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Farcy S, Hachour H, Bahi-Buisson N, Passemard S. Genetic Primary Microcephalies: When Centrosome Dysfunction Dictates Brain and Body Size. Cells 2023; 12:1807. [PMID: 37443841 PMCID: PMC10340463 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephalies (PMs) are defects in brain growth that are detectable at or before birth and are responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders. Most are caused by biallelic or, more rarely, dominant mutations in one of the likely hundreds of genes encoding PM proteins, i.e., ubiquitous centrosome or microtubule-associated proteins required for the division of neural progenitor cells in the embryonic brain. Here, we provide an overview of the different types of PMs, i.e., isolated PMs with or without malformations of cortical development and PMs associated with short stature (microcephalic dwarfism) or sensorineural disorders. We present an overview of the genetic, developmental, neurological, and cognitive aspects characterizing the most representative PMs. The analysis of phenotypic similarities and differences among patients has led scientists to elucidate the roles of these PM proteins in humans. Phenotypic similarities indicate possible redundant functions of a few of these proteins, such as ASPM and WDR62, which play roles only in determining brain size and structure. However, the protein pericentrin (PCNT) is equally required for determining brain and body size. Other PM proteins perform both functions, albeit to different degrees. Finally, by comparing phenotypes, we considered the interrelationships among these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Farcy
- UMR144, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France;
- Inserm UMR-S 1163, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hassina Hachour
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, DMU INOV-RDB, APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France;
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, DMU MICADO, APHP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France;
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMR-S 1163, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, DMU INOV-RDB, APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France;
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMR 1141, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
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2
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Zaqout S, Mannaa A, Klein O, Krajewski A, Klose J, Luise-Becker L, Elsabagh A, Ferih K, Kraemer N, Ravindran E, Makridis K, Kaindl AM. Proteome changes in autosomal recessive primary microcephaly. Ann Hum Genet 2023; 87:50-62. [PMID: 36448252 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a rare and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by intellectual disability and microcephaly at birth, classically without further organ involvement. MCPH3 is caused by biallelic variants in the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 2 gene CDK5RAP2. In the corresponding Cdk5rap2 mutant or Hertwig's anemia mouse model, congenital microcephaly as well as defects in the hematopoietic system, germ cells and eyes have been reported. The reduction in brain volume, particularly affecting gray matter, has been attributed mainly to disturbances in the proliferation and survival of early neuronal progenitors. In addition, defects in dendritic development and synaptogenesis exist that affect the excitation-inhibition balance. Here, we studied proteomic changes in cerebral cortices of Cdk5rap2 mutant mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used large-gel two-dimensional gel (2-DE) electrophoresis to separate cortical proteins. 2-DE gels were visualized by a trained observer on a light box. Spot changes were considered with respect to presence/absence, quantitative variation and altered mobility. RESULT We identified a reduction in more than 30 proteins that play a role in processes such as cell cytoskeleton dynamics, cell cycle progression, ciliary functions and apoptosis. These proteome changes in the MCPH3 model can be associated with various functional and morphological alterations of the developing brain. CONCLUSION Our results shed light on potential protein candidates for the disease-associated phenotype reported in MCPH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Zaqout
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Atef Mannaa
- Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, New Borg AlArab City, Alexandria, Egypt.,Inserm U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire & Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Oliver Klein
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies BCRT, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Krajewski
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies BCRT, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Klose
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Institute of Human Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Luise-Becker
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elsabagh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khaled Ferih
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nadine Kraemer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ethiraj Ravindran
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin Makridis
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela M Kaindl
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Association of Meier-Gorlin and microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II clinical features in an individual with CDK5RAP2 primary microcephaly. Eur J Med Genet 2023; 66:104733. [PMID: 36842471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly type 3 (MCPH3) caused by pathogenic variations in CDK5RAP2, is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, abnormality of skin pigmentation, ocular defects and severe microcephaly associated with neurodevelopmental delay. In this study, we expand the phenotype of MCPH3 as we describe a 10-year-old girl with a biallelic exonic frameshift variant in CDK5RAP2 displaying previously unreported features usually associated with Meier-Gorlin and microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPDII). We further describe the clinical phenotype of this form of centrosomal-based primary microcephaly and emphasize the importance of skeletal defect screening in affected individuals.
