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Bragazzi NL, Del Rio D, Mayer EA, Mena P. We Are What, When, And How We Eat: The Evolutionary Impact of Dietary Shifts on Physical and Cognitive Development, Health, and Disease. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100280. [PMID: 39067763 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
"We are what, when, and how we eat": the evolution of human dietary habits mirrors the evolution of humans themselves. Key developments in human history, such as the advent of stone tool technology, the shift to a meat-based diet, control of fire, advancements in cooking and fermentation techniques, and the domestication of plants and animals, have significantly influenced human anatomical, physiological, social, cognitive, and behavioral changes. Advancements in scientific methods, such as the analysis of microfossils like starch granules, plant-derived phytoliths, and coprolites, have yielded unprecedented insights into past diets. Nonetheless, the isolation of ancient food matrices remains analytically challenging. Future technological breakthroughs and a more comprehensive integration of paleogenomics, paleoproteomics, paleoglycomics, and paleometabolomics will enable a more nuanced understanding of early human ancestors' diets, which holds the potential to guide contemporary dietary recommendations and tackle modern health challenges, with far-reaching implications for human well-being, and ecological impact on the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Human Nutrition Unit (HNU), Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit (HNU), Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit (HNU), Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Vey CT, Kaygusuz V, Kayser JS, Beyer A. Detection and enzymatic characterization of human saliva amylase. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 52:379-385. [PMID: 38400823 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
As a rule, an experiment carried out at school or in undergraduate study courses is rather simple and not very informative. However, when the experiments are to be performed using modern methods, they are often abstract and difficult to understand. Here, we describe a quick and simple experiment, namely the enzymatic characterization of ptyalin (human salivary amylase) using a starch degradation assay. With the experimental setup presented here, enzyme parameters, such as pH optimum, temperature optimum, chloride dependence, and sensitivity to certain chemicals can be easily determined. This experiment can serve as a good model for enzyme characterization in general, as modern methods usually follow the same principle: determination of the activity of the enzyme under different conditions. As different alleles occur in humans, a random selection of test subjects will be quite different with regard to ptyalin activities. Therefore, when the students measure their own ptyalin activity, significant differences will emerge, and this will give them an idea of the genetic diversity in human populations. The evaluation has shown that the pupils have gained a solid understanding of the topic through this experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Theresa Vey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Westfälische Hochschule Gelsenkirchen/Bocholt/Recklinghausen, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Viola Kaygusuz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Westfälische Hochschule Gelsenkirchen/Bocholt/Recklinghausen, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Beyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Westfälische Hochschule Gelsenkirchen/Bocholt/Recklinghausen, Recklinghausen, Germany
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3
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Mauricio-Castillo R, Valdevit A, Gonzalez-Davalos L, Dominguez-Perez RA, Garcia-Solis P, Vazquez-Martinez O, Hernandez-Montiel HL, Solis-Sainz JC. Dental caries prevalence and severity positively associate with AMY1 gene copy number. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 28:25. [PMID: 38147184 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the possible relation between total caries (TC) and caries severity (CS) with the AMY1 gene copy number (AMY1GCN). MATERIALS AND METHODS This was an observational, cross-sectional, population-based, and association study with 303 participants. Each participant underwent a complete anamnesis and stomatological check-up, and peripheral blood was obtained to extract gDNA. TC and CS were determined as the number of caries at the dental exploration and the number of dental surfaces affected by caries, respectively, and AMY1GCN was determined by qPCR. RESULTS We found an elevated caries prevalence (92.7%); TC and CS were 8 ± 10 and 10 ± 13 (median ± IR). There were higher TC and CS in those participants with AMY1GCN above the mean value (0.02 and 0.01 p values, respectively). A positive correlation between TC and CS with AMY1GCN (0.11 and 0.125 r values, 0.03 and 0.01 p values, respectively) was found, in addition to an association between TC and CS with AMY1GCN (1.5 and 1.6 OR values, 0.48 and 0.26 p values, respectively). CONCLUSION TC and CS were positively related to the AMY1GCN. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dental caries has a high prevalence and a multifactorial etiology and has been related to a genetic component. Indeed, the salivary enzyme alpha-amylase could play a significant role in caries susceptibility, considering that its codifying gene (AMY1) can show variation in its gene copy number. This can be considered an important factor for the development of caries at a genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Mauricio-Castillo
- PhD. program in Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Andres Valdevit
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Clavel 200, Col. Prados de la Capilla, 76170, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Davalos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of México, UAQ-Juriquilla Campus, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Rubén Abraham Dominguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Dentistry Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Pablo Garcia-Solis
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Clavel 200, Col. Prados de la Capilla, 76170, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Olivia Vazquez-Martinez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of México, UAQ-Juriquilla Campus, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Hebert Luis Hernandez-Montiel
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Clavel 200, Col. Prados de la Capilla, 76170, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Solis-Sainz
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Clavel 200, Col. Prados de la Capilla, 76170, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Nayema Z, Sato T, Kannon T, Tsujiguchi H, Hosomichi K, Nakamura H, Tajima A. Genetic factors associated with serum amylase in a Japanese population: combined analysis of copy-number and single-nucleotide variants. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:313-319. [PMID: 36599956 PMCID: PMC10125868 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Amylase activity and levels in humans are heritable quantitative traits. Although many studies exist on the effects of copy-number variants (CNVs) in amylase genes (AMY) on human phenotypes, such as body mass index (BMI), the genetic factors controlling interindividual variation in amylase levels remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of serum amylase levels (SAL) in 814 Japanese individuals to identify associated single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), after adjusting for non-genetic factors. Diploid copy numbers (CN) of AMY (AMY1, AMY2A, and AMY2B) were measured using droplet digital PCR to examine the association between each diploid CN and SAL. We further assessed the relative contribution of the GWAS-lead SNV and AMY CNVs to SAL. GWAS identified 14 significant SNVs (p < 5 × 10-8) within a linkage disequilibrium block near the AMY cluster on chromosome 1. The association analyses of AMY CNVs and SAL showed a significant association between AMY1 diploid CN and SAL (p = 1.89 × 10-19), while no significant association with SAL was found for AMY2A CN (p = 0.54) or AMY2B CN (p = 0.15). In a joint association analysis with SAL using the GWAS-lead SNV and AMY1 diploid CN, AMY1 CN remained significant (p = 5.4 ×10-13), while the association of the lead SNV was marginal (p = 0.08). We also found no association between AMY1 diploid CN and BMI (p = 0.14). Our results indicate that AMY1 CNV is the major genetic factor for Japanese SAL, with no significant association with BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zannatun Nayema
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sato
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kannon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tsujiguchi
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Laboratory of Computational Genomics, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Lv Y, Liu R, Jia H, Sun X, Gong Y, Ma L, Qiu W, Wang X. Alterations of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetics with or without subclinical hypothyroidism. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15193. [PMID: 37073275 PMCID: PMC10106085 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes and thyroid dysfunction are two closely related endocrine diseases. Increasing evidences show that gut microbiota plays an important role in both glucose metabolism and thyroid homeostasis. Meanwhile, copy number variation (CNV) of host salivary α-amylase gene (AMY1) has been shown to correlate with glucose homeostasis. Hence, we aim to characterize the gut microbiota and CNV of AMY1 in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with or without subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). Methods High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbiota of euthyroid T2D patients, T2D patients with SCH and healthy controls. Highly sensitive droplet digital PCR was used to measure AMY1 CN. Results Our results revealed that T2D patients have lower gut microbial diversity, no matter with or without SCH. The characteristic taxa of T2D patients were Coriobacteriales, Coriobacteriaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Collinsella, Pseudomonas and Romboutsia. Meanwhile, Escherichia/Shigella, Lactobacillus_Oris, Parabacteroides Distasonis_ATCC_8503, Acetanaerobacterium, Lactonifactor, uncultured bacterium of Acetanaerobacterium were enriched in T2D patients with SCH. Moreover, serum levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) in T2D patients were both negatively correlated with richness of gut microbiota. A number of specific taxa were also associated with clinical parameters at the phylum and genus level. In contrast, no correlation was found between AMY1 CN and T2D or T2D_SCH. Conclusion This study identified characteristic bacterial taxa in gut microbiota of T2D patients with or without SCH, as well as the taxa associated with clinical indices in T2D patients. These results might be exploited in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Lv
