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Malphrus EL, Perelmuter S, Rubin R, Percec I. Menopause in Plastic Surgery Patients: An Underrecognized and Undertreated Comorbidity. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 154:901-908. [PMID: 37872681 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000011162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Nearly half of all patients undergoing plastic surgery are middle-aged cisgender women, all of whom will experience menopause. Plastic surgeons do not treat menopause directly, but it can be a concern-and even a motivating factor-for patients seeking plastic surgery. In addition, the changes associated with menopause underlie problems that many plastic surgeons seek to address, including with face lifts, breast surgery, and vaginal rejuvenation. Hormone replacement therapy has the potential to improve quality of life by treating bothersome symptoms and delaying the physical changes brought on by loss of estrogen. However, recent reports in the media highlight that women face significant barriers to accessing menopause care due to a lack of trained providers willing to manage hormone replacement therapy, as well as historical concerns regarding increased cancer risk, which recent evidence suggests were overestimated. Plastic surgeons may be the first, or only, providers with whom women discuss how their bodies change with age. As a result, plastic surgeons should consider menopause as an underlying risk factor or comorbidity for any woman presenting with aging-related complaints, and to ensure that these patients have access to appropriate menopause care in their communities. This is especially important for surgeons offering vaginal rejuvenation therapies, given that locally acting topical estrogen is a safe and highly effective treatment. The authors present guidance and recommendations for how plastic surgeons should take menopause into account when evaluating and advising patients. In addition, the authors present a treatment algorithm for safe prescribing of locally acting hormone replacement therapy for vaginal rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ivona Percec
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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2
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Plotkin LI, Bruzzaniti A, Pianeta R. Sexual Dimorphism in the Musculoskeletal System: Sex Hormones and Beyond. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae153. [PMID: 39309123 PMCID: PMC11413583 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that whereas some fundamental aspects of bone cell differentiation and function are similar in females and males, there is a clear contribution of sex/gender on the effects of signaling molecules on bone mass and strength and, consequently, on the effects of pharmacologic approaches to treat skeletal disorders. However, until recently, most studies were designed and performed using only 1 sex, resulting in a scarcity of published information on sexual dimorphism of the musculoskeletal system, including the mandible/masticatory muscles and the axial and appendicular bones and skeletal muscles. Further, it is now recognized that scientific rigor requires the study of both males and females. Therefore, there is an increasing need to understand the molecular and cellular basis for the differential outcomes of genetic manipulations and therapeutic agent administration depending on the sex of the experimental animals. Studies have shown higher muscle mass, cancellous bone mass, and long bone width in males compared with females as well as different traits in the pelvis and the skull, which are usually used for gender identification in forensic anthropology. Yet, most reports focus on the role of sex hormones, in particular, the consequences of estrogen deficiency with menopause in humans and in ovariectomized animal models. In addition, emerging data is starting to unveil the effects of gender-affirming hormonal therapy on the musculoskeletal system. We summarize here the current knowledge on the sex/gender-dependent phenotypic characteristics of the bone and skeletal muscles in humans and rodents, highlighting studies in which side by side comparisons were made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Angela Bruzzaniti
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA
| | - Roquelina Pianeta
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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3
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Machaliński B, Oszutowska-Mazurek D, Mazurek P, Parafiniuk M, Szumilas P, Zawiślak A, Zaremba M, Stecewicz I, Zawodny P, Wiszniewska B. Assessment of Extracellular Matrix Fibrous Elements in Male Dermal Aging: A Ten-Year Follow-Up Preliminary Case Study. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:636. [PMID: 39194575 DOI: 10.3390/biology13080636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex phenomenon influenced by multiple internal and external factors that can lead to significant changes in skin structure, particularly the degradation of key extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis. In this study, we aimed to meticulously assess the morphological changes within these critical fibrous ECM elements in the dermis of the same volunteer at age 47 and 10 years later (2012 to 2022). Using advanced histological staining techniques, we examined the distribution and characteristics of ECM components, including type I collagen, type III collagen, and elastic fibers. Morphological analysis, facilitated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, allowed for an accurate assessment of fiber bundle thickness and a quantification of collagen and elastic fiber areas. In addition, we used the generalized Pareto distribution for histogram modeling to refine our statistical analyses. This research represents a pioneering effort to examine changes in ECM fiber material, specifically within the male dermis over a decade-long period. Our findings reveal substantial changes in the organization of type I collagen within the ECM, providing insight into the dynamic processes underlying skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogusław Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dorota Oszutowska-Mazurek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Mazurek
- Department of Signal Processing and Multimedia Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mirosław Parafiniuk
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paweł Szumilas
- Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Alicja Zawiślak
- Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zaremba
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research (CBP), Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Stecewicz
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Zawodny
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Wiszniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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4
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Yang X, Li R, Yang X, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Han JDJ. Coordinate-wise monotonic transformations enable privacy-preserving age estimation with 3D face point cloud. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:1489-1501. [PMID: 38573362 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The human face is a valuable biomarker of aging, but the collection and use of its image raise significant privacy concerns. Here we present an approach for facial data masking that preserves age-related features using coordinate-wise monotonic transformations. We first develop a deep learning model that estimates age directly from non-registered face point clouds with high accuracy and generalizability. We show that the model learns a highly indistinguishable mapping using faces treated with coordinate-wise monotonic transformations, indicating that the relative positioning of facial information is a low-level biomarker of facial aging. Through visual perception tests and computational 3D face verification experiments, we demonstrate that transformed faces are significantly more difficult to perceive for human but not for machines, except when only the face shape information is accessible. Our study leads to a facial data protection guideline that has the potential to broaden public access to face datasets with minimized privacy risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Center for Quantitative Biology (CQB), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Runhan Li
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Center for Quantitative Biology (CQB), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xindi Yang
- Beijing Key Lab of Traffic Data Analysis and Mining, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Traffic Data Analysis and Mining, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jing-Dong J Han
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Center for Quantitative Biology (CQB), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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5
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Pucciarelli MGR, Hideki de Lima Toyoshima G, de Oliveira TM, Neppelenbroek KH, Soares S. Quantifying the facial proportions in edentulous individuals before and after rehabilitation with complete dentures compared with dentate individuals: A 3D stereophotogrammetry study. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:697-704. [PMID: 35431030 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Facial collapse is associated with edentulism, and while the provision of complete dentures promotes masticatory function and esthetics, whether complete dentures restore facial proportions to the natural appearance found in dental individuals is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this clinical study was to assess the facial profiles of edentulous individuals before and after treatment with complete dentures and compare these profiles with those of dentate individuals matched by age as the control. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty White participants were recruited as 2 groups: 30 edentulous participants provided with complete dentures in both arches and 30 participants with natural teeth and normal occlusion. Facial analysis was performed through 3D stereophotogrammetry. Linear, angular, surface, and perimeter facial measurements were made and statistically analyzed with paired and independent t tests (α=.05). RESULTS The mean age ±standard deviation was 63.16 ±7.33 years for the edentulous participants and 60.43 ±5.34 years for the dentate controls, without statistical differences between ages (P=.105). The facial profiles of the edentulous group with and without complete dentures were statistically different (P<.05) in 6 linear and 5 angular measurements. After quantifying the facial collapse by comparing edentulous individuals without complete dentures and the control dentate group, the results showed that the majority of differences occurred in the middle and lower third of the face, evidencing shortening in these areas with differences in facial measures of around 2 to 5 mm less in the edentulous group. However, statistically significant differences between the participants with complete dentures and the control dentate group were found in only 2 linear measurements (the distance between the right and the left exocanthion to cheilion), in the sealed lip angle and the left gonial angle, and in the surface and perimeter (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS Tooth loss affected the facial proportions in the lower third of the face. The provision of complete dentures restored their facial appearance but not precisely to the facial proportions of individuals with a natural dentition, as considerable differences were detected in surface and perimeter measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Rezende Pucciarelli
- Postgraduate student, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Hideki de Lima Toyoshima
- Postgraduate student, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Thaís Marchini de Oliveira
- Associate Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP) and Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Karin Hermana Neppelenbroek
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Simone Soares
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP) and Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil.