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4
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Tátrai P, Gergely F. Centrosome function is critical during terminal erythroid differentiation. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108739. [PMID: 35678476 PMCID: PMC9289712 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells are produced by terminal erythroid differentiation, which involves the dramatic morphological transformation of erythroblasts into enucleated reticulocytes. Microtubules are important for enucleation, but it is not known if the centrosome, a key microtubule-organizing center, is required as well. Mice lacking the conserved centrosome component, CDK5RAP2, are likely to have defective erythroid differentiation because they develop macrocytic anemia. Here, we show that fetal liver-derived, CDK5RAP2-deficient erythroid progenitors generate fewer and larger reticulocytes, hence recapitulating features of macrocytic anemia. In erythroblasts, but not in embryonic fibroblasts, loss of CDK5RAP2 or pharmacological depletion of centrosomes leads to highly aberrant spindle morphologies. Consistent with such cells exiting mitosis without chromosome segregation, tetraploidy is frequent in late-stage erythroblasts, thereby giving rise to fewer but larger reticulocytes than normal. Our results define a critical role for CDK5RAP2 and centrosomes in spindle formation specifically during blood production. We propose that disruption of centrosome and spindle function could contribute to the emergence of macrocytic anemias, for instance, due to nutritional deficiency or exposure to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Tátrai
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Solvo BiotechnologyBudapestHungary
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Shafique S. Stem cell-based region-specific brain organoids: Novel models to understand neurodevelopmental defects. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:1003-1013. [PMID: 35332709 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The study of human brain development and neurodevelopmental defects has remained challenging so far due to unique, specific, and complex underlying processes. Recent advances in the technologies and protocols of in vitro human brain organoid development have led to immense possibilities of understanding these processes. Human brain organoids are stem-cell derived three-dimensional in vitro tissues that resemble the developing fetal brain. Major advances in stem cell techniques pioneering the development of in vitro human brain development include reprogramming human somatic cells into induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) followed by the targeted differentiation of iPSCs into the cells of three embryonic germ cell layers. The neural progenitor cells produced by the directed differentiation of iPSCs undergo some level of self-organization to generate in vitro human brain like tissue. A three-dimensional differentiation approach applied to create region-specific brain organoids has successfully led to develop highly specialized cortical, forebrain, pallium, and subpallium in vitro human brain organoid models. These stem cell-based brain organoids are novel models to study human brain development, neurodevelopmental defects, chemical toxicity testing, and drug repurposing screening. This review focuses on the fundamentals of brain organoid development and applications. The novel applications of using cortical organoids in understanding the mechanisms of Zika virus-induced microcephaly, congenital microcephaly, and lissencephaly are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Shafique
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Maderazo D, Flegg JA, Algama M, Ramialison M, Keith J. Detection and identification of cis-regulatory elements using change-point and classification algorithms. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:78. [PMID: 35078412 PMCID: PMC8790847 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptional regulation is primarily mediated by the binding of factors to non-coding regions in DNA. Identification of these binding regions enhances understanding of tissue formation and potentially facilitates the development of gene therapies. However, successful identification of binding regions is made difficult by the lack of a universal biological code for their characterisation. RESULTS We extend an alignment-based method, changept, and identify clusters of biological significance, through ontology and de novo motif analysis. Further, we apply a Bayesian method to estimate and combine binary classifiers on the clusters we identify to produce a better performing composite. CONCLUSIONS The analysis we describe provides a computational method for identification of conserved binding sites in the human genome and facilitates an alternative interrogation of combinations of existing data sets with alignment data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Maderazo
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jennifer A Flegg
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Manjula Algama
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan Keith
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
In this review, Phan et al. discuss the different models that have been proposed to explain how centrosome dysfunction impairs cortical development, and review the evidence supporting a unified model in which centrosome defects reduce cell proliferation in the developing cortex by prolonging mitosis and activating a mitotic surveillance pathway. Last, they also extend their discussion to centrosome-independent microcephaly mutations, such as those involved in DNA replication and repair Primary microcephaly is a brain growth disorder characterized by a severe reduction of brain size and thinning of the cerebral cortex. Many primary microcephaly mutations occur in genes that encode centrosome proteins, highlighting an important role for centrosomes in cortical development. Centrosomes are microtubule organizing centers that participate in several processes, including controlling polarity, catalyzing spindle assembly in mitosis, and building primary cilia. Understanding which of these processes are altered and how these disruptions contribute to microcephaly pathogenesis is a central unresolved question. In this review, we revisit the different models that have been proposed to explain how centrosome dysfunction impairs cortical development. We review the evidence supporting a unified model in which centrosome defects reduce cell proliferation in the developing cortex by prolonging mitosis and activating a mitotic surveillance pathway. Finally, we also extend our discussion to centrosome-independent microcephaly mutations, such as those involved in DNA replication and repair.
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8
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Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based cylindrical structures that assemble the centrosome and template the formation of cilia. The proximal part of centrioles is associated with the pericentriolar material, a protein scaffold from which microtubules are nucleated. This activity is mediated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) whose central role in centrosomal microtubule organization has been recognized for decades. However, accumulating evidence suggests that γTuRC activity at this organelle is neither restricted to the pericentriolar material nor limited to microtubule nucleation. Instead, γTuRC is found along the entire centriole cylinder, at subdistal appendages, and inside the centriole lumen, where its canonical function as a microtubule nucleator might be supplemented or replaced by a function in microtubule anchoring and centriole stabilization, respectively. In this Opinion, we discuss recent insights into the expanded repertoire of γTuRC activities at centrioles and how distinct subpopulations of γTuRC might act in concert to ensure centrosome and cilia biogenesis and function, ultimately supporting cell proliferation, differentiation and homeostasis. We propose that the classical view of centrosomal γTuRC as a pericentriolar material-associated microtubule nucleator needs to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schweizer
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Qi F, Zhou J. Multifaceted roles of centrosomes in development, health, and disease. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:611-621. [PMID: 34264337 PMCID: PMC8648388 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is a membrane-less organelle consisting of a pair of barrel-shaped centrioles and pericentriolar material and functions as the major microtubule-organizing center and signaling hub in animal cells. The past decades have witnessed the functional complexity and importance of centrosomes in various cellular processes such as cell shaping, division, and migration. In addition, centrosome abnormalities are linked to a wide range of human diseases and pathological states, such as cancer, reproductive disorder, brain disease, and ciliopathies. Herein, we discuss various functions of centrosomes in development and health, with an emphasis on their roles in germ cells, stem cells, and immune responses. We also discuss how centrosome dysfunctions are involved in diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms regulating centrosome functions may lead the way to potential therapeutic targeting of this organelle in disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Qi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence to: Feifei Qi, E-mail: ; Jun Zhou, E-mail:
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Correspondence to: Feifei Qi, E-mail: ; Jun Zhou, E-mail:
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Jean F, Stuart A, Tarailo-Graovac M. Dissecting the Genetic and Etiological Causes of Primary Microcephaly. Front Neurol 2020; 11:570830. [PMID: 33178111 PMCID: PMC7593518 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.570830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH; “small head syndrome”) is a rare, heterogeneous disease arising from the decreased production of neurons during brain development. As of August 2020, the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database lists 25 genes (involved in molecular processes such as centriole biogenesis, microtubule dynamics, spindle positioning, DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, Wnt signaling, and cell cycle checkpoints) that are implicated in causing MCPH. Many of these 25 genes were only discovered in the last 10 years following advances in exome and genome sequencing that have improved our ability to identify disease-causing variants. Despite these advances, many patients still lack a genetic diagnosis. This demonstrates a need to understand in greater detail the molecular mechanisms and genetics underlying MCPH. Here, we briefly review the molecular functions of each MCPH gene and how their loss disrupts the neurogenesis program, ultimately demonstrating that microcephaly arises from cell cycle dysregulation. We also explore the current issues in the genetic basis and clinical presentation of MCPH as additional avenues of improving gene/variant prioritization. Ultimately, we illustrate that the detailed exploration of the etiology and inheritance of MCPH improves the predictive power in identifying previously unknown MCPH candidates and diagnosing microcephalic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Jean
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amanda Stuart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Rasool S, Baig JM, Moawia A, Ahmad I, Iqbal M, Waseem SS, Asif M, Abdullah U, Makhdoom EUH, Kaygusuz E, Zakaria M, Ramzan S, Haque SU, Mir A, Anjum I, Fiaz M, Ali Z, Tariq M, Saba N, Hussain W, Budde B, Irshad S, Noegel AA, Höning S, Baig SM, Nürnberg P, Hussain MS. An update of pathogenic variants in ASPM, WDR62, CDK5RAP2, STIL, CENPJ, and CEP135 underlying autosomal recessive primary microcephaly in 32 consanguineous families from Pakistan. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1408. [PMID: 32677750 PMCID: PMC7507472 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a congenital neurodevelopmental disorder manifesting as small brain and intellectual disability. It underlies isolated reduction of the cerebral cortex that is reminiscent of early hominids which makes it suitable model disease to study the hominin‐specific volumetric expansion of brain. Mutations in 25 genes have been reported to cause this disorder. Although majority of these genes were discovered in the Pakistani population, still a significant proportion of these families remains uninvestigated. Methods We studied a cohort of 32 MCPH families from different regions of Pakistan. For disease gene identification, genome‐wide linkage analysis, Sanger sequencing, gene panel, and whole‐exome sequencing were performed. Results By employing these techniques individually or in combination, we were able to discern relevant disease‐causing DNA variants. Collectively, 15 novel mutations were observed in five different MCPH genes; ASPM (10), WDR62 (1), CDK5RAP2 (1), STIL (2), and CEP135 (1). In addition, 16 known mutations were also verified. We reviewed the literature and documented the published mutations in six MCPH genes. Intriguingly, our cohort also revealed a recurrent mutation, c.7782_7783delGA;p.(Lys2595Serfs*6), of ASPM reported worldwide. Drawing from this collective data, we propose two founder mutations, ASPM:c.9557C>G;p.(Ser3186*) and CENPJ:c.18delC;p.(Ser7Profs*2), in the Pakistani population. Conclusions We discovered novel DNA variants, impairing the function of genes indispensable to build a proper functioning brain. Our study expands the mutational spectra of known MCPH genes and also provides supporting evidence to the pathogenicity of previously reported mutations. These novel DNA variants will be helpful for the clinicians and geneticists for establishing reliable diagnostic strategies for MCPH families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajida Rasool
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jamshaid Mahmood Baig
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abubakar Moawia
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ilyas Ahmad
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Maria Iqbal
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Syeda Seema Waseem
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Asif
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uzma Abdullah
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), PMAS-ARID Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ehtisham Ul Haq Makhdoom
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emrah Kaygusuz
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gülümbe Campus, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Zakaria
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shafaq Ramzan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ul Haque
- Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute (NORI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asif Mir
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iram Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehak Fiaz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Ali
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Neelam Saba
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Hussain
- Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Birgit Budde
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Saba Irshad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Angelika Anna Noegel
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Höning
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Muhammad Sajid Hussain
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Coulter ME, Musaev D, DeGennaro EM, Zhang X, Henke K, James KN, Smith RS, Hill RS, Partlow JN, Muna Al-Saffar, Kamumbu AS, Hatem N, Barkovich AJ, Aziza J, Chassaing N, Zaki MS, Sultan T, Burglen L, Rajab A, Al-Gazali L, Mochida GH, Harris MP, Gleeson JG, Walsh CA. Regulation of human cerebral cortical development by EXOC7 and EXOC8, components of the exocyst complex, and roles in neural progenitor cell proliferation and survival. Genet Med 2020; 22:1040-1050. [PMID: 32103185 PMCID: PMC7272323 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The exocyst complex is a conserved protein complex that mediates fusion of intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane and is implicated in processes including cell polarity, cell migration, ciliogenesis, cytokinesis, autophagy, and fusion of secretory vesicles. The essential role of these genes in human genetic disorders, however, is unknown. METHODS We performed homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing of consanguineous families with recessively inherited brain development disorders. We modeled an EXOC7 splice variant in vitro and examined EXOC7 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in developing mouse and human cortex. We modeled exoc7 loss-of-function in a zebrafish knockout. RESULTS We report variants in exocyst complex members, EXOC7 and EXOC8, in a novel disorder of cerebral cortex development. In EXOC7, we identified four independent partial loss-of-function (LOF) variants in a recessively inherited disorder characterized by brain atrophy, seizures, and developmental delay, and in severe cases, microcephaly and infantile death. In EXOC8, we found a homozygous truncating variant in a family with a similar clinical disorder. We modeled exoc7 deficiency in zebrafish and found the absence of exoc7 causes microcephaly. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the essential role of the exocyst pathway in normal cortical development and how its perturbation causes complex brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Coulter
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Harvard/MIT MD-PHD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Damir Musaev
- Department of Neurosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ellen M DeGennaro
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaochang Zhang
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katrin Henke
- Division of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kiely N James
- Department of Neurosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard S Smith
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Sean Hill
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer N Partlow
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Muna Al-Saffar
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - A Stacy Kamumbu
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Hatem
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A James Barkovich
- Benioff Children's Hospital, Departments of Radiology, Pediatrics, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Aziza