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huaijie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary of Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Sun
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Gong
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinxiang First People’s Hospital, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Christensen L, Hjorth MF, Krych L, Licht TR, Lauritzen L, Magkos F, Roager HM. Prevotella abundance and salivary amylase gene copy number predict fat loss in response to wholegrain diets. Front Nutr 2022; 9:947349. [PMID: 36071931 PMCID: PMC9441811 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.947349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary amylase (AMY1) gene copy number (CN) and Prevotella abundance in the gut are involved in carbohydrate digestion in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, respectively; and have been suggested as prognostic biomarkers for weight loss among overweight individuals consuming diets rich in fiber and wholegrains. Objective We hypothesized that Prevotella abundance would be linked to greater loss of body fat after wholegrain consumption among individuals with low AMY1 CN, but not in those with high AMY1 CN. Methods We reanalyzed data from two independent randomized ad libitum wholegrain interventions (fiber intake ∼33 g/d for 6–8 weeks), to investigate the relationship between baseline Prevotella abundance and body fat loss among healthy, overweight participants stratified into two groups by median AMY1 CN. Individuals with no detected Prevotella spp. were excluded from the main analysis. Results In both studies, individuals with low AMY1 CN exhibited a positive correlation between baseline Prevotella abundance and fat loss after consuming the wholegrain diet (r > 0.5, P < 0.05), but no correlation among participants with high AMY1 CN (P ≥ 0.6). Following consumption of the refined wheat control diets, there were no associations between baseline Prevotella abundance and changes in body fat in any of the AMY1 groups. Conclusion These results suggest that Prevotella abundance together with AMY1 CN can help predict fat loss in response to ad libitum wholegrain diets, highlighting the potential of these biomarkers in personalized obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Lars Christensen,
| | | | - Lukasz Krych
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik M. Roager
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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A Review of In Vitro Methods for Measuring the Glycemic Index of Single Foods: Understanding the Interaction of Mass Transfer and Reaction Engineering by Dimensional Analysis. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Glycemic Index (GI) has been described by an official method ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 26642:2010 for labeling purposes. The development of in vitro methods for GI measurement has faced significant challenges. Mass transfer and reaction engineering theory may assist in providing a quantitative understanding of in vitro starch digestion and glycemic response from an engineering point of view. We suggest that in vitro GI measurements should consider the mouth and the stomach in terms of fluid mechanics, mass transfer, length scale changes, and food-solvent reactions, and might consider a significant role for the intestine as an absorption system for the glucose that is generated before the intestine. Applying mass transfer and reaction engineering theory may be useful to understand quantitative studies of in vitro GI measurements. The relative importance of reactions and mass-transfer has been estimated from literature measurements through estimating the Damköhler numbers (Da), and the values estimated of this dimensionless group (0.04–2.9) suggest that both mass transfer and chemical reaction are important aspects to consider.
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Uchida H, Ovitt CE. Novel impacts of saliva with regard to oral health. J Prosthet Dent 2022; 127:383-391. [PMID: 34140141 PMCID: PMC8669010 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of balanced oral homeostasis depends on saliva. A readily available and molecularly rich source of biological fluid, saliva fulfills many functions in the oral cavity, including lubrication, pH buffering, and tooth mineralization. Saliva composition and flow can be modulated by different factors, including circadian rhythm, diet, age, drugs, and disease. Recent events have revealed that saliva plays a central role in the dissemination and detection of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. A working knowledge of saliva function and physiology is essential for dental health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Uchida
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Catherine E. Ovitt
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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Lipponen M, Hallikainen V, Kilpeläinen P. Effects of Nature-Based Intervention in Occupational Health Care on Stress – A Finnish Pilot Study Comparing Stress Evaluation Methods. J Multidiscip Healthc 2022; 15:577-593. [PMID: 35378740 PMCID: PMC8976576 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s353168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess methodology and its limitations for measuring effects of nature-based intervention (NBI). Patients and Methods Participants were 11 middle-aged female health care workers with lowered capacity to work. NBI included six group appointments in six months study period. Heart rate variability (HRV) and self-reported pain and work exhaustion were measured pre-post study period. Salivary α-amylase samples were collected immediately before and after three individual interventions. Salivary cortisol samples were collected on the same three interventions, on three consecutive days starting from the day of intervention, to assess (a) month effect (pre-post study period) and (b) day effect (intervention day vs non-intervention day). Results Individual interventions resulted in increase in α-amylase activity. However, the average fold increase decreased from the 3.05 ± 1.20 of the first intervention to 1.91 ± 1.00 and 1.46 ± 0.77 in the second and third intervention, respectively (p < 0.001). Cortisol concentrations were lower on intervention days vs non-intervention days, the difference being indicative (p = 0.050). Pain and work exhaustion decreased during the study period, as well as HRV, although any of these changes was not statistically significant. Conclusion For a large-scale study, it would be ideal to select assays for both major pathways: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis can be measured by cortisol, whereas response via autonomic nervous system can be measured by HRV, when roles of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems can be pinpointed separately. Salivary α-amylase can be used when continuous monitoring is not possible. Psychological well-being of participants should be surveyed, as well as their activities and moods on sampling days recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Lipponen
- Unit of Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Paltamo, Finland
- Correspondence: Maija Lipponen, Unit of Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Manamansalontie 90, Paltamo, FI-88300, Finland, Tel +35 8295322024, Email
| | - Ville Hallikainen
- Unit of Natural Resources, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Pekka Kilpeläinen
- Unit of Measurement Technology, Kajaani University Consortium, University of Oulu, Kajaani, Finland
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Toward a More Comprehensive View of α-Amylase across Decapods Crustaceans. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100947. [PMID: 34681046 PMCID: PMC8533441 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Decapod crustaceans are a very diverse group and have evolved to suit a wide variety of diets. Alpha-amylases enzymes, responsible for starch and glycogen digestion, have been more thoroughly studied in herbivore and omnivore than in carnivorous species. We used information on the α-amylase of a carnivorous lobster as a connecting thread to provide a more comprehensive view of α-amylases across decapods crustaceans. Omnivorous crustaceans such as shrimps, crabs, and crayfish present relatively high amylase activity with respect to carnivorous crustaceans. Yet, contradictory results have been obtained and relatively high activity in some carnivores has been suggested to be a remnant trait from ancestor species. Here, we provided information sustaining that high enzyme sequence and overall architecture conservation do not allow high changes in activity, and that differences among species may be more related to number of genes and isoforms, as well as transcriptional and secretion regulation. However, recent evolutionary analyses revealed that positive selection might have also occurred among distant lineages with feeding habits as a selection force. Some biochemical features of decapod α-amylases can be related with habitat or gut conditions, while less clear patterns are observed for other enzyme properties. Likewise, while molt cycle variations in α-amylase activity are rather similar among species, clear relationships between activity and diet shifts through development cannot be always observed. Regarding the adaptation of α-amylase to diet, juveniles seem to exhibit more flexibility than larvae, and it has been described variation in α-amylase activity or number of isoforms due to the source of carbohydrate and its level in diets, especially in omnivore species. In the carnivorous lobster, however, no influence of the type of carbohydrate could be observed. Moreover, lobsters were not able to fine-regulate α-amylase gene expression in spite of large changes in carbohydrate content of diet, while retaining some capacity to adapt α-amylase activity to very low carbohydrate content in the diets. In this review, we raised arguments for the need of more studies on the α-amylases of less studied decapods groups, including carnivorous species which rely more on dietary protein and lipids, to broaden our view of α-amylase in decapods crustaceans.
