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Yao M, Zhang L, Teng X, Lei Y, Xing X, Ren T, Pan Y, Zhang L, Li Z, Lin J, Zheng Y, Xing L, Zhou J, Wu C. Transcriptomic profiling of Dip2a in the neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:700-710. [PMID: 38292475 PMCID: PMC10825174 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The disconnected-interacting protein 2 homolog A (DIP2A), a member of disconnected-interacting 2 protein family, has been shown to be involved in human nervous system-related mental illness. This protein is highly expressed in the nervous system of mouse. Mutation of mouse DIP2A causes defects in spine morphology and synaptic transmission, autism-like behaviors, and defective social novelty [5], [27], indicating that DIP2A is critical to the maintenance of neural development. However, the role of DIP2A in neural differentiation has yet to be investigated. Objective To determine the role of DIP2A in neural differentiation, a neural differentiation model was established using mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and studied by using gene-knockout technology and RNA-sequencing-based transcriptome analysis. Results We found that DIP2A is not required for mESCs pluripotency maintenance, but loss of DIP2A causes the neural differentiation abnormalities in both N2B27 and KSR medium. Functional knockout of Dip2a gene also decreased proliferation of mESCs by perturbation of the cell cycle and profoundly inhibited the expression of a large number of neural development-associated genes which mainly enriched in spinal cord development and postsynapse assembly. Conclusions The results of this report demonstrate that DIP2A plays an essential role in regulating differentiation of mESCs towards the neural fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze Yao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiaojuan Teng
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Tinglin Ren
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yuanqing Pan
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhengfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jingxia Lin
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yaowu Zheng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiajian Zhou
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Zhang B, Zhang X, Omorou M, Zhao K, Ruan Y, Luan H. Disco interacting protein 2 homolog A (DIP2A): A key component in the regulation of brain disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115771. [PMID: 37897975 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Disco Interacting Protein 2 Homolog A (DIP2A) is expressed throughout the body and abundantly expressed in the brain tissue. It is activated by Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1). Activated DIP2A interacts with several pathways, such as AMPK/mTOR and AKT pathways, to contribute to many biological processes, such as oxidative stress, transcriptional regulation, and apoptosis. Dysregulated DIP2A activation has been implicated in numerous processes in the brain. If the upstream pathways of DIP2A remain globally unexplored, many proteins, including cortactin, AMPK, and AKT, have been identified as its downstream targets in the literature. Recent studies have linked DIP2A to a variety of mechanisms in many types of brain disorders, suggesting that regulation of DIP2A could provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for brain disorders. In this review, we comprehensively summarized and discussed the current research on DIP2A in various brain disorders, such as stroke, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), dyslexia, and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyuan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, Heilongjiang, China; Key laboratory of Microecology-immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Moussa Omorou
- Key laboratory of Microecology-immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, Heilongjiang, China; Key laboratory of Microecology-immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Ruan
- The Central Hospital of Jiamusi City, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Haiyan Luan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, Heilongjiang, China; Key laboratory of Microecology-immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, Heilongjiang, China.
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Liang B, Yang F, Huang H, Liu Z, Ji Q, Wang Y, Wu X, Lin Y, Xie L, Zhao W, Cao H, Xu L, Lin N. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal digestive system malformations and pregnancy outcomes at a tertiary referral center in Fujian, China: A retrospective study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21546. [PMID: 38027951 PMCID: PMC10663823 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal digestive system malformations (DSMs) are correlated with chromosomal anomalies. The prenatal diagnosis of DSMs allows for timely treatment and reduces perinatal morbidity and mortality. However, genetic screening for fetal DSMs is rarely reported. This study aimed to investigate genetic etiology and pregnancy outcomes in cases of fetal DSM by analyzing correlations between DSM types and chromosomal anomalies. This retrospective single-center study included 126 fetuses in whom DSMs were detected via prenatal ultrasonography. Genetic etiology was investigated using conventional karyotyping, chromosome microarray analysis (CMA), and whole-exome sequencing (WES). DSMs were categorized as simple DSM (Group A), DSM combined with abnormal ultrasound soft markers (Group B), and DSM combined with comorbidities of other systems (Group C). Abnormal karyotypes were detected in 11/126 (8.7 %) fetuses. Four more pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) were detected using CMA, increasing the detection rate to 11.9 %. The detection rates significantly differed between the three DSM types (1.78 %, 8.11 %, and 33.33 % in Groups A, B, and C, respectively). The overall adverse pregnancy outcome rate was 33.9 %, and 11.5 %, 23.5 %, and 81.3 %, (P < 0.001), respectively, in Groups A, B, and C. Out of 83 live births, three neonates died, 26 underwent postnatal surgery with 24 favorable outcomes, and 54 did not undergo surgery and were basically normal. Two neonates who underwent WES were diagnosed with CHD7-associated Charge syndrome and JAG1-associated Alagille syndrome, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that fetal DSM is closely related to chromosome aneuploidies, CNVs, and point mutations. The prognoses of most fetuses with simple DSM and those with comorbid abnormal ultrasound soft markers were favorable in the absence of chromosomal anomalies and severe structural malformations, provided they underwent timely surgery as neonates. These findings provide guidance for the prenatal diagnosis and clinical management of fetal DSMs and the genetic counseling of parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liang
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Hailong Huang
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Zhaozhen Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Qingqiang Ji
- Department of Obstetrics, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Lanting Xie
- Department of Obstetrics, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Wantong Zhao
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Hua Cao
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-human Primates, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Na Lin
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
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Is S100B Involved in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? Comparisons with Controls and Changes Following a Triple Therapy Containing Methylphenidate, Melatonin and ω-3 PUFAs. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030712. [PMID: 36771418 PMCID: PMC9919946 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence supports a neuroinflammatory basis in ADHD damaging glial function and thereby altering dopaminergic (DA) neurotransmission. Previous studies focusing on the S100B protein as a marker of glial function have shown contradictory results. We conducted a clinical trial to investigate differences in S100B levels between ADHD patients and controls, as well as observe gradual changes in S100B concentrations after a triple therapy (TT) containing methylphenidate (MPH), melatonin (aMT) and omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs). METHODS 62 medication-naïve children with ADHD (ADHD-G) and 65 healthy controls (C-G) were recruited. Serum S100B was measured at baseline (T0) in ADHD-G/C-G, and three (T3) and six months (T6) after starting TT in the ADHD-G, together with attention scores. RESULTS A significant increase in S100B was observed in the ADHD-G vs. C-G. In the ADHD-G, significantly higher S100B values were observed for comparisons between T0-T3 and between T0-T6, accompanied by a significant improvement in attention scores for the same timepoint comparisons. No significant differences were found for S100B between T3-T6. CONCLUSION Our results agree with the hypothesis of glial damage in ADHD. Further studies on the link between DA and S100B are required to explain the transient increase in S100B following TT.