- Département de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole-CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Chassaing
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- UDEAR; UMR 1056 Inserm-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tipu Sultan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Child Health & The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, Département de génétique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Hôpital Trousseau and Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Anna Rajab
- National Genetics Center, Directorate General of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Lihadh Al-Gazali
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ganeshwaran H Mochida
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew P Harris
- Division of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Nasser H, Vera L, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Steindl K, Letard P, Teissier N, Ernault A, Guimiot F, Afenjar A, Moutard ML, Héron D, Alembik Y, Momtchilova M, Milani P, Kubis N, Pouvreau N, Zollino M, Guilmin Crepon S, Kaguelidou F, Gressens P, Verloes A, Rauch A, El Ghouzzi V, Drunat S, Passemard S. CDK5RAP2 primary microcephaly is associated with hypothalamic, retinal and cochlear developmental defects. J Med Genet 2020; 57:389-399. [PMID: 32015000 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hereditary microcephaly (MCPH) comprises a large group of autosomal recessive disorders mainly affecting cortical development and resulting in a congenital impairment of brain growth. Despite the identification of >25 causal genes so far, it remains a challenge to distinguish between different MCPH forms at the clinical level. METHODS 7 patients with newly identified mutations in CDK5RAP2 (MCPH3) were investigated by performing prospective, extensive and systematic clinical, MRI, psychomotor, neurosensory and cognitive examinations under similar conditions. RESULTS All patients displayed neurosensory defects in addition to microcephaly. Small cochlea with incomplete partition type II was found in all cases and was associated with progressive deafness in 4 of them. Furthermore, the CDK5RAP2 protein was specifically identified in the developing cochlea from human fetal tissues. Microphthalmia was also present in all patients along with retinal pigmentation changes and lipofuscin deposits. Finally, hypothalamic anomalies consisting of interhypothalamic adhesions, a congenital midline defect usually associated with holoprosencephaly, was detected in 5 cases. CONCLUSION This is the first report indicating that CDK5RAP2 not only governs brain size but also plays a role in ocular and cochlear development and is necessary for hypothalamic nuclear separation at the midline. Our data indicate that CDK5RAP2 should be considered as a potential gene associated with deafness and forme fruste of holoprosencephaly. These children should be given neurosensory follow-up to prevent additional comorbidities and allow them reaching their full educational potential. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01565005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Nasser
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Hopital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France.,Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, APHP, Hopital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Liza Vera
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, APHP, Hopital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | | | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascaline Letard
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Hopital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France.,Service d'Anatomopathologie, Hopital Jean Verdier, APHP, Bondy, France.,Université Paris 13, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - Natacha Teissier
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France.,Service d'ORL, APHP, Hopital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Anais Ernault
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Hopital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Guimiot
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France.,Service de Foetopathologie, APHP, Hopital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- CRMR déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares, Département de génétique, Sorbonne Université, APHP, Hôpital Trousseau, 75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Delphine Héron
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Hopital La Pitié-Salpetriere, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Yves Alembik
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Strasbourg, Hopital de Hautepierre, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Paolo Milani
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, APHP, Hopital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Kubis
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, APHP, Hopital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Pouvreau
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Hopital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Marcella Zollino
- Universita Cattolica Sacro Cuore Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Roma, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Florentia Kaguelidou
- Université de Paris, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CIC 1426, INSERM, APHP, Hopital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France.,Center for Developing Brain, King's College, St. Thomas' Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Verloes
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Hopital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France.,European Reference Network ERN ITHACA, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Severine Drunat
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Hopital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France.,European Reference Network ERN ITHACA, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Hopital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France .,Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France.,European Reference Network ERN ITHACA, 75019 Paris, France.,Service de Neuropédiatrie, APHP, Hopital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
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14
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Zaqout S, Ravindran E, Stoltenburg‐Didinger G, Kaindl AM. Congenital microcephaly‐linked CDK5RAP2 affects eye development. Ann Hum Genet 2019; 84:87-91. [DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Zaqout
- Institute of Cell and Neurobiology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ) Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Berlin Germany
- Basic Medical Science Department, College of Medicine, QU Health Qatar University
| | - Ethiraj Ravindran
- Institute of Cell and Neurobiology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ) Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Berlin Germany
| | | | - Angela M. Kaindl
- Institute of Cell and Neurobiology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ) Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Berlin Germany
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15
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Comprehensive review on the molecular genetics of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH). Genet Res (Camb) 2018; 100:e7. [PMID: 30086807 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672318000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is an autosomal recessive sporadic neurodevelopmental ailment with a trivial head size characteristic that is below 3-4 standard deviations. MCPH is the smaller upshot of an architecturally normal brain; a significant decrease in size is seen in the cerebral cortex. At birth MCPH presents with non-progressive mental retardation, while secondary microcephaly (onset after birth) presents with and without other syndromic features. MCPH is a neurogenic mitotic syndrome nevertheless pretentious patients demonstrate normal neuronal migration, neuronal apoptosis and neural function. Eighteen MCPH loci (MCPH1-MCPH18) have been mapped to date from various populations around the world and contain the following genes: Microcephalin, WDR62, CDK5RAP2, CASC5, ASPM, CENPJ, STIL, CEP135, CEP152, ZNF335, PHC1, CDK6, CENPE, SASS6, MFSD2A, ANKLE2, CIT and WDFY3, clarifying our understanding about the molecular basis of microcephaly genetic disorder. It has previously been reported that phenotype disease is caused by MCB gene mutations and the causes of this phenotype are disarrangement of positions and organization of chromosomes during the cell cycle as a result of mutated DNA, centriole duplication, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control and the cell cycle checkpoint having some invisible centrosomal process that can manage the number of neurons that are produced by neuronal precursor cells. Furthermore, researchers inform us about the clinical management of families that are suffering from MCPH. Establishment of both molecular understanding and genetic advocating may help to decrease the rate of this ailment. This current review study examines newly identified genes along with previously identified genes involved in autosomal recessive MCPH.
