1
|
Yang Y, Valencia LA, Lu CH, Nakamoto ML, Tsai CT, Liu C, Yang H, Zhang W, Jahed Z, Lee WR, Santoro F, Liou J, Wu JC, Cui B. Membrane Curvature Promotes ER-PM Contact Formation via Junctophilin-EHD Interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.29.601287. [PMID: 38979311 PMCID: PMC11230412 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.29.601287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plasma membrane (PM) play a crucial role in governing calcium regulation and lipid homeostasis. Despite their significance, the factors regulating their spatial distribution on the PM remain elusive. Inspired by observations in cardiomyocytes, where ER-PM contact sites concentrate on tubular PM invaginations known as transverse tubules (T-tubules), we hypothesize that the PM curvature plays a role in ER-PM contact formation. Through precise control of PM invaginations, we show that PM curvatures locally induce the formation of ER-PM contacts in cardiomyocytes. Intriguingly, the junctophilin family of ER-PM tethering proteins, specifically expressed in excitable cells, is the key player in this process, while the ubiquitously expressed extended synaptotagmin 2 does not show a preference for PM curvature. At the mechanistic level, we find that the low complexity region (LCR) and the MORN motifs of junctophilins can independently bind to the PM, but both the LCR and MORN motifs are required for targeting PM curvatures. By examining the junctophilin interactome, we identify a family of curvature-sensing proteins, Eps15-homology domain containing proteins (EHDs), that interact with the MORN_LCR motifs and facilitate junctophilins' preferential tethering to curved PM. These findings highlight the pivotal role of PM curvature in the formation of ER-PM contacts in cardiomyocytes and unveil a novel mechanism for the spatial regulation of ER-PM contacts through PM curvature modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute and ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Luis A Valencia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute and ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute and ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Melissa L Nakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute and ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ching-Ting Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute and ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chun Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Present address: Department of Physiology and Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Huaxiao Yang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Present address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute and ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zeinab Jahed
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Present address: Department of Nanoengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Wan-Ru Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Tissue Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and IT, RWTH, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Institute of Biological Information Processing-Bioelectronics, IBI-3, Forschungszentrum, Juelich 52428, Germany
| | - Jen Liou
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute and ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
English AC, Dolzhenko E, Ziaei Jam H, McKenzie SK, Olson ND, De Coster W, Park J, Gu B, Wagner J, Eberle MA, Gymrek M, Chaisson MJP, Zook JM, Sedlazeck FJ. Analysis and benchmarking of small and large genomic variants across tandem repeats. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-024-02225-z. [PMID: 38671154 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Tandem repeats (TRs) are highly polymorphic in the human genome, have thousands of associated molecular traits and are linked to over 60 disease phenotypes. However, they are often excluded from at-scale studies because of challenges with variant calling and representation, as well as a lack of a genome-wide standard. Here, to promote the development of TR methods, we created a catalog of TR regions and explored TR properties across 86 haplotype-resolved long-read human assemblies. We curated variants from the Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) HG002 individual to create a TR dataset to benchmark existing and future TR analysis methods. We also present an improved variant comparison method that handles variants greater than 4 bp in length and varying allelic representation. The 8.1% of the genome covered by the TR catalog holds ~24.9% of variants per individual, including 124,728 small and 17,988 large variants for the GIAB HG002 'truth-set' TR benchmark. We demonstrate the utility of this pipeline across short-read and long-read technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C English
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | - Helyaneh Ziaei Jam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Nathan D Olson
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Wouter De Coster
- Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonghun Park
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bida Gu
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin Wagner
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Melissa Gymrek
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark J P Chaisson
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin M Zook
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Fritz J Sedlazeck
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muthinja MJ, Guelngar CO, Fall M, Jama F, Shuja HA, Nambafu J, Massi DG, Ojo OO, Okubadejo NU, Taiwo FT, Diop AM, de Chacus CJDG, Cissé FA, Cissé A, Hooker J, Sokhi D, Houlden H, Rizig M. An exploration of the genetics of the mutant Huntingtin (mHtt) gene in a cohort of patients with chorea from different ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa. Ann Hum Genet 2024. [PMID: 38563088 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Africans are underrepresented in Huntington's disease (HD) research. A European ancestor was postulated to have introduced the mutant Huntingtin (mHtt) gene to the continent; however, recent work has shown the existence of a unique Htt haplotype in South-Africa specific to indigenous Africans. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the CAG trinucleotide repeats expansion in the Htt gene in a geographically diverse cohort of patients with chorea and unaffected controls from sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS We evaluated 99 participants: 43 patients with chorea, 21 asymptomatic first-degree relatives of subjects with chorea, and 35 healthy controls for the presence of the mHtt. Participants were recruited from 5 African countries. Additional data were collected from patients positive for the mHtt gene; these included demographics, the presence of psychiatric and (or) cognitive symptoms, family history, spoken languages, and ethnic origin. Additionally, their pedigrees were examined to estimate the number of people at risk of developing HD and to trace back the earliest account of the disease in each region. RESULTS HD cases were identified in all countries. Overall, 53.4% of patients with chorea were carriers for the mHTT; median tract size was 45 CAG repeats. Of the asymptomatic relatives, 28.6% (6/21) were carriers for the mHTT; median tract size was 40 CAG. No homozygous carries were identified. Median CAG tract size in controls was 17 CAG repeats. Men and women were equally affected by HD. All patients with HD-bar three who were juvenile onset of <21 years-were defined as adult onset (median age of onset was 40 years). HD transmission followed an autosomal dominant pattern in 84.2% (16/19) of HD families. In familial cases, maternal transmission was higher 52.6% (10/19) than paternal transmission 36.8% (7/19). The number of asymptomatic individuals at risk of developing HD was estimated at ten times more than the symptomatic patients. HD could be traced back to the early 1900s in most African sites. HD cases spread over seven ethnic groups belonging to two distinct linguistic lineages separated from each other approximately 54-16 kya ago: Nilo-Sahara and Niger-Congo. CONCLUSION This is the first study examining HD in multiple sites in sub-Saharan Africa. We demonstrated that HD is found in multiple ethnic groups residing in five sub-Saharan African countries including the first genetically confirmed HD cases from Guinea and Kenya. The prevalence of HD in the African continent, its associated socio-economic impact, and genetic origins need further exploration and reappraisal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Othon Guelngar
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Ignace Deen, University of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Maouly Fall
- Centre Hospitalier National de Pikine, Service de Neurologie, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fatumah Jama
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Huda Aldeen Shuja
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jamila Nambafu
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Medical College of East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Gams Massi
- Doula General Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Oluwadamilola O Ojo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Njideka U Okubadejo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Fodé Abass Cissé
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Ignace Deen, University of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Amara Cissé
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Ignace Deen, University of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Juzar Hooker
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Medical College of East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dilraj Sokhi
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Medical College of East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mie Rizig