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Kalashnikova TP, Satyukova MO, Anisimov GV, Karakulova YV. [Genetic background of dyslexia and dysgraphy in children]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:48-52. [PMID: 37315241 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312305148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The review is devoted to one of the current problems of pediatric neurology - reading and writing disorders in children as part of a partial developmental disorder. With the development of neuroscience, the paradigm of «brain damage» in the understanding of a number of pathological conditions was replaced by the concept of «evolutionary neurology». The dominance of the ontogenetic approach caused the appearance of a new section in ICD-11 - «Neurodevelopmental disorders». Twenty-one genes associated with the acquisition of reading and writing skills have been identified. Modern studies demonstrate the connection of neuropsychological prerequisites for reading and writing, and clinical phenotypes of dyslexia with changes in specific loci. It is assumed that there are different molecular genetic bases for dyslexia and dysgraphia depending on ethnicity, orthographic features of language, including logographic features. Pleiotropy of genes is a cause of comorbidity of reading and writing disorders with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, specific speech articulation disorders, and dyscalculia. A key function of many of the identified genes is their involvement in the processes of neurogenesis. Their dysfunctions cause atypical neuronal migration, ectopic formation, inadequate axonal growth, and dendrite branching at the early stage of brain development. Morphological changes can distort the correct distribution and/or integration of linguistic stimuli in critical brain areas, leading to abnormalities in phonology, semantics, spelling, and general reading comprehension. The knowledge gained can form the basis for the development of risk models for dysgraphia and dyslexia formation and be used as a diagnostic and/or screening tool, which is important for evidence-based correction, optimization of academic performance, and mitigation of psychosocial consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G V Anisimov
- First Medico-Pedagogical Center «Lingua Bona», Perm, Russia
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Ma J, Li K, Sun X, Liang JN, An XQ, Tian M, Li J, Yan F, Yin Y, Yang YA, Chen FY, Zhang LQ, He XX, He ZX, Guo WX, Zhu XJ, Yu HL. Dysregulation of AMPK-mTOR signaling leads to comorbid anxiety in Dip2a KO mice. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4977-4989. [PMID: 36227200 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders. We have previously shown that Dip2a knockout (KO) induces autism-like behaviors in mice. However, the role of Dip2a in other psychiatric disorders remains unclear. In this paper, we revealed that Dip2a KO mice had comorbid anxiety. Dip2a KO led to a reduction in the dendritic length of cortical and hippocampal excitatory neurons. Molecular mechanism studies suggested that AMPK was overactivated and suppressed the mTOR cascade, contributing to defects in dendritic morphology. Deletion of Dip2a in adult-born hippocampal neurons (Dip2a conditional knockout (cKO)) increased susceptibility to anxiety upon acute stress exposure. Application of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK), an inhibitor of mTOR, rescued anxiety-like behaviors in Dip2a KO and Dip2a cKO mice. In addition, 6 weeks of high-fat diet intake alleviated AMPK-mTOR signaling and attenuated the severity of anxiety in both Dip2a KO mice and Dip2a cKO mice. Taken together, these results reveal an unrecognized function of DIP2A in anxiety pathophysiology via regulation of AMPK-mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.,Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Anesthesia, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jia-Nan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xian-Quan An
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Meng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ying-Ao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Fei-Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Lu-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zi-Xuan He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hua-Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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Chen CP, Wang LK, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Wu FT, Lee CC, Chen LF, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of mosaic ring chromosome 21 associated with low PAPP-A and low PlGF in the first-trimester maternal serum screening. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 61:359-363. [PMID: 35361402 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of mosaic ring chromosome 21 [r(21)]. CASE REPORT A 17-year-old, gravida 2, para 1, woman underwent amniocentesis at 17 weeks of gestation because of an abnormal result of the first-trimester maternal serum screening for Down syndrome with a free β-hCG level of 1.736 multiples of the median (MoM), a pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) level of 0.275 MoM, a placental growth factor (PlGF) level of 0.281 MoM, a Down syndrome risk of 1:222 and a preeclampsia risk of 1:175. Cytogenetic analysis of cultured amniocytes revealed the result of 46,XX,r(21) (p12q22.3)[19]/45,XX,-21[13]. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis of cultured amniocytes revealed the result of arr [GRCh37] 21q11.2q22.2 (15,485,008-40,625,594) × 1∼2, 21q22.2q22.3 (40,703,792-46,682,184) × 2∼3, 21q22.3 (46,761,631-48,084,156) × 1, consistent with mosaic monosomy 21 and r(21) (p12q22.3). The pregnancy was subsequently terminated, and a malformed fetus was delivered with low-set ears and hypotelorism. Postnatal cytogenetic analysis revealed a karyotype of 46,XX,r(21) (p12q22.3)[30]/45,XX,-21[8]/46,XX,idic r(21) (p12q22.3)[2] in the cord blood, 46,XX,r(21) (p12q22.3)[34]/45,XX,-21[6] in the skin, 46,XX,r(21) (p12q22.3)[37]/45,XX,-21[3] in the umbilical cord and 46,XX,dup(21) (q22.2q22.3)[32]/46,XX,r(21) (p12q22.3)[8] in the placenta. aCGH analysis of cord blood revealed the result of arr 21q11.2q22.2 (15,499,847-40,662,581) × 2.3, arr 21q22.2q22.3 (40,703,792-46,682,184) × 3.6, arr 21q22.3 (46,761,632-48,090,317) × 1, consistent with mosaic duplication of 21q11.2-q22.2 and 21q22.2-q22.3, and a 1.33-Mb 21q22.3 deletion encompassing the genes of COL18A1, SLC19A1, PCBP3, COL6A1, COL6A2, FTCD, LSS, MCM3AP, YBEY, PCNT, DIP2A, S100B and PRMT2. CONCLUSION Mosaic r(21) at amniocentesis may be associated with monosomy 21, idic r(21) and dup(21), and low PAPP-A and low PlGF in the first-trimester maternal serum screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Kai Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Adlat S, Hayel F, Chen Y, Sah RK, Mar Oo Z, Al-Azab M, Zun Zaw Myint M, Bahadar N, Binta Bah F, Mi N, Safi M, Feng X, Zhu P, Zheng Y. Heterozygous loss of Dip2B enhances tumor growth and metastasis by altering immune microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108559. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chen CP, Wang LK, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Wu FT, Chen YY, Town DD, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a pure ring chromosome 21 with a 4.657-Mb 21q22.3 deletion. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 60:157-160. [PMID: 33494993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a pure ring chromosome [r(21)] with a 4.657-Mb 21q22.3 deletion. CASE REPORT A 44-year-old woman underwent amniocentesis at 18 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype 46,XX,r(21)(p11.2q22.3). Prenatal ultrasound findings were unremarkable. Simultaneous array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis on uncultured amniocytes revealed a 4.657-Mb deletion at 21q22.3. The parental karyotypes were normal. The pregnancy was subsequently terminated, and a malformed fetus was delivered with facial dysmorphism and clinodactyly. Postnatal cytogenetic analysis of umbilical cord revealed a karyotype of 46,XX,r(21)(p11.2q22.3). aCGH analysis of umbilical cord revealed the result of arr 21q22.3 (43,427,188-48,084,156) × 1.0 with a 4.657-Mb 21q22.3 deletion encompassing 57 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) genes including TRPM2, TSPEAR, COL18A1, COL6A1, COL6A2, LSS, PCNT, DIP2A, S100B and PRMT2. Metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of the umbilical cord fibroblasts confirmed a 21q22.3 deletion. CONCLUSION Prenatal diagnosis of an r(21) should include molecular cytogenetic characterization such as aCGH and FISH to determine the extent of the 21q22.3 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Kai Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dai-Dyi Town
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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The Polygenic Nature and Complex Genetic Architecture of Specific Learning Disorder. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050631. [PMID: 34068951 PMCID: PMC8156942 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a multifactorial, neurodevelopmental disorder which may involve persistent difficulties in reading (dyslexia), written expression and/or mathematics. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties with speed and accuracy of word reading, deficient decoding abilities, and poor spelling. Several studies from different, but complementary, scientific disciplines have investigated possible causal/risk factors for SLD. Biological, neurological, hereditary, cognitive, linguistic-phonological, developmental and environmental factors have been incriminated. Despite worldwide agreement that SLD is highly heritable, its exact biological basis remains elusive. We herein present: (a) an update of studies that have shaped our current knowledge on the disorder’s genetic architecture; (b) a discussion on whether this genetic architecture is ‘unique’ to SLD or, alternatively, whether there is an underlying common genetic background with other neurodevelopmental disorders; and, (c) a brief discussion on whether we are at a position of generating meaningful correlations between genetic findings and anatomical data from neuroimaging studies or specific molecular/cellular pathways. We conclude with open research questions that could drive future research directions.
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11
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Sah RK, Ma J, Bah FB, Xing Z, Adlat S, Oo ZM, Wang Y, Bahadar N, Bohio AA, Nagi FH, Feng X, Zhang L, Zheng Y. Targeted Disruption of Mouse Dip2B Leads to Abnormal Lung Development and Prenatal Lethality. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8223. [PMID: 33153107 PMCID: PMC7663123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and anatomical functions of mammalian Dip2 family members (Dip2A, Dip2B and Dip2C) during organogenesis are largely unknown. Here, we explored the indispensable role of Dip2B in mouse lung development. Using a LacZ reporter, we explored Dip2B expression during embryogenesis. This study shows that Dip2B expression is widely distributed in various neuronal, myocardial, endothelial, and epithelial cell types during embryogenesis. Target disruption of Dip2b leads to intrauterine growth restriction, defective lung formation and perinatal mortality. Dip2B is crucial for late lung maturation rather than early-branching morphogenesis. The morphological analysis shows that Dip2b loss leads to disrupted air sac formation, interstitium septation and increased cellularity. In BrdU incorporation assay, it is shown that Dip2b loss results in increased cell proliferation at the saccular stage of lung development. RNA-seq analysis reveals that 1431 genes are affected in Dip2b deficient lungs at E18.5 gestation age. Gene ontology analysis indicates cell cycle-related genes are upregulated and immune system related genes are downregulated. KEGG analysis identifies oxidative phosphorylation as the most overrepresented pathways along with the G2/M phase transition pathway. Loss of Dip2b de-represses the expression of alveolar type I and type II molecular markers. Altogether, the study demonstrates an important role of Dip2B in lung maturation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar Sah
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (R.K.S.); (F.B.B.); (Z.X.); (S.A.); (Z.M.O.); (Y.W.); (N.B.); (A.A.B.); (F.H.N.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jun Ma
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China;
| | - Fatoumata Binta Bah
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (R.K.S.); (F.B.B.); (Z.X.); (S.A.); (Z.M.O.); (Y.W.); (N.B.); (A.A.B.); (F.H.N.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zhenkai Xing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (R.K.S.); (F.B.B.); (Z.X.); (S.A.); (Z.M.O.); (Y.W.); (N.B.); (A.A.B.); (F.H.N.); (L.Z.)
| | - Salah Adlat
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (R.K.S.); (F.B.B.); (Z.X.); (S.A.); (Z.M.O.); (Y.W.); (N.B.); (A.A.B.); (F.H.N.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zin Ma Oo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (R.K.S.); (F.B.B.); (Z.X.); (S.A.); (Z.M.O.); (Y.W.); (N.B.); (A.A.B.); (F.H.N.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (R.K.S.); (F.B.B.); (Z.X.); (S.A.); (Z.M.O.); (Y.W.); (N.B.); (A.A.B.); (F.H.N.); (L.Z.)
| | - Noor Bahadar
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (R.K.S.); (F.B.B.); (Z.X.); (S.A.); (Z.M.O.); (Y.W.); (N.B.); (A.A.B.); (F.H.N.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ameer Ali Bohio
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (R.K.S.); (F.B.B.); (Z.X.); (S.A.); (Z.M.O.); (Y.W.); (N.B.); (A.A.B.); (F.H.N.); (L.Z.)
| | - Farooq Hayel Nagi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (R.K.S.); (F.B.B.); (Z.X.); (S.A.); (Z.M.O.); (Y.W.); (N.B.); (A.A.B.); (F.H.N.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xuechao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (R.K.S.); (F.B.B.); (Z.X.); (S.A.); (Z.M.O.); (Y.W.); (N.B.); (A.A.B.); (F.H.N.); (L.Z.)
| | - Luqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (R.K.S.); (F.B.B.); (Z.X.); (S.A.); (Z.M.O.); (Y.W.); (N.B.); (A.A.B.); (F.H.N.); (L.Z.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yaowu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (R.K.S.); (F.B.B.); (Z.X.); (S.A.); (Z.M.O.); (Y.W.); (N.B.); (A.A.B.); (F.H.N.); (L.Z.)
