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Veerappa A, Guda C. Coordination among frequent genetic variants imparts substance use susceptibility and pathogenesis. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1332419. [PMID: 38660223 PMCID: PMC11041639 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1332419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Determining the key genetic variants is a crucial step to comprehensively understand substance use disorders (SUDs). In this study, utilizing whole exome sequences of five multi-generational pedigrees with SUDs, we used an integrative omics-based approach to uncover candidate genetic variants that impart susceptibility to SUDs and influence addition traits. We identified several SNPs and rare, protein-function altering variants in genes, GRIA3, NCOR1, and SHANK1; compound heterozygous variants in LNPEP, LRP1, and TBX2, that play a significant role in the neurotransmitter-neuropeptide axis, specifically in the dopaminergic circuits. We also noted a greater frequency of heterozygous and recessive variants in genes involved in the structural and functional integrity of synapse receptors, CHRNA4, CNR2, GABBR1, DRD4, NPAS4, ADH1B, ADH1C, OPRM1, and GABBR2. Variant analysis in upstream promoter regions revealed regulatory variants in NEK9, PRRX1, PRPF4B, CELA2A, RABGEF1, and CRBN, crucial for dopamine regulation. Using family-and pedigree-based data, we identified heterozygous recessive alleles in LNPEP, LRP1 (4 frameshift deletions), and TBX2 (2 frameshift deletions) linked to SUDs. GWAS overlap identified several SNPs associated with SUD susceptibility, including rs324420 and rs1229984. Furthermore, miRNA variant analysis revealed notable variants in mir-548 U and mir-532. Pathway studies identified the presence of extensive coordination among these genetic variants to impart substance use susceptibility and pathogenesis. This study identified variants that were found to be overrepresented among genes of dopaminergic circuits participating in the neurotransmitter-neuropeptide axis, suggesting pleiotropic influences in the development and sustenance of chronic substance use. The presence of a diverse set of haploinsufficient variants in varying frequencies demonstrates the existence of extraordinary coordination among them in attributing risk and modulating severity to SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Veerappa
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Center for Biomedical Informatics Research and Innovation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Pan C, Liu J, Gao Y, Yang M, Hu H, Liu C, Qian M, Yuan HY, Yang S, Zheng MH, Wang L. Hepatocyte CHRNA4 mediates the MASH-promotive effects of immune cell-produced acetylcholine and smoking exposure in mice and humans. Cell Metab 2023; 35:2231-2249.e7. [PMID: 38056431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a leading risk factor for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we report that CHRNA4, a subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), is an accelerator of MASH progression. CHRNA4 also mediates the MASH-promotive effects induced by smoking. Chrna4 was expressed specifically in hepatocytes and exhibited increased levels in mice and patients with MASH. Elevated CHRNA4 levels were positively correlated with MASH severity. We further revealed that during MASH development, acetylcholine released from immune cells or nicotine derived from smoking functioned as an agonist to activate hepatocyte-intrinsic CHRNA4, inducing calcium influx and activation of inflammatory signaling. The communication between immune cells and hepatocytes via the acetylcholine-CHRNA4 axis led to the production of a variety of cytokines, eliciting inflammation in liver and promoting the pathogenesis of MASH. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of CHRNA4 protected mice from diet-induced MASH. Targeting CHRNA4 might be a promising strategy for MASH therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyue Pan
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiang Su 211198, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiang Su 211198, China
| | - Yingsheng Gao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiang Su 211198, China
| | - Maohui Yang
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiang Su 211198, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Minyi Qian
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiang Su 211198, China
| | - Hai-Yang Yuan
- MAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for The Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Ming-Hua Zheng
- MAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for The Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Lirui Wang
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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A regulatory variant of CHRM3 is associated with cannabis-induced hallucinations in European Americans. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:309. [PMID: 31740666 PMCID: PMC6861240 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis, the most widely used illicit drug, can induce hallucinations. Our understanding of the biology of cannabis-induced hallucinations (Ca-HL) is limited. We used the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA) to identify cannabis-induced hallucinations (Ca-HL) among long-term cannabis users (used cannabis ≥1 year and ≥100 times). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted by analyzing European Americans (EAs) and African Americans (AAs) in Yale-Penn 1 and 2 cohorts individually, then meta-analyzing the two cohorts within population. In the meta-analysis of Yale-Penn EAs (n = 1917), one genome-wide significant (GWS) signal emerged at the CHRM3 locus, represented by rs115455482 (P = 1.66 × 10-10), rs74722579 (P = 2.81 × 10-9), and rs1938228 (P = 1.57 × 10-8); signals were GWS in Yale-Penn 1 EAs (n = 1092) and nominally significant in Yale-Penn 2 EAs (n = 825). Two SNPs, rs115455482 and rs74722579, were available from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data (COGA; 3630 long-term cannabis users). The signals did not replicate, but when meta-analyzing Yale-Penn and COGA EAs, the two SNPs' association signals were increased (meta-P-values 1.32 × 10-10 and 2.60 × 10-9, respectively; n = 4291). There were no significant findings in AAs, but in the AA meta-analysis (n = 3624), nominal significance was seen for rs74722579. The rs115455482*T risk allele was associated with lower CHRM3 expression in the thalamus. CHRM3 was co-expressed with three psychosis risk genes (GABAG2, CHRNA4, and HRH3) in the thalamus and other human brain tissues and mouse GABAergic neurons. This work provides strong evidence for the association of CHRM3 with Ca-HL and provides insight into the potential involvement of thalamus for this trait.