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Alimova SM, Sharobaro VI, Avdeev AE, Sidorenkov DA, Guseva TS. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Objective Diagnosis of Age-Related Soft Tissue Changes in Lower Face and Neck. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2023; 47:2370-2377. [PMID: 37204468 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An objective assessment of the causes of age-related contour deformities of the soft tissues of the face and neck is very important in esthetic surgery, especially as minimally invasive techniques gain increasing popularity. METHODS To visualize the tissues that cause age-related soft tissue changes, we performed cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in 37 patients who underwent facial and neck rejuvenation procedures in 2021-2022. RESULTS Vertical CBCT enabled visualization of the causes and degree of tissue involvement in age-related changes in the lower third of the face and neck. CBCT showed the location and condition of the platysma (hypo- [ptosis], normo-, or hyper-tonus), position, thickness, and location (above and/or below the platysma) of fat tissue, presence of ptosis of the submandibular salivary glands, condition of the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles, and the degree of their participation in contours of the cervicomandibular angle, and location of the hyoid bone. Moreover, CBCT enabled demonstrating for the patient the facial and neck contour deformations and discussing the suggested corrective methods using a clear objective visual image. CONCLUSIONS CBCT in the upright position enables objective assessment of each soft tissue in the age-related deformity of the cervicofacial region and provides an opportunity to plan the appropriate impact on the particular anatomical structures during rejuvenation procedures and estimate their results. This is the only study to date to objectively and clearly visualize the entire topographic anatomy of the soft tissues of the face and neck vertically for plastic surgeons and patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekina M Alimova
- Department of Plastic Surgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.
| | - Valentin I Sharobaro
- Department of Plastic Surgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey E Avdeev
- Department of Plastic Surgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Sidorenkov
- Department of Plastic Surgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Guseva
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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7
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Watanabe T, Tahara K, Hirano E. Evaluating the Impact of a Cream Containing Horse Placental Extract on Eye Corner Wrinkles in Healthy Women: Single-Blind Comparative Study. JMIR DERMATOLOGY 2023; 6:e51070. [PMID: 37966883 PMCID: PMC10687675 DOI: 10.2196/51070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placental extract has been mostly used in skin care for cosmetic purposes. However, the use of various placental extracts has been limited due to the lack of established and effective application methods. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the antiwrinkle effect of a cream formulation-LNC wrinkle eye cream (LNC-EC)-containing horse placental extract as the main ingredient. METHODS A total of 24 healthy women, aged 37-54 years, with wrinkle grades 1-3, were treated with LNC-EC for 2 weeks. The cream was applied on one-half of the participants' faces, and the results were compared with the untreated half of the face. RESULTS Visual inspection, using the wrinkle grade standard, showed that the area treated with LNC-EC had a significantly lower wrinkle grade than the untreated area when comparing before and after the application of LNC-EC. In addition, replica analysis showed a significant reduction in both the maximum wrinkle width and the number of wrinkles in the LNC-EC-treated area in comparison to the untreated area before and after the application. These results suggest that LNC-EC has an antiwrinkle effect on the corners of the eyes based on parameters like the maximum wrinkle width and the number of wrinkles. CONCLUSIONS LNC-EC, with horse placental extract as its main ingredient, was shown to be effective in improving wrinkles at the eye corners, presumably due to a reduction in the maximum wrinkle width and the number of wrinkles. Interpretation of the results is limited because this study was conducted only in the intervention group. A randomized controlled trial with a placebo control group is necessary to verify the antiwrinkle effects of horse placental extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyuko Watanabe
- Medical Affairs Department, Japan Bio Products Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentarou Tahara
- Medical Affairs Department, Japan Bio Products Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hirano
- Medical Affairs Department, Japan Bio Products Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Tsitsipatis D, Martindale JL, Mazan‐Mamczarz K, Herman AB, Piao Y, Banskota N, Yang J, Cui L, Anerillas C, Chang M, Kaileh M, Munk R, Yang X, Ubaida‐Mohien C, Chia CW, Karikkineth AC, Zukley L, D'Agostino J, Abdelmohsen K, Basisty N, De S, Ferrucci L, Gorospe M. Transcriptomes of human primary skin fibroblasts of healthy individuals reveal age-associated mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13915. [PMID: 37462262 PMCID: PMC10652340 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the transcriptomes of human tissues with advancing age are poorly cataloged. Here, we sought to identify the coding and long noncoding RNAs present in cultured primary skin fibroblasts collected from 82 healthy individuals across a wide age spectrum (22-89 years old) who participated in the GESTALT (Genetic and Epigenetic Signatures of Translational Aging Laboratory Testing) study of the National Institute on Aging, NIH. Using high-throughput RNA sequencing and a linear regression model, we identified 1437 coding RNAs (mRNAs) and 1177 linear and circular long noncoding (lncRNAs) that were differentially abundant as a function of age. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed select transcription factors implicated in coordinating the transcription of subsets of differentially abundant mRNAs, while long noncoding RNA enrichment analysis (LncSEA) identified RNA-binding proteins predicted to participate in the age-associated lncRNA profiles. In summary, we report age-associated changes in the global transcriptome, coding and noncoding, from healthy human skin fibroblasts and propose that these transcripts may serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in aging skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsitsipatis
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jennifer L. Martindale
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Krystyna Mazan‐Mamczarz
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Allison B. Herman
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Yulan Piao
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Nirad Banskota
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jen‐Hao Yang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Linna Cui
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Carlos Anerillas
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ming‐Wen Chang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Mary Kaileh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Rachel Munk
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Xiaoling Yang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ceereena Ubaida‐Mohien
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Chee W. Chia
- Clinical Research Core, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ajoy C. Karikkineth
- Clinical Research Core, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Linda Zukley
- Clinical Research Core, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jarod D'Agostino
- Clinical Research Core, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kotb Abdelmohsen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Nathan Basisty
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Supriyo De
