescent fragments (QMPSF) analysis was used for rapid determination of HPE genes copy numbers and the identified microdeletions were confirmed by real time quantitative PCR, or fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) (if a cell line was available). Microdeletions were detected in 8 of 94 foetuses (8.5%) (2 in SHH, 2 in SIX3, 3 in ZIC2 and 1 in TGIF genes), and only among the 81 foetuses with a normal karyotype and no point mutations. These data suggest that microdeletions in the four main HPE genes are a common cause of prenatal HPE, as well as point mutations, and increase the total diagnosis rate close to approximately 22.3% of foetuses with normal karyotype. Detection can be achieved by the QMPSF testing method that proved to be efficient for testing several genes in a single assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Bendavid
- Groupe Génétique Humaine, IFR140 GFAS, CNRS UMR 6061, Université de Rennes1, 2 avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, CS 34317, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
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Holder-Espinasse M, Herbaux B, Mezel A, Lacombe D, Devisme L, Boute-Bénéjean O, Dieux-Coeslier A, Escande F, Manouvrier-Hanu S. Société Française d’Orthopédie Pédiatrique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 92:83-94. [PMID: 16609623 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-1040(06)75680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Limb malformations are frequent. These malformations are isolated or associated with anomalies of other developmental fields and accurate diagnostic is essential for prognosis evaluation, treatment and genetic counseling. Animal embryology and molecular biology techniques, have given us a better understanding of the processes of growth and patterning of the limb buds. The key genes that are involved in these processes have been identified and their interactions recognized. Human genetics has been able to identify, or at least localize, several genes implicated in limb development. We here review the present knowledge on these genes and their mutations responsible for limb anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holder-Espinasse
- Service de Génétique Clinique Guy-Fontaine, Hôpital Jeanne-de-Flandre, avenue Eugène-Avinée, CHRU de Lille, 59037 Lille Cedex
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Chen M, Kuo SJ, Liu CS, Chen WL, Ko TM, Chen TH, Chang SP, Huang CH, Chang YY, Wang BT. A novel heterozygous missense mutation 377T > C (V126A) ofTGIF gene in a family segregated with holoprosencephaly and moyamoya disease. Prenat Diagn 2006; 26:226-30. [PMID: 16475235 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify whether any mutations of candidate genes including SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, and TGIF exist in a Taiwanese family segregated with holoprosencephaly (HPE) and moyamoya disease. METHODS Genotypes of the candidate genes SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, and TGIF were determined in the family members who were available for analysis by sequencing. In addition, genomic regions of another 50 unrelated Taiwanese (100 chromosomes) were studied to verify whether the nucleotide changes we found were mutations or polymorphisms. RESULTS A novel missense mutation 377T > C and two polymorphisms (420A > G and 487C > T) in the TGIF gene were identified. No mutations in SHH, ZIC2 and SIX3 were found. The mother of the three HPE fetuses was found to be afflicted with moyamoya disease. A brief review of the mutations as well as polymorphisms reported in the TGIF gene up to 2005 is given. CONCLUSION Molecular diagnosis can help genetic counseling in HPE, which is a heterogeneous disorder with its phenotypic and genotypic spectrum highly widened and variable. The possible association between TGIF mutation and moyamoya disease noted in our study also appeared to be novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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