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12
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Oo ZM, Adlat S, Sah RK, Myint MZZ, Hayel F, Chen Y, Htoo H, Bah FB, Bahadar N, Chan MK, Zhang L, Feng X, Zheng Y. Brain transcriptome study through CRISPR/Cas9 mediated mouse Dip2c gene knock-out. Gene 2020; 758:144975. [PMID: 32707302 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dip2C is highly expressed in brain and many other tissues but its biological functions are still not clear. Genes regulated by Dip2C in brain have never been studied. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems, adaptive immune systems of bacteria and archaea, have been recently developed and broadly used in genome editing. Here, we describe targeted gene deletions of Dip2c gene in mice via CRISPR/Cas9 system and study of brain transcriptome under Dip2C regulation. The CRISPR/Cas9 system effectively generated targeted deletions of Dip2c by pronuclei injection of plasmids that express Cas9 protein and two sgRNAs. We achieved targeted large fragment deletion with efficiencies at 14.3% (1/7), 66.7% (2/3) and 20% (1/5) respectively in 3 independent experiments, averaging 26.7%. The large deletion DNA segments are 160.4 kb (Dip2CΔ160kb), spanning from end of exon 4 to mid of exon 38. A mouse with two base pair deletion was generated from a single sgRNA targeting in exon 4 (Dip2cΔ2bp) by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Loss of gene expression for Dip2c mRNA was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Dip2C-regulated genes and pathways in brain were investigated through RNAseq of Dip2cΔ2bp. In total, 838 genes were found differentially regulated, with 252 up and 586 down. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that DEGs in brain are enriched in neurological functions including 'memory', 'neuropeptide signaling pathway', and 'response to amphetamine' while KEGG analysis shows that 'neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway' is the most significantly enriched. DEGs Grid2ip, Grin2a, Grin2c, Grm4, Gabbr2, Gabra5, Gabre, Gabrq, Gabra6 and Gabrr2 are among the highly regulated genes by Dip2C. Results confirm Dip2C may play important roles in brain development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin Mar Oo
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Salah Adlat
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Rajiv Kumar Sah
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - May Zun Zaw Myint
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Farooq Hayel
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Hsu Htoo
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Fatoumata Binta Bah
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Noor Bahadar
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Mi Kaythi Chan
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai, Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin Province, China
| | - Luqing Zhang
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Xuechao Feng
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China.
| | - Yaowu Zheng
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China.
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13
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Karunakaran KB, Chaparala S, Lo CW, Ganapathiraju MK. Cilia interactome with predicted protein-protein interactions reveals connections to Alzheimer's disease, aging and other neuropsychiatric processes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15629. [PMID: 32973177 PMCID: PMC7515907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are dynamic microtubule-based organelles present on the surface of many eukaryotic cell types and can be motile or non-motile primary cilia. Cilia defects underlie a growing list of human disorders, collectively called ciliopathies, with overlapping phenotypes such as developmental delays and cognitive and memory deficits. Consistent with this, cilia play an important role in brain development, particularly in neurogenesis and neuronal migration. These findings suggest that a deeper systems-level understanding of how ciliary proteins function together may provide new mechanistic insights into the molecular etiologies of nervous system defects. Towards this end, we performed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of known intraflagellar transport, BBSome, transition zone, ciliary membrane and motile cilia proteins. Known PPIs of ciliary proteins were assembled from online databases. Novel PPIs were predicted for each ciliary protein using a computational method we developed, called High-precision PPI Prediction (HiPPIP) model. The resulting cilia "interactome" consists of 165 ciliary proteins, 1,011 known PPIs, and 765 novel PPIs. The cilia interactome revealed interconnections between ciliary proteins, and their relation to several pathways related to neuropsychiatric processes, and to drug targets. Approximately 184 genes in the cilia interactome are targeted by 548 currently approved drugs, of which 103 are used to treat various diseases of nervous system origin. Taken together, the cilia interactome presented here provides novel insights into the relationship between ciliary protein dysfunction and neuropsychiatric disorders, for e.g. interconnections of Alzheimer's disease, aging and cilia genes. These results provide the framework for the rational design of new therapeutic agents for treatment of ciliopathies and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani B Karunakaran
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Srilakshmi Chaparala
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madhavi K Ganapathiraju
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Intelligent Systems Program, School of Computing and Information, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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14
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Yao M, Yang Q, Lian M, Su P, Cui X, Ren T, Wang X, Wu C, Zheng Y. Generation of Dip2a homozygous knockout murine ES cell line IBMSe001-A-1 via CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Stem Cell Res 2020; 45:101778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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15
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Bieder A, Einarsdottir E, Matsson H, Nilsson HE, Eisfeldt J, Dragomir A, Paucar M, Granberg T, Li TQ, Lindstrand A, Kere J, Tapia-Páez I. Rare variants in dynein heavy chain genes in two individuals with situs inversus and developmental dyslexia: a case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:87. [PMID: 32357925 PMCID: PMC7193346 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a neurodevelopmental learning disorder with high heritability. A number of candidate susceptibility genes have been identified, some of which are linked to the function of the cilium, an organelle regulating left-right asymmetry development in the embryo. Furthermore, it has been suggested that disrupted left-right asymmetry of the brain may play a role in neurodevelopmental disorders such as DD. However, it is unknown whether there is a common genetic cause to DD and laterality defects or ciliopathies. Case presentation Here, we studied two individuals with co-occurring situs inversus (SI) and DD using whole genome sequencing to identify genetic variants of importance for DD and SI. Individual 1 had primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a rare, autosomal recessive disorder with oto-sino-pulmonary phenotype and SI. We identified two rare nonsynonymous variants in the dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 gene (DNAH5): a previously reported variant c.7502G > C; p.(R2501P), and a novel variant c.12043 T > G; p.(Y4015D). Both variants are predicted to be damaging. Ultrastructural analysis of the cilia revealed a lack of outer dynein arms and normal inner dynein arms. MRI of the brain revealed no significant abnormalities. Individual 2 had non-syndromic SI and DD. In individual 2, one rare variant (c.9110A > G;p.(H3037R)) in the dynein axonemal heavy chain 11 gene (DNAH11), coding for another component of the outer dynein arm, was identified. Conclusions We identified the likely genetic cause of SI and PCD in one individual, and a possibly significant heterozygosity in the other, both involving dynein genes. Given the present evidence, it is unclear if the identified variants also predispose to DD and further studies into the association between laterality, ciliopathies and DD are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bieder
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hans Matsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Harriet E Nilsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jesper Eisfeldt
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anca Dragomir
- Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Paucar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Granberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tie-Qiang Li
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindstrand
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Isabel Tapia-Páez
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 30, 171 76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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The Association of Dyslexia and Developmental Speech and Language Disorder Candidate Genes with Reading and Language Abilities in Adults. Twin Res Hum Genet 2020; 23:23-32. [PMID: 32248883 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2020.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reading and language abilities are critical for educational achievement and success in adulthood. Variation in these traits is highly heritable, but the underlying genetic architecture is largely undiscovered. Genetic studies of reading and language skills traditionally focus on children with developmental disorders; however, much larger unselected adult samples are available, increasing power to identify associations with specific genetic variants of small effect size. We introduce an Australian adult population cohort (41.7-73.2 years of age, N = 1505) in which we obtained data using validated measures of several aspects of reading and language abilities. We performed genetic association analysis for a reading and spelling composite score, nonword reading (assessing phonological processing: a core component in learning to read), phonetic spelling, self-reported reading impairment and nonword repetition (a marker of language ability). Given the limited power in a sample of this size (~80% power to find a minimum effect size of 0.005), we focused on analyzing candidate genes that have been associated with dyslexia and developmental speech and language disorders in prior studies. In gene-based tests, FOXP2, a gene implicated in speech/language disorders, was associated with nonword repetition (p < .001), phonetic spelling (p = .002) and the reading and spelling composite score (p < .001). Gene-set analyses of candidate dyslexia and speech/language disorder genes were not significant. These findings contribute to the assessment of genetic associations in reading and language disorders, crucial for understanding their etiology and informing intervention strategies, and validate the approach of using unselected adult samples for gene discovery in language and reading.