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Toneva DH, Nikolova SY, Fileva NF, Zlatareva DK. Size and shape of human mandible: Sex differences and influence of age on sex estimation accuracy. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 65:102322. [PMID: 37722156 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The degree of sexual dimorphism expressed by human bones is of primary importance for the development of accurate methods for sex estimation. The objective of the present study was to investigate sex differences in shape and size of the mandible using geometric morphometric methods. The study also aimed to examine the impact of age on the sex classification ability of the size and shape of the mandible. Computed tomography images of 190 Bulgarians (98 males and 92 females) were used in the study. Polygonal surface models of the skulls were generated and used for digitizing 45 landmarks located on the mandible. The raw three-dimensional coordinates of the landmarks were processed via generalized Procrustes superimposition. The sex differences in mandibular size and shape were evaluated for statistical significance. Multivariate regression was applied for correction of the allometric effect. Principal component analysis, discriminant analysis, and canonical variate analysis were also used in the study. Mandibular size differed significantly between males and females and achieved a sex classification accuracy of 87%. The significance of the sex differences in mandibular shape depended on the type of shape variables used in the analysis. The shape variables provided different classification accuracy: 78% using the Procrustes coordinates and 53% using the regression residuals. The male and female mandibles differed significantly in size and shape, including the allometric component. Mandibular size is a more effective sex indicator than shape. Age has an ambiguous effect on the classification accuracy of the size and shape variables of the mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Toneva
- Department of Anthropology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Silviya Y Nikolova
- Department of Anthropology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nevena F Fileva
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dora K Zlatareva
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
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10
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Donato L, Cecchi R, Dagoli S, Treglia M, Pallocci M, Zanovello C, Ubelaker DH, Marsella LT. Facial age progression: Review of scientific literature and value for missing person identification in forensic medicine. J Forensic Leg Med 2023; 100:102614. [PMID: 37976962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Douglas H Ubelaker
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
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11
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Fournier G, Maret D, Telmon N, Savall F. An automated landmark method to describe geometric changes in the human mandible during growth. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 149:105663. [PMID: 36893681 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The principal aim of this study was to assess an automatic landmarking approach to human mandibles based on the atlas method. The secondary aim was to identify the areas of greatest variation in the mandibles of middle-aged to older adults. DESIGN Our sample consisted of 160 mandibles from computed tomography scans of 80 men and 80 women aged between 40 and 79 years. Eleven anatomical landmarks were placed manually on mandibles. The automated landmarking through point cloud alignment and correspondence (ALPACA) method implemented in 3D Slicer was used to automatically place landmarks to all meshes. Euclidean distances, normalized centroid size, and Procrustes ANOVA were calculated for both methods. A pseudo-landmarks approach was followed using ALPACA to identify areas of changes among our sample. RESULTS The ALPACA method showed significant differences in Euclidean distances for all landmarks compared to the manual method. A mean Euclidean distance of 1.7 mm was found for the ALPACA method and 0.99 mm for the manual method. Both methods found that sex, age, and size had a significant effect on mandibular shape. The greatest variations were observed in the condyle, ramus, and symphysis regions. CONCLUSION The results obtained using the ALPACA method are acceptable and promising. This approach can automatically place landmarks with an average accuracy of less than 2 mm, which may be sufficient in most anthropometric analyses. In the light of our results, however, odontological application such as occlusal analysis is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fournier
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France; Laboratory Centre for Anthropology and Genomics of Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - D Maret
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France; Laboratory Centre for Anthropology and Genomics of Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - N Telmon
- Laboratory Centre for Anthropology and Genomics of Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - F Savall
- Laboratory Centre for Anthropology and Genomics of Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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12
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Adapa S, Enireddy V. Multimodal face shape detection based on human temperament with hybrid feature fusion and Inception V3 extraction model. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: IMAGING & VISUALIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2023.2193649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Adapa
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vamsidhar Enireddy
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India
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13
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Wicklund AK. How Nutrition and Supplements Impact Aesthetic Outcomes. PLASTIC AND AESTHETIC NURSING 2023; 43:72-76. [PMID: 37001000 DOI: 10.1097/psn.0000000000000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals, nutritional supplements, and the diet industry often provide misleading information, make faulty promises, and may also support profit over consumer safety. Furthermore, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates dietary supplements as a food, not as a drug. As health care providers, we must be aware of current trends in supplements and nutrition programs so that we can screen our patients for contraindications to aesthetic treatments and educate and promote specific supplements/programs that are safe and evidence-based. Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and increased glycation can accelerate the aging process. The combination of an anti-inflammatory diet and pharmaceutical-grade nutritional supplements can impact the multiple forces involved in skin aging and help balance skin homeostasis. Using specific nutritional interventions and supplements can help repair damaged skin, improve skin health, and reduce skin senescence. Aesthetic providers can enhance healing and clinical results by educating patients and providing high-quality supplements that promote good aesthetic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katherine Wicklund
- Anna Katherine Wicklund, MSN, FNP-BC, NP-C, CANS, is a board certified nurse practitioner at Elevé Plastic Surgery, Wausau, WI
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14
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Kurosumi M, Mizukoshi K, Hongo M, Kamachi MG. The effect of observation angles on facial age perceptions: A case study of Japanese women. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279339. [PMID: 36574406 PMCID: PMC9794051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most conventional aging research has limited its approach concerning the head and face shape and skin condition to the frontal face. However, in our daily lives, we observe facial features from various angles, which may reveal or obscure aging features that could only be identified under limited conditions in the past. This study systematically investigates the effect of facial observation angles-specifically, of horizontal and vertical angles-on age impression. A total of 112 Japanese women aged 20-49 years participated as observers who evaluated the age impressions of 280 Japanese women aged 20-69 years. A two-way analysis of the variance of the age impression score was conducted for two factors: observation angle (five angles with yaw and pitch directions) and age group (five ages, from the 20s to the 60s). The results reveal that, as compared with frontal observation, the perceived age tended to decrease with the facial observation angles and that the effect of the angle on perceived age decreased with increasing age, especially for the profile face. Understanding the effect of the facial observation angle on age impression and clarifying the characteristics of the face and skin not perceived in the frontal face will provide useful knowledge to make people look youthful, look more beautiful, and be happier in all aspects of their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonori Kurosumi