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hall DD, Takeshima H, Song LS. Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Junctophilin Family. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:123-147. [PMID: 37931168 PMCID: PMC10922073 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042022-014926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
In both excitable and nonexcitable cells, diverse physiological processes are linked to different calcium microdomains within nanoscale junctions that form between the plasma membrane and endo-sarcoplasmic reticula. It is now appreciated that the junctophilin protein family is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and modulating the structure and function of these junctions. We review foundational findings from more than two decades of research that have uncovered how junctophilin-organized ultrastructural domains regulate evolutionarily conserved biological processes. We discuss what is known about the junctophilin family of proteins. Our goal is to summarize the current knowledge of junctophilin domain structure, function, and regulation and to highlight emerging avenues of research that help our understanding of the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulation of this gene family and its roles in health and during disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duane D Hall
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; ,
| | - Hiroshi Takeshima
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Long-Sheng Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; ,
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Krause A, Anderson DG, Ferreira-Correia A, Dawson J, Baine-Savanhu F, Li PP, Margolis RL. Huntington disease-like 2: insight into neurodegeneration from an African disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:36-49. [PMID: 38114648 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD)-like 2 (HDL2) is a rare genetic disease caused by an expanded trinucleotide repeat in the JPH3 gene (encoding junctophilin 3) that shows remarkable clinical similarity to HD. To date, HDL2 has been reported only in patients with definite or probable African ancestry. A single haplotype background is shared by patients with HDL2 from different populations, supporting a common African origin for the expansion mutation. Nevertheless, outside South Africa, reports of patients with HDL2 in Africa are scarce, probably owing to limited clinical services across the continent. Systematic comparisons of HDL2 and HD have revealed closely overlapping motor, cognitive and psychiatric features and similar patterns of cerebral and striatal atrophy. The pathogenesis of HDL2 remains unclear but it is proposed to occur through several mechanisms, including loss of protein function and RNA and/or protein toxicity. This Review summarizes our current knowledge of this African-specific HD phenocopy and highlights key areas of overlap between HDL2 and HD. Given the aforementioned similarities in clinical phenotype and pathology, an improved understanding of HDL2 could provide novel insights into HD and other neurodegenerative and/or trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - David G Anderson
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- University of Glasgow, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aline Ferreira-Correia
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jessica Dawson
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fiona Baine-Savanhu
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pan P Li
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Russell L Margolis
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
English A, Dolzhenko E, Jam HZ, Mckenzie S, Olson ND, De Coster W, Park J, Gu B, Wagner J, Eberle MA, Gymrek M, Chaisson MJP, Zook JM, Sedlazeck FJ. Benchmarking of small and large variants across tandem repeats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.29.564632. [PMID: 37961319 PMCID: PMC10634962 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.29.564632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Tandem repeats (TRs) are highly polymorphic in the human genome, have thousands of associated molecular traits, and are linked to over 60 disease phenotypes. However, their complexity often excludes them from at-scale studies due to challenges with variant calling, representation, and lack of a genome-wide standard. To promote TR methods development, we create a comprehensive catalog of TR regions and explore its properties across 86 samples. We then curate variants from the GIAB HG002 individual to create a tandem repeat benchmark. We also present a variant comparison method that handles small and large alleles and varying allelic representation. The 8.1% of the genome covered by the TR catalog holds ∼24.9% of variants per individual, including 124,728 small and 17,988 large variants for the GIAB HG002 TR benchmark. We work with the GIAB community to demonstrate the utility of this benchmark across short and long read technologies.
Collapse
|
7
|
Paucar M, Laffita-Mesa J, Niemelä V, Malmgren H, Nennesmo I, Lagerstedt-Robinson K, Nordenskjöld M, Svenningsson P. Genetic screening for Huntington disease phenocopies in Sweden: A tertiary center case series focused on short tandem repeat (STR) disorders. J Neurol Sci 2023; 451:120707. [PMID: 37379724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a screening for Huntington disease (HD) phenocopies in a Swedish cohort. METHODS Seventy-three DNA samples negative for HD were assessed at a tertiary center in Stockholm. The screening included analyses for C9orf72-frontotemporal dementia/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (C9orf72-FTD/ALS), octapeptide repeat insertions (OPRIs) in PRNP associated with inherited prion diseases (IPD), Huntington's disease-like 2 (HDL2), spinocerebellar ataxia-2 (SCA2), spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3) and spinocerebellar ataxia-17 (SCA17). Targeted genetic analysis was carried out in two cases based on the salient phenotypic features. RESULTS The screening identified two patients with SCA17, one patient with IPD associated with 5-OPRI but none with nucleotide expansions in C9orf72 or for HDL2, SCA2 or SCA3. Furthermore, SGCE-myoclonic-dystonia 11 (SGCE-M-D) and benign hereditary chorea (BHC) was diagnosed in two sporadic cases. WES identified VUS in STUB1 in two patients with predominant cerebellar ataxia. CONCLUSIONS Our results are in keeping with previous screenings and suggest that other genes yet to be discovered are involved in the etiology of HD phenocopies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Paucar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - José Laffita-Mesa
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Valter Niemelä
- Institute for Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Malmgren
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Inger Nennesmo
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kristina Lagerstedt-Robinson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Nordenskjöld
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guillén-Samander A, De Camilli P. Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Contact Sites, Lipid Transport, and Neurodegeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041257. [PMID: 36123033 PMCID: PMC10071438 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is an endomembrane system that plays a multiplicity of roles in cell physiology and populates even the most distal cell compartments, including dendritic tips and axon terminals of neurons. Some of its functions are achieved by a cross talk with other intracellular membranous organelles and with the plasma membrane at membrane contacts sites (MCSs). As the ER synthesizes most membrane lipids, lipid exchanges mediated by lipid transfer proteins at MCSs are a particularly important aspect of this cross talk, which synergizes with the cross talk mediated by vesicular transport. Several mutations of genes that encode proteins localized at ER MCSs result in familial neurodegenerative diseases, emphasizing the importance of the normal lipid traffic within cells for a healthy brain. Here, we provide an overview of such diseases, with a specific focus on proteins that directly or indirectly impact lipid transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Guillén-Samander
- Departments of Neuroscience and of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Departments of Neuroscience and of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cincotta MC, Walker RH. Diagnostic Uncertainties: Chorea. Semin Neurol 2023; 43:65-80. [PMID: 36882120 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1763506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Chorea is a hyperkinetic movement disorder with a multitude of potential etiologies, both acquired and inherited. Although the differential diagnosis for new-onset chorea is extensive, there are often clues in the history, exam, and basic testing that can help to narrow the options. Evaluation for treatable or reversible causes should take priority, as rapid diagnosis can lead to more favorable outcomes. While Huntington's disease is most common genetic cause of chorea, multiple phenocopies also exist and should be considered if Huntington gene testing is negative. The decision of what additional genetic testing to pursue should be based on both clinical and epidemiological factors. The following review provides an overview of the many possible etiologies as well as a practical approach for a patient presenting with new-onset chorea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly C Cincotta
- Department of Neurology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruth H Walker