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11
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Al-Akl NS, Thompson RI, Arredouani A. Reduced odds of diabetes associated with high plasma salivary α-amylase activity in Qatari women: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11495. [PMID: 34075145 PMCID: PMC8169920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of salivary α-amylase activity (SAA) activity or low copy number of its coding gene AMY1 with diabetes remains controversial. We aimed to reinvestigate the association of these factors with diabetes in Qatar, where diabetes prevalence is about 16%. We obtained cross-sectional data of 929 Qataris (age > 18 years) from the Qatar Biobank. We estimated AMY1 copy number variants (CNV) from whole-genome data, and quantified the SAA activity in plasma (pSAA). We used adjusted logistic regression to examine the association between pSAA activity or AMY1 CNV and diabetes odds. We found a significant association between high pSAA activity, but not AMY1 CNV, and reduced odds of diabetes in Qatari women. The OR per pSAA activity unit was 0.95 [95% CI 0.92, 0.98] (p = 0.002) (pSAA activity range: 4.7 U/L to 65 U/L) in women. The association is driven largely by the highest levels of pSAA activity. The probability of having diabetes was significantly lower in the fifth pSAA activity quintile relative to the first (0.21 ± 0.03 (Q1) versus 0.82 ± 0.02 (Q5)), resulting in significantly reduced diabetes prevalence in Q5 in women. Our study indicates a beneficial effect of high pSAA activity, but not AMY1 CN, on diabetes odds in Qatari women, and suggests pSAA activity levels as a potential marker to predict future diabetes in Qatari women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neyla S Al-Akl
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), PO Box: 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Richard Ian Thompson
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), PO Box: 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelilah Arredouani
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), PO Box: 34110, Doha, Qatar.
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar.
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Hariharan R, Mousa A, de Courten B. Influence of AMY1A copy number variations on obesity and other cardiometabolic risk factors: A review of the evidence. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13205. [PMID: 33432778 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The rising incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is contributing to the escalating burden of disease globally. These metabolic disorders are closely linked with diet and in particular with carbohydrate consumption; hence, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms that influence carbohydrate metabolism. Amylase, the enzyme responsible for the digestion of starch, is coded by the genes AMY1A, AMY1B, and AMY1C (salivary amylase) and AMY2A and AMY2B (pancreatic amylase). Previous studies demonstrate wide variations in AMY1A copy numbers, which can be attributed to several genetic, nutritional, and geographical diversities seen in populations globally. Current literature suggests that AMY1A copy number variations are important in obesity and other cardiometabolic disorders through their effects on glucose and lipid homeostasis, inflammatory markers, and the gut microbiome. This review synthesizes the available evidence to improve understanding of the role of AMY1A in obesity and related cardiometabolic risk factors and disorders including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular risk and inflammation, and the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Hariharan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Aya Mousa
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Abstract
The microbiome plays key roles in human health, but little is known about its evolution. We investigate the evolutionary history of the African hominid oral microbiome by analyzing dental biofilms of humans and Neanderthals spanning the past 100,000 years and comparing them with those of chimpanzees, gorillas, and howler monkeys. We identify 10 core bacterial genera that have been maintained within the human lineage and play key biofilm structural roles. However, many remain understudied and unnamed. We find major taxonomic and functional differences between the oral microbiomes of Homo and chimpanzees but a high degree of similarity between Neanderthals and modern humans, including an apparent Homo-specific acquisition of starch digestion capability in oral streptococci, suggesting microbial coadaptation with host diet. The oral microbiome plays key roles in human biology, health, and disease, but little is known about the global diversity, variation, or evolution of this microbial community. To better understand the evolution and changing ecology of the human oral microbiome, we analyzed 124 dental biofilm metagenomes from humans, including Neanderthals and Late Pleistocene to present-day modern humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, as well as New World howler monkeys for comparison. We find that a core microbiome of primarily biofilm structural taxa has been maintained throughout African hominid evolution, and these microbial groups are also shared with howler monkeys, suggesting that they have been important oral members since before the catarrhine–platyrrhine split ca. 40 Mya. However, community structure and individual microbial phylogenies do not closely reflect host relationships, and the dental biofilms of Homo and chimpanzees are distinguished by major taxonomic and functional differences. Reconstructing oral metagenomes from up to 100 thousand years ago, we show that the microbial profiles of both Neanderthals and modern humans are highly similar, sharing functional adaptations in nutrient metabolism. These include an apparent Homo-specific acquisition of salivary amylase-binding capability by oral streptococci, suggesting microbial coadaptation with host diet. We additionally find evidence of shared genetic diversity in the oral bacteria of Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic modern humans that is not observed in later modern human populations. Differences in the oral microbiomes of African hominids provide insights into human evolution, the ancestral state of the human microbiome, and a temporal framework for understanding microbial health and disease.