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17
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Price KM, Wigg KG, Feng Y, Blokland K, Wilkinson M, He G, Kerr EN, Carter TC, Guger SL, Lovett MW, Strug LJ, Barr CL. Genome-wide association study of word reading: Overlap with risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12648. [PMID: 32108986 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reading disabilities (RD) are the most common neurocognitive disorder, affecting 5% to 17% of children in North America. These children often have comorbid neurodevelopmental/psychiatric disorders, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The genetics of RD and their overlap with other disorders is incompletely understood. To contribute to this, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for word reading. Then, using summary statistics from neurodevelopmental/psychiatric disorders, we computed polygenic risk scores (PRS) and used them to predict reading ability in our samples. This enabled us to test the shared aetiology between RD and other disorders. The GWAS consisted of 5.3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two samples; a family-based sample recruited for reading difficulties in Toronto (n = 624) and a population-based sample recruited in Philadelphia [Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC)] (n = 4430). The Toronto sample SNP-based analysis identified suggestive SNPs (P ~ 5 × 10-7 ) in the ARHGAP23 gene, which is implicated in neuronal migration/axon pathfinding. The PNC gene-based analysis identified significant associations (P < 2.72 × 10-6 ) for LINC00935 and CCNT1, located in the region of the KANSL2/CCNT1/LINC00935/SNORA2B/SNORA34/MIR4701/ADCY6 genes on chromosome 12q, with near significant SNP-based analysis. PRS identified significant overlap between word reading and intelligence (R2 = 0.18, P = 7.25 × 10-181 ), word reading and educational attainment (R2 = 0.07, P = 4.91 × 10-48 ) and word reading and ADHD (R2 = 0.02, P = 8.70 × 10-6 ; threshold for significance = 7.14 × 10-3 ). Overlap was also found between RD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as top-ranked genes were previously implicated in autism by rare and copy number variant analyses. These findings support shared risk between word reading, cognitive measures, educational outcomes and neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Price
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen G Wigg
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu Feng
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirsten Blokland
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret Wilkinson
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gengming He
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth N Kerr
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tasha-Cate Carter
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Holland Bloorview Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon L Guger
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maureen W Lovett
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa J Strug
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cathy L Barr
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Liu W, Guo Y, Liu X, Zhang R, Dong J, Deng H, He F, Che F, Liu S, Yi M. Family-Based Analysis Combined with Case-Controls Study Implicate Roles of PCNT in Tourette Syndrome. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:349-354. [PMID: 32099372 PMCID: PMC6999768 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s229420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset neuro-developmental disorder and the genetic factors play an important role in its etiology. As pericentrin (PCNT) binds to disruption-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and is a risk factor for many mental illnesses, we aimed to investigate the effect of PCNT on TS in the Chinese Han population. METHODS Five tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs17371795, rs2839227, rs2839228, rs6518291 and rs9983522) in PCNT were screened in 407 TS nuclear family trios and 506 healthy persons by the TaqMan assays real-time. A common case-control study was designed to recognize differences in the genetic distributions. Additionally, we conducted a family based association study including transmission disequilibrium test, haplotype relative risk, and haplotype-based haplotype relative risk for these SNPs. RESULTS The allele frequencies revealed a significant difference of rs17371795, rs2839227 and rs2839228 between TS patients and controls (for rs17371795: P=0.002, OR=0.691, 95% CI=0.547-0.874; for rs2839227: P=0.001, OR=0.682, 95% CI=0.540-0.860; for rs2839228: P=0.028, OR=0.775, 95% CI=0.618-0.973) and genotypic distributions showed a positive association only in rs17371795 and rs2839227 (for rs17371795: P=0.010; for rs2839227: P=0.008). Moreover, only rs2839227 remained significant after Bonferroni correction (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Our study suggested genetic variability at the PCNT locus may be associated with TS risk in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmiao Liu
- Medical Genetics Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixia Guo
- Child Health Care Department, Rizhao People's Hospital, Rizhao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Medical Genetics Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jicheng Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health Center of Qingdao, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan He
- Center of Schizophrenia, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- Medical Genetics Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingji Yi
- Child Health Care Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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19
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Ma J, Zhang LQ, He ZX, He XX, Wang YJ, Jian YL, Wang X, Zhang BB, Su C, Lu J, Huang BQ, Zhang Y, Wang GY, Guo WX, Qiu DL, Mei L, Xiong WC, Zheng YW, Zhu XJ. Autism candidate gene DIP2A regulates spine morphogenesis via acetylation of cortactin. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000461. [PMID: 31600191 PMCID: PMC6786517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spine development is crucial for the establishment of excitatory synaptic connectivity and functional neural circuits. Alterations in spine morphology and density have been associated with multiple neurological disorders. Autism candidate gene disconnected-interacting protein homolog 2 A (DIP2A) is known to be involved in acetylated coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) synthesis and is primarily expressed in the brain regions with abundant pyramidal neurons. However, the role of DIP2A in the brain remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that deletion of Dip2a in mice induced defects in spine morphogenesis along with thin postsynaptic density (PSD), and reduced synaptic transmission of pyramidal neurons. We further identified that DIP2A interacted with cortactin, an activity-dependent spine remodeling protein. The binding activity of DIP2A-PXXP motifs (P, proline; X, any residue) with the cortactin-Src homology 3 (SH3) domain was critical for maintaining the level of acetylated cortactin. Furthermore, Dip2a knockout (KO) mice exhibited autism-like behaviors, including excessive repetitive behaviors and defects in social novelty. Importantly, acetylation mimetic cortactin restored the impaired synaptic transmission and ameliorated repetitive behaviors in these mice. Altogether, our findings establish an initial link between DIP2A gene variations in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and highlight the contribution of synaptic protein acetylation to synaptic processing. The autism candidate gene DIP2A is known to be involved in the synthesis of acetylated coenzyme A, but its precise role in the brain remains largely unknown. This study shows that loss of DIP2A in mice results in an imbalance in the acetylation of the synaptic protein cortactin, causing defects in spine morphogenesis and synaptic transmission that may establish a link to autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zi-Xuan He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ya-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - You-Li Jian
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Bin-Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Ce Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Bai-Qu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Gui-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yao-Wu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (YZ)
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (YZ)
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20
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Orru S, Papoulidis I, Siomou E, Papadimitriou DT, Sotiriou S, Nikolaidis P, Eleftheriades M, Papanikolaou E, Thomaidis L, Manolakos E. Autism spectrum disorder, anxiety and severe depression in a male patient with deletion and duplication in the 21q22.3 region: A case report. Biomed Rep 2019; 1:1-5. [PMID: 31258897 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, a patient carrying a 650 kb deletion and a 759 kb duplication of chromosomal 21q22.3 region was described. Facial dysmorphic features, hypotonia, short stature, learning impairment, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety and depression were observed clinical characteristics. Mentioned copy number variants were the shortest in length reported so far. The current study hypothesized that the presence of a susceptibility locus for autism spectrum disorder associated with depression and anxiety may be located in a 200 kb region between the PCNT and PRMT2 genes. The current study aimed to provide insight into the human genome morbidity map of chromosome 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Orru
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cagliari, Binaghi Hospital, I-09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Elisavet Siomou
- ATG P.C., Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Athens 11528, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Papadimitriou
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Athens Medical Center, Athens 15125, Greece.,Department of Clinical Embryology, Larissa Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41334, Greece
| | - Sotirios Sotiriou
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Larissa Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41334, Greece
| | | | - Makarios Eleftheriades
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieio Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11528, Greece
| | - Evaggelos Papanikolaou
- Third Department in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ippokratio Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Loretta Thomaidis
- Developmental Assessment Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, 'P. & A. Kyriakou' Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Manolakos
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cagliari, Binaghi Hospital, I-09126 Cagliari, Italy.,ATG P.C., Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Athens 11528, Greece.,Developmental Assessment Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, 'P. & A. Kyriakou' Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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21
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Ma J, Chen L, He XX, Wang YJ, Yu HL, He ZX, Zhang LQ, Zheng YW, Zhu XJ. Functional prediction and characterization of Dip2 gene in mice. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:421-428. [PMID: 30672040 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Disconnected interacting protein 2 (DIP2) is a highly conserved protein family among invertebrates and vertebrates, but its function remains unclear. In this paper, we summarized the conservation of gene sequences and protein domains of DIP2 family members and predicted that they may have a similar functional role in acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) synthesis. We then used the most characterized member, disconnected interacting protein 2 homolog A (DIP2A), for further study. DIP2A is a cytoplasmic protein that is preferentially localized to mitochondria, and its acetyl-CoA synthetase activity has been demonstrated in vitro. Furthermore, the level of acetyl-CoA in HEK293 cells overexpressing DIP2A was increased, which is consistent with its metabolically related function. Together, these data enrich the evolutionary and functional characterization of dip2 genes and provide significant insights into the identification and application of other homologs of DIP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ya-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hua-Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zi-Xuan He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lu-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yao-Wu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130021, China
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22
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Guidi LG, Velayos‐Baeza A, Martinez‐Garay I, Monaco AP, Paracchini S, Bishop DVM, Molnár Z. The neuronal migration hypothesis of dyslexia: A critical evaluation 30 years on. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:3212-3233. [PMID: 30218584 PMCID: PMC6282621 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The capacity for language is one of the key features underlying the complexity of human cognition and its evolution. However, little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate normal or impaired linguistic ability. For developmental dyslexia, early postmortem studies conducted in the 1980s linked the disorder to subtle defects in the migration of neurons in the developing neocortex. These early studies were reinforced by human genetic analyses that identified dyslexia susceptibility genes and subsequent evidence of their involvement in neuronal migration. In this review, we examine recent experimental evidence that does not support the link between dyslexia and neuronal migration. We critically evaluate gene function studies conducted in rodent models and draw attention to the lack of robust evidence from histopathological and imaging studies in humans. Our review suggests that the neuronal migration hypothesis of dyslexia should be reconsidered, and the neurobiological basis of dyslexia should be approached with a fresh start.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G. Guidi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Antonio Velayos‐Baeza
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Isabel Martinez‐Garay
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Division of NeuroscienceSchool of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | | | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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23
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The Influence of Dyslexia Candidate Genes on Reading Skill in Old Age. Behav Genet 2018; 48:351-360. [PMID: 29959602 PMCID: PMC6097729 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-018-9913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of candidate genes for reading and language impairment have been replicated, primarily in samples of children with developmental disability or delay, although these genes are also supported in adolescent population samples. The present study used a systematic approach to test 14 of these candidate genes for association with reading assessed in late adulthood (two cohorts with mean ages of 70 and 79 years). Gene-sets (14 candidates, axon-guidance and neuron migration pathways) and individual SNPs within each gene of interest were tested for association using imputed data referenced to the 1000 genomes European panel. Using the results from the genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis of the two cohorts (N = 1217), a competitive gene-set analysis showed that the candidate gene-set was associated with the reading index (p = .016) at a family wise error rate corrected significance level. Neither axon guidance nor neuron migration pathways were significant. Whereas individual SNP associations within CYP19A1, DYX1C1, CNTNAP2 and DIP2A genes (p < .05) did not reach corrected significance their allelic effects were in the same direction as past available reports. These results suggest that reading skill in normal adults shares the same genetic substrate as reading in adolescents, and clinically disordered reading, and highlights the utility of adult samples to increase sample sizes in the genetic study of developmental disorders.