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16
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Wang Z, Wang SN, Xu TY, Miao ZW, Su DF, Miao CY. Organoid technology for brain and therapeutics research. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 23:771-778. [PMID: 28884977 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain is one of the most complex organs in human. The current brain research is mainly based on the animal models and traditional cell culture. However, the inherent species differences between humans and animals as well as the gap between organ level and cell level make it difficult to study human brain development and associated disorders through traditional technologies. Recently, the brain organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells have been reported to recapitulate many key features of human brain in vivo, for example recapitulating the zone of putative outer radial glia cells. Brain organoids offer a new platform for scientists to study brain development, neurological diseases, drug discovery and personalized medicine, regenerative medicine, and so on. Here, we discuss the progress, applications, advantages, limitations, and prospects of brain organoid technology in neurosciences and related therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu-Wei Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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17
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Miron J, Picard C, Nilsson N, Frappier J, Dea D, Théroux L, Poirier J. CDK5RAP2
gene and tau pathophysiology in late‐onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:787-796. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Miron
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Cynthia Picard
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Nathalie Nilsson
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Josée Frappier
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Doris Dea
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Louise Théroux
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
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18
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Alfares A, Alhufayti I, Alsubaie L, Alowain M, Almass R, Alfadhel M, Kaya N, Eyaid W. A new association between
CDK5RAP2
microcephaly and congenital cataracts. Ann Hum Genet 2017; 82:165-170. [DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alfares
- Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine Qassim University Qassim Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtihal Alhufayti
- Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine Qassim University Qassim Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamia Alsubaie
- Division of Genetics Department of Pediatrics King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alowain
- Department of Medical Genetics King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Almass
- Department of Genetics King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Division of Genetics Department of Pediatrics King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Namik Kaya
- Department of Genetics King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa Eyaid
- Division of Genetics Department of Pediatrics King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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19
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An update on stem cell biology and engineering for brain development. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:808-819. [PMID: 28373686 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two recent technologies, induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and direct somatic reprogramming, have shown enormous potential for cell-based therapies against intractable diseases such as those that affect the central nervous system. Already, methods that generate most major cell types of the human brain exist. Whether the cell types are directly reprogrammed from human somatic cells or differentiated from an iPSC intermediate, the overview presented here demonstrates how these protocols vary greatly in their efficiencies, purity and maturation of the resulting cells. Possible solutions including micro-RNA switch technologies that purify target cell types are also outlined. Further, an update on the transition from 2D to 3D cultures and current organoid (mini-brain) cultures are reviewed to give the stem cell and developmental engineering communities an up-to-date account of the progress and future perspectives for modeling of central nervous system disease and brain development in vitro.
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20
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Sukumaran SK, Stumpf M, Salamon S, Ahmad I, Bhattacharya K, Fischer S, Müller R, Altmüller J, Budde B, Thiele H, Tariq M, Malik NA, Nürnberg P, Baig SM, Hussain MS, Noegel AA. CDK5RAP2 interaction with components of the Hippo signaling pathway may play a role in primary microcephaly. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 292:365-383. [PMID: 28004182 PMCID: PMC5357305 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is characterized by a substantial reduction in brain size but with normal architecture. It is often linked to mutations in genes coding for centrosomal proteins; however, their role in brain size regulation is not completely understood. By combining homozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing in an MCPH family from Pakistan, we identified a novel mutation (XM_011518861.1; c.4114C > T) in CDK5RAP2, the gene associated with primary microcephaly-3 (MCPH3), leading to a premature stop codon (p.Arg1372*). CDK5RAP2 is a component of the pericentriolar material important for the microtubule-organizing function of the centrosome. Patient-derived primary fibroblasts had strongly decreased CDK5RAP2 amounts, showed centrosomal and nuclear abnormalities and exhibited changes in cell size and migration. We further identified an interaction of CDK5RAP2 with the Hippo pathway components MST1 kinase and the transcriptional regulator TAZ. This finding potentially provides a mechanism through which the Hippo pathway with its roles in the regulation of centrosome number is linked to the centrosome. In the patient fibroblasts, we observed higher levels of TAZ and YAP. However, common target genes of the Hippo pathway were downregulated as compared to the control with the exception of BIRC5 (Survivin), which was significantly upregulated. We propose that the centrosomal deficiencies and the altered cellular properties in the patient fibroblasts can also result from the observed changes in the Hippo pathway components which could thus be relevant for MCPH and play a role in brain size regulation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil K Sukumaran
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany
| | - Maria Stumpf
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany
| | - Sarah Salamon
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Köln, Germany
| | - Ilyas Ahmad
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Köln, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kurchi Bhattacharya
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany
| | - Sarah Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Budde
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Altaf Malik
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany. .,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany. .,Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Sajid Hussain
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Angelika A Noegel
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Köln, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany. .,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany.