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kogakuin University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Maya Hongo
- POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., Yokohama, Japan
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15
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Velemínská J, Jaklová LK, Kočandrlová K, Hoffmannová E, Koudelová J, Suchá B, Dupej J. Three-dimensional analysis of modeled facial aging and sexual dimorphism from juvenile to elderly age. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21821. [PMID: 36528705 PMCID: PMC9759541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed understanding of craniofacial ontogenetic development is important in a variety of scientific disciplines dealing with facial reconstruction, forensic identification, ageing prediction, and monitoring of pathological growth, including the effect of therapy. The main goals of this study were (1) the construction of the facial aging model using local polynomial regression fitting separately for both sexes, (2) evaluation of the aging effect not only on facial form as a whole but also on dimensions important for clinical practice, and (3) monitoring of the development of shape facial sexual dimorphism. Our study was based on the form and shape analysis of three-dimensional facial surface models of 456 individuals aged 14-83 years. The facial models were obtained using a structured light-based optical scanner and divided (for some analyses) into four age categories (juveniles, young adults, middle adults, and elderly adults). The methodology was based on geometric and classic morphometrics including multivariate statistics. Aging in both sexes shared common traits such as more pronounced facial roundness reducing facial convexity, sagging soft tissue, smaller visible areas of the eyes, greater nose, and thinner lips. In contrast to female faces, male faces increase in size until almost 30 years of age. After the age of 70, male facial size not only stagnates, like in females, but actually decreases slightly. Sexual dimorphic traits tended to diminish in the frontal and orbitonasal areas and increase in the gonial area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Velemínská
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kožejová Jaklová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Kočandrlová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Hoffmannová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Koudelová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Suchá
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Dupej
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Cheng H, Zhang R, Zhuo F. Synergistic effect of microneedle-delivered extracellular matrix compound and radiofrequency on rejuvenation of periorbital wrinkles. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:900784. [PMID: 35935789 PMCID: PMC9355126 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.900784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A combination of minimally invasive modalities can induce collagen regeneration more quickly and promote the penetration of topical agents, thus promoting skin rejuvenation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the synergistic efficacy of extracellular matrix compound (ECM-C) via microneedle (MN) and radiofrequency (RF) on periorbital wrinkles. Method A total of 25 participants with periorbital wrinkles were selected for this study. The left and right side of the periorbital area was randomly given ECM-C via MN or ECM-C via MN combined with RF. MN combined with ECM-C treatment was given 5 times at 2 weeks intervals, whereas RF treatment was given 3 times at 4-week intervals. The following items were assessed: wrinkles by VISIA® system; biophysical parameters such as skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema index, and melanin index by CK multiple probe adapter; and skin elasticity and skin thickness by DermaLab Combo® photographs were taken at the baseline and 2 weeks after the last treatment. Subjective assessments, such as Crow's Feet Grading Scale (CFGS) and Global Aesthetic International Scale (GAIS), were also recorded. Result A total of 25 participants with an average age of 43 years participated in this trial. Periorbital wrinkles on both sides decreased after the treatment, and the side treated with ECM via MN and RF showed better improvement than the other side with ECM-C via MN alone. Skin hydration increased after the treatment on both sides. TEWL, skin erythema, and skin melanin indexes were not changed. Skin elasticity and skin thickness increased more on the side of ECM-C via MN and RF than on the other side of ECM-C via MN alone. The evaluation scores for CFGS improved on either side; however, no difference was found for CFGS and GAIS between intergroup comparisons after the treatment. Conclusion The objective assessment of wrinkles, elasticity, and thickness of periorbital skin improved more on the side with ECM-C treatment via MN combined with RF than on the other side of ECM-C treatment via MN only. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the subjective CFGS and GAIS evaluation of the two sides.
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17
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Dobreva D, Gkantidis N, Halazonetis D, Verna C, Kanavakis G. Smile Reproducibility and Its Relationship to Self-Perceived Smile Attractiveness. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050719. [PMID: 35625447 PMCID: PMC9138875 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The reproducibility of facial expressions has been previously explored, however, there is no detailed information regarding the reproducibility of lip morphology forming a social smile. In this study, we recruited 93 young adults, aged 21−35 years old, who agreed to participate in two consecutive study visits four weeks apart. On each visit, they were asked to perform a social smile, which was captured on a 3D facial image acquired using the 3dMD camera system. Assessments of self-perceived smile attractiveness were also performed using a VAS scale. Lip morphology, including smile shape, was described using 62 landmarks and semi-landmarks. A Procrustes superimposition of each set of smiling configurations (first and second visit) was performed and the Euclidean distance between each landmark set was calculated. A linear regression model was used to test the association between smile consistency and self-perceived smile attractiveness. The results show that the average landmark distance between sessions did not exceed 1.5 mm, indicating high repeatability, and that females presented approximately 15% higher smile consistecy than males (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant association between smile consistency and self-perceived smile attractiveness (η2 = 0.015; p = 0.252), when controlling for the effect of sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Dobreva
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, University Center for Dental Medicine UZB, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (D.D.); (C.V.)
| | - Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Demetrios Halazonetis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Carlalberta Verna
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, University Center for Dental Medicine UZB, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (D.D.); (C.V.)
| | - Georgios Kanavakis
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, University Center for Dental Medicine UZB, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (D.D.); (C.V.)