- Department of Neurology, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Ruscitti F, Origone P, Rosti G, Trevisan L, Marchese R, Brugnolo A, Massa F, Castellini P, Mandich P. A case of Huntington disease-like 2 in a patient of African ancestry: the everlasting support of clinical examination in the molecular era. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e6308. [PMID: 36237940 PMCID: PMC9536496 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorea, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms are shared by Huntington’s disease (HD) and similar conditions called HD phenocopies. We describe the first case reported in Italy of Huntington disease‐like 2 (HDL2), clinically and radiologically indistinguishable from HD, showing the importance of considering African ancestry in the diagnostic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ruscitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Medical Genetics UnitGenoaItaly
| | - Paola Origone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Medical Genetics UnitGenoaItaly
| | - Giulia Rosti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Medical Genetics UnitGenoaItaly
| | - Lucia Trevisan
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Medical Genetics UnitGenoaItaly
| | - Roberta Marchese
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Neurological UnitGenoaItaly
| | - Andrea Brugnolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Clinical Psychology UnitGenoaItaly
| | - Federico Massa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Paola Castellini
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Phoniatric UnitGenoaItaly
| | - Paola Mandich
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI)University of GenoaGenoaItaly,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Medical Genetics UnitGenoaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou J, Liu H, Lin Y, Zhao J. Membrane Occupation and Recognition Nexus (MORN) motif controls protein localization and function. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1839-1850. [PMID: 35568981 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Membrane Occupation and Recognition Nexus (MORN) motif was first defined in 2000, when it was identified in the junctophilin protein family. Dozens of studies have been published ever since, mainly focusing on the function of a given MORN motif-containing protein in parasites, plants or animal cells. Proteins with MORN motifs are not only expressed in most animal and plant cell types but also significantly differ in their intracellular localization, suggesting that the MORN motifs may fulfil multiple physiological functions. Recent studies have found that MORN motif-containing proteins junctophilin 1/2 and MORN3 play a role in cardiac hypertrophy, skeletal muscle fiber stability and cancer. Hence, MORN motif-containing proteins may be exploited to develop improved treatments for various pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases. Here, we review current research on MORN motif-containing proteins in different organisms and provide both ideas and approaches for follow-up exploration of their functions and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinrun Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yushuang Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Junctophilins (JPHs) comprise a family of structural proteins that connect the plasma membrane to intracellular organelles such as the endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum. Tethering of these membrane structures results in the formation of highly organized subcellular junctions that play important signaling roles in all excitable cell types. There are four JPH isoforms, expressed primarily in muscle and neuronal cell types. Each JPH protein consists of 6 'membrane occupation and recognition nexus' (MORN) motifs, a joining region connecting these to another set of 2 MORN motifs, a putative alpha-helical region, a divergent region exhibiting low homology between JPH isoforms, and a carboxy-terminal transmembrane region anchoring into the ER/SR membrane. JPH isoforms play essential roles in developing and maintaining subcellular membrane junctions. Conversely, inherited mutations in JPH2 cause hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy, while trinucleotide expansions in the JPH3 gene cause Huntington Disease-Like 2. Loss of JPH1 protein levels can cause skeletal myopathy, while loss of cardiac JPH2 levels causes heart failure and atrial fibrillation, among other disease. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the JPH gene family, phylogeny, and evolutionary analysis of JPH genes and other MORN domain proteins. JPH biogenesis, membrane tethering, and binding partners will be discussed, as well as functional roles of JPH isoforms in excitable cells. Finally, potential roles of JPH isoform deficits in human disease pathogenesis will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan E Lehnart
- Cellular Biophysics and Translational Cardiology Section, Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine (Cardiology), Pediatrics (Cardiology), Neuroscience, and Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kaur J, Parveen S, Shamim U, Sharma P, Suroliya V, Sonkar AK, Ahmad I, Garg J, Anand KS, Laskar S, Chowdhury D, Kushwaha S, Goyal V, Srivastava AK, Singh G, Faruq M. Investigations of Huntington's Disease and Huntington's Disease-Like Syndromes in Indian Choreatic Patients. J Huntingtons Dis 2021; 9:283-289. [PMID: 32675418 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-200398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic workup for choreiform movement disorders including Huntington's disease (HD) and those mimicking HD like phenotype is complex. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to genetically define HD and HD-like presentations in an Indian cohort. We also describe HTT-CAG expansion manifesting as neuroferritinopathy-like disorder in four families from Punjab in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS 159 patients clinically diagnosed as HD and HD-like presentations from various tertiary neurology clinics were referred to our centre (CSIR-IGIB) for genetic investigations. As a first tier test, CAG-TNR for HTT was performed and subsequently HD-negative samples were screened for JPH3 (HDL2), TBP (SCA17), ATN1 (DRPLA), PPP2R2B (SCA12) and GGGGCC expansion in C9orf72 gene. Four families presenting as neuroferritinopathy-like disorder were also investigated for HTT-CAG expansion. RESULTS 94 of 159 (59%) patients were found to have expanded HTT-CAG repeats. Pathogenic repeat expansion in JPH3, TBP, ATN1 and C9orf72 were not found in HD negative cases. Two patients were positive for SCA12-CAG expansion in pathogenic length, whereas 5 cases harboured TBP-CAG repeats falling in reduced penetrance range of 41- 48 repeats for SCA17. Four unrelated families, presented with atypical chorea and brain MRI findings suggestive of basal ganglia abnormalities mimicking neuroferritinopathy were found to harbour HTT-CAG expansion. CONCLUSION We present SCA12 as a new reported phenocopy of HD which should be considered for diagnostic workout along with SCA17 for HD-like syndromes. This study also illustrates the necessity, to consider evolving HD like phenotype, as a clinical diagnosis for cases with initial manifestations depicting neuroferritinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaslovleen Kaur
- Department of Neurology, Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Civil Lines, Ludhiana, India
| | - Shaista Parveen
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Uzma Shamim
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Varun Suroliya
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Sonkar
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Istaq Ahmad
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Garg
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Kuljeet Singh Anand
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Suman Kushwaha
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Goyal
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Achal K Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Neurology, Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Civil Lines, Ludhiana, India
| | - Mohd Faruq
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stoker TB, Mason SL, Greenland JC, Holden ST, Santini H, Barker RA. Huntington's disease: diagnosis and management. Pract Neurol 2021; 22:32-41. [PMID: 34413240 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2021-003074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease characterised by neuropsychiatric symptoms, a movement disorder (most commonly choreiform) and progressive cognitive impairment. The diagnosis is usually confirmed through identification of an increased CAG repeat length in the huntingtin gene in a patient with clinical features of the condition. Though diagnosis is usually straightforward, unusual presentations can occur, and it can be difficult to know when someone has transitioned from being an asymptomatic carrier into the disease state. This has become increasingly important recently, with several putative disease-modifying therapies entering trials. A growing number of conditions can mimic HD, including rare genetic causes, which must be considered in the event of a negative HD genetic test. Patients are best managed in specialist multidisciplinary clinics, including when considering genetic testing. Current treatments are symptomatic, and largely directed at the chorea and neurobehavioural problems, although supporting trial evidence for these is often limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Stoker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah L Mason
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia C Greenland