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Fineberg NA, Demetrovics Z, Stein DJ, Ioannidis K, Potenza MN, Grünblatt E, Brand M, Billieux J, Carmi L, King DL, Grant JE, Yücel M, Dell'Osso B, Rumpf HJ, Hall N, Hollander E, Goudriaan A, Menchon J, Zohar J, Burkauskas J, Martinotti G, Van Ameringen M, Corazza O, Pallanti S, Chamberlain SR. Manifesto for a European research network into Problematic Usage of the Internet. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1232-1246. [PMID: 30509450 PMCID: PMC6276981 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Internet is now all-pervasive across much of the globe. While it has positive uses (e.g. prompt access to information, rapid news dissemination), many individuals develop Problematic Use of the Internet (PUI), an umbrella term incorporating a range of repetitive impairing behaviours. The Internet can act as a conduit for, and may contribute to, functionally impairing behaviours including excessive and compulsive video gaming, compulsive sexual behaviour, buying, gambling, streaming or social networks use. There is growing public and National health authority concern about the health and societal costs of PUI across the lifespan. Gaming Disorder is being considered for inclusion as a mental disorder in diagnostic classification systems, and was listed in the ICD-11 version released for consideration by Member States (http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/revision/timeline/en/). More research is needed into disorder definitions, validation of clinical tools, prevalence, clinical parameters, brain-based biology, socio-health-economic impact, and empirically validated intervention and policy approaches. Potential cultural differences in the magnitudes and natures of types and patterns of PUI need to be better understood, to inform optimal health policy and service development. To this end, the EU under Horizon 2020 has launched a new four-year European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action Programme (CA 16207), bringing together scientists and clinicians from across the fields of impulsive, compulsive, and addictive disorders, to advance networked interdisciplinary research into PUI across Europe and beyond, ultimately seeking to inform regulatory policies and clinical practice. This paper describes nine critical and achievable research priorities identified by the Network, needed in order to advance understanding of PUI, with a view towards identifying vulnerable individuals for early intervention. The network shall enable collaborative research networks, shared multinational databases, multicentre studies and joint publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Fineberg
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL8 6HG, UK; Center for Clinical & Health Research Services, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK; School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Z Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health at the University of Cape Town and South African MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - K Ioannidis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - M N Potenza
- Connecticut Mental Health Center and Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
| | - E Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Department of Computer Science and Applied Cognitive Science Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - J Billieux
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Addiction Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Centre for Excessive Gambling, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Carmi
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D L King
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - M Yücel
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - B Dell'Osso
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda and CRC "Aldo Ravelli" for neurotechnology and experimental brain therapeutics, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; CRC "Aldo Ravelli" for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - H J Rumpf
- University of Lübeck, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Integrative Psychiatry, Lübeck, Germany
| | - N Hall
- Center for Clinical & Health Research Services, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - E Hollander
- Department of Psychiatry and Compulsive, Impulsive and Autism Spectrum Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - A Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academisch Medisch Centrum (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Arkin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Menchon
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University, Hospital-IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Cibersam, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Zohar
- Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, and Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J Burkauskas
- Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania
| | - G Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, Clinical Science, University G.d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Van Ameringen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - O Corazza
- Center for Clinical & Health Research Services, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - S Pallanti
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA; University of Florence, Italy
| | - S R Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Melroy-Greif WE, Simonson MA, Corley RP, Lutz SM, Hokanson JE, Ehringer MA. Examination of the Involvement of Cholinergic-Associated Genes in Nicotine Behaviors in European and African Americans. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:417-425. [PMID: 27613895 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Cigarette smoking is a physiologically harmful habit. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are bound by nicotine and upregulated in response to chronic exposure to nicotine. It is known that upregulation of these receptors is not due to a change in mRNA of these genes, however, more precise details on the process are still uncertain, with several plausible hypotheses describing how nAChRs are upregulated. We have manually curated a set of genes believed to play a role in nicotine-induced nAChR upregulation. Here, we test the hypothesis that these genes are associated with and contribute risk for nicotine dependence (ND) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD). Methods Studies with genotypic data on European and African Americans (EAs and AAs, respectively) were collected and a gene-based test was run to test for an association between each gene and ND and CPD. Results Although several novel genes were associated with CPD and ND at P < 0.05 in EAs and AAs, these associations did not survive correction for multiple testing. Previous associations between CHRNA3, CHRNA5, CHRNB4 and CPD in EAs were replicated. Conclusions Our hypothesis-driven approach avoided many of the limitations inherent in pathway analyses and provided nominal evidence for association between cholinergic-related genes and nicotine behaviors. Implications We evaluated the evidence for association between a manually curated set of genes and nicotine behaviors in European and African Americans. Although no genes were associated after multiple testing correction, this study has several strengths: by manually curating a set of genes we circumvented the limitations inherent in many pathway analyses and tested several genes that had not yet been examined in a human genetic study; gene-based tests are a useful way to test for association with a set of genes; and these genes were collected based on literature review and conversations with experts, highlighting the importance of scientific collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney E Melroy-Greif
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Sharon M Lutz
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - John E Hokanson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO.,Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
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Esterlis I, Hillmer AT, Bois F, Pittman B, McGovern E, O'Malley SS, Picciotto MR, Yang BZ, Gelernter J, Cosgrove KP. CHRNA4 and ANKK1 Polymorphisms Influence Smoking-Induced Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Upregulation. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1845-52. [PMID: 27611310 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoking leads to increased numbers of β2*-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (β2*-nAChRs) throughout the brain, which return to nonsmoker levels over extended abstinence. The goal of the current study was to determine whether the degree of tobacco smoking-induced changes in β2*-nAChR availability is genetically influenced. METHODS In this study, 113 European Americans participated in one or two [(123)I]5-IA-85380 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain scans. Smokers (n = 58) participated in one scan at 7-9 days of abstinence and those who remained abstinent (n = 27) were imaged again at 6-8 weeks of abstinence. Age- and sex-matched nonsmokers (n = 55) participated in one scan. Blood samples were collected for DNA analysis and genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CHRNA4 and ANKK1 gene loci. β2*-nAChR availability was measured in the thalamus, striatum, cortical regions, and cerebellum. RESULTS The CHRNA4 SNP rs2236196 and ANKK1 SNP rs4938015 were associated with significantly higher cerebellar and cortical β2*-nAChR availability in smokers versus nonsmokers for specific genotypes. There were no significant differences by carrier status in the change in β2*-nAChR availability in smokers from 7-9 days to 6-8 weeks of abstinence. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence for genetic regulation of tobacco smoking-induced changes in β2*-nAChR availability and suggests that β2*-nAChR availability could be an endophenotype mediating influences of CHRNA4 variants on nicotine dependence. These results highlight individual differences in the neurochemistry of nicotine dependence and may suggest the need for individualized programs for smoking cessation. IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates genetic regulation of smoking-induced changes in β2*-nAChRs throughout the brain and highlights the need for personalized programs for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Frederic Bois
- Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Brian Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Erin McGovern
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Marina R Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Bao-Zhu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;
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Vink JM, Beijsterveldt TCEM, Huppertz C, Bartels M, Boomsma DI. Heritability of compulsive Internet use in adolescents. Addict Biol 2016; 21:460-8. [PMID: 25582809 PMCID: PMC5006854 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, Internet use has grown substantially, and it now serves people as a supportive tool that is used regularly and—in large parts of the world—inevitably. Some people develop problematic Internet use, which may lead to addictive behavior and it is becoming important to explore the risk factors for compulsive Internet use. Data were analyzed on compulsive Internet use [with the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS)] from 5247 monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) adolescent twins registered with the Netherlands Twin Register. The participants form a sample that is informative for genetic analyses, allowing the investigation of the causes of individual differences in compulsive Internet use. The internal consistency of the instrument was high and the 1.6‐year test–retest correlation in a subsample (n = 902) was 0.55. CIUS scores increased slightly with age. Remarkably, gender did not explain variation in CIUS scores, as mean scores on the CIUS were the same in boys and girls. However, the time spent on specific Internet activities differed: boys spent more time on gaming, whereas girls spent more time on social network sites and chatting. The heritability estimates were the same for boys and girls: 48 percent of the individual differences in CIUS score were influenced by genetic factors. The remaining variance (52 percent) was due to environmental influences that were not shared between family members. Because a life without Internet is almost impossible nowadays, it is important to further explore the determinants of compulsive Internet use, including genetic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register VU University The Netherlands
| | | | - Charlotte Huppertz
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register VU University The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register VU University The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register VU University The Netherlands