- Department of Orthodontics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Correspondence:
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18
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Summersby S, Harris B, Denson TF, White D. Tracking sexual dimorphism of facial width-to-height ratio across the lifespan: implications for perceived aggressiveness. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 35592758 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5953414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The facial width-to-height ratio (FWHR) influences social judgements like perceived aggression. This may be because FWHR is a sexually dimorphic feature, with males having higher FWHR than females. However, evidence for sexual dimorphism is mixed, little is known about how it varies with age, and the relationship between sexual dimorphism and perceived aggressiveness is unclear. We addressed these gaps by measuring FWHR of 17 607 passport images of male and female faces across the lifespan. We found larger FWHR in males only in young adulthood, aligning with the stage most commonly associated with mate selection and intrasexual competition. However, the direction of dimorphism was reversed after 48 years of age, with females recording larger FWHRs than males. We then examined how natural variation in FWHR affected perceived aggressiveness. The relationship between FWHR and perceived aggressiveness was strongest for males at 27-33 and females at 34-61. Raters were most sensitive to differences in FWHR for young adult male faces, pointing to enhanced sensitivity to FWHR as a cue to aggressiveness. This may reflect a common mechanism for evaluating male aggressiveness from variability in structural (FWHR) and malleable (emotional expression) aspects of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Summersby
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Bonnie Harris
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas F Denson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - David White
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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19
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Summersby S, Harris B, Denson TF, White D. Tracking sexual dimorphism of facial width-to-height ratio across the lifespan: implications for perceived aggressiveness. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211500. [PMID: 35592758 PMCID: PMC9066300 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The facial width-to-height ratio (FWHR) influences social judgements like perceived aggression. This may be because FWHR is a sexually dimorphic feature, with males having higher FWHR than females. However, evidence for sexual dimorphism is mixed, little is known about how it varies with age, and the relationship between sexual dimorphism and perceived aggressiveness is unclear. We addressed these gaps by measuring FWHR of 17 607 passport images of male and female faces across the lifespan. We found larger FWHR in males only in young adulthood, aligning with the stage most commonly associated with mate selection and intrasexual competition. However, the direction of dimorphism was reversed after 48 years of age, with females recording larger FWHRs than males. We then examined how natural variation in FWHR affected perceived aggressiveness. The relationship between FWHR and perceived aggressiveness was strongest for males at 27-33 and females at 34-61. Raters were most sensitive to differences in FWHR for young adult male faces, pointing to enhanced sensitivity to FWHR as a cue to aggressiveness. This may reflect a common mechanism for evaluating male aggressiveness from variability in structural (FWHR) and malleable (emotional expression) aspects of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Summersby
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Bonnie Harris
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas F. Denson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - David White
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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20
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Mavreas D, Athanasiou AE. Rejuvenation of the ageing face and the role of orthodontics: Guidelines for management. J Orthod 2022; 49:463-471. [PMID: 35437070 DOI: 10.1177/14653125221093390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The article reviews the ageing changes of the midfacial and maxillary bones, the mandible, the overlaying soft tissues and the smile, and presents clinical guidelines aiming to rejuvenate older faces by means of orthodontic therapy. With regard to the ageing changes, the maxillary skeleton appears to rotate clockwise inferior to the orbit and becomes retrusive, and as a general pattern the midface contracts and deteriorates with age. Resorption below the mental foramen, reduction in alveolar height, loss of bone at the chin region, and relative increase in size and shape are signs of an aged mandible. Epidermal thinning and decrease in collagen in combination with the effect of gravity and various external factors contribute to the ageing of the skin. Atrophy of the superficial and deep fat, changes in ligamentous tissues and changes in muscle structure, position and tone, all contribute to the stigmata of the aged face. In the article, two late adulthood orthodontic cases are discussed as examples, and general guidelines for orthodontic management of the older face aiming at reversing the 'shrinkage' of the tissues by restoring the facial shape and tightening the soft tissue mask are described. The possible mechanisms explaining the changes observed on the faces of the clinical cases are also discussed. A properly planned and executed orthodontic intervention reversing changes from the inside-out before embarking on cosmetic surgery might have a synergistic effect multiplying the benefits for adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Athanasios E Athanasiou
- Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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21
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Braun S, Ridel AF, Abbé ENL, Theye CEG, Oettlé AC. Repeatability of a morphoscopic sex estimation technique for the mental eminence on micro-focus X-ray computed tomography models. FORENSIC IMAGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2022.200500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Gasparello GG, Júnior SLM, Hartmann GC, Meira TM, Camargo ES, Pithon MM, Tanaka O. The influence of malocclusion on social aspects in adults: study via eye tracking technology and questionnaire. Prog Orthod 2022; 23:4. [PMID: 35067765 PMCID: PMC8784583 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-022-00399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smile esthetics has a strong influence on perception, attractiveness, and personal characteristics. It is unknown how malocclusions may influence the appearance of the individual's smile. This study aimed to investigate whether malocclusion affects the visual perception of esthetics, age, employability, honesty, intelligence and to meet its obligation in time in middle-aged adults. Facial frontal smiling photographs of a male and a female middle-aged adult with 3 different malocclusions were shown to and evaluated by 90 laypeople (non-dentists), divided into groups: young adults (14-44 years), middle-aged adults (45-59 years), and elders (over 60 years). The index of treatment need (IOTN) was used, and IOTN 1, 5, and 8 images were created in Photoshop using the male and female photographs. In total, 6 photographs were evaluated, 3 areas of interest (AOI)-eyes, nose, and mouth-were created for statistical comparison. The Ogama and Eye Tribe tracker were used in conjunction to measure eye tracking. A visual analog scale (VAS) was employed with a questionnaire surveying individuals' perception of age, employability, honesty, intelligence, and ability to meet obligations. Kruskal-Wallis, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's-chi-squared, and Pearson correlation test were applied. RESULTS No statistical difference was found in complete fixation time and time until the first fixation for each AOI for eye-tracking. VAS showed statistical differences in the male and female IOTN 1 images when compared with the IOTN 5 and 8 for both models, and there was no difference between genders in the IOTN 1. As the perceived age of the model increased, the chances of getting hired decreased. Employability, honesty, intelligence, and ability to meet obligations showed higher values for IOTN 1. There were significant differences between age ranges; perception of intelligence in the female IOTN 1 model (p = 0.002) and IOTN 8 model (p < 0.001) and honesty between young adults and middle-aged adults in the male IOTN 1 and 8 images (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There was a difference between age groups in the perception of honesty and intelligence. A well-balanced and attractive was perceived as more youthful and attractive in both genders and may increase the chance of being selected for a job interview or being hired.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thiago Martins Meira
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Elisa Souza Camargo
- Graduate Dentistry Program in Orthodontics, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 115, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Matheus Melo Pithon
- Diplomate of the Brazilian Board of Orthodontics - BBO, Southwest Bahia State University - UESB, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Orlando Tanaka
- Graduate Dentistry Program in Orthodontics, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 115, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.