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon T Holden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council - Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kamp M, Krause A, Ramsay M. Has translational genomics come of age in Africa? Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:R164-R173. [PMID: 34240178 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in genomics research in Africa and the growing promise of precision public health begs the question of whether African genomics has come of age and is being translated into improved healthcare for Africans. An assessment of the continent's readiness suggests that genetic service delivery remains limited and extremely fragile. The paucity of data on mutation profiles for monogenic disorders and lack of large genome-wide association cohorts for complex traits in African populations is a significant barrier, coupled with extreme genetic variation across different regions and ethnic groups. Data from many different populations is essential to developing appropriate genetic services. Of the proposed genetic service delivery models currently used in Africa-Uncharacterized, Limited, Disease-focused, Emerging and Established-the first three best describe the situation in most African countries. Implementation is fraught with difficulties related to the scarcity of an appropriately skilled medical genetic workforce, limited infrastructure and processes, insufficient health funding and lack of political support, and overstretched health systems. There is a strong nucleus of determined and optimistic clinicians and scientists with a clear vision, and there is hope for innovative solutions and technological leapfrogging. However, a multi-dimensional approach with active interventions to stimulate genomic research, clinical genetics and overarching healthcare systems is needed to reduce genetic service inequalities and accelerate precision public health on the continent. Human and infrastructure capacity development, dedicated funding, political will and supporting legislation, and public education and awareness, are critical elements for success. Africa-relevant genomic and related health economics research remains imperative with an overarching need to translate knowledge into improved healthcare. Given the limited data and genetic services across most of Africa, the continent has not yet come of 'genomics' age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kamp
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.,Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.,Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huntington's disease: lessons from prion disorders. J Neurol 2021; 268:3493-3504. [PMID: 33625583 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research on the prion protein and its associated diseases have caused a paradigm shift in our understanding of infectious agents. More recent years have been marked by a surge of studies supporting the application of these findings to a broad array of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Here, we present evidence to suggest that Huntington's disease, a monogenic disorder of the central nervous system, shares features with prion disorders and that, it too, may be governed by similar mechanisms. We further posit that these similarities could suggest that, like other common neurodegenerative disorders, sporadic forms of Huntington's disease may exist.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ferreira-Correia A, Krause A, Anderson DG. The Neuropsychiatry of Huntington Disease-Like 2: A Comparison with Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2020; 9:325-334. [PMID: 33044188 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-200422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington Disease-Like 2 (HDL2) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by an abnormal CAG/CTG triplet repeat expansion on chromosome 16q24. The symptoms of progressive decline in motor, cognitive and psychiatric functioning are similar to those of Huntington's disease (HD). The psychiatric features of the HDL2 have been poorly characterized. OBJECTIVE To describe the neuropsychiatric features of HDL2 and compare them with those of HD. METHODS A blinded cross-sectional design was used to compare the behavioural component of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) in participants with HDL2 (n = 15) and HD (n = 13) with African ancestry. RESULTS HDL2 patients presented with psychiatric symptoms involving mood disturbances and behavioural changes that were not significantly different from those in the HD group. Duration of disease and motor performance correlated (p < 0.001) with the Functional Capacity score and the Independence score of the UHDRS. HD patients reported movement dysfunction as the first symptom more frequently than HDL2 Patients (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The psychiatric phenotype of HDL2 is similar to that of HD and linked to motor decline and disease duration. Psychiatric symptoms seem more severe for HDL2 patients in the early stages of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Ferreira-Correia
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David G Anderson
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,University of the Witwatersrand Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Neurology, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tracing the mutated HTT and haplotype of the African ancestor who spread Huntington disease into the Middle East. Genet Med 2020; 22:1903-1908. [PMID: 32661355 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to determine the origin and genetic characteristics of Huntington disease (HD) in the Middle East. METHODS We performed genetic and genealogical analyses to establish the ancestral origin of the HTT pathgenic variant from a large kindred from Oman (hereafter called the OM-HD-01 pedigree) by single-nucleotide polymorphism and dense haplotype analysis genotyping. RESULTS We traced the oldest ancestry of the largest, eight-generation, OM-HD-01 pedigree (n = 302 subjects, with 54 showing manifest HD) back to sub-Saharan Africa and identified a unique HD haplotype carried by all pedigree members, which consisted of portions of the C6 and C9 haplotypes and was carried by all affected members. Such a unique HD haplotype was of African origin and appeared to be associated with large CAG repeat expansions on average and high frequency of juvenile-onset HD. Three other families from the same area were also identified and found carrying a Caucasian HD haplotype A, also shared by most families of Arab ancestry. CONCLUSION Mutated HTT spread into Middle East with a unique haplotype of African origin, appeared to be associated with juvenile-onset, a HD condition frequently occurring in Black Africans, and may have a significant impact on further development of novel targeted genetic therapies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ferreira-Correia A, Anderson DG, Cockcroft K, Krause A. A comparison between the neurocognitive profile of Huntington Disease-Like 2 and Huntington Disease: Exploring the presence of double dissociations. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2020; 29:223-233. [PMID: 32149528 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1734810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Huntington Disease Like-2 (HDL2) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease caused by a mutation in the JPH3 gene. HDL2 is the Huntington Disease (HD) phenocopy that has the greatest clinical resemblance to HD. Both are characterized by movement, psychiatric and cognitive dysfunction, which progress to dementia. The present study compared the neuropsychological profile of HDL2 with that of HD. Using a Single Case-Control Methodology in Neuropsychology, three HDL2 and seven matched HD patients were assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and compared to matched control samples, considering age, years of education, type of school (public/government) and language (all bi/multilingual). Potential double dissociations were explored by using Crawford, Garthwaite, and Wood's Inferential Methods for Comparing the Scores of Two Single-Cases in Case-Control Designs. Double dissociation between HDL2 and HD were identified in three tests, namely Letter Number Sequencing, Rey Auditory Learning Test Delayed and Recognition Trials. These dissociations possible are due to methodological limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Ferreira-Correia
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David G Anderson
- Department of Neurology, University of the Witwatersrand Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kate Cockcroft
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Huntington disease like 2 (HDL-2) with parkinsonism and abnormal DAT-SPECT – A novel observation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 71:46-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides an overview of the approach to chorea in clinical practice, beginning with a discussion of the phenomenologic features of chorea and how to differentiate it from other movement disorders. The diagnostic approach, clinical features of important acquired and genetic choreas, and therapeutic principles are also discussed. Practical clinical points and caveats are included. RECENT FINDINGS C9orf72 disease is the most common Huntington disease phenocopy, according to studies in the European population. Anti-IgLON5 disease can present with chorea. The role of immunotherapies in Sydenham chorea has increased, and further clinical studies may be useful. Benign hereditary chorea is a syndrome or phenotype due to mutations in several genes, including NKX2-1, ADCY5, GNAO1, and PDE10A. New-generation presynaptic dopamine-depleting agents provide more options for symptomatic treatment of chorea with fewer adverse effects. Deep brain stimulation has been performed in several choreic disorders, but features other than chorea and the neurodegenerative nature should be taken into consideration. Studies on genetic interventions for Huntington disease are ongoing. SUMMARY Clinical features remain crucial in guiding the differential diagnosis and appropriate investigations in chorea. Given the complexity of most choreic disorders, treating only the chorea is not sufficient. A comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach is required.