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21
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Kraemer N, Ravindran E, Zaqout S, Neubert G, Schindler D, Ninnemann O, Gräf R, Seiler AEM, Kaindl AM. Loss of CDK5RAP2 affects neural but not non-neural mESC differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:2044-57. [PMID: 25942099 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1044169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in the gene encoding centrosomal CDK5RAP2 lead to autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH), a disorder characterized by pronounced reduction in volume of otherwise architectonical normal brains and intellectual deficit. The current model for the microcephaly phenotype in MCPH invokes a premature shift from symmetric to asymmetric neural progenitor-cell divisions with a subsequent depletion of the progenitor pool. The isolated neural phenotype, despite the ubiquitous expression of CDK5RAP2, and reports of progressive microcephaly in individual MCPH cases prompted us to investigate neural and non-neural differentiation of Cdk5rap2-depleted and control murine embryonic stem cells (mESC). We demonstrate an accumulating proliferation defect of neurally differentiating Cdk5rap2-depleted mESC and cell death of proliferative and early postmitotic cells. A similar effect does not occur in non-neural differentiation into beating cardiomyocytes, which is in line with the lack of non-central nervous system features in MCPH patients. Our data suggest that MCPH is not only caused by premature differentiation of progenitors, but also by reduced propagation and survival of neural progenitors.
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Key Words
- CDK5RAP2
- Cdk5rap2, Cyclin-dependent kinase-5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 2
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- MCPH
- MCPH, autosomal recessive primary microcephaly
- NPCs, neuroepithelial progenitor cells
- mESC, murine embryonic stem cells
- mLIF, murine leukemia inhibitory factor
- mental retardation
- neural differentiation
- primary microcephaly
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR.
- stem cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kraemer
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Campus Mitte ; Berlin , Germany
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22
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Functional characterization of CDK5 and CDK5R1 mutations identified in patients with non-syndromic intellectual disability. J Hum Genet 2015; 61:283-93. [PMID: 26657932 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5, regulatory subunit 1 (CDK5R1), encoding CDK5 activator p35, have a fundamental role in central nervous system (CNS) development and function, and are involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, thus constituting strong candidate genes for the onset of intellectual disability (ID). We carried out a mutation screening of CDK5 and CDK5R1 coding regions and CDK5R1 3'-UTR on a cohort of 360 patients with non-syndromic ID (NS-ID) using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and direct sequencing. We found one novel silent mutation in CDK5 and one novel silent mutation in CDK5R1 coding regions, three novel intronic variations in CDK5, not causing any splicing defect, and four novel heterozygous variations in CDK5R1 3'-UTR. None of these variations was present in 450 healthy controls and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) databases. The functional study of CDK5R1 p.A108V mutation evidenced an impaired p35 cleavage by the calcium-dependent protease calpain. Moreover, luciferase constructs containing the CDK5R1 3'-UTR mutations showed altered gene expression levels. Eight known polymorphisms were also identified displaying different frequencies in NS-ID patients compared with the controls. In particular, the minor allele of CDK5R1 3'-UTR rs735555 polymorphism was associated with increased risk for NS-ID. In conclusion, our data suggest that mutations and polymorphisms in CDK5 and CDK5R1 genes may contribute to the onset of the NS-ID phenotype.
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23
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Species-Specific Expression of Full-Length and Alternatively Spliced Variant Forms of CDK5RAP2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142577. [PMID: 26550838 PMCID: PMC4638350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK5RAP2 is one of the primary microcephaly genes that are associated with reduced brain size and mental retardation. We have previously shown that human CDK5RAP2 exists as a full-length form (hCDK5RAP2) or an alternatively spliced variant form (hCDK5RAP2-V1) that is lacking exon 32. The equivalent of hCDK5RAP2-V1 has been reported in rat and mouse but the presence of full-length equivalent hCDK5RAP2 in rat and mouse has not been examined. Here, we demonstrate that rat expresses both a full length and an alternatively spliced variant form of CDK5RAP2 that are equivalent to our previously reported hCDK5RAP2 and hCDK5RAP2-V1, repectively. However, mouse expresses only one form of CDK5RAP2 that is equivalent to the human and rat alternatively spliced variant forms. Knowledge of this expression of different forms of CDK5RAP2 in human, rat and mouse is essential in selecting the appropriate model for studies of CDK5RAP2 and primary microcephaly but our findings further indicate the evolutionary divergence of mouse from the human and rat species.
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24
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Rogers RL. Chromosomal Rearrangements as Barriers to Genetic Homogenization between Archaic and Modern Humans. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:3064-78. [PMID: 26399483 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements, which shuffle DNA throughout the genome, are an important source of divergence across taxa. Using a paired-end read approach with Illumina sequence data for archaic humans, I identify changes in genome structure that occurred recently in human evolution. Hundreds of rearrangements indicate genomic trafficking between the sex chromosomes and autosomes, raising the possibility of sex-specific changes. Additionally, genes adjacent to genome structure changes in Neanderthals are associated with testis-specific expression, consistent with evolutionary theory that new genes commonly form with expression in the testes. I identify one case of new-gene creation through transposition from the Y chromosome to chromosome 10 that combines the 5'-end of the testis-specific gene Fank1 with previously untranscribed sequence. This new transcript experienced copy number expansion in archaic genomes, indicating rapid genomic change. Among rearrangements identified in Neanderthals, 13% are transposition of selfish genetic elements, whereas 32% appear to be ectopic exchange between repeats. In Denisovan, the pattern is similar but numbers are significantly higher with 18% of rearrangements reflecting transposition and 40% ectopic exchange between distantly related repeats. There is an excess of divergent rearrangements relative to polymorphism in Denisovan, which might result from nonuniform rates of mutation, possibly reflecting a burst of transposable element activity in the lineage that led to Denisovan. Finally, loci containing genome structure changes show diminished rates of introgression from Neanderthals into modern humans, consistent with the hypothesis that rearrangements serve as barriers to gene flow during hybridization. Together, these results suggest that this previously unidentified source of genomic variation has important biological consequences in human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L Rogers