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24
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Coton J, Labalme A, Till M, Bussy G, Krifi Papoz S, Lesca G, Heron D, Sanlaville D, Edery P, des Portes V, Rossi M. Characterization of two familial cases presenting with a syndromic specific learning disorder and carrying (17q;21q) unbalanced translocations. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:827-834. [PMID: 29744066 PMCID: PMC5930267 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal microarray (CMA) can detect pathogenic copy number variations in 15–20% of individuals with intellectual disability and in 10% of patients with autism spectrum disorders. The diagnostic rate in specific learning disorders (SLD) is unknown. Our study emphasizes the usefulness of CMA in the diagnostic workout assessment of familial SLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Coton
- Centre de référence des anomalies du développement; Service de Génétique; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Bron France
| | - Audrey Labalme
- Centre de référence des anomalies du développement; Service de Génétique; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Bron France
| | - Marianne Till
- Centre de référence des anomalies du développement; Service de Génétique; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Bron France
| | - Gerald Bussy
- Service de Neuropédiatrie; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Bron France
- Service de Génétique; CHU de Saint Etienne; Saint Etienne France
| | | | - Gaetan Lesca
- Centre de référence des anomalies du développement; Service de Génétique; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Bron France
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon; INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292, GENDEV Team; Bron France
| | - Delphine Heron
- Département de Génétique et Centre de Référence « Déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares »; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière et GRC-Génétique des Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes rares; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Centre de référence des anomalies du développement; Service de Génétique; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Bron France
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon; INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292, GENDEV Team; Bron France
| | - Patrick Edery
- Centre de référence des anomalies du développement; Service de Génétique; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Bron France
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon; INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292, GENDEV Team; Bron France
| | | | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Centre de référence des anomalies du développement; Service de Génétique; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Bron France
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon; INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292, GENDEV Team; Bron France
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25
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Sharma P, Sagar R. Unfolding the genetic pathways of dyslexia in Asian population: A review. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 30:225-229. [PMID: 28619243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dyslexia also known as specific reading disorder is a complex heritable disorder with unexpected difficulty in learning to read and spell despite adequate intelligence, education, environment, and normal senses. Over past decades, researchers have attempted to characterize dyslexia neurobiological and genetic levels and unfold its pathophysiology. The genetic research on dyslexia has received attention in Asia from the last decade. Though limited by different constraints the studies from Asia have been able to gather significant evidence in this field. We present a review of studies of genetics in Asian population and suggest future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Rajesh Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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26
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Wu L, Zhou X, Xiao Z, Gao X, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Wang K, Zhu Y, Ren H, Wang T. Functional expression, characterization, and application of human S100B. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2309-2316. [PMID: 28849099 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The EF-hand calcium-binding protein S100B presents a wide range of biological activities and functions. This binding protein is involved in various human diseases, including cancer, brain trauma and ischemia, neuro-degenerative disease (Alzheimer's disease), and psychiatric disorders. In this study, we prepared human S100B protein and its monoclonal antibodies. Human S100B protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, successfully purified by diethylaminoethyl cellulose anion-exchange chromatography, and then identified by western blot analysis. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced by the standard hybridoma method and validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot analysis. The prepared human S100B protein and its mAbs demonstrated potential biological activities. The KD of one mAb is approximately 4.72x10-8 mol/l, and its cross reactivity is low with human S100A4, mouse S100A4, and human S100A1. Recombinant Soluble S100B can promote the migration and invasion of HeLa cells. The expression of S100B protein in tumor tissues can be detected effectively by using the prepared monoclonal antibodies. Increasing concentration of the anti-human S100B mAbs showed a reduced expression of the S100B protein. Subsequently, the expression of p53 increased significantly (P<0.05) in A375 cells. A significant increase in apoptosis in A375 cells was observed with increasing S100B mAb concentration. Results showed that our prepared S100B mAbs were suitable for detecting S100B expression in human tissues, furnishing promising tools for further functional investigation and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Xuesi Zhou
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Xiao
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Xiujie Gao
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Ziquan Liu
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Zhu
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Hanlin Ren
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Tianhui Wang
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
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27
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Larsson C, Ali MA, Pandzic T, Lindroth AM, He L, Sjöblom T. Loss of DIP2C in RKO cells stimulates changes in DNA methylation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:487. [PMID: 28716088 PMCID: PMC5513093 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The disco-interacting protein 2 homolog C (DIP2C) gene is an uncharacterized gene found mutated in a subset of breast and lung cancers. To understand the role of DIP2C in tumour development we studied the gene in human cancer cells. Methods We engineered human DIP2C knockout cells by genome editing in cancer cells. The growth properties of the engineered cells were characterised and transcriptome and methylation analyses were carried out to identify pathways deregulated by inactivation of DIP2C. Effects on cell death pathways and epithelial-mesenchymal transition traits were studied based on the results from expression profiling. Results Knockout of DIP2C in RKO cells resulted in cell enlargement and growth retardation. Expression profiling revealed 780 genes for which the expression level was affected by the loss of DIP2C, including the tumour-suppressor encoding CDKN2A gene, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulator-encoding ZEB1, and CD44 and CD24 that encode breast cancer stem cell markers. Analysis of DNA methylation showed more than 30,000 sites affected by differential methylation, the majority of which were hypomethylated following loss of DIP2C. Changes in DNA methylation at promoter regions were strongly correlated to changes in gene expression, and genes involved with EMT and cell death were enriched among the differentially regulated genes. The DIP2C knockout cells had higher wound closing capacity and showed an increase in the proportion of cells positive for cellular senescence markers. Conclusions Loss of DIP2C triggers substantial DNA methylation and gene expression changes, cellular senescence and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3472-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatarina Larsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Akhtar Ali
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Current address: Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatjana Pandzic
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders M Lindroth
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, 10408, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Tobias Sjöblom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Trulioff A, Ermakov A, Malashichev Y. Primary Cilia as a Possible Link between Left-Right Asymmetry and Neurodevelopmental Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8020048. [PMID: 28125008 PMCID: PMC5333037 DOI: 10.3390/genes8020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia have multiple functions in the development of the entire organism, and participate in the development and functioning of the central nervous system. In the last decade, studies have shown that they are implicated in the development of the visceral left-right asymmetry in different vertebrates. At the same time, some neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder, and dyslexia, are known to be associated with lateralization failure. In this review, we consider possible links in the mechanisms of determination of visceral asymmetry and brain lateralization, through cilia. We review the functions of seven genes associated with both cilia, and with neurodevelopmental diseases, keeping in mind their possible role in the establishment of the left-right brain asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Trulioff
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Alexander Ermakov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, ul. Akad. Pavlov, 12, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia.
| | - Yegor Malashichev
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, ul. Akad. Pavlov, 12, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia.