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Wang Y, Chen L, Yang T, Ma Y, McClements DJ, Ren F, Tian Y, Jin Z. A review of structural transformations and properties changes in starch during thermal processing of foods. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Ben-Dor M, Sirtoli R, Barkai R. The evolution of the human trophic level during the Pleistocene. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 175 Suppl 72:27-56. [PMID: 33675083 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human trophic level (HTL) during the Pleistocene and its degree of variability serve, explicitly or tacitly, as the basis of many explanations for human evolution, behavior, and culture. Previous attempts to reconstruct the HTL have relied heavily on an analogy with recent hunter-gatherer groups' diets. In addition to technological differences, recent findings of substantial ecological differences between the Pleistocene and the Anthropocene cast doubt regarding that analogy's validity. Surprisingly little systematic evolution-guided evidence served to reconstruct HTL. Here, we reconstruct the HTL during the Pleistocene by reviewing evidence for the impact of the HTL on the biological, ecological, and behavioral systems derived from various existing studies. We adapt a paleobiological and paleoecological approach, including evidence from human physiology and genetics, archaeology, paleontology, and zoology, and identified 25 sources of evidence in total. The evidence shows that the trophic level of the Homo lineage that most probably led to modern humans evolved from a low base to a high, carnivorous position during the Pleistocene, beginning with Homo habilis and peaking in Homo erectus. A reversal of that trend appears in the Upper Paleolithic, strengthening in the Mesolithic/Epipaleolithic and Neolithic, and culminating with the advent of agriculture. We conclude that it is possible to reach a credible reconstruction of the HTL without relying on a simple analogy with recent hunter-gatherers' diets. The memory of an adaptation to a trophic level that is embedded in modern humans' biology in the form of genetics, metabolism, and morphology is a fruitful line of investigation of past HTLs, whose potential we have only started to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Ben-Dor
- Department of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ran Barkai
- Department of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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16
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Lindo J, DeGiorgio M. Understanding the Adaptive Evolutionary Histories of South American Ancient and Present-Day Populations via Genomics. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:360. [PMID: 33801556 PMCID: PMC8001801 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The South American continent is remarkably diverse in its ecological zones, spanning the Amazon rainforest, the high-altitude Andes, and Tierra del Fuego. Yet the original human populations of the continent successfully inhabited all these zones, well before the buffering effects of modern technology. Therefore, it is likely that the various cultures were successful, in part, due to positive natural selection that allowed them to successfully establish populations for thousands of years. Detecting positive selection in these populations is still in its infancy, as the ongoing effects of European contact have decimated many of these populations and introduced gene flow from outside of the continent. In this review, we explore hypotheses of possible human biological adaptation, methods to identify positive selection, the utilization of ancient DNA, and the integration of modern genomes through the identification of genomic tracts that reflect the ancestry of the first populations of the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lindo
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael DeGiorgio
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Zhan F, Chen J, Yan H, Wang S, Zhao M, Zhang S, Lan X, Maekawa M. Association of Serum Amylase Activity and the Copy Number Variation of AMY1/2A/2B with Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:4705-4714. [PMID: 34880639 PMCID: PMC8648087 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s339604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Low serum amylase activity and copy number (CN) variation (CNV) of the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) are reportedly associated with obesity and abnormal glucose metabolism; however, this association remains controversial. We aimed to clarify the relationship between serum amylase activity and the CNV of AMY1/2A/2B with the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Chinese adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS Anthropometry, metabolic risk factors, and serum amylase activity were assessed in 560 subjects (260 MetS patients; 300 healthy controls). AMY1/2A/2B CNs were evaluated using the highly sensitive droplet digital PCR. RESULTS The serum total, pancreatic, and salivary amylase activity, but not the AMY1/2A/2B CNs, was significantly lower in MetS patients than that in the control subjects. Patients <45 y had a lower AMY1 CN, compared to that in healthy controls. Low serum amylase activity was significantly associated with high MetS prevalence (p < 0.001). In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, serum amylase activity was a significant diagnostic indicator for MetS. The diagnostic value of total amylase was second only to that of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; it was higher than that of alanine aminotransferase and uric acid. CONCLUSION Low serum amylase activity was significantly associated with increased risk of MetS in Chinese adults. Therefore, amylase could be a potential biomarker for predicting MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihui Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuiliang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenghang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Lan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaopeng Lan Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, 156th, Xierhuan Road, Fuzhou, 350025, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 591 22859482 Email
| | - Masato Maekawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Masato Maekawa Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, JapanTel +81-53-435-2721Fax +81-53-435-2096 Email
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18
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High plasma salivary α-amylase, but not high AMY1 copy number, associated with low obesity rate in Qatari adults: cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17918. [PMID: 33087771 PMCID: PMC7578794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between salivary α-amylase activity (psAAa) or AMY1 copy number and the risk of obesity remains controversial. We aimed to assess this relationship in a cohort from Qatar, where obesity affects 43% of adults. The relationship was investigated cross-sectionally in 923 Qatari adults from the Qatar biobank cohort. AMY1 CN was estimated form whole genome sequencing data. The associations with obesity prevalence were assessed by linear and logistic regressions. We found no difference in AMY1 CN between obese and normal-weight individuals. However, the psAAa was significantly lower in obese individuals. Significant inverse correlations were found between adiposity markers and psAAa in both sexes, but were marginally stronger in men. A significant effect of high psAAa, but not AMY1 CN, on reduced obesity rates was identified in men (OR per psAAa unit 0.957 [95% CI 0.937–0.977], p < 0.001, with psAAa ranging between 5 to 66 U/L). A significantly higher prevalence of obesity was observed in the lowest quartile of psAAa in men (75% (Q1) vs. 36% (Q4), p < 0.001) and women (74% (Q1) vs 56% (Q4), p = 0.009). Our findings suggest that high psAAa, but not AMY1 CN, has a potential positive benefit against obesity in the Qatari population.