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley
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25
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Jouan L, Ouled Amar Bencheikh B, Daoud H, Dionne-Laporte A, Dobrzeniecka S, Spiegelman D, Rochefort D, Hince P, Szuto A, Lassonde M, Barbelanne M, Tsang WY, Dion PA, Théoret H, Rouleau GA. Exome sequencing identifies recessive CDK5RAP2 variants in patients with isolated agenesis of corpus callosum. Eur J Hum Genet 2015. [PMID: 26197979 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is a common brain malformation which can be observed either as an isolated condition or as part of numerous congenital syndromes. Therefore, cognitive and neurological involvements in patients with ACC are variable, from mild linguistic and behavioral impairments to more severe neurological deficits. To date, the underlying genetic causes of isolated ACC remains elusive and causative genes have yet to be identified. We performed exome sequencing on three acallosal siblings from the same non-consanguineous family and identified compound heterozygous variants, p.[Gly94Arg];[Asn1232Ser], in the protein encoded by the CDK5RAP2 gene, also known as MCPH3, a gene previously reported to cause autosomal recessive primary microcephaly. Our findings suggest a novel role for this gene in the pathogenesis of isolated ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Jouan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bouchra Ouled Amar Bencheikh
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hussein Daoud
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Dionne-Laporte
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvia Dobrzeniecka
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dan Spiegelman
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Rochefort
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pascale Hince
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anna Szuto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maryse Lassonde
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marine Barbelanne
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - William Y Tsang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick A Dion
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hugo Théoret
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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26
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Yigit G, Brown KE, Kayserili H, Pohl E, Caliebe A, Zahnleiter D, Rosser E, Bögershausen N, Uyguner ZO, Altunoglu U, Nürnberg G, Nürnberg P, Rauch A, Li Y, Thiel CT, Wollnik B. Mutations in CDK5RAP2 cause Seckel syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 3:467-80. [PMID: 26436113 PMCID: PMC4585455 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Seckel syndrome is a heterogeneous, autosomal recessive disorder marked by prenatal proportionate short stature, severe microcephaly, intellectual disability, and characteristic facial features. Here, we describe the novel homozygous splice-site mutations c.383+1G>C and c.4005-9A>G in CDK5RAP2 in two consanguineous families with Seckel syndrome. CDK5RAP2 (CEP215) encodes a centrosomal protein which is known to be essential for centrosomal cohesion and proper spindle formation and has been shown to be causally involved in autosomal recessive primary microcephaly. We establish CDK5RAP2 as a disease-causing gene for Seckel syndrome and show that loss of functional CDK5RAP2 leads to severe defects in mitosis and spindle organization, resulting in cells with abnormal nuclei and centrosomal pattern, which underlines the important role of centrosomal and mitotic proteins in the pathogenesis of the disease. Additionally, we present an intriguing case of possible digenic inheritance in Seckel syndrome: A severely affected child of nonconsanguineous German parents was found to carry heterozygous mutations in CDK5RAP2 and CEP152. This finding points toward a potential additive genetic effect of mutations in CDK5RAP2 and CEP152.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Karen E Brown
- Chromosome Biology Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esther Pohl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Almuth Caliebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel Kiel, Germany
| | - Diana Zahnleiter
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Rosser
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children London, WC1N 3EH, UK
| | - Nina Bögershausen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Zehra Oya Uyguner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gudrun Nürnberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich Schwerzenbach-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Thomas Thiel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
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27
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Li MH, Arndt K, Das S, Weiss EM, Wu Y, Gwal K, Shekdar KV, Zackai EH. Compound heterozygoteCDK5RAP2mutations in a Guatemalan/Honduran child with autosomal recessive primary microcephaly, failure to thrive and speech delay. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167:1414-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mindy H Li
- Division of Human Genetics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly Arndt
- Department of Human Genetics; The University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois
| | - Soma Das
- Department of Human Genetics; The University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois
| | - Elliott M Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Division of Neonatology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Yaning Wu
- Division of Human Genetics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Kriti Gwal
- Department of Radiology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Karuna V Shekdar
- Department of Radiology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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28
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Faheem M, Naseer MI, Rasool M, Chaudhary AG, Kumosani TA, Ilyas AM, Pushparaj P, Ahmed F, Algahtani HA, Al-Qahtani MH, Saleh Jamal H. Molecular genetics of human primary microcephaly: an overview. BMC Med Genomics 2015; 8 Suppl 1:S4. [PMID: 25951892 PMCID: PMC4315316 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-8-s1-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterised by microcephaly present at birth and non-progressive mental retardation. Microcephaly is the outcome of a smaller but architecturally normal brain; the cerebral cortex exhibits a significant decrease in size. MCPH is a neurogenic mitotic disorder, though affected patients demonstrate normal neuronal migration, neuronal apoptosis and neural function. Twelve MCPH loci (MCPH1-MCPH12) have been mapped to date from various populations around the world and contain the following genes: Microcephalin, WDR62, CDK5RAP2, CASC5, ASPM, CENPJ, STIL, CEP135, CEP152, ZNF335, PHC1 and CDK6. It is predicted that MCPH gene mutations may lead to the disease phenotype due to a disturbed mitotic spindle orientation, premature chromosomal condensation, signalling response as a result of damaged DNA, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control or a few other hidden centrosomal mechanisms that can regulate the number of neurons produced by neuronal precursor cells. Additional findings have further elucidated the microcephaly aetiology and pathophysiology, which has informed the clinical management of families suffering from MCPH. The provision of molecular diagnosis and genetic counselling may help to decrease the frequency of this disorder.