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23
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Huang Y, Zhang Y, Fei X, Fan Q, Mao J. Monophasic and Biphasic Hyaluronic Acid Fillers for Esthetic Correction of Nasolabial Folds: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2022; 46:1407-1422. [PMID: 35066619 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers have become the most popular dermal fillers for esthetic nasolabial folds (NLFs) correction. Based on the cross-linking method, they can be classified as monophasic or biphasic types. OBJECTIVES The aim of this meta-analysis is to compare the efficacy and safety of monophasic HA fillers with that of biphasic HA fillers for treatment of NLFs. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Chinese databases were searched from inception to January 2021. METHODS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared treatment outcomes of a monophasic HA filler with a biphasic HA filler for esthetic NLF correction were selected. Twenty-two RCTs with totally 1848 subjects were included to this meta-analysis. A significantly higher improvement of NLF severity score was seen for monophasic fillers than biphasic fillers at 2 (p = 0.005), 8 (p <0.0001), 12 (p = 0.03), 16 (p = 0.005), 24 (p <0.00001), 36 (p = 0.007), and 52 week (p <0.0001) after treatment. RESULTS The effect was retained regardless of ethnicity, total injection volume, and baseline NLF severity. More subjects preferred monophasic fillers over biphasic ones (≤7 months: RR = 3.45, 95% CI 1.17 to 10.11; >7 months: RR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.45 to 3.86). Rate of post-injection pain was significantly lower for monophasic fillers (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.92, p <0.0001), but no statistical difference was observed for other post-injection adverse events. Compared to biphasic HA fillers, monophasic HA fillers were associated with a greater and more durable esthetic NLFs improvement, a lower rate of post-injection pain, and were favored by more patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Huang
- Medical Affairs Department, Tigermed-Jyton, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibin Zhang
- Medical Affairs Department, Tigermed-Jyton, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Fei
- Medical Affairs Department, Tigermed-Jyton, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Fan
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Mao
- Medical Affairs Department, Tigermed-Jyton, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Duncan C, Pears N, Dai H, Smith WP, O′Higgins P. Applications of 3D photography in craniofacial surgery. J Pediatr Neurosci 2022; 17:S21-S28. [PMID: 36388007 PMCID: PMC9648652 DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_48_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) photography is becoming more common in craniosynostosis practice and may be used for research, archiving, and as a planning tool. In this article, an overview of the uses of 3D photography will be given, including systems available and illustrations of how they can be used. Important innovations in 3D computer vision will also be discussed, including the potential role of statistical shape modeling and analysis as an outcomes tool with presentation of some results and a review of the literature on the topic. Potential future applications in diagnostics using machine learning will also be presented.
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Kapoor P, Chowdhry A, Popli DB. Orthodontists in forensic facial approximation (FFA): current inter-disciplinary perspective. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-021-00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractForensic odontology has contributed significantly in forensic investigations and involves various branches of dentistry including orthodontics. The current communication presents evidence-based perspective highlighting synergistic union of different specialties for Forensic Facial Approximation (FFA). It brings forth commonality in principles of anthropology, forensic science, anthropometry, anatomy, paleontology, forensic odontology, with orthodontics, used in FFA. Various attributes and skills of orthodontists’ aid in dental and skull profiling and the corresponding sex, age, and ethnicity-based soft tissue assessments for facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT), may aid a life-like appearance. They can assist hard tissue profiling by their expertise in growth of skeletal and soft tissue, along with the evolutionary trends in occlusion, and diet formulations. Their knowledge in identifying teeth patterns, dental/skeletal jaw relationships, cranial/facial indices, vertical/horizontal facial proportions, can help prepare skull for orientation and reconstruction. The dental, photographic, and radiographic records maintained by orthodontists and general dentists are instrumental in data retrieval, used in various software, clinical, or research areas. These can provide normative values for comparative analysis or facial recreation. The orthodontists can also assist anthropologists and forensic specialists in the virtual reconstructions due to their ease in using latest digital technologies including three-dimensional (3D) facial scan, stereo-photogrammetry, 3D printing, automated soft-tissue landmarks, growth, and age predictions. Thus, the current study established the commonality in concepts of various forensic disciplines with orthodontics, which can strengthen both forensic on-field facial approximations and hard/soft tissue research to further enhance the accuracy of contemporary digital software used in FFA.
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Oliva Hernández JL, García Monforte F, Tejero García P, Hernández Ponce JA, Naranjo García P. Safety and efficacy of the transoral approach for cheek volumization with hyaluronic acid: A pilot study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:962-969. [PMID: 34636474 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With aging, there is a decrease in the volume of facial fat compartments, which can be restored using injectable biodegradable fillers. AIMS The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of an ultrasound-guided transoral injection versus the traditional percutaneous approach for cheek volumization with hyaluronic acid. PATIENTS/METHODS This is a pilot, single-center, comparative, prospective study conducted in Spain in which the hemifaces were randomized to receive an injection with each technique, and the duration of follow-up was 1 year. Results were assessed using the GAIS and the procedure satisfaction survey. The degree of pain experienced was evaluated using a VAS for pain. RESULTS This study included 20 women with a mean age of 45.3 years (SD 5.1, range of 38-53). No significant differences were observed in esthetic improvement scores or in the satisfaction surveys. There were significant differences in the transoral approach assessment at V3 (p = 0.0362) and in both procedures at V6 (p = 0.0026) between patients and evaluators. Of all patients, 55% (n = 11/20) reported less pain with the transoral approach, and 15% (n = 3/20) did not perceive pain with any techniques. No side effects different than those expected were observed, and they all resolved without the need for treatment. CONCLUSION The transoral approach for cheek volumization with hyaluronic acid was shown as a safe, effective technique that provides more comfort and minor sensation of pain than the traditional percutaneous approach but with equivalent esthetic outcomes.