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Barber TM, Bhatti AA, Elder PJD, Ball SP, Calvez R, Ramsden DB, Cuthbertson DJ, Pfeiffer AF, Burnett D, Weickert MO. AMY1 Gene Copy Number Correlates With Glucose Absorption and Visceral Fat Volume, but Not with Insulin Resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5875080. [PMID: 32697825 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human amylase gene (AMY1) has a broad copy number (CN) variation that may associate with body mass index. METHODS Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from urine (n = 74) and serum (n = 6) samples (Protein, Fiber and Metabolic Syndrome [ProFiMet] cohort), and buccal (n = 17) samples (Oral Starch Challenge [OSC] cohort), and assessed for AMY1 CN by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. The association of AMY1 CN with comprehensive markers of metabolic status (ProFiMet cohort) were analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient (CC). For the healthy, euglycemic OSC cohort, glycemic response to OSC was analyzed with independent sample t-tests (subgroups: high AMY1 CN 9-12, n = 10; low AMY1 CN 4-6, n = 7). RESULTS There were significant inverse correlations of AMY1 CN with total visceral fat volume (CC -0.33; P = 0.004) and positive correlations of AMY1 CN with oral glucose insulin sensitivity score (derived from an oral glucose tolerance test, CC 0.26; P = 0.02), serum HDL-cholesterol (CC 0.325; P = 0.003), and serum adiponectin (CC 0.249; P = 0.026). Linear regression multivariate analysis (adiponectin as dependent variable), showed independent association of adiponectin with AMY1 CN (Beta = 0.29; P = 0.03). There were no significant associations between AMY1 CN and clamp-derived M-value, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (IR), hepatic endogenous glucose production, fecal floral signature, or macronutrient dietary preference. Delta (mean) change in blood glucose concentration (fasting to 30-minutes post-OSC) was significantly greater in the high versus low AMY1 CN subgroups (mean 1.7 mmol/l [SEM 0.6] vs 0.9 mmol/l [SEM 0.9], respectively; P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS High AMY1 CN associates with a favorable metabolic profile (lower visceral fat volume, higher serum adiponectin, enhanced glucose absorption following oral glucose, and OSC), but not with whole-body or hepatic IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Barber
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Ahsan A Bhatti
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Patrick J D Elder
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Sarah P Ball
- Micropathology Ltd., University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
| | - Ronan Calvez
- Micropathology Ltd., University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
| | - David B Ramsden
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dan J Cuthbertson
- Department of Obesity and Endocrinology; Clinical Sciences Centre, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas F Pfeiffer
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University-Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Burnett
- Micropathology Ltd., University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
| | - Martin O Weickert
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University-Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Centre of Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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20
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Grammatikopoulou MG, Gkiouras K, Markaki AG, Gkouskou KK, Aivaliotis M, Stylianou K, Bogdanos DP. AMY1 diploid copy number among end-stage renal disease patients. Hormones (Athens) 2020; 19:369-376. [PMID: 32405930 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The salivary amylase gene (AMY1) copy number variation (CNV) is increased as a human adaptation to starch-enriched nutritional patterns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between AMY1 CNV, dietary starch consumption, and anthropometric indices among a known population with elevated cardiovascular risk, being end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. METHODS A total of 43 ESRD patients were recruited based on the following inclusion criteria: being (1) adults, (2) on hemodialysis for more than 3 months, (3) able to communicate effectively, and (4) willing to participate. Anthropometric measurements were performed, dietary intake was recorded via food-frequency questionnaires, and AMY1 CNV was quantified in blood samples DNA via real-time PCR. RESULTS Median AMY1 CNV was 4.0 (2.0-17.0). A total of 21 patients had an even, and 22 had an odd AMY1 copy number (CN). Independent samples t tests revealed that AMY1-odd diploid CN is associated with increased body weight, waist and hip circumferences, and fat mass compared to the respective even diploid CN carrier group. No differences were observed for BMI or nutritional intake. Multiple regression analysis revealed that AMY1-odd diploid CN was positively associated with increased hip circumference (ß = 7.87, 95% CI = 0.34 to 15.39) and absolute fat mass (ß = 6.66, 95% CI = 0.98 to 12.34); however, after applying the Bonferroni correction for multiplicity, all regression analyses lost their significance. CONCLUSIONS AMY1-odd diploid CN appears to be associated with selected adiposity variables among hemodialysis patients. However, more research is needed to verify this finding in this population with known increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Grammatikopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Gkiouras
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Anastasia G Markaki
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Sitia, Greece
| | - Kalliopi K Gkouskou
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Health and Caring Professions, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
- Embiodiagnostics, Biology Research Company, Melissinon and Damvergidon Str, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michalis Aivaliotis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London Medical School, London, UK
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21
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Werren EA, Garcia O, Bigham AW. Identifying adaptive alleles in the human genome: from selection mapping to functional validation. Hum Genet 2020; 140:241-276. [PMID: 32728809 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02206-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The suite of phenotypic diversity across geographically distributed human populations is the outcome of genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection throughout human evolution. Human genetic variation underlying local biological adaptations to selective pressures is incompletely characterized. With the emergence of population genetics modeling of large-scale genomic data derived from diverse populations, scientists are able to map signatures of natural selection in the genome in a process known as selection mapping. Inferred selection signals further can be used to identify candidate functional alleles that underlie putative adaptive phenotypes. Phenotypic association, fine mapping, and functional experiments facilitate the identification of candidate adaptive alleles. Functional investigation of candidate adaptive variation using novel techniques in molecular biology is slowly beginning to unravel how selection signals translate to changes in biology that underlie the phenotypic spectrum of our species. In addition to informing evolutionary hypotheses of adaptation, the discovery and functional annotation of adaptive alleles also may be of clinical significance. While selection mapping efforts in non-European populations are growing, there remains a stark under-representation of diverse human populations in current public genomic databases, of both clinical and non-clinical cohorts. This lack of inclusion limits the study of human biological variation. Identifying and functionally validating candidate adaptive alleles in more global populations is necessary for understanding basic human biology and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Werren
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Obed Garcia
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Abigail W Bigham
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, 341 Haines Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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22
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Linnenbrink M, Ullrich KK, McConnell E, Tautz D. The amylase gene cluster in house mice (Mus musculus) was subject to repeated introgression including the rescue of a pseudogene. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:56. [PMID: 32414322 PMCID: PMC7227347 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amylase gene clusters have been implicated in adaptive copy number changes in response to the amount of starch in the diet of humans and mammals. However, this interpretation has been questioned for humans and for mammals there is a paucity of information from natural populations. Results Using optical mapping and genome read information, we show here that the amylase cluster in natural house mouse populations is indeed copy-number variable for Amy2b paralogous gene copies (called Amy2a1 - Amy2a5), but a direct connection to starch diet is not evident. However, we find that the amylase cluster was subject to introgression of haplotypes between Mus musculus sub-species. A very recent introgression can be traced in the Western European populations and this leads also to the rescue of an Amy2b pseudogene. Some populations and inbred lines derived from the Western house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) harbor a copy of the pancreatic amylase (Amy2b) with a stop codon in the first exon, making it non-functional. But populations in France harbor a haplotype introgressed from the Eastern house mouse (M. m. musculus) with an intact reading frame. Detailed analysis of phylogenetic patterns along the amylase cluster suggest an additional history of previous introgressions. Conclusions Our results show that the amylase gene cluster is a hotspot of introgression in the mouse genome, making it an evolutionary active region beyond the previously observed copy number changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ellen McConnell
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306, Plön, Germany
| | - Diethard Tautz
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306, Plön, Germany.