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29
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Tan CA, Topper S, Ward Melver C, Stein J, Reeder A, Arndt K, Das S. The first case of CDK5RAP2-related primary microcephaly in a non-consanguineous patient identified by next generation sequencing. Brain Dev 2014; 36:351-5. [PMID: 23726037 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary autosomal recessive microcephaly (MCPH) is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by congenital microcephaly and intellectual disability. To date, 10 MCPH loci have been identified and due to the genetic heterogeneity of this condition, molecular testing for MCPH can be complicated. Our methods involved employing a next generation sequencing panel of MCPH-related genes allowing for the evaluation of multiple disease loci simultaneously. Next generation sequencing analysis of a 6 year old female with primary microcephaly identified novel compound heterozygous mutations (c.524_528del and c.4005-1G>A) in the CDK5RAP2 gene. A review of the published literature to date reveals that only three mutations have been previously reported in the CDK5RAP2 gene in the homozygous state in three Northern Pakistani and one Somali consanguineous MCPH families. Our patient represents the first non-consanguineous Caucasian individual to have been identified with CDK5RAP2-related MCPH. As only a handful of patients have been reported in the literature with CDK5RAP2-related MCPH, we anticipate the identification of individuals with CDK5RAP2 mutations from all ethnic backgrounds will continue. Our patient contributes to the ethnic and genotypic spectrum of CDK5RAP2-related MCPH and supports the occurrence of this genetic condition beyond that of consanguineous families of certain ethnic populations. Our results also highlight the utility of multi-gene sequencing panels to elucidate the etiology of genetically heterogeneous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Tan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 0077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Scott Topper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 0077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Catherine Ward Melver
- Division of Medical Genetics, Akron Children's Hospital, One Perkins Square, Akron, OH 44308, USA
| | - Jennifer Stein
- Division of Medical Genetics, Akron Children's Hospital, One Perkins Square, Akron, OH 44308, USA
| | - Amanda Reeder
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 0077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kelly Arndt
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 0077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Soma Das
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 0077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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30
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Importance of the CEP215-pericentrin interaction for centrosome maturation during mitosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87016. [PMID: 24466316 PMCID: PMC3899370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
At the onset of mitosis, the centrosome undergoes maturation, which is characterized by a drastic expansion of the pericentriolar material (PCM) and a robust increase in microtubule-organizing activity. CEP215 is one of the major PCM components which accumulates at the centrosome during mitosis. The depletion phenotypes indicate that CEP215 is essential for centrosome maturation and bipolar spindle formation. Here, we performed a series of knockdown-rescue experiments to link the protein-protein interaction properties of CEP215 to its biological functions. The results showed that CEP215 and pericentrin, another major PCM component, is interdependent for their accumulation at the spindle poles during mitosis. As a result, The CEP215-pericentrin interaction is required for centrosome maturation and subsequent bipolar spindle formation during mitosis. On the other hand, CEP215 interaction with γ-tubulin is dispensable for centrosome maturation. Our results provide an insight how PCM components are assembled to form a spindle pole during mitosis.
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31
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Hattori N. Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Mov Disord 2013; 29:185. [PMID: 24375826 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Lancaster MA, Renner M, Martin CA, Wenzel D, Bicknell LS, Hurles ME, Homfray T, Penninger JM, Jackson AP, Knoblich JA. Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature 2013; 501:373-9. [PMID: 23995685 PMCID: PMC3817409 DOI: 10.1038/nature12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3126] [Impact Index Per Article: 284.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of the human brain has made it difficult to study many brain disorders in model organisms, highlighting the need for an in vitro model of human brain development. Here we have developed a human pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional organoid culture system, termed cerebral organoids, that develop various discrete, although interdependent, brain regions. These include a cerebral cortex containing progenitor populations that organize and produce mature cortical neuron subtypes. Furthermore, cerebral organoids are shown to recapitulate features of human cortical development, namely characteristic progenitor zone organization with abundant outer radial glial stem cells. Finally, we use RNA interference and patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells to model microcephaly, a disorder that has been difficult to recapitulate in mice. We demonstrate premature neuronal differentiation in patient organoids, a defect that could help to explain the disease phenotype. Together, these data show that three-dimensional organoids can recapitulate development and disease even in this most complex human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline A Lancaster
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna 1030, Austria
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33
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Issa L, Mueller K, Seufert K, Kraemer N, Rosenkotter H, Ninnemann O, Buob M, Kaindl AM, Morris-Rosendahl DJ. Clinical and cellular features in patients with primary autosomal recessive microcephaly and a novel CDK5RAP2 mutation. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:59. [PMID: 23587236 PMCID: PMC3639195 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary autosomal recessive microcephaly (MCPH) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that results in severe microcephaly at birth with pronounced reduction in brain volume, particularly of the neocortex, simplified cortical gyration and intellectual disability. Homozygous mutations in the Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 2 gene CDK5RAP2 are the cause of MCPH3. Despite considerable interest in MCPH as a model disorder for brain development, the underlying pathomechanism has not been definitively established and only four pedigrees with three CDK5RAP2 mutations have been reported. Specifically for MCPH3, no detailed radiological or histological descriptions exist. METHODS/RESULTS We sought to characterize the clinical and radiological features and pathological cellular processes that contribute to the human MCPH3 phenotype. Haplotype analysis using microsatellite markers around the MCPH1-7 and PNKP loci in an Italian family with two sons with primary microcephaly, revealed possible linkage to the MCPH3 locus. Sequencing of the coding exons and exon/intron splice junctions of the CDK5RAP2 gene identified homozygosity for the novel nonsense mutation, c.4441C > T (p.Arg1481*), in both affected sons. cMRI showed microcephaly, simplified gyral pattern and hypogenesis of the corpus callosum. The cellular phenotype was assessed in EBV-transformed lymphocyte cell lines established from the two affected sons and compared with healthy male controls. CDK5RAP2 protein levels were below detection level in immortalized lymphocytes from the patients. Moreover, mitotic spindle defects and disrupted γ-tubulin localization to the centrosome were apparent. CONCLUSION These results suggest that spindle defects and a disruption of centrosome integrity play an important role in the development of microcephaly in MCPH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Issa
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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