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Januszkiewicz JS. Commentary on: Facelift Surgery Turns Back the Clock: Artificial Intelligence and Patient Satisfaction Quantitate Value of Procedure Type and Specific Techniques. Aesthet Surg J 2021; 41:1000-1002. [PMID: 33217757 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjaa262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Jeffery NS, Humphreys C, Manson A. A human craniofacial life-course: Cross-sectional morphological covariations during postnatal growth, adolescence, and aging. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:81-99. [PMID: 34369671 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Covariations between anatomical structures are fundamental to craniofacial ontogeny, maturation, and aging and yet are rarely studied in such a cognate fashion. Here, we offer a comprehensive investigation of the human craniofacial complex using freely available software and MRI datasets representing 575 individuals from 0 to 79 years old. We employ both standard craniometrics methods as well as Procrustes-based analyses to capture and document cross-sectional trends. Findings suggest that anatomical structures behave primarily as modules, and manifest integrated patterns of shape change as they compete for space, particularly with relative expansions of the brain during early postnatal life and of the face during puberty. Sexual dimorphism was detected in infancy and intensified during adolescence with gender differences in the magnitude and pattern of morphological covariation as well as of aging. These findings partly support the spatial-packing hypothesis and reveal important insights into phenotypic adjustments to deep-rooted, and presumably genetically defined, trajectories of morphological size and shape change that characterize the normal human craniofacial life-course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Jeffery
- Human Anatomy Resource Centre & Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Craig Humphreys
- Human Anatomy Resource Centre & Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amy Manson
- Human Anatomy Resource Centre & Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Voegeli R, Schoop R, Prestat-Marquis E, Rawlings AV, Shackelford TK, Fink B. Differences between perceived age and chronological age in women: A multi-ethnic and multi-centre study. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:547-560. [PMID: 34293190 PMCID: PMC9291153 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Accuracy in assessing age from facial cues is important in social perception given reports of strong negative correlations between perceived age and assessments of health and attractiveness. In a multi‐ethnic and multi‐centre study, we previously documented similar patterns of female facial age assessments across ethnicities, influenced by gender and ethnicity of assessors. Methods Here we extend these findings by examining differences between estimated age from digital portraits and chronological age (Δ age) for 180 women from three age groups (20–34, 35–49, 50–66 years) and five ethnicities (36 images of each ethnicity, assessed for age on a continuous scale by 120 female and male raters of each ethnicity). Results Across ethnicities, Δ age was smallest in French assessors and largest in South African assessors. Numerically, French women were judged oldest and Chinese women youngest relative to chronological age. In younger women, Δ age was larger than in middle‐aged and older women. This effect was particularly evident when considering the interaction of women's age with assessor gender and ethnicity, independently and together, on Δ age. Conclusion Collectively, our findings suggest that accuracy in assessments of female age from digital portraits depends on the chronological age and ethnicity of the photographed women and the ethnicity and gender of the assessor. We discuss the findings concerning ethnic variation in skin pigmentation and visible signs of ageing and comment on implications for cosmetic science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernhard Fink
- Biosocial Science Information, Biedermannsdorf, Austria.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Changes in Computer-Analyzed Facial Expressions with Age. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21144858. [PMID: 34300600 PMCID: PMC8309819 DOI: 10.3390/s21144858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Facial expressions are well known to change with age, but the quantitative properties of facial aging remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the differences in the intensity of facial expressions between older (n = 56) and younger adults (n = 113). In laboratory experiments, the posed facial expressions of the participants were obtained based on six basic emotions and neutral facial expression stimuli, and the intensities of their faces were analyzed using a computer vision tool, OpenFace software. Our results showed that the older adults expressed strong expressions for some negative emotions and neutral faces. Furthermore, when making facial expressions, older adults used more face muscles than younger adults across the emotions. These results may help to understand the characteristics of facial expressions in aging and can provide empirical evidence for other fields regarding facial recognition.
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Costa Mendes L, Delrieu J, Gillet C, Telmon N, Maret D, Savall F. Sexual dimorphism of the mandibular conformational changes in aging human adults: A multislice computed tomographic study by geometric morphometrics. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253564. [PMID: 34157047 PMCID: PMC8219137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging process has an impact on mandibular bone morphology and can therefore affect shape sexual dimorphism. Understanding the effect of senescence on mandibular shape changes is particularly important to correctly estimate the sex of an individual and predict age-related conformational modifications. The purpose of this study was to assess age-related changes in mandibular shape and sexual dimorphism. The study sample comprised 160 Multi Slice Computed Tomography examinations of individuals aged 40 to 79 years. Geometric morphometric analysis of fourteen osteometric landmarks was used to examine sexual dimorphism and patterns of mandibular shape variation with age. Results showed that mandibular sexual dimorphism of shape remained significant with aging. Conformational changes occurred between 50 and 70 years and were different for male and female individuals. Females presented earlier and more marked age-related shape changes than males. These observations suggest that mandibular senescence is a sexually dimorphic process since its onset, rate, and the areas subjected to conformational changes differ from male to female individuals. Senescence-related changes present substantial variability, and further investigation is required to determine precisely the age that marks their onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Costa Mendes
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- UFR d’Odontologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Julien Delrieu
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- UFR d’Odontologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claudia Gillet
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Norbert Telmon
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Toulouse Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Maret
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- UFR d’Odontologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Savall
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Toulouse Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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Orbicularis Oculi Muscle Size and Function: Exploring the Influence of Aging and Exercise Training. COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The orbicularis oculi muscle is the sphincter muscle of the eyelids that blinks and closes the eyes. In this review, our aim was threefold: (1) to introduce the performance characteristics of blinking activity in young and older adults, (2) to discuss the influence of aging on the orbicularis oculi muscle in healthy adults, and (3) to provide information about the effect of facial exercise training on the orbicularis oculi muscle. To achieve the purpose of this review, a search using two electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus) and a search engine (Google Scholar) was conducted. The amplitude and peak velocity of spontaneously blinking behavior, which is an index of muscle function of the orbicularis oculi, appear to be affected by aging. The muscle thickness of the orbicularis oculi tends to be low in older adults, but there are issues that need to be examined further, such as differences in sex and measurement positions. There was no study on the effect of exercise training; however, the results of a highly trained man indicate that the orbicularis oculi muscles might elicit muscle hypertrophy through non-traditional resistance exercise.