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Hjorth MF, Christensen L, Larsen TM, Roager HM, Krych L, Kot W, Nielsen DS, Ritz C, Astrup A. Pretreatment Prevotella-to-Bacteroides ratio and salivary amylase gene copy number as prognostic markers for dietary weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:1079-1086. [PMID: 32034403 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inconsistent link observed between salivary amylase gene copy number (AMY1 CN) and weight management is likely modified by diet and microbiome. OBJECTIVE Based on analysis of a previously published study, we investigated the hypothesis that interaction between diet, Prevotella-to-Bacteriodes ratio (P/B ratio), and AMY1 CN influence weight change. METHODS Sixty-two people with increased waist circumference were randomly assigned to receive an ad libitum New Nordic Diet (NND) high in dietary fiber, whole grain, intrinsic sugars, and starch or an Average Danish (Western) Diet (ADD) for 26 weeks. All foods were provided free of charge. Before subjects were randomly assigned to receive the NND or ADD diet, blood and fecal samples were collected, from which AMY1 CN and P/B ratio, respectively, were determined. Body weight change was described by using linear mixed models, including biomarker [log10(P/B ratio) and/or AMY1 CN] diet-group interactions. RESULTS Baseline means ± SDs of log10(P/B ratio) and AMY1 CN were -2.1 ± 1.8 and 6.6 ± 2.4, respectively. Baseline P/B ratio predicted a 0.99-kg/unit (95% CI: 0.40, 1.57; n = 54; P < 0.001) higher weight loss for those subjects on the NND compared with those on the ADD diet, whereas AMY1 CN was not found to predict weight loss differences between the NND and ADD groups [0.05 kg/CN (95% CI: -0.40, 0.51; n = 54; P = 0.83)]. However, among subjects with low AMY1 CN (<6.5 copies), baseline P/B ratio predicted a 2.12-kg/unit (95% CI: 1.37, 2.88; n = 30; P < 0.001) higher weight loss for the NND group than the ADD group. No such differences in weight loss were found among subjects in both groups with high AMY1 CN [-0.17 kg/unit (95% CI: -1.01, 0.66; n = 24; P = 0.68)]. CONCLUSIONS The combined use of low AMY1 CN and pretreatment P/B ratio for weight loss prediction led to highly individualized weight loss results with the introduction of more fiber, whole grain, intrinsic sugars, and starch in the diet. These preliminary observations suggest that more undigested starch reaches the colon in individuals with low AMY1 CN, and that the fate of this starch depends on the gut microbiota composition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01195610.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads F Hjorth
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik M Roager
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lukasz Krych
- Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis S Nielsen
- Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Abstract
Despite recent rapid advances in medical knowledge that have improved survival, conventional medical science's understanding of human health and disease relies heavily on people of European descent living in contemporary urban industrialized environments. Given that modern conditions in high-income countries differ widely in terms of lifestyle and exposures compared to those experienced by billions of people and all our ancestors over several hundred thousand years, this narrow approach to the human body and health is very limiting. We argue that preventing and treating chronic diseases of aging and other mismatch diseases will require both expanding study design to sample diverse populations and contexts, and fully incorporating evolutionary perspectives. In this paper, we first assess the extent of biased representation of industrialized populations in high profile, international biomedical journals, then compare patterns of morbidity and health across world regions. We also compare demographic rates and the force of selection between subsistence and industrialized populations to reflect on the changes in how selection operates on fertility and survivorship across the lifespan. We argue that, contrary to simplistic misguided solutions like the PaleoDiet, the hypothesis of evolutionary mismatch needs critical consideration of population history, evolutionary biology and evolved reaction norms to prevent and treat diseases. We highlight the critical value of broader sampling by considering the effects of three key exposures that have radically changed over the past century in many parts of the world-pathogen burden, reproductive effort and physical activity-on autoimmune, cardiometabolic and other mismatch diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Daniel E Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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25
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Campbell TP, Sun X, Patel VH, Sanz C, Morgan D, Dantas G. The microbiome and resistome of chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans across host lifestyle and geography. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:1584-1599. [PMID: 32203121 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome can vary across differences in host lifestyle, geography, and host species. By comparing closely related host species across varying lifestyles and geography, we can evaluate the relative contributions of these factors in structuring the composition and functions of the microbiome. Here we show that the gut microbial taxa, microbial gene family composition, and resistomes of great apes and humans are more related by host lifestyle than geography. We show that captive chimpanzees and gorillas are enriched for microbial genera commonly found in non-Westernized humans. Captive ape microbiomes also had up to ~34-fold higher abundance and up to ~5-fold higher richness of all antibiotic resistance genes compared with wild apes. Through functional metagenomics, we identified a number of novel antibiotic resistance genes, including a gene conferring resistance to colistin, an antibiotic of last resort. Finally, by comparing our study cohorts to human and ape gut microbiomes from a diverse range of environments and lifestyles, we find that the influence of host lifestyle is robust to various geographic locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayte P Campbell
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Sun
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Vishal H Patel
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Crickette Sanz
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.,Congo Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - David Morgan
- Lincoln Park Zoo, Lester E. Fisher Center, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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Saitou M, Gokcumen O. Resolving the Insertion Sites of Polymorphic Duplications Reveals a HERC2 Haplotype under Selection. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:1679-1690. [PMID: 31124564 PMCID: PMC6587411 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic duplications in humans have been shown to contribute to phenotypic diversity. However, the evolutionary forces that maintain variable duplications across the human genome are largely unexplored. We developed a linkage-disequilibrium based method to detect insertion sites of polymorphic duplications not represented in reference genomes. This method also allows resolution of haplotypes harboring the duplications. Using this approach, we conducted genome-wide analyses and identified the insertion sites of 22 common polymorphic duplications. We found that the majority of these duplications is intrachromosomal and only one of them is an interchromosomal insertion. Further characterization of these duplications revealed significant associations to blood and skin phenotypes. On the basis of population genetics analyses, we found that the duplication of a well-characterized pigmentation-related region, including the HERC2 gene, may be selected against in European populations. We further demonstrated that the haplotype harboring this duplication significantly affects the expression of the HERC2P9 gene in multiple tissues. Our study sheds light onto the evolutionary impact of understudied polymorphic duplications in human populations and presents methodological insights for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Saitou
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY at Buffalo
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27
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Pajic P, Pavlidis P, Dean K, Neznanova L, Romano RA, Garneau D, Daugherity E, Globig A, Ruhl S, Gokcumen O. Independent amylase gene copy number bursts correlate with dietary preferences in mammals. eLife 2019; 8:e44628. [PMID: 31084707 PMCID: PMC6516957 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The amylase gene (AMY), which codes for a starch-digesting enzyme in animals, underwent several gene copy number gains in humans (Perry et al., 2007), dogs (Axelsson et al., 2013), and mice (Schibler et al., 1982), possibly along with increased starch consumption during the evolution of these species. Here, we present comprehensive evidence for AMY copy number expansions that independently occurred in several mammalian species which consume diets rich in starch. We also provide correlative evidence that AMY gene duplications may be an essential first step for amylase to be expressed in saliva. Our findings underscore the overall importance of gene copy number amplification as a flexible and fast evolutionary mechanism that can independently occur in different branches of the phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Pajic
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity at Buffalo, The State University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental MedicineUniversity at Buffalo, The State University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
| | - Pavlos Pavlidis
- Institute of Computer Science (ICS)Foundation for Research and Technology – HellasHeraklionGreece
| | - Kirsten Dean
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity at Buffalo, The State University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lubov Neznanova
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental MedicineUniversity at Buffalo, The State University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
| | - Rose-Anne Romano
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental MedicineUniversity at Buffalo, The State University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
| | - Danielle Garneau
- Center for Earth and Environmental SciencePlattsburgh State UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Erin Daugherity
- Cornell Center for Animal Resources and EducationCornell UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Anja Globig
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal HealthGreifswaldGermany
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental MedicineUniversity at Buffalo, The State University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity at Buffalo, The State University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
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Li X, Yang J, Zhu S, Li Y, Chen W, Hu Z. Insight into the combinatorial transcriptional regulation on α-amylase gene in animal groups with different dietary nutrient content. Genomics 2019; 112:520-527. [PMID: 30965097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression is generally regulated by multiple transcription factors (TFs). Despite previous findings of individual TFs regulating pancreatic α-amylase gene expression, the combinatorial transcriptional regulation is not fully understood. To gain insight into multiple TF regulation for pancreatic α-amylase gene, we employed a function conservation approach to predict interacting TFs regulating pancreatic α-amylase gene for 3 dietary animal groups. To this end, we have identified 77, 25, and 118 interacting TFs for herbivore, omnivore, and carnivore, respectively. Computational modeling of TF regulatory networks demonstrated that known pancreas-specific TFs (e.g. GR, NFAT, and PR) may play important roles in recruiting non pancreas-specific TFs to the TF-TF interaction networks, offering specificity and flexibility for controlling pancreatic α-amylase gene expression in different dietary animal groups. The findings from this study indicate that combinatorial transcriptional regulation could be a critical component controlling pancreatic α-amylase gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China.