Collapse
|
23
|
Single case-control design for the study of the neuropsychological deficits and dissociations in Huntington's disease-like 2. MethodsX 2020; 7:100782. [PMID: 32021824 PMCID: PMC6995251 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Single-Case Methodology in Neuropsychology (Crawford & Howell, 1998) is a research design and robust inferential statistical method that facilitates the neuropsychological description of one case in terms of the differences between its profile and the performance of a carefully matched sample (Crawford & Garthwaite, 2012). The comparison is made by means of a t-test statistic that treats the normative sample as a sample and not as a population, with a particular effect-size associated with the size (n) of the sample. It is an ideal method for the neuropsychological investigation of rare diseases, such as Huntington’s Disease Like-2 (HDL2), especially when the cases are embedded in contexts of great diversity. This paper presents a step by step guide to the implementation of this method in a series of demographically and clinically diverse group of patients. The application of a Single-Case Methodology in Neuropsychology enables the characterisation of rare diseases while controlling for demographic and context-related variables. The implementation Single-Case Methodology in Neuropsychology provides test norms for homogenous groups that can be used by practitioners in their clinical work. The method was customised for the South African population by controlling variables of specific relevance, such as linguistic diversity and quality of education.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ferreira-Correia A, Anderson DG, Cockcroft K, Krause A. The neuropsychological deficits and dissociations in Huntington Disease-Like 2: A series of case-control studies. Neuropsychologia 2020; 136:107238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
25
|
Anderson DG, Ferreira-Correia A, Rodrigues FB, Aziz NA, Carr J, Wild EJ, Margolis RL, Krause A. Comparison of the Huntington's Disease like 2 and Huntington's Disease Clinical Phenotypes. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2019; 6:302-311. [PMID: 31061838 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Huntington's disease like 2 (HDL2) is the most common Huntington's disease (HD) phenocopy in many countries and described as the phenocopy with the greatest resemblance to HD. The current clinical description of HDL2 is based on retrospective data. It is unknown whether HDL2 has clinical features that distinguish it from HD. Objective To describe the HDL2 phenotype and compare it to HD systematically. Methods A blinded cross-sectional design was used to compare the HDL2 (n = 15) and HD (n = 13) phenotypes. African ancestry participants underwent assessments, including the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS). The UHDRS motor component was video recorded and evaluated by blinded experts and the inter-rater reliability calculated. Results Both groups were homogeneous in terms of demographics and disease characteristics. However, HDL2 patients presented three years earlier with more prominent dysarthria and dystonia. Raters could not distinguish between the two diseases with a high level of agreement. No significant differences in the TMS between HDL2 and HD were found. In both disorders, disease duration correlated with motor scores, with the exception of chorea. Psychiatric and cognitive scores were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusions The HDL2 phenotype is similar to HD and is initially characterized by dementia, chorea, and oculomotor abnormalities, progressing to a rigid and bradykinetic state, suggesting the UHDRS is useful to monitor disease progression in HDL2. Although HDL2 patients scored higher on some UHDRS domains, this did not differentiate between the two diseases; it may however be emerging evidence of HDL2 having a more severe clinical phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Anderson
- The University of the Witwatersrand Donald Gordon Medical Centre Neurology Johannesburg South Africa.,Division of Human Genetics National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Aline Ferreira-Correia
- Department of Psychology School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Filipe B Rodrigues
- UCL Huntington's Disease Centre University College London UK.,Clinical Pharmacology Unit Instituto de Medicina Molecular Portugal.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of Lisbon Portugal
| | - N Ahmad Aziz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn Germany
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine University of Stellenbosch Cape Town South Africa
| | - Edward J Wild
- UCL Huntington's Disease Centre University College London UK
| | - Russell L Margolis
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Anderson DG, Haagensen M, Ferreira-Correia A, Pierson R, Carr J, Krause A, Margolis RL. Emerging differences between Huntington's disease-like 2 and Huntington's disease: A comparison using MRI brain volumetry. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 21:101666. [PMID: 30682531 PMCID: PMC6350216 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's Disease-Like 2 (HDL2), caused by a CTG/CAG expansion in JPH3 on chromosome 16q24, is the most common Huntington's Disease (HD) phenocopy in populations with African ancestry. Qualitatively, brain MRIs of HDL2 patients have been indistinguishable from HD. To determine brain regions most affected in HDL2 a cross-sectional study using MRI brain volumetry was undertaken to compare the brains of nine HDL2, 11 HD and nine age matched control participants. Participants were ascertained from the region in South Africa with the world's highest HDL2 incidence. The HDL2 and HD patient groups showed no significant differences with respect to mean age at MRI, disease duration, abnormal triplet repeat length, or age at disease onset. Overall, intracerebral volumes were smaller in both affected groups compared to the control group. Comparing the HDL2 and HD groups across multiple covariates, cortical and subcortical volumes were similar with the exception that the HDL2 thalamic volumes were smaller. Consistent with other similarities between the two diseases, these results indicate a pattern of neurodegeneration in HDL2 that is remarkably similar to HD. However smaller thalamic volumes in HDL2 raises intriguing questions into the pathogenesis of both disorders, and how these volumetric differences relate to their respective phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Anderson
- The University of the Witwatersrand Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Neurology, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Mark Haagensen
- The University of the Witwatersrand Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Radiology Department, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aline Ferreira-Correia
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Russell L Margolis
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Krause A, Seymour H, Ramsay M. Common and Founder Mutations for Monogenic Traits in Sub-Saharan African Populations. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2018; 19:149-175. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights molecular genetic studies of monogenic traits where common pathogenic mutations occur in black families from sub-Saharan Africa. Examples of founder mutations have been identified for oculocutaneous albinism, cystic fibrosis, Fanconi anemia, and Gaucher disease. Although there are few studies from Africa, some of the mutations traverse populations across the continent, and they are almost all different from the common mutations observed in non-African populations. Myotonic dystrophy is curiously absent among Africans, and nonsyndromic deafness does not arise from mutations in GJB2 and GJB7. Locus heterogeneity is present for Huntington disease, with two common triplet expansion loci in Africa, HTT and JPH3. These findings have important clinical consequences for diagnosis, treatment, and genetic counseling in affected families. We currently have just a glimpse of the molecular etiology of monogenic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, a proverbial “ears of the hippo” situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, and Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Heather Seymour