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Taylor JY, Schwander K, Kardia SLR, Arnett D, Liang J, Hunt SC, Rao DC, Sun YV. A Genome-wide study of blood pressure in African Americans accounting for gene-smoking interaction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18812. [PMID: 26752167 PMCID: PMC4707536 DOI: 10.1038/srep18812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been shown to be a health hazard. In addition to being considered a negative lifestyle behavior, studies have shown that cigarette smoking has been linked to genetic underpinnings of hypertension. Because African Americans have the highest incidence and prevalence of hypertension, we examined the joint effect of genetics and cigarette smoking on health among this understudied population. The sample included African Americans from the genome wide association studies of HyperGEN (N = 1083, discovery sample) and GENOA (N = 1427, replication sample), both part of the FBPP. Results suggested that 2 SNPs located on chromosomes 14 (NEDD8; rs11158609; raw p = 9.80 × 10−9, genomic control-adjusted p = 2.09 × 10−7) and 17 (TTYH2; rs8078051; raw p = 6.28 × 10−8, genomic control-adjusted p = 9.65 × 10−7) were associated with SBP including the genetic interaction with cigarette smoking. These two SNPs were not associated with SBP in a main genetic effect only model. This study advances knowledge in the area of main and joint effects of genetics and cigarette smoking on hypertension among African Americans and offers a model to the reader for assessing these risks. More research is required to determine how these genes play a role in expression of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Schwander
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Donna Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics Division, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - D C Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta
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Melroy-Greif WE, Stitzel JA, Ehringer MA. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: upregulation, age-related effects and associations with drug use. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:89-107. [PMID: 26351737 PMCID: PMC4780670 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that exogenously bind nicotine. Nicotine produces rewarding effects by interacting with these receptors in the brain's reward system. Unlike other receptors, chronic stimulation by an agonist induces an upregulation of receptor number that is not due to increased gene expression in adults; while upregulation also occurs during development and adolescence there have been some opposing findings regarding a change in corresponding gene expression. These receptors have also been well studied with regard to human genetic associations and, based on evidence suggesting shared genetic liabilities between substance use disorders, numerous studies have pointed to a role for this system in comorbid drug use. This review will focus on upregulation of these receptors in adulthood, adolescence and development, as well as the findings from human genetic association studies which point to different roles for these receptors in risk for initiation and continuation of drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney E. Melroy-Greif
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerry A. Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Marissa A. Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
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10
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Hancock DB, Reginsson GW, Gaddis NC, Chen X, Saccone NL, Lutz SM, Qaiser B, Sherva R, Steinberg S, Zink F, Stacey SN, Glasheen C, Chen J, Gu F, Frederiksen BN, Loukola A, Gudbjartsson DF, Brüske I, Landi MT, Bickeböller H, Madden P, Farrer L, Kaprio J, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J, Baker TB, Kraft P, Amos CI, Caporaso NE, Hokanson JE, Bierut LJ, Thorgeirsson TE, Johnson EO, Stefansson K. Genome-wide meta-analysis reveals common splice site acceptor variant in CHRNA4 associated with nicotine dependence. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e651. [PMID: 26440539 PMCID: PMC4930126 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a 1000 Genomes-imputed genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis for nicotine dependence, defined by the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence in 17 074 ever smokers from five European-ancestry samples. We followed up novel variants in 7469 ever smokers from five independent European-ancestry samples. We identified genome-wide significant association in the alpha-4 nicotinic receptor subunit (CHRNA4) gene on chromosome 20q13: lowest P=8.0 × 10(-9) across all the samples for rs2273500-C (frequency=0.15; odds ratio=1.12 and 95% confidence interval=1.08-1.17 for severe vs mild dependence). rs2273500-C, a splice site acceptor variant resulting in an alternate CHRNA4 transcript predicted to be targeted for nonsense-mediated decay, was associated with decreased CHRNA4 expression in physiologically normal human brains (lowest P=7.3 × 10(-4)). Importantly, rs2273500-C was associated with increased lung cancer risk (N=28 998, odds ratio=1.06 and 95% confidence interval=1.00-1.12), likely through its effect on smoking, as rs2273500-C was no longer associated with lung cancer after adjustment for smoking. Using criteria for smoking behavior that encompass more than the single 'cigarettes per day' item, we identified a common CHRNA4 variant with important regulatory properties that contributes to nicotine dependence and smoking-related consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Hancock
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Research Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA,Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Research Division, Research Triangle Institute International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. E-mail:
| | | | - N C Gaddis
- Research Computing Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - X Chen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine and Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - N L Saccone
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - S M Lutz
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - B Qaiser
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Sherva
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - F Zink
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - S N Stacey
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - C Glasheen
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Research Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - J Chen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - F Gu
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - A Loukola
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - I Brüske
- Institute of Epidemiology I, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M T Landi
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H Bickeböller