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Gialluisi A, Visconti A, Willcutt EG, Smith SD, Pennington BF, Falchi M, DeFries JC, Olson RK, Francks C, Fisher SE. Investigating the effects of copy number variants on reading and language performance. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:17. [PMID: 27186239 PMCID: PMC4868026 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reading and language skills have overlapping genetic bases, most of which are still unknown. Part of the missing heritability may be caused by copy number variants (CNVs). METHODS In a dataset of children recruited for a history of reading disability (RD, also known as dyslexia) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their siblings, we investigated the effects of CNVs on reading and language performance. First, we called CNVs with PennCNV using signal intensity data from Illumina OmniExpress arrays (~723,000 probes). Then, we computed the correlation between measures of CNV genomic burden and the first principal component (PC) score derived from several continuous reading and language traits, both before and after adjustment for performance IQ. Finally, we screened the genome, probe-by-probe, for association with the PC scores, through two complementary analyses: we tested a binary CNV state assigned for the location of each probe (i.e., CNV+ or CNV-), and we analyzed continuous probe intensity data using FamCNV. RESULTS No significant correlation was found between measures of CNV burden and PC scores, and no genome-wide significant associations were detected in probe-by-probe screening. Nominally significant associations were detected (p~10(-2)-10(-3)) within CNTN4 (contactin 4) and CTNNA3 (catenin alpha 3). These genes encode cell adhesion molecules with a likely role in neuronal development, and they have been previously implicated in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. A further, targeted assessment of candidate CNV regions revealed associations with the PC score (p~0.026-0.045) within CHRNA7 (cholinergic nicotinic receptor alpha 7), which encodes a ligand-gated ion channel and has also been implicated in neurodevelopmental conditions and language impairment. FamCNV analysis detected a region of association (p~10(-2)-10(-4)) within a frequent deletion ~6 kb downstream of ZNF737 (zinc finger protein 737, uncharacterized protein), which was also observed in the association analysis using CNV calls. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that CNVs do not underlie a substantial proportion of variance in reading and language skills. Analysis of additional, larger datasets is warranted to further assess the potential effects that we found and to increase the power to detect CNV effects on reading and language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gialluisi
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Alessia Visconti
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Erik G Willcutt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA ; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Shelley D Smith
- Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | | | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John C DeFries
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA ; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Richard K Olson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA ; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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30
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Kong R, Shao S, Wang J, Zhang X, Guo S, Zou L, Zhong R, Lou J, Zhou J, Zhang J, Song R. Genetic variant in DIP2A gene is associated with developmental dyslexia in Chinese population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:203-8. [PMID: 26452339 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that there is a substantial heritable component including several risk loci and candidate genes for developmental dyslexia (DD). DIP2A has been identified to be partially deleted on chromosome region 21q22.3, which cosegregates with DD. And it fits into a theoretical molecular network of DD implicated in the development of DD. Compared with some DD candidate genes that have been extensively studied (e.g., DYX1C1, DCDC2, KIAA0319, and ROBO1), very little is known about the association between candidate gene DIP2A and DD susceptibility. And given the linguistic and genetic differences between Chinese and other Western populations, it is worthwhile validating the association of DIP2A in Chinese dyslexic children. Here, we investigated two genetic variants, selected by bioinformatics analysis, in DIP2A in a Chinese population with 409 dyslexic cases and 410 healthy controls. We observed a significantly increased DD risk associated with rs2255526 G allele (OR = 1.297, 95% CI = 1.036-1.623, Padjusted = 0.023) and GG genotypes (OR = 1.833, 95% CI = 1.043-3.223, Padjusted = 0.035), compared with their wild-type counterparts. In addition, it was marginally significantly associated with DD under the recessive model (OR = 1.677, 95% CI = 0.967-2.908, Padjusted = 0.066) and the dominant model (OR = 1.314, 95% CI = 0.992-1.741, Padjusted = 0.057). However, we found no evidence of an association of SNP rs16979358 with DD. In conclusion, this study showed that a genetic variant in the DIP2A gene was associated with increased DD risk in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kong
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Shao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengnan Guo
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Health Care, Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Lou
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, District of Columbia
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, District of Columbia
| | - Ranran Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Paracchini S, Diaz R, Stein J. Advances in Dyslexia Genetics—New Insights Into the Role of Brain Asymmetries. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 96:53-97. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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32
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Matsson H, Huss M, Persson H, Einarsdottir E, Tiraboschi E, Nopola-Hemmi J, Schumacher J, Neuhoff N, Warnke A, Lyytinen H, Schulte-Körne G, Nöthen MM, Leppänen PHT, Peyrard-Janvid M, Kere J. Polymorphisms in DCDC2 and S100B associate with developmental dyslexia. J Hum Genet 2015; 60:399-401. [PMID: 25877001 PMCID: PMC4521290 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies of complex traits have become increasingly successful as progress is made in next-generation sequencing. We aimed at discovering single nucleotide variation present in known and new candidate genes for developmental dyslexia: CYP19A1, DCDC2, DIP2A, DYX1C1, GCFC2 (also known as C2orf3), KIAA0319, MRPL19, PCNT, PRMT2, ROBO1 and S100B. We used next-generation sequencing to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the exons of these 11 genes in pools of 100 DNA samples of Finnish individuals with developmental dyslexia. Subsequent individual genotyping of those 100 individuals, and additional cases and controls from the Finnish and German populations, validated 92 out of 111 different single-nucleotide variants. A nonsynonymous polymorphism in DCDC2 (corrected P=0.002) and a noncoding variant in S100B (corrected P=0.016) showed a significant association with spelling performance in families of German origin. No significant association was found for the variants neither in the Finnish case-control sample set nor in the Finnish family sample set. Our findings further strengthen the role of DCDC2 and implicate S100B, in the biology of reading and spelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Matsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mikael Huss
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden [2] Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Persson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ettore Tiraboschi
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jaana Nopola-Hemmi
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Gynecology and Pediatrics, Jorvi Hospital, University Central Hospital, Espoo, Finland
| | - Johannes Schumacher
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nina Neuhoff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Warnke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heikki Lyytinen
- Department of Psychology and Child Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Gert Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Myriam Peyrard-Janvid
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- 1] Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden [2] Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden [3] Molecular Neurology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [4] Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
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33
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Kere J. The molecular genetics and neurobiology of developmental dyslexia as model of a complex phenotype. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:236-43. [PMID: 25078623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Among complex disorders, those concerning neuropsychiatric phenotypes involve particular challenges compared to disorders with more easily distinguished clinical signs and measures. One such common and unusually challenging phenotype to disentangle genetically is developmental dyslexia (DD), or reading disability, defined as the inability to learn to read and write for an otherwise normally intelligent child with normal senses and educational opportunity. There is presently ample evidence for the strongly biological etiology for DD, and a dozen susceptibility genes have been suggested. Many of these genes point to common but previously unsuspected biological mechanisms, such as neuronal migration and cilia functions. I discuss here the state-of-the-art in genomic and neurobiological aspects of DD research, starting with short general background to its history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Centre for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.
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34
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Kato M, Okanoya K, Koike T, Sasaki E, Okano H, Watanabe S, Iriki A. Human speech- and reading-related genes display partially overlapping expression patterns in the marmoset brain. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2014; 133:26-38. [PMID: 24769279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Language is a characteristic feature of human communication. Several familial language impairments have been identified, and candidate genes for language impairments already isolated. Studies comparing expression patterns of these genes in human brain are necessary to further understanding of these genes. However, it is difficult to examine gene expression in human brain. In this study, we used a non-human primate (common marmoset; Callithrix jacchus) as a biological model of the human brain to investigate expression patterns of human speech- and reading-related genes. Expression patterns of speech disorder- (FoxP2, FoxP1, CNTNAP2, and CMIP) and dyslexia- (ROBO1, DCDC2, and KIAA0319) related genes were analyzed. We found the genes displayed overlapping expression patterns in the ocular, auditory, and motor systems. Our results enhance understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying language impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kato
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory for Biolinguistics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Center for Advanced Research on Logic and Sensibility (CARLS), Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- Laboratory for Biolinguistics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Taku Koike
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; KEIO-RIKEN Research Center for Human Cognition, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; KEIO-RIKEN Research Center for Human Cognition, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan; Keio University Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shigeru Watanabe
- KEIO-RIKEN Research Center for Human Cognition, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan; Center for Advanced Research on Logic and Sensibility (CARLS), Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iriki
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; KEIO-RIKEN Research Center for Human Cognition, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan; Center for Advanced Research on Logic and Sensibility (CARLS), Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan.
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Margari L, Buttiglione M, Craig F, Cristella A, de Giambattista C, Matera E, Operto F, Simone M. Neuropsychopathological comorbidities in learning disorders. BMC Neurol 2013; 13:198. [PMID: 24330722 PMCID: PMC3878726 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Learning Disorders (LD) are complex diseases that affect about 2-10% of the school-age population. We performed neuropsychological and psychopathological evaluation, in order to investigate comorbidity in children with LD. METHODS Our sample consisted of 448 patients from 7 to 16 years of age with a diagnosis of LD, divided in two subgroups: Specific Learning Disorders (SLD), including reading, writing, mathematics disorders, and Learning Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (LD NOS). RESULTS Comorbidity with neuropsychopathologies was found in 62.2% of the total sample. In the LSD subgroup, ADHD was present in 33%, Anxiety Disorder in 28.8%, Developmental Coordination Disorder in 17.8%, Language Disorder in 11% and Mood Disorder in 9.4% of patients. In LD NOS subgroup, Language Disorder was present in 28.6%, Developmental Coordination Disorder in 27.5%, ADHD in 25.4%, Anxiety Disorder in 16.4%, Mood Disorder in 2.1% of patients. A statistically significant presence was respectively found for Language and Developmental Coordination Disorder comorbidity in LD NOS and for ADHD, mood and anxiety disorder comorbidity in SLD subgroup. CONCLUSIONS The different findings emerging in this study suggested to promote further investigations to better define the difference between SLD and LD NOS, in order to improve specific interventions to reduce the long range consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Margari
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs of the “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, Bari, Italy
| | - Maura Buttiglione
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs of the “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Craig
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs of the “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, Bari, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Cristella
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs of the “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta de Giambattista
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs of the “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, Bari, Italy
| | - Emilia Matera
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs of the “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Operto
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs of the “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, Bari, Italy
| | - Marta Simone
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs of the “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, Bari, Italy
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Carrion-Castillo A, Franke B, Fisher SE. Molecular genetics of dyslexia: an overview. DYSLEXIA (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2013; 19:214-240. [PMID: 24133036 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dyslexia is a highly heritable learning disorder with a complex underlying genetic architecture. Over the past decade, researchers have pinpointed a number of candidate genes that may contribute to dyslexia susceptibility. Here, we provide an overview of the state of the art, describing how studies have moved from mapping potential risk loci, through identification of associated gene variants, to characterization of gene function in cellular and animal model systems. Work thus far has highlighted some intriguing mechanistic pathways, such as neuronal migration, axon guidance, and ciliary biology, but it is clear that we still have much to learn about the molecular networks that are involved. We end the review by highlighting the past, present, and future contributions of the Dutch Dyslexia Programme to studies of genetic factors. In particular, we emphasize the importance of relating genetic information to intermediate neurobiological measures, as well as the value of incorporating longitudinal and developmental data into molecular designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Carrion-Castillo
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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37
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Szalkowski CE, Booker AB, Truong DT, Threlkeld SW, Rosen GD, Fitch RH. Knockdown of the candidate dyslexia susceptibility gene homolog dyx1c1 in rodents: effects on auditory processing, visual attention, and cortical and thalamic anatomy. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:50-68. [PMID: 23594585 DOI: 10.1159/000348431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the behavioral and neuroanatomical effects of embryonic knockdown of the candidate dyslexia susceptibility gene (CDSG) homolog Dyx1c1 through RNA interference (RNAi) in rats. Specifically, we examined long-term effects on visual attention abilities in male rats, in addition to assessing rapid and complex auditory processing abilities in male and, for the first time, female rats. Our results replicated prior evidence of complex acoustic processing deficits in Dyx1c1 male rats and revealed new evidence of comparable deficits in Dyx1c1 female rats. Moreover, we found new evidence that knocking down Dyx1c1 produced orthogonal impairments in visual attention in the male subgroup. Stereological analyses of male brains from prior RNAi studies revealed that, despite consistent visible evidence of disruptions of neuronal migration (i.e., heterotopia), knockdown of Dyx1c1 did not significantly alter the cortical volume, hippocampal volume, or midsagittal area of the corpus callosum (measured in a separate cohort of like-treated Dyx1c1 male rats). Dyx1c1 transfection did, however, lead to significant changes in medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) anatomy, with a significant shift to smaller MGN neurons in Dyx1c1-transfected animals. Combined results provide important information about the impact of Dyx1c1 on behavioral functions that parallel domains known to be affected in language-impaired populations as well as information about widespread changes to the brain following early disruption of this CDSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Szalkowski
- Department of Psychology/Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. 06269, USA.