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, and Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, and Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Di Fonzo A, Monfrini E, Erro R. Genetics of Movement Disorders and the Practicing Clinician; Who and What to Test for? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018; 18:37. [PMID: 29789954 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-018-0847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to provide the basic knowledge on the genetics of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders to guide clinicians in the decision of "who and what to test for?" RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, the identification of various genetic causes of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders has had a great impact on a better definition of different clinical syndromes. Indeed, the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques has provided an impressive step forward in the easy identification of genetic forms. However, this increased availability of genetic testing has challenges, including the ethical issue of genetic testing in unaffected family members, "commercially" available home testing kits and the increasing number and relevance of "variants of unknown significance." The emergent role of genetic factors has important implications on clinical practice and counseling. As a consequence, it is fundamental that practicing neurologists have a proper knowledge of the genetic background of the diseases and perform an accurate selection of who has to be tested and for which gene mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Erro
- Neurodegenerative disease center (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Esterhuizen AI, Carvill GL, Ramesar RS, Kariuki SM, Newton CR, Poduri A, Wilmshurst JM. Clinical Application of Epilepsy Genetics in Africa: Is Now the Time? Front Neurol 2018; 9:276. [PMID: 29770117 PMCID: PMC5940732 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 80% of people with epilepsy live in low- to middle-income countries where epilepsy is often undiagnosed and untreated due to limited resources and poor infrastructure. In Africa, the burden of epilepsy is exacerbated by increased risk factors such as central nervous system infections, perinatal insults, and traumatic brain injury. Despite the high incidence of these etiologies, the cause of epilepsy in over 60% of African children is unknown, suggesting a possible genetic origin. Large-scale genetic and genomic research in Europe and North America has revealed new genes and variants underlying disease in a range of epilepsy phenotypes. The relevance of this knowledge to patient care is especially evident among infants with early-onset epilepsies, where early genetic testing can confirm the diagnosis and direct treatment, potentially improving prognosis and quality of life. In Africa, however, genetic epilepsies are among the most under-investigated neurological disorders, and little knowledge currently exists on the genetics of epilepsy among African patients. The increased diversity on the continent may yield unique, important epilepsy-associated genotypes, currently absent from the North American or European diagnostic testing protocols. In this review, we propose that there is strong justification for developing the capacity to offer genetic testing for children with epilepsy in Africa, informed mostly by the existing counseling and interventional needs. Initial simple protocols involving well-recognized epilepsy genes will not only help patients but will give rise to further clinically relevant research, thus increasing knowledge and capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina I Esterhuizen
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gemma L Carvill
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rajkumar S Ramesar
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Symon M Kariuki
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles R Newton
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Annapurna Poduri
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Genetics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jo M Wilmshurst
- School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Baine FK, Peerbhai N, Krause A. A study of Huntington disease-like syndromes in black South African patients reveals a single SCA2 mutation and a unique distribution of normal alleles across five repeat loci. J Neurol Sci 2018; 390:200-204. [PMID: 29801887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterised by a triad of movement disorder, emotional and behavioural disturbances and cognitive impairment. The underlying cause is an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene. For a small proportion of patients presenting with HD-like symptoms, the mutation in this gene is not identified and they are said to have a HD "phenocopy". South Africa has the highest number of recorded cases of an African-specific phenocopy, Huntington disease-like 2 (HDL2), caused by a repeat expansion in the junctophilin-3 gene. However, a significant proportion of black patients with clinical symptoms suggestive of HD still test negative for HD and HDL2. This study thus aimed to investigate five other loci associated with HD phenocopy syndromes - ATN1, ATXN2, ATXN7, TBP and C9orf72. In a sample of patients in whom HD and HDL2 had been excluded, a single expansion was identified in the ATXN2 gene, confirming a diagnosis of Spinocerebellar ataxia 2. The results indicate that common repeat expansion disorders do not contribute significantly to the HD-like phenotype in black South African patients. Importantly, allele sizing reveals unique distributions of normal repeat lengths across the associated loci in the African population studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K Baine
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
| | - Nabeelah Peerbhai
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pathogenic insights from Huntington's disease-like 2 and other Huntington's disease genocopies. Curr Opin Neurol 2018; 29:743-748. [PMID: 27749395 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Huntington's disease-like 2 (HDL2) is a rare, progressive, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that genetically, clinically, and pathologically closely resembles Huntington's disease. We review HDL2 pathogenic mechanisms and examine the implications of these mechanisms for Huntington's disease and related diseases. RECENT FINDINGS HDL2 is caused by a CTG/CAG repeat expansion in junctophilin-3. Available data from cell and animal models and human brain suggest that HDL2 is a complex disease in which transcripts and proteins expressed bidirectionally from the junctophilin-3 locus contribute to pathogenesis through both gain-and loss-of-function mechanisms. Recent advances indicate that the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease is equally complex, despite the emphasis on toxic gain-of-function properties of the mutant huntingtin protein. SUMMARY Studies examining in parallel the genetic, clinical, neuropathological, and mechanistic similarities between Huntington's disease and HDL2 have begun to identify points of convergence between the pathogenic pathways of the two diseases. Comparisons to other diseases that are phenotypically or genetically related to Huntington's disease and HDL2 will likely reveal additional common pathways. The ultimate goal is to identify shared therapeutic targets and eventually develop therapies that may, at least in part, be effective across multiple similar rare diseases, an essential approach given the scarcity of resources for basic and translational research.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ocampo C, Daimari R, Oyekunle AA. Huntington’s disease-like 2 with an expansion mutation of the Junctophilin-3 gene; first reported case from Botswana. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 47:126-127. [PMID: 29066237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Ocampo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana and Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - R Daimari
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana and Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - A A Oyekunle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana and Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Anderson DG, Carmona S, Naidoo K, Coetzer TL, Carr J, Rudnicki DD, Walker RH, Margolis RL, Krause A. Absence of Acanthocytosis in Huntington's Disease-like 2: A Prospective Comparison with Huntington's Disease. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2017; 7:512. [PMID: 29226019 PMCID: PMC5721130 DOI: 10.7916/d81j9pdx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Huntington's Disease-like 2 (HDL2) is classified as a neuroacanthocytosis; however, this remains unverified. We aim to determine if acanthocytes are present in HDL2 and whether acanthocytes can differentiate HDL2 from Huntington's disease (HD). Methods We prospectively compared 13 HD and 12 HDL2 cases against 21 unaffected controls in Johannesburg. Blood smears were prepared using international standards and reviewed by at least two blinded reviewers. An acanthocytosis rate of greater than 1.2% in the dry smear or greater than 3.7% in the wet smear was designated a priori as the threshold for clinical significance based on previously established standards. Flow cytometry was performed on all but four of the cases. Red cell membrane protein analysis was performed on all participants. Results There were 12 HDL2, 13 HD, and 21 controls enrolled. None of the HD or HDL2 participants had defined acanthocytosis or other morphological abnormalities. None of the HD or HDL2 cases had evidence of an abnormal band 3. Discussion Acanthocytosis was not identified in either HDL2 or HD in our patient population. Our results, based on the first prospective study of acanthocytes in HDL2 or HD, suggest that screening for acanthocytes will not help establish the diagnosis of HD or HDL2, nor differentiate between the two disorders and raises the question if HDL2 should be placed within the neuroacanthocytosis syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G. Anderson