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Göttingen—Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - P Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - L Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland,Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA,VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,VA CT Healthcare Center, Department of Psychiatry, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - T B Baker
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - P Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C I Amos
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA,Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanoven, NH, USA
| | - N E Caporaso
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J E Hokanson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - L J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - E O Johnson
- Fellow Program and Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Research Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - K Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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11
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Cho MH, Castaldi PJ, Hersh CP, Hobbs BD, Barr RG, Tal-Singer R, Bakke P, Gulsvik A, San José Estépar R, Van Beek EJR, Coxson HO, Lynch DA, Washko GR, Laird NM, Crapo JD, Beaty TH, Silverman EK. A Genome-Wide Association Study of Emphysema and Airway Quantitative Imaging Phenotypes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192:559-69. [PMID: 26030696 PMCID: PMC4595690 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201501-0148oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined by the presence of airflow limitation on spirometry, yet subjects with COPD can have marked differences in computed tomography imaging. These differences may be driven by genetic factors. We hypothesized that a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of quantitative imaging would identify loci not previously identified in analyses of COPD or spirometry. In addition, we sought to determine whether previously described genome-wide significant COPD and spirometric loci were associated with emphysema or airway phenotypes. OBJECTIVES To identify genetic determinants of quantitative imaging phenotypes. METHODS We performed a GWAS on two quantitative emphysema and two quantitative airway imaging phenotypes in the COPDGene (non-Hispanic white and African American), ECLIPSE (Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints), NETT (National Emphysema Treatment Trial), and GenKOLS (Genetics of COPD, Norway) studies and on percentage gas trapping in COPDGene. We also examined specific loci reported as genome-wide significant for spirometric phenotypes related to airflow limitation or COPD. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The total sample size across all cohorts was 12,031, of whom 9,338 were from COPDGene. We identified five loci associated with emphysema-related phenotypes, one with airway-related phenotypes, and two with gas trapping. These loci included previously reported associations, including the HHIP, 15q25, and AGER loci, as well as novel associations near SERPINA10 and DLC1. All previously reported COPD and a significant number of spirometric GWAS loci were at least nominally (P < 0.05) associated with either emphysema or airway phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Genome-wide analysis may identify novel risk factors for quantitative imaging characteristics in COPD and also identify imaging features associated with previously identified lung function loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Craig P. Hersh
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Brian D. Hobbs
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - R. Graham Barr
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ruth Tal-Singer
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Per Bakke
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Amund Gulsvik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Raúl San José Estépar
- Laboratory of Mathematics in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edwin J. R. Van Beek
- Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiology and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Harvey O. Coxson
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David A. Lynch
- Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - George R. Washko
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Nan M. Laird
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - James D. Crapo
- Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Terri H. Beaty
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edwin K. Silverman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
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12
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Rocha Santos J, Tomaz PRX, Issa JS, Abe TO, Krieger JE, Pereira AC, Santos PCJL. CHRNA4 rs1044396 is associated with smoking cessation in varenicline therapy. Front Genet 2015; 6:46. [PMID: 25774163 PMCID: PMC4343187 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The large individual variability in response to drugs for smoking cessation suggests that specific treatments can be more effective in particular subgroups of smokers. In the context of personalized medicine, the main aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the CHRNA4 and CHRNB2 polymorphisms are associated with response to smoking cessation therapies in patients from a smoker assistance program. Methods: This cohort study enrolled 483 smoking patients who received behavioral counseling and drug treatment (varenicline, bupropion, and/or nicotine replacement therapy). Smoking cessation success was considered for patients who completed 6 months of continuous abstinence. Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and Issa situational smoking scores were analyzed for nicotine dependence. The CHRNA4 (rs1044396 and rs2236196) and CHRNB2 (rs2072660 and rs2072661) polymorphisms were genotyped by high resolution melting analysis. Results: Patients with rs1044396 CC genotype had lower success rate in treatment with varenicline (29.5%) compared with carriers of CT or TT genotypes (50.9%; p = 0.007, n = 167). The CT or TT genotypes were associated with higher odds ratio for success (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.10–2.53, p = 0.02), in a multivariate model. We did not observe significant differences in the FTND and Issa scores according to the studied polymorphisms. Conclusion: The CHRNA4 rs1044396 is associated with smoking cessation in individuals on varenicline therapy. We suggest that this polymorphism influences the varenicline response, but replications of this finding are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rocha Santos
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo R X Tomaz
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Issa