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Szalkowski CE, Fiondella CF, Truong DT, Rosen GD, LoTurco JJ, Fitch RH. The effects of Kiaa0319 knockdown on cortical and subcortical anatomy in male rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:116-22. [PMID: 23220223 PMCID: PMC3689304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a disorder characterized by a specific deficit in reading despite adequate overall intelligence and educational resources. The neurological substrate underlying these significant behavioral impairments is not known. Studies of post mortem brain tissue from male and female dyslexic individuals revealed focal disruptions of neuronal migration concentrated in the left hemisphere, along with aberrant symmetry of the right and left the planum temporale, and changes in cell size distribution within the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (Galaburda et al., 1985; Humphreys et al., 1990). More recent neuroimaging studies have identified several changes in the brains of dyslexic individuals, including regional changes in gray matter, changes in white matter, and changes in patterns of functional activation. In a further effort to elucidate the etiology of dyslexia, epidemiological and genetic studies have identified several candidate dyslexia susceptibility genes. Some recent work has investigated associations between some of these genetic variants and structural changes in the brain. Variants of one candidate dyslexia susceptibility gene, KIAA0319, have been linked to morphological changes in the cerebellum and functional activational changes in the superior temporal sulcus (Jamadar et al., 2011; Pinel et al., 2012). Animal models have been used to create a knockdown of Kiaa0319 (the rodent homolog of the human gene) via in utero RNA interference in order to study the gene's effects on brain development and behavior. Studies using this animal model have demonstrated that knocking down the gene leads to focal disruptions of neuronal migration in the form of ectopias and heterotopias, similar to those observed in the brains of human dyslexics. However, further changes to the structure of the brain have not been studied following this genetic disruption. The current study sought to determine the effects of embryonic Kiaa0319 knockdown on volume of the cortex and hippocampus, as well as midsagittal area of the corpus callosum in male rats. Results demonstrate that Kiaa0319 knockdown did not change the volume of the cortex or hippocampus, but did result in a significant reduction in the midsagittal area of the corpus callosum. Taken in the context of previous reports of behavioral deficits following Kiaa0319 knockdown (Szalkowski et al., 2012), and reports that reductions of corpus callosum size are related to processing deficits in humans (Paul, 2011), these results suggest that Kiaa0319 has a specific involvement in neural systems important for temporal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Szalkowski
- Department of Psychology/Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06269, United States.
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39
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Neurogenetics and auditory processing in developmental dyslexia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:37-42. [PMID: 23040541 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Raskind WH, Peter B, Richards T, Eckert MM, Berninger VW. The genetics of reading disabilities: from phenotypes to candidate genes. Front Psychol 2013; 3:601. [PMID: 23308072 PMCID: PMC3538356 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of (a) issues in definition and diagnosis of specific reading disabilities at the behavioral level that may occur in different constellations of developmental and phenotypic profiles (patterns); (b) rapidly expanding research on genetic heterogeneity and gene candidates for dyslexia and other reading disabilities; (c) emerging research on gene-brain relationships; and (d) current understanding of epigenetic mechanisms whereby environmental events may alter behavioral expression of genetic variations. A glossary of genetic terms (denoted by bold font) is provided for readers not familiar with the technical terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy H Raskind
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
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41
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Hoh RA, Stowe TR, Turk E, Stearns T. Transcriptional program of ciliated epithelial cells reveals new cilium and centrosome components and links to human disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52166. [PMID: 23300604 PMCID: PMC3534086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in the centrosome and cilium are associated with a set of human diseases having diverse phenotypes. To further characterize the components that define the function of these organelles we determined the transcriptional profile of multiciliated tracheal epithelial cells. Cultures of mouse tracheal epithelial cells undergoing differentiation in vitro were derived from mice expressing GFP from the ciliated-cell specific FOXJ1 promoter (FOXJ1:GFP). The transcriptional profile of ciliating GFP+ cells from these cultures was defined at an early and a late time point during differentiation and was refined by subtraction of the profile of the non-ciliated GFP- cells. We identified 649 genes upregulated early, when most cells were forming basal bodies, and 73 genes genes upregulated late, when most cells were fully ciliated. Most, but not all, of known centrosome proteins are transcriptionally upregulated early, particularly Plk4, a master regulator of centriole formation. We found that three genes associated with human disease states, Mdm1, Mlf1, and Dyx1c1, are upregulated during ciliogenesis and localize to centrioles and cilia. This transcriptome for mammalian multiciliated epithelial cells identifies new candidate centrosome and cilia proteins, highlights similarities between components of motile and primary cilia, and identifies new links between cilia proteins and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona A. Hoh
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy R. Stowe
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Erin Turk
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Chen CP, Lin YH, Chou SY, Su YN, Chern SR, Chen YT, Town DD, Chen WL, Wang W. Mosaic ring chromosome 21, monosomy 21, and isodicentric ring chromosome 21: prenatal diagnosis, molecular cytogenetic characterization, and association with 2-Mb deletion of 21q21.1-q21.2 and 5-Mb deletion of 21q22.3. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 51:71-6. [PMID: 22482972 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the perinatal findings and molecular cytogenetic characterization of prenatally detected mosaic r(21). MATERIALS, METHODS, AND RESULTS A 29-year-old primigravid woman underwent amniocentesis at 22 weeks' gestation because of hyperechogenic cardiac foci and intrauterine growth restriction. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 46,XY,r(21)[15]/45,XY,-21[5]. The parental karyotypes were normal. The woman requested repeat amniocentesis. Oligonucleotide-based array comparative genomic hybridization was applied to the uncultured amniocytes, rapidly detecting a 2.09-Mb deletion of 21q21.1-q21.2 (21,495,262-23,580,815 bp) and a 5.03-Mb deletion of 21q22.3-q22.3 (41,887,412-46,914,715 bp). Cytogenetic analysis revealed a karyotype of 46,XY,r(21)[8]/45,XY,-21[3]/46,XY,idic r(21)[1]. The pregnancy was terminated, and a malformed fetus was delivered with clinodactyly, short big toes, separation between the first and second toes, prominent nasal bridge, downward slanting palpebral fissures, protuberant occiput, prominent forehead, broad anteverted nasal tip, long philtrum, thin upper lip, small mouth, and micrognathia. The placenta had a karyotype of 46,XY,r(21)[83]/45,XY,-21[11]/46,XY,idic r(21)[6], and the cord blood lymphocytes had a karyotype of 46,XY,r(21)[88]/45,XY,-21[9]/46,XY,idic r(21)[3]. Polymorphic DNA marker analysis determined a maternal origin for the deletion. CONCLUSION An extra interstitial 21q deletion can be associated with mosaic r(21) in addition to a terminal 21q deletion. aCGH is useful in determining the breakpoints and associated subtle structural abnormalities in cases of prenatally detected ring chromosome in order to facilitate genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Anthoni H, Sucheston LE, Lewis BA, Tapia-Páez I, Fan X, Zucchelli M, Taipale M, Stein CM, Hokkanen ME, Castrén E, Pennington BF, Smith SD, Olson RK, Tomblin JB, Schulte-Körne G, Nöthen M, Schumacher J, Müller-Myhsok B, Hoffmann P, Gilger JW, Hynd GW, Nopola-Hemmi J, Leppanen PHT, Lyytinen H, Schoumans J, Nordenskjöld M, Spencer J, Stanic D, Boon WC, Simpson E, Mäkelä S, Gustafsson JÅ, Peyrard-Janvid M, Iyengar S, Kere J. The aromatase gene CYP19A1: several genetic and functional lines of evidence supporting a role in reading, speech and language. Behav Genet 2012; 42:509-27. [PMID: 22426781 PMCID: PMC3375077 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-012-9532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the localization, on 15q21.2 of the CYP19A1 gene in the linkage region of speech and language disorders, and a rare translocation in a dyslexic individual that was brought to our attention, we conducted a series of studies on the properties of CYP19A1 as a candidate gene for dyslexia and related conditions. The aromatase enzyme is a member of the cytochrome P450 super family, and it serves several key functions: it catalyzes the conversion of androgens into estrogens; during early mammalian development it controls the differentiation of specific brain areas (e.g. local estrogen synthesis in the hippocampus regulates synaptic plasticity and axonal growth); it is involved in sexual differentiation of the brain; and in songbirds and teleost fishes, it regulates vocalization. Our results suggest that variations in CYP19A1 are associated with dyslexia as a categorical trait and with quantitative measures of language and speech, such as reading, vocabulary, phonological processing and oral motor skills. Variations near the vicinity of its brain promoter region altered transcription factor binding, suggesting a regulatory role in CYP19A1 expression. CYP19A1 expression in human brain correlated with the expression of dyslexia susceptibility genes such as DYX1C1 and ROBO1. Aromatase-deficient mice displayed increased cortical neuronal density and occasional cortical heterotopias, also observed in Robo1-/- mice and human dyslexic brains, respectively. An aromatase inhibitor reduced dendritic growth in cultured rat neurons. From this broad set of evidence, we propose CYP19A1 as a candidate gene for human cognitive functions implicated in reading, speech and language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Anthoni
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lara E. Sucheston
- Department of Biostatistics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000 USA
| | - Barbara A. Lewis
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Isabel Tapia-Páez
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Marco Zucchelli
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mikko Taipale
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142-1479 USA
| | - Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | | | - Eero Castrén
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Shelley D. Smith
- Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5450 USA
| | - Richard K. Olson
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - J. Bruce Tomblin
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Gerd Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Centre, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Biomedical Centre, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Schumacher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Biomedical Centre, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Centre, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Biomedical Centre, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeffrey W. Gilger
- Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343 USA
| | - George W. Hynd
- Department of Psychology, College of Charleston, 66 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424 USA