| | - Jiping Yang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Shuli Zhu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Yuefei Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Weitao Chen
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Zihua Hu
- Center for Computational Research, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; Department of Biostatistics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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Lim J, Pullicin AJ. Oral carbohydrate sensing: Beyond sweet taste. Physiol Behav 2019; 202:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Marquina C, Mousa A, Belski R, Banaharis H, Naderpoor N, de Courten B. Increased Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Risk in Individuals with Low AMY1 Copy Numbers. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030382. [PMID: 30893908 PMCID: PMC6463254 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower copy number variations (CNVs) in the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) have been associated with obesity and insulin resistance; however, the relationship between AMY1 and cardiometabolic risk has not been fully elucidated. Using gold-standard measures, we aimed to examine whether AMY1 CNVs are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in an overweight or obese, otherwise healthy population. Fifty-seven adults (58% male) aged 31.17 ± 8.44 years with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 were included in the study. We measured AMY1 CNVs (qPCR); anthropometry (BMI; body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry); cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure, serum lipids by ELISA); insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp), insulin secretion (intravenous glucose tolerance test), and serum inflammation markers (multiplex assays). Based on previous studies and median values, participants were divided into low (≤4) and high (>4) AMY1 CNV groups. Low AMY1 carriers (n = 29) had a higher fat mass (40.76 ± 12.11 versus 33.33 ± 8.50 kg, p = 0.009) and LDL-cholesterol (3.27 ± 0.80 versus 2.87 ± 0.69 mmol/L, p = 0.038), and higher serum levels of interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (all p < 0.05) compared with high AMY1 carriers (n = 28), but there were no differences in glycaemic measures, including insulin sensitivity or secretion (all p > 0.1). Except for MCP-1, the results remained significant in multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, and fat mass (all p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that low AMY1 CNVs are associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk and inflammation, but not glucose metabolism, in overweight or obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marquina
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
| | - Aya Mousa
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
| | - Regina Belski
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia.
| | - Harry Banaharis
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia.
| | - Negar Naderpoor
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
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Azzout-Marniche D, Chaumontet C, Piedcoq J, Khodorova N, Fromentin G, Tomé D, Gaudichon C, Even PC. High Pancreatic Amylase Expression Promotes Adiposity in Obesity-Prone Carbohydrate-Sensitive Rats. J Nutr 2019; 149:270-279. [PMID: 30753533 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have reported large differences in adiposity (fat mass/body weight) gain between rats fed a low-fat, high-starch diet, leading to their classification into carbohydrate "sensitive" and "resistant" rats. In sensitive animals, fat accumulates in visceral adipose tissues, leading to the suggestion that this form of obesity could be responsible for rapid development of metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether increased amylase secretion by the pancreas and accelerated starch degradation in the intestine could be responsible for this phenotype. METHOD Thirty-two male Wistar rats (7-wk-old) were fed a purified low-fat (10%), high-carbohydrate diet for 6 wk, in which most of the carbohydrate (64% by energy) was provided as corn starch. Meal tolerance tests of the Starch diet were performed to measure glucose and insulin responses to meal ingestion. Indirect calorimetry combined with use of 13C-labelled dietary starch was used to assess meal-induced changes in whole body and starch-derived glucose oxidation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assess mRNA expression in pancreas, liver, white and brown adipose tissues, and intestine. Amylase activity was measured in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum contents. ANOVA and regression analyses were used for statistical comparisons. RESULTS "Resistant" and "sensitive" rats were separated according to adiposity gain during the study (1.73% ± 0.20% compared with 4.35% ± 0.36%). Breath recovery of 13CO2 from 13C-labelled dietary starch was higher in "sensitive" rats, indicating a larger increase in whole body glucose oxidation and, conversely, a larger decrease in lipid oxidation. Amylase mRNA expression in pancreas, and amylase activity in jejunum, were also higher in sensitive rats. CONCLUSION Differences in digestion of starch can promote visceral fat accumulation in rats when fed a low-fat, high-starch diet. This mechanism may have important implications in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Azzout-Marniche
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Chaumontet
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Julien Piedcoq
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Nadezda Khodorova
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Fromentin
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Claire Gaudichon
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Patrick C Even
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
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Freitas D, Le Feunteun S. Oro-gastro-intestinal digestion of starch in white bread, wheat-based and gluten-free pasta: Unveiling the contribution of human salivary α-amylase. Food Chem 2019; 274:566-573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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León-Mimila P, Villamil-Ramírez H, López-Contreras BE, Morán-Ramos S, Macias-Kauffer LR, Acuña-Alonzo V, Del Río-Navarro BE, Salmerón J, Velazquez-Cruz R, Villarreal-Molina T, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Canizales-Quinteros S. Low Salivary Amylase Gene ( AMY1) Copy Number Is Associated with Obesity and Gut Prevotella Abundance in Mexican Children and Adults. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111607. [PMID: 30388780 PMCID: PMC6266693 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified copy number variants (CNVs) associated with obesity in chromosomal regions 1p31.1, 10q11.22, 11q11, 16p12.3, and recently 1p21.1, which contains the salivary amylase gene (AMY1). Recent evidence suggests this enzyme may influence gut microbiota composition through carbohydrate (mainly starch) degradation. The role of these CNVs in obesity has been scarcely explored in the Latino population, and thus the aim of our study was to evaluate the association of 1p31.1, 10q11.22, 11q11, 16p12.3 and 1p21.1 CNVs with obesity in 921 Mexican children, to replicate significant associations in 920 Mexican adults, and to analyze the association of AMY1 copy number with gut microbiota in 75 children and 45 adults. Of the five CNVs analyzed, 1q11 CNV was significantly associated with obesity in children, but not in adults. Only AMY1 CNV was significantly associated with obesity in both age groups. Moreover, gut microbiota analyses revealed a positive correlation between AMY1 copy number and Prevotella abundance. This genus has enzymes and gene clusters essential for complex polysaccharide degradation and utilization. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the association of these five CNVs in the Mexican population and to report a correlation between AMY1 CN and gut microbiota in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola León-Mimila
- Facultad de Química, Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico.
| | - Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Facultad de Química, Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico.
| | - Blanca E López-Contreras
- Facultad de Química, Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico.
| | - Sofía Morán-Ramos
- Facultad de Química, Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico.
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico City 03940, Mexico.
| | - Luis R Macias-Kauffer
- Facultad de Química, Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico.
| | - Víctor Acuña-Alonzo
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Laboratorio de genética molecular, Mexico City 14030, Mexico.
| | - Blanca E Del Río-Navarro
- Departamento de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Salmerón
- Unidad Académica de Investigación Epidemiológica del Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud, Facultad de Medicina-UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas and Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14000, Mexico.
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, Mexico.
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Facultad de Química, Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico.
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Atkinson FS, Hancock D, Petocz P, Brand-Miller JC. The physiologic and phenotypic significance of variation in human amylase gene copy number. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:737-748. [PMID: 30239565 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary α-amylase gene (AMY1) copy number (CN) correlates with the amount of salivary α-amylase, but beyond this, the physiologic significance is uncertain. Objective We hypothesized that individuals with higher AMY1 CN would digest starchy foods faster and show higher postprandial responses and lower breath hydrogen excretion compared with those with low CN. Design Four linked studies were conducted. In Study 1, we genotyped 201 healthy subjects with the use of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and determined glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, salivary α-amylase activity, body mass index (BMI), and macronutrient intake. In Study 2, a pool of 114 subjects tested 6 starchy foods, 3 sugary foods, 1 mixed meal, and 2 reference glucose solutions, containing either 50 or 25 g of available carbohydrate. In Study 3, we compared glycemic and insulin responses to starchy foods with responses to glucose in 40 individuals at extremes of high and low CN. In Study 4, we compared breath hydrogen and methane responses over 8 h in 30 individuals at extremes of CN. Results AMY1 CN correlated positively with salivary α-amylase activity (r = 0.62, P < 0.0001, n = 201) but not with BMI, glucose tolerance, or insulin sensitivity. However, CN was strongly correlated with normalized glycemic responses to all starchy foods (explaining 26-61% of interindividual variation), but not to sucrose or fruit. Individuals in the highest compared with the lowest decile of CN produced modestly higher glycemia (+15%, P = 0.018), but not insulinemia, after consuming 2 starchy foods. Low-CN individuals displayed >6-fold higher breath methane levels in the fasting state and after starch ingestion than high-CN individuals (P = 0.001), whereas hydrogen excretion was similar. Conclusions Starchy foods are digested faster and produce higher postprandial glycemia in individuals with high AMY1 CN. In contrast, having low CN is associated with colonic methane production. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12617000670370.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona S Atkinson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dale Hancock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Petocz
- Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennie C Brand-Miller
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Sonestedt E. Salivary amylase gene variations influence the physiologic response to starchy foods: 2 sides of the story. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:656-657. [PMID: 30321281 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sonestedt
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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36
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Pinho S, Padez C, Manco L. High AMY1 copy number protects against obesity in Portuguese young adults. Ann Hum Biol 2018; 45:435-439. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2018.1490452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simão Pinho
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Padez
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Licínio Manco
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Schlebusch CM, Jakobsson M. Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2018; 19:405-428. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the last three decades, genetic studies have played an increasingly important role in exploring human history. They have helped to conclusively establish that anatomically modern humans first appeared in Africa roughly 250,000–350,000 years before present and subsequently migrated to other parts of the world. The history of humans in Africa is complex and includes demographic events that influenced patterns of genetic variation across the continent. Through genetic studies, it has become evident that deep African population history is captured by relationships among African hunter–gatherers, as the world's deepest population divergences occur among these groups, and that the deepest population divergence dates to 300,000 years before present. However, the spread of pastoralism and agriculture in the last few thousand years has shaped the geographic distribution of present-day Africans and their genetic diversity. With today's sequencing technologies, we can obtain full genome sequences from diverse sets of extant and prehistoric Africans. The coming years will contribute exciting new insights toward deciphering human evolutionary history in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina M. Schlebusch
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden;,
- Centre for Anthropological Research and Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, University of Johannesburg, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa
- SciLifeLab, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Jakobsson
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden;,
- Centre for Anthropological Research and Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, University of Johannesburg, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa
- SciLifeLab, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Elder PJD, Ramsden DB, Burnett D, Weickert MO, Barber TM. Human amylase gene copy number variation as a determinant of metabolic state. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2018; 13:193-205. [PMID: 30063422 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2018.1499466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Humans have multiple genes encoding amylase that are broadly divided into salivary (AMY1) and pancreatic (AMY2) genes. They exhibit some of the greatest copy numbers of any human gene, an expansion possibly driven by increased dietary starch intake. Within the population, amylase gene copy number is highly variable and there is evidence of an inverse association between AMY1 copy number and BMI. AREAS COVERED We examine the evidence for the link between AMY1 and BMI, its potential mechanisms, and the metabolic effects of salivary and pancreatic amylase, both in the gastrointestinal tract and the blood EXPERT COMMENTARY Salivary amylase may influence postprandial 'cephalic phase' insulin release, which improves glucose tolerance, while serum amylase may have insulin-sensitizing properties. This could explain the favorable metabolic status associated with higher AMY1 copy number. The association with BMI is harder to explain and is potentially mediated by increased flux of undigested starch into the ileum, with resultant effects on short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), changes in gut microbiota and effects on appetite and energy expenditure in those with low copy number. Future research on the role of amylase as a determinant of metabolic health and BMI may lead to novel therapies to target obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J D Elder
- a Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire , Coventry , UK
| | - David B Ramsden
- b Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - David Burnett
- c Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick Science Park , Coventry , UK
| | - Martin O Weickert
- a Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire , Coventry , UK
- d Division of Biomedical Sciences , Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick , Coventry , UK
- e Centre of Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Thomas M Barber
- a Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire , Coventry , UK
- d Division of Biomedical Sciences , Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick , Coventry , UK
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Evaluation of commercial α-amylase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kits for wheat. Cereal Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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