- Smoking Cessation Program Department, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia O Abe
- Smoking Cessation Program Department, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José E Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo C J L Santos
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Brunzell DH, Stafford AM, Dixon CI. Nicotinic receptor contributions to smoking: insights from human studies and animal models. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2015; 2:33-46. [PMID: 26301171 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-015-0042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that a variety of factors contribute to smoking behavior. Nicotine is a constituent of tobacco smoke that exerts its psychoactive effects via binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in brain. Human genetic studies have identified polymorphisms in nAChR genes, which predict vulnerability to risk for tobacco dependence. In vitro studies and animal models have identified the functional relevance of specific polymorphisms. Together with animal behavioral models, which parse behaviors believed to contribute to tobacco use in humans, these studies demonstrate that nicotine action at a diversity of nAChRs is important for expression of independent behavioral phenotypes, which support smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene H Brunzell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Alexandra M Stafford
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Claire I Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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14
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Tanner JA, Chenoweth MJ, Tyndale RF. Pharmacogenetics of nicotine and associated smoking behaviors. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 23:37-86. [PMID: 25655887 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13665-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes genetic factors that contribute to variation in nicotine pharmacokinetics and nicotine's pharmacological action in the central nervous system (CNS), and how this in turn influences smoking behaviors. Nicotine, the major psychoactive compound in cigarette smoke, is metabolized by a number of enzymes, including CYP2A6, CYP2B6, FMOs, and UGTs, among others. Variation in the genes encoding these enzymes, in particular CYP2A6, can alter the rate of nicotine metabolism and smoking behaviors. Faster nicotine metabolism is associated with higher cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence, as well as lower quit rates. Variation in nicotine's CNS targets and downstream signaling pathways can also contribute to interindividual differences in smoking patterns. Binding of nicotine to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediates the release of several neurotransmitters including dopamine and serotonin. Genetic variation in nAChRs, and in transporter and enzyme systems that leads to altered CNS levels of dopamine and serotonin, is associated with a number of smoking behaviors. To date, the precise mechanism underpinning many of these findings remains unknown. Considering the complex etiology of nicotine addiction, a more comprehensive approach that assesses the contribution of multiple gene variants, and their interaction with environmental factors, will likely improve personalized therapeutic approaches and increase smoking cessation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne Tanner
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Scherer G, Lee PN. Smoking behaviour and compensation: A review of the literature with meta-analysis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:615-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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McClure-Begley TD, Papke RL, Stone KL, Stokes C, Levy AD, Gelernter J, Xie P, Lindstrom J, Picciotto MR. Rare human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4 subunit (CHRNA4) variants affect expression and function of high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 348:410-20. [PMID: 24385388 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.209767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component in tobacco smoke, produces its behavioral effects through interactions with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). α4β2 nAChRs are the most abundant in mammalian brain, and converging evidence shows that this subtype mediates the rewarding and reinforcing effects of nicotine. A number of rare variants in the CHRNA4 gene that encode the α4 nAChR subunit have been identified in human subjects and appear to be underrepresented in a cohort of smokers. We compared three of these variants (α4R336C, α4P451L, and α4R487Q) to the common variant to determine their effects on α4β2 nAChR pharmacology. We examined [(3)H]epibatidine binding, interacting proteins, and phosphorylation of the α4 nAChR subunit with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in HEK 293 cells and voltage-clamp electrophysiology in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We observed significant effects of the α4 variants on nAChR expression, subcellular distribution, and sensitivity to nicotine-induced receptor upregulation. Proteomic analysis of immunopurified α4β2 nAChRs incorporating the rare variants identified considerable differences in the intracellular interactomes due to these single amino acid substitutions. Electrophysiological characterization in X. laevis oocytes revealed alterations in the functional parameters of activation by nAChR agonists conferred by these α4 rare variants, as well as shifts in receptor function after incubation with nicotine. Taken together, these experiments suggest that genetic variation at CHRNA4 alters the assembly and expression of human α4β2 nAChRs, resulting in receptors that are more sensitive to nicotine exposure than those assembled with the common α4 variant. The changes in nAChR pharmacology could contribute to differences in responses to smoked nicotine in individuals harboring these rare variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D McClure-Begley
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (T.D.M.-B., A.D.L., J.G., M.R.P.); Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado (T.D.M.-B.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (R.L.P., C.S.); W.M. Keck Biotechnology Research Laboratory (K.S.), Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (A.D.L., M.R.P.), Department of Genetics (J.G., P.X.), and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.R.P.); Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut (J.G.); Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.X.); and Department of Neuroscience, Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.L.)