| | - Jaana Nopola-Hemmi
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Gynecology and Pediatrics, HUCH, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Heikki Lyytinen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jacqueline Schoumans
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Nordenskjöld
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jason Spencer
- Howard Florey Institute, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Davor Stanic
- Howard Florey Institute, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Wah Chin Boon
- Howard Florey Institute, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- Prince Henry’s Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Evan Simpson
- Prince Henry’s Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Sari Mäkelä
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5056 USA
| | - Myriam Peyrard-Janvid
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sudha Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
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Szalkowski CE, Fiondella CG, Galaburda AM, Rosen GD, Loturco JJ, Fitch RH. Neocortical disruption and behavioral impairments in rats following in utero RNAi of candidate dyslexia risk gene Kiaa0319. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 30:293-302. [PMID: 22326444 PMCID: PMC3516384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last decade several genes have been identified as candidate risk genes for developmental dyslexia. Recent research using animal models and embryonic RNA interference (RNAi) has shown that a subset of the candidate dyslexia risk genes--DYX1C1, ROBO1, DCDC2, KIAA0319--regulate critical parameters of neocortical development, such as neuronal migration. For example, embryonic disruption of the rodent homolog of DYX1C1 disrupts neuronal migration and produces deficits in rapid auditory processing (RAP) and working memory--phenotypes that have been reported to be associated with developmental dyslexia. In the current study we used a modified prepulse inhibition paradigm to assess acoustic discrimination abilities of male Wistar rats following in utero RNA interference targeting Kiaa0319. We also assessed spatial learning and working memory using a Morris water maze (MWM) and a radial arm water maze. We found that embryonic interference with this gene resulted in disrupted migration of neocortical neurons leading to formation of heterotopia in white matter, and to formation of hippocampal dysplasia in a subset of animals. These animals displayed deficits in processing complex acoustic stimuli, and those with hippocampal malformations exhibited impaired spatial learning abilities. No significant impairment in working memory was detected in the Kiaa0319 RNAi treated animals. Taken together, these results suggest that Kiaa0319 plays a role in neuronal migration during embryonic development, and that early interference with this gene results in an array of behavioral deficits including impairments in rapid auditory processing and simple spatial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Szalkowski
- Department of Psychology/Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Hsieh YY, Huang YC, Chang CC, Wang YK, Lin WH, Tsai FJ. Chromosome 15q21-22-related polymorphisms and haplotypes are associated with susceptibility to type-2 diabetic nonproliferative retinopathy. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:442-8. [PMID: 22409602 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes with a complex multifactorial pathogenesis. We aimed to investigate whether chromosome 15q21-22-related gene polymorphisms could be used as markers of DR susceptibility in type 2 diabetic (T2D) individuals. METHODS Individuals were divided into three groups: (1) T2D with nonproliferative DR (NPDR; n=102); (2) T2D with proliferative DR (PDR; n=72); (3) T2D without DR (n=573). Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs7174997, rs3751624, rs8025011, rs17818837, rs2922220, and rs2414520) lying within chromosome 15q21-22 region were genotyped by using Illumina HumanHap550-Duo BeadChips. Genotypes/allelic frequencies and haplotypes for these polymorphisms in each group were compared. RESULTS The MYO5C related SNP (rs3751624)*A related genotype and allele are associated with higher susceptibilities to DR, including PDR and NPDR. The rs3751624*GG/AA+AG percentages in each group are (1) 75.5%/24.5%, (2) 73.6%/26.4%, and (3) 82.5%/17.5%. In contrast, the other five SNPs in each group were not significantly different. One haplotype (G-A-G-G-T-G) appears significantly different between T2D individuals with and without DR. Other haplotype distributions were not significantly different between each group. CONCLUSION The MYO5C related SNP (rs3751624)*A related genotype/allele and haplotype (G-A-G-G-T-G) might be associated with susceptibility for retinopathy in T2D individuals. Some chromosome 15q21-22* related genetic variations might contribute to the pathogenesis of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yuan Hsieh
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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46
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Massinen S, Hokkanen ME, Matsson H, Tammimies K, Tapia-Páez I, Dahlström-Heuser V, Kuja-Panula J, Burghoorn J, Jeppsson KE, Swoboda P, Peyrard-Janvid M, Toftgård R, Castrén E, Kere J. Increased expression of the dyslexia candidate gene DCDC2 affects length and signaling of primary cilia in neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20580. [PMID: 21698230 PMCID: PMC3116825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DCDC2 is one of the candidate susceptibility genes for dyslexia. It belongs to the superfamily of doublecortin domain containing proteins that bind to microtubules, and it has been shown to be involved in neuronal migration. We show that the Dcdc2 protein localizes to the primary cilium in primary rat hippocampal neurons and that it can be found within close proximity to the ciliary kinesin-2 subunit Kif3a. Overexpression of DCDC2 increases ciliary length and activates Shh signaling, whereas downregulation of Dcdc2 expression enhances Wnt signaling, consistent with a functional role in ciliary signaling. Moreover, DCDC2 overexpression in C. elegans causes an abnormal neuronal phenotype that can only be seen in ciliated neurons. Together our results suggest a potential role for DCDC2 in the structure and function of primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Massinen
- Research Program's Unit, Molecular Medicine and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Hans Matsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kristiina Tammimies
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Isabel Tapia-Páez
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jan Burghoorn
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörn University College, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kristian E. Jeppsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörn University College, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Peter Swoboda
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörn University College, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Rune Toftgård
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Eero Castrén
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Juha Kere
- Research Program's Unit, Molecular Medicine and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
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Poelmans G, Buitelaar JK, Pauls DL, Franke B. A theoretical molecular network for dyslexia: integrating available genetic findings. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:365-82. [PMID: 20956978 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a common specific childhood learning disorder with a strong heritable component. Previous studies using different genetic approaches have identified several genetic loci and candidate genes for dyslexia. In this article, we have integrated the current knowledge on 14 dyslexia candidate genes suggested by cytogenetic findings, linkage and association studies. We found that 10 of the 14 dyslexia candidate genes (ROBO1, KIAA0319, KIAA0319L, S100B, DOCK4, FMR1, DIP2A, GTF2I, DYX1C1 and DCDC2) fit into a theoretical molecular network involved in neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth. Based on this, we also propose three novel dyslexia candidate genes (SLIT2, HMGB1 and VAPA) from known linkage regions, and we discuss the possible involvement of genes emerging from the two reported genome-wide association studies for reading impairment-related phenotypes in the identified network.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Poelmans
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kere J. Molecular genetics and molecular biology of dyslexia. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2011; 2:441-448. [PMID: 26302203 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia has been recognized as a distinct entity among learning disabilities as early as the late 1800s and its partially genetic nature has been firmly established by family and twin studies. The application of genetic mapping and molecular cloning methods has revealed specific genes that contribute to the genetic risk, but those known now do not yet suffice for explaining all of it. More importantly, the first genes, some of them found by the study of rare families, have indicated specific neurodevelopmental processes important for the development of dyslexia, including control of neuronal migration for the DYX1C1, DCDC2, and KIAA0319 genes, and a role of axonal and dendritic guidance suggested by the ROBO1 gene. I anticipate that forthcoming research within only a few years will yield molecular networks with fundamental roles in the molecular biology of dyslexia, and may aid in resolving relationships between comorbid disorders. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 441-448 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.138 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Despite over 100 years of research, dyslexia continues to be controversial because of the failure to agree on a definition and underlying causes, as well as the funding implications. This article identifies evidence-based factors that influence the development of reading and may cause difficulties, and the areas of continuing controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Smythe
- School of Education, University of Wales, Newport
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50
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Skiba T, Landi N, Wagner R, Grigorenko EL. In search of the perfect phenotype: an analysis of linkage and association studies of reading and reading-related processes. Behav Genet 2011; 41:6-30. [PMID: 21243420 PMCID: PMC3056345 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-011-9444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Reading ability and specific reading disability (SRD) are complex traits involving several cognitive processes and are shaped by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental forces. Linkage studies of these traits have identified several susceptibility loci. Association studies have gone further in detecting candidate genes that might underlie these signals. These results have been obtained in samples of mainly European ancestry, which vary in their languages, inclusion criteria, and phenotype assessments. Such phenotypic heterogeneity across samples makes understanding the relationship between reading (dis)ability and reading-related processes and the genetic factors difficult; in addition, it may negatively influence attempts at replication. In moving forward, the identification of preferable phenotypes for future sample collection may improve the replicability of findings. This review of all published linkage and association results from the past 15 years was conducted to determine if certain phenotypes produce more replicable and consistent results than others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Landi
- Yale University & Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Elena L. Grigorenko
- Yale University, New Heaven, CT, USA
- Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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