- Department of Neurology, The University of the Witwatersrand Donald Gordon Medical Center, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sergio Carmona
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kubendran Naidoo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Theresa L. Coetzer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Department of Neurology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dobrila D. Rudnicki
- Office of Special Initiatives, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruth H. Walker
- Department of Neurology, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Russell L. Margolis
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Intrinsic Disorder in Proteins with Pathogenic Repeat Expansions. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122027. [PMID: 29186753 PMCID: PMC6149999 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins and proteins with intrinsically disordered regions have been shown to be highly prevalent in disease. Furthermore, disease-causing expansions of the regions containing tandem amino acid repeats often push repetitive proteins towards formation of irreversible aggregates. In fact, in disease-relevant proteins, the increased repeat length often positively correlates with the increased aggregation efficiency and the increased disease severity and penetrance, being negatively correlated with the age of disease onset. The major categories of repeat extensions involved in disease include poly-glutamine and poly-alanine homorepeats, which are often times located in the intrinsically disordered regions, as well as repeats in non-coding regions of genes typically encoding proteins with ordered structures. Repeats in such non-coding regions of genes can be expressed at the mRNA level. Although they can affect the expression levels of encoded proteins, they are not translated as parts of an affected protein and have no effect on its structure. However, in some cases, the repetitive mRNAs can be translated in a non-canonical manner, generating highly repetitive peptides of different length and amino acid composition. The repeat extension-caused aggregation of a repetitive protein may represent a pivotal step for its transformation into a proteotoxic entity that can lead to pathology. The goals of this article are to systematically analyze molecular mechanisms of the proteinopathies caused by the poly-glutamine and poly-alanine homorepeat expansion, as well as by the polypeptides generated as a result of the microsatellite expansions in non-coding gene regions and to examine the related proteins. We also present results of the analysis of the prevalence and functional roles of intrinsic disorder in proteins associated with pathological repeat expansions.
Collapse
|
35
|
Malek N, Newman EJ. Hereditary chorea - what else to consider when the Huntington's disease genetics test is negative? Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 135:25-33. [PMID: 27150574 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chorea, cognitive, behavioural and psychiatric disturbance occur in varying combinations in Huntington's disease (HD). This is often easy to recognise particularly in the presence of an autosomal dominant history. Whilst HD may be the most common aetiology of such a presentation, several HD phenocopies should be considered if genetic testing for HD is negative. We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Database from January 1, 1946 up to January 1, 2016, combining the search terms: 'chorea', 'Huntington's disease', 'HDL' and 'phenocopies'. HD phenocopies frequently display additional movement disorders such as myoclonus, dystonia, parkinsonism and tics. Here, we discuss the phenotypes, and investigations of HD-like disorders where the combination of progressive chorea and cognitive impairment is obvious, but HD gene test result is negative. Conditions presenting with sudden onset chorea such as vascular, infectious and autoimmune causes are not the primary focus of our discussion, but we will make a passing reference to these as some of these conditions are potentially treatable. Hereditary forms of chorea are a heterogeneous group of conditions and this number is increasing. While most of these conditions are not curable, molecular genetic testing has enabled many of these disorders to be distinguished from HD. Getting a precise diagnosis may enable patients and their families to better understand the nature of their condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Malek
- Department of Neurology; Institute of Neurosciences; Queen Elizabeth University Hospital; Glasgow UK
| | - E. J. Newman
- Department of Neurology; Institute of Neurosciences; Queen Elizabeth University Hospital; Glasgow UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Anderson DG, Walker RH, Connor M, Carr J, Margolis RL, Krause A. A Systematic Review of the Huntington Disease-Like 2 Phenotype. J Huntingtons Dis 2017; 6:37-46. [PMID: 28339400 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-160232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington Disease-like 2 (HDL2) is a neurodegenerative disorder similar to Huntington Disease (HD) in its clinical phenotype, genetic characteristics, neuropathology and longitudinal progression. Proposed specific differences include an exclusive African ancestry, lack of eye movement abnormalities, increased Parkinsonism, and acanthocytes in HDL2. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the similarities and differences between HD and HDL2 by establishing the clinical phenotype of HDL2 with the published cases. METHODS A literature review of all clinically described cases of HDL2 until the end of 2016 was performed and a descriptive analysis was carried out. RESULTS Sixty-nine new cases were described between 2001 and 2016. All cases had likely African ancestry, and most were found in South Africa and the USA. Many features were found to be similar to HD, including a strong negative correlation between repeat length and age of onset. Chorea was noted in 48/57 cases (84%). Dementia was reported in 74% patients, and Parkinsonism in 37%. Psychiatric features were reported in 44 out of 47 cases. Patients with chorea had lower expanded repeat lengths compared to patients without chorea. Eye movements were described in 19 cases, 8 were abnormal. Acanthocytes were detected in 4 of the 13 patients tested. Nineteen out of 20 MRIs were reported as abnormal with findings similar to HD. CONCLUSION This review clarifies some aspects of the HDL2 phenotype and highlights others which require further investigation. Features that are unique to HDL2 have been documented in a minority of subjects and require prospective validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Anderson
- The University of the Witwatersrand Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Neurology, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service & School of Pathology, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ruth H Walker
- Department of Neurology, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Myles Connor
- NHS Borders, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Department of Neurology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Russell L Margolis
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service & School of Pathology, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nonmotor Symptoms in Huntington Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 134:1397-1408. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
38
|