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17
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Eggert M, Aichinger E, Pfaffl MW, Steinlein OK, Pfob M. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits α4 and α5 associated with smoking behaviour and lung cancer are regulated by upstream open reading frames. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66157. [PMID: 23843950 PMCID: PMC3699600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits (nAChR) are associated with different aspects of smoking behaviour as well as with smoking related disorders. Several of these subunits have been found to be upregulated in smokers or differentially expressed in lung tumor cells. The mechanisms behind these observations are not known but assumed to be mainly post-transcriptional. Many post-transcriptional mechanisms are initiated by functionally relevant sequence motifs within untranslated gene regions, such as upstream open reading frames (uORFs). We performed a systematic search in all smoking-associated neuronal nAChR subunits and identified functionally relevant uORFs in CHRNA4 and CHRNA5. Luciferase experiments showed that these uORFs are able to significantly decrease protein expression. Our quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) results strongly suggest that the observed effects originate at the translation rather than at the transcription level. Interestingly, the CHRNA4 uORF was only functionally relevant when expressed in the shorter isoform of this gene. Therefore, the data presented in this study strongly points towards an important role of uORFs within the 5′UTR of CHRNA4-isoform 1 and CHRNA5 as regulators of protein translation. Moreover, the shared uORF of CHRNA4-isoform 1/isoform 2 represents the first example of a sequence context-dependent uORF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Eggert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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18
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor variation and response to smoking cessation therapies. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013; 23:94-103. [PMID: 23249876 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32835cdabd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with 7-day point prevalence abstinence (abstinence) in randomized clinical trials of smoking cessation therapies in individuals grouped by pharmacotherapy randomization to inform the development of personalized smoking cessation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We quantified association of four SNPs at three nAChRs with abstinence in eight randomized clinical trials. Participants were 2633 outpatient treatment-seeking, self-identified European ancestry individuals smoking at least 10 cigarettes/day, recruited through advertisement, prescribed pharmacotherapy, and provided with behavioral therapy. Interventions included nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, varenicline, placebo (PLA), or combined NRT and bupropion, and five modes of group and individual behavioral therapy. Outcome measures tested in multivariate logistic regression were end of treatment and 6 month (6MO) abstinence, with demographic, behavioral, and genetic covariates. RESULTS 'Risk' alleles previously associated with smoking heaviness were significantly (P<0.05) associated with reduced abstinence in the PLA pharmacotherapy group (PG) at 6MO [for rs588765, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 0.41 (0.17-0.99)], and at end of treatment and at 6MO [for rs1051730, 0.42 (0.19-0.93) and 0.31 (0.12-0.80)], and with increased abstinence in the NRT PG at 6MO [for rs588765, 2.07 (1.11-3.87) and for rs1051730, 2.54 (1.29-4.99)]. We observed significant heterogeneity in rs1051730 effects (F=2.48, P=0.021) between PGs. CONCLUSION chr15q25.1 nAChR SNP risk alleles for smoking heaviness significantly increase relapse with PLA treatment and significantly increase abstinence with NRT. These SNP-PG associations require replication in independent samples for validation, and testing in larger sample sizes to evaluate whether similar effects occur in other PGs.
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19
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Turner JR, Gold A, Schnoll R, Blendy JA. Translational research in nicotine dependence. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a012153. [PMID: 23335115 PMCID: PMC3579204 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine addiction accounts for 4.9 million deaths each year. Furthermore, although smoking represents a significant health burden in the United States, at present there are only three FDA-approved pharmacotherapies currently on the market: (1) nicotine replacement therapy, (2) bupropion, and (3) varenicline. Despite this obvious gap in the market, the complexity of nicotine addiction in addition to the increasing cost of drug development makes targeted drug development prohibitive. Furthermore, using combinations of mouse and human studies, additional treatments could be developed from off-the-shelf, currently approved medication lists. This article reviews translational studies targeting manipulations of the cholinergic system as a viable therapeutic target for nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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20
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Kamens HM, Corley RP, McQueen MB, Stallings MC, Hopfer CJ, Crowley TJ, Brown SA, Hewitt JK, Ehringer MA. Nominal association with CHRNA4 variants and nicotine dependence. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 12:297-304. [PMID: 23350800 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and studies in animal models have shown that α4β2 receptors mediate many behavioral effects of nicotine. Human genetics studies have provided support that variation in the gene that codes for the α4 subunit influences nicotine dependence (ND), but the evidence for the involvement of the β2 subunit gene is less convincing. In this study, we examined the genetic association between variation in the genes that code for the α4 (CHRNA4) and β2 (CHRNB2) subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and a quantitative measure of lifetime DSM-IV ND symptom counts. We performed this analysis in two longitudinal family-based studies focused on adolescent antisocial drug abuse: the Center on Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD, N = 313 families) and Genetics of Antisocial Drug Dependence (GADD, N = 111 families). Family-based association tests were used to examine associations between 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CHRNA4 and CHRNB2 and ND symptoms. Symptom counts were corrected for age, sex and clinical status prior to the association analysis. Results, when the samples were combined, provided modest evidence that SNPs in CHRNA4 are associated with ND. The minor allele at both rs1044394 (A; Z = 1.988, P = 0.047, unadjusted P-value) and rs1044396 (G; Z = 2.398, P = 0.017, unadjusted P-value) was associated with increased risk of ND symptoms. These data provide suggestive evidence that variation in the α4 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor may influence ND liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kamens
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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21
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Agrawal A, Verweij KJH, Gillespie NA, Heath AC, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Martin NG, Nelson EC, Slutske WS, Whitfield JB, Lynskey MT. The genetics of addiction-a translational perspective. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e140. [PMID: 22806211 PMCID: PMC3410620 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Addictions are serious and common psychiatric disorders, and are among the leading contributors to preventable death. This selective review outlines and highlights the need for a multi-method translational approach to genetic studies of these important conditions, including both licit (alcohol, nicotine) and illicit (cannabis, cocaine, opiates) drug addictions and the behavioral addiction of disordered gambling. First, we review existing knowledge from twin studies that indicates both the substantial heritability of substance-specific addictions and the genetic overlap across addiction to different substances. Next, we discuss the limited number of candidate genes which have shown consistent replication, and the implications of emerging genomewide association findings for the genetic architecture of addictions. Finally, we review the utility of extensions to existing methods such as novel phenotyping, including the use of endophenotypes, biomarkers and neuroimaging outcomes; emerging methods for identifying alternative sources of genetic variation and accompanying statistical methodologies to interpret them; the role of gene-environment interplay; and importantly, the potential role of genetic variation in suggesting new alternatives for treatment of addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Gold AB, Lerman C. Pharmacogenetics of smoking cessation: role of nicotine target and metabolism genes. Hum Genet 2012; 131:10.1007/s00439-012-1143-9. [PMID: 22290489 PMCID: PMC3864572 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many smokers attempt to quit smoking but few are successful in the long term. The heritability of nicotine addiction and smoking relapse have been documented, and research is focused on identifying specific genetic influences on the ability to quit smoking and response to specific medications. Research in genetically modified cell lines and mice has identified nicotine acetylcholine receptor subtypes that mediate the pharmacological and behavioral effects of nicotine sensitivity and withdrawal. Human genetic association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding nicotine acetylcholine receptor subunits and nicotine metabolizing enzymes that influence smoking cessation phenotypes. There is initial promising evidence for a role in smoking cessation for SNPs in the β2 and α5/α3/β4 nAChR subunit genes; however, effects are small and not consistently replicated. There are reproducible and clinically significant associations of genotypic and phenotypic measures of CYP2A6 enzyme activity and nicotine metabolic rate with smoking cessation as well as response to nicotine replacement therapies and bupropion. Prospective clinical trials to identify associations of genetic variants and gene-gene interactions on smoking cessation are needed to generate the evidence base for both medication development and targeted therapy approaches based on genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. Gold
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Xie P, Kranzler HR, Krauthammer M, Cosgrove KP, Oslin D, Anton RF, Farrer LA, Picciotto MR, Krystal JH, Zhao H, Gelernter J. Rare nonsynonymous variants in alpha-4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene protect against nicotine dependence. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:528-36. [PMID: 21683344 PMCID: PMC3199609 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies report association of alpha-4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (encoded by CHRNA4) with nicotine dependence (ND). A meta-analysis of genomewide linkage studies for ND implicated a single chromosomal region, which includes CHRNA4, as genome-wide significant. METHODS After establishing that common variants are unlikely to completely account for this linkage, we investigated the distribution of CHRNA4 rare variants by sequencing the coding exons and flanking intronic regions of CHRNA4 in 209 European American (EA) ND cases and 183 EA control subjects. Because most of the rare variants that we detected (and all nonsynonymous changes) were in Exon 5, we sequenced Exon 5 in an additional 1000 ND cases and 1000 non-ND comparison subjects, both of which included equal numbers of EAs and African Americans. RESULTS Comparison subjects had a higher frequency of rare nonsynonymous variants in the Exon 5 region (encoding the large intercellular loop of the α4 subunit; Fisher's Exact Test p = .009; association test p = .009, odds ratio = .43; weighted-sum method p = .014), indicating a protective effect against ND. Considering data from the two stages combined and only nonsynonymous variants predicted to alter protein function, the association was stronger (Fisher's Exact Test p = .005; association test p = .008, odds ratio = .29; weighted-sum method p = .005). Single-photon emission computed tomography imaging results were consistent with functionality. CONCLUSIONS CHRNA4 functional rare variants may reduce ND risk. This is the first demonstration that rare functional variants at a candidate locus protect against substance dependence to our knowledge, suggesting a novel mechanism of substance dependence heritability that is potentially of general importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingxing Xie
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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