Liu X, Hu C, Bao M, Li J, Liu X, Tan X, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Wu S, Chen S, Zhang R, Jiang F, Jia W, Wang X, Yang X, Cai J. Genome Wide Association Study Identifies L3MBTL4 as a Novel Susceptibility Gene for Hypertension. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30811. [PMID: 27480026 PMCID: PMC4969609 DOI: 10.1038/srep30811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major global health burden and a leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Although its heritability has been documented previously, contributing loci identified to date account for only a small fraction of blood pressure (BP) variation, which strongly suggests the existence of undiscovered variants. To identify novel variants, we conducted a three staged genetic study in 21,990 hypertensive cases and normotensive controls. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at three new genes (L3MBTL4 rs403814, Pmeta = 6.128 × 10(-9); LOC729251, and TCEANC) and seven SNPs at five previously reported genes were identified as being significantly associated with hypertension. Through functional analysis, we found that L3MBTL4 is predominantly expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells and up-regulated in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Rats with ubiquitous over-expression of L3MBTL4 exhibited significantly elevated BP, increased thickness of the vascular media layer and cardiac hypertrophy. Mechanistically, L3MBTL4 over-expression could lead to down-regulation of latent transforming growth factor-β binding protein 1 (LTBP1), and phosphorylation activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway, which is known to trigger the pathological progression of vascular remodeling and BP elevation. These findings pinpointed L3MBTL4 as a critical contributor to the development and progression of hypertension and uncovers a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
- Beijing Hypertension League Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Bao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuerui Tan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yequn Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shouling Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, Hebei Union University, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Shuohua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, Hebei Union University, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Wang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
- Beijing Hypertension League Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Hypertension, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chorea presenting in childhood and adulthood encompasses several neurological disorders, both degenerative and nonprogressive, often with a genetic basis. In this review, we discuss how modern genomic technologies are expanding our knowledge of monogenic choreic syndromes and advancing our insight into the molecular mechanisms responsible for chorea. RECENT FINDINGS A genome-wide association study in Huntington's disease identified genetic disease modifiers involved in controlling DNA repair mechanisms and stability of the HTT trinucleotide repeat expansion. Chorea is the cardinal feature of newly recognized genetic entities, ADCY5 and PDE10A-related choreas, with onset in infancy and childhood. A phenotypic overlap between chorea, ataxia, epilepsy, and neurodevelopmental disorders is becoming increasingly evident. SUMMARY The differential diagnosis of genetic conditions presenting with chorea has considerably widened, permitting a molecular diagnosis and an improved prognostic definition in an expanding number of cases. The identification of Huntington's disease genetic modifiers and new chorea-causing gene mutations has allowed the initial recognition of converging molecular pathways underlying medium spiny neurons degeneration and dysregulation of normal development and activity of basal ganglia circuits. Signalling downstream of dopamine receptors and control of cAMP levels represent a very promising target for the development of new aetiology-based treatments for chorea and other hyperkinetic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò E. Mencacci
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology,
WC1N 3BG London, United Kingdom
| | - Miryam Carecchio
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta
Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20131 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta
Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20131 Milan, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of
Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Akinyemi RO, Owolabi MO, Oyeniyi T, Ovbiagele B, Arnett DK, Tiwari HK, Walker R, Ogunniyi A, Kalaria RN. Neurogenomics in Africa: Perspectives, progress, possibilities and priorities. J Neurol Sci 2016; 366:213-223. [PMID: 27288810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the genetic basis of neurological disorders has grown rapidly in the last two decades. Despite the genomic heterogeneity within African populations, large-scale candidate gene or linkage and exome studies are lacking. However, current knowledge on neurogenetics in African populations is limited and geographically very uneven. Isolated reports indicate the existence of autosomal dominant or recessive conditions incorporating cerebrovascular, movement, neuromuscular, seizure and motor neuron disorders in Africans. In addition, few African families with neurodegenerative disorders associated with dementia have been characterized in North, West and South Africa. The current insurgency in genomic research triggered by among others the Human Health and Heredity (H3) Africa Initiative indicates that there are unique opportunities to advance our knowledge and understanding of the influence of genomic variation on the pattern, presentations and prognosis of neurological disorders in Africa. These have enormous potential to unmask novel genes and molecular pathways germane to the neurobiology of brain disorders. It would facilitate the development of novel diagnostics, preventative and targeted treatments in the new paradigm of precision medicine. Nevertheless, it is crucial to strike a balance between effective traditional public health strategies and personalized genome based care. The translational barriers can be overcome through robust stakeholder engagement and sustainable multilevel, multigenerational and multidisciplinary capacity building and infrastructural development for genomic medicine in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rufus O Akinyemi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, UK.
| | - Mayowa O Owolabi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Bruce Ovbiagele
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Hemant K Tiwari
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Richard Walker
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Adesola Ogunniyi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Schneider SA, Bird T. Huntington's Disease, Huntington's Disease Look-Alikes, and Benign Hereditary Chorea: What's New? Mov Disord Clin Pract 2016; 3:342-354. [PMID: 30713928 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The differential diagnosis of chorea syndromes is complex. It includes inherited forms, the most common of which is autosomal dominant Huntington's disease (HD). In addition, there are disorders mimicking HD, the so-called HD-like (HDL) syndromes. Methods and Results Here we review main clinical, genetic, and pathophysiological characteristics of HD and the rare HD phenocopies in order to familiarize clinicians with them. Molecular studies have shown that HD phenocopies account for about 1% of suspected HD cases, most commonly due to mutations in C9orf72 (also the main cause of frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis syndromes), TATA box-binding protein (spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 [SCA17]/HDL4), and JPH3 (HDL2). Systematic screening studies also revealed mutations in PRNP (prion disease), VPS13A (chorea-acanthocytosis), ATXN8OS-ATXN8 (SCA8), and FXN (late-onset Friedreich's Ataxia) in single cases. Further differential diagnoses to consider in patients presenting with a clinical diagnosis consistent with HD, but without the HD expansion, include dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy and benign hereditary chorea (TITF1), as well as the recently described form of ADCY5-associated neurodegeneration. Lastly, biallelic mutations in RNF216 and FRRS1L have recently been reported as autosomal recessive phenocopies of HD. Conclusion There is a growing list of genes associated with chorea, yet a substantial percentage of patients remain undiagnosed. It is likely that more genes will be discovered in the future and that the clinical spectrum of the described disorders will broaden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne A Schneider
- Department of Neurology Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich Germany.,University of Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - Thomas Bird
- Department of Neurology University of Washington Seattle Seattle Washington U.S.A.,VA Puget Sound Health Care System Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center Seattle Washington U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|