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Beaini TL, Miamoto P, Duailibi-Neto EF, Tedeschi-Oliveira SV, Chilvarquer I, Melani RFH. Facial soft tissue depth measurements in cone-beam computed tomography: A study of a Brazilian sample. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2021; 50:101866. [PMID: 33667933 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Forensic facial reconstruction (approximation) (FFR) is an aid to human identification when no presumed identity is available. It is based on average soft tissue thickness (STT) applied onto a skull. These averages vary at each landmark according to sex, ancestry, and Facial Growth Patterns (FGP). To obtain the reference, there are different protocols and conditions, such as needles in cadavers, ultrasound, magnetic resonance, and computer tomography. Using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), landmark placement and direction of measurement are critical. The purpose of this article is to detailly describe a method for STT measurement in CBCT DICOM files and to test it in the analysis of a multi-ancestral Brazilian sample, subdivided into sex, age and FGP. A sample of 100 (50 male and 50 female) CBCT exams were selected and the volume was primarily been repositioned to cephalometric standards. A detailed description of the location and measurement direction of 32 landmarks was provided and granted good reproducibility of the measurements. The averages were assessed by sex, age, and FGP. There were significant differences between males and females. The CBCT measuring protocol provided standardization of measurements and is a method to be used in future researches. Advantages of CBCT, such as the subject's upright position and adjustable volume positioning, also justify its usage. Limited differences of STT were related to age and FGP. The updated Brazilian soft tissue thickness chart is a reliable source of data for forensic and clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago L Beaini
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Uberlândia Federal University, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Miamoto
- Instituto Geral de Perícias de Santa Catarina (IGP/SC), Brazil
| | | | | | - Israel Chilvarquer
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo F Haltenhoff Melani
- Department of Social Dentistry, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (OFLAB), University of São Paulo Dental School - FOUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kanavakis G, Silvola AS, Halazonetis D, Lähdesmäki R, Pirttiniemi P. Incisor Occlusion Affects Profile Shape Variation in Middle-Aged Adults. J Clin Med 2021; 10:800. [PMID: 33671163 PMCID: PMC7923002 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the effect of overjet and overbite on profile shape in middle-aged individuals. METHODS The study population comprised 1754 46-year-old individuals, members of the 1966 Northern Finland Birth Cohort. Their profile images were digitized using 48 landmarks and semi-landmarks. The subsequent landmark coordinates were then transformed to shape coordinates through Procrustes Superimposition, and final data were reduced into Principal Components (PCs) of shape. Overjet and overbite values were measured manually, during a clinical examination. A multivariate regression model was developed to evaluate the effect of overjet and overbite on profile shape. RESULTS The first nine PCs described more than 90% of profile shape variation in the sample and were used as the shape variables in all subsequent analyses. Overjet predicted 21.3% of profile shape in the entire sample (η2overjet = 0.213; p < 0.001), while the effect of overbite was weaker (η2overbite = 0.138; p < 0.001). In males, the equivalent effects were 22.6% for overjet and 14% for overbite, and in females, 25.5% and 13.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION Incisor occlusion has a noteworthy effect on profile shape in middle-aged adults. Its impact becomes more significant taking into consideration the large variety of genetic and environmental factors affecting soft tissue profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kanavakis
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, UZB-University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Oral Development and Orthodontics, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (A.-S.S.); (R.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Anna-Sofia Silvola
- Oral Development and Orthodontics, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (A.-S.S.); (R.L.); (P.P.)
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Demetrios Halazonetis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Raija Lähdesmäki
- Oral Development and Orthodontics, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (A.-S.S.); (R.L.); (P.P.)
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Pertti Pirttiniemi
- Oral Development and Orthodontics, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (A.-S.S.); (R.L.); (P.P.)
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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Smith OAM, Duncan C, Pears N, Profico A, O'Higgins P. Growing old: Do women and men age differently? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:1800-1810. [PMID: 33432687 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aging of the head and especially the face has been studied intensively, yet questions remain about the timing and rates of aging throughout adulthood and about the extent to which aging differs between men and women. Here we address these issues by developing statistical models of craniofacial aging to describe and compare aging through the life course in both sexes. We selected cranial surface meshes from 254 females and 252 males, aged from 20 to 90 years from the Headspace project, Liverpool, UK. Sixteen anatomical landmarks and 59 semilandmarks on curves and surfaces were used to parameterize these. Modes and degrees of aging throughout adulthood were assessed and compared among sexes using Procrustes-based geometric morphometric methods. Regression analyses of form through the whole age range indicate that age accounts for a small proportion of total variance in both sexes, but form is significantly related to age and males and females age in significantly different ways. Further analyses indicate that aging differs in character, timing, and rates in both sexes between early and later phases of adulthood. Sexual differences in aging are evident in the early and later phases of adulthood. The study adds to knowledge of the aging of adult craniofacial form and sexual dimorphism. It is based on a local population and so the findings are directly applicable to that population. Further studies are needed to assess generalizability and provide better data on population differences to facilitate clinical assessment and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Duncan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Alder-Hey Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nick Pears
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, UK
| | - Antonio Profico
- PalaeoHub, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Paul O'Higgins
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK.,PalaeoHub, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
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Waltenberger L, Rebay-Salisbury K, Mitteroecker P. Three-dimensional surface scanning methods in osteology: A topographical and geometric morphometric comparison. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 174:846-858. [PMID: 33410519 PMCID: PMC8048833 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Three‐dimensional (3D) data collected by structured light scanners, photogrammetry, and computed tomography (CT) scans are increasingly combined in joint analyses, even though the scanning techniques and reconstruction software differ considerably. The aim of the present study was to compare the quality and accuracy of surface models and landmark data obtained from modern clinical CT scanning, 3D structured light scanner, photogrammetry, and MicroScribe digitizer. Material and methods We tested 13 different photogrammetric software tools and compared surface models obtained by different methods for four articulated human pelves in a topographical analysis. We also measured a set of 219 landmarks and semilandmarks twice on every surface as well as directly on the dry bones with a MicroScribe digitizer. Results Only one photogrammetric software package yielded surface models of the complete pelves that could be used for further analysis. Despite the complex pelvic anatomy, all three methods (CT scanning, 3D structured light scanning, photogrammetry) yielded similar surface representations with average deviations among the surface models between 100 and 200 μm. A geometric morphometric analysis of the measured landmarks showed that the different scanning methods yielded similar shape variables, but data acquisition via MicroScribe digitizer was most prone to error. Discussion We demonstrated that three‐dimensional models obtained by different methods can be combined in a single analysis. Photogrammetry proved to be a cheap, quick, and accurate method to generate 3D surface models at useful resolutions, but photogrammetry software packages differ enormously in quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Waltenberger
- Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zhan Y, Hägg S. Association between genetically predicted telomere length and facial skin aging in the UK Biobank: a Mendelian randomization study. GeroScience 2020; 43:1519-1525. [PMID: 33033864 PMCID: PMC8190204 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Are shorter telomeres causal risk factors for facial aging on a large population level? To examine if longer, genetically predicted telomeres were causally associated with less facial aging using Mendelian randomization analysis. Two-sample Mendelian randomization methods were applied to the summary statistics of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for self-reported facial aging from 417, 772 participants of the UK Biobank data. Twenty single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were of genome-wide significance were selected as instrumental variables for leukocyte telomere length. The main analyses were performed primarily using the random-effects inverse-variance weighted method and were complemented with the MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and weighted mode approaches. The intercept of MR-Egger regression was used to assess horizontal pleiotropy. Longer genetically predicted telomeres were associated with a lower likelihood of facial aging (β = − 0.02, 95% confidence interval: − 0.04, − 0.002). Comparable results were obtained using MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and weighted mode approaches. The intercept of MR-Egger regression was close to zero (0.002) that was not suggestive of horizontal pleiotropy. Our findings provided evidence to support a potential causal relationship between longer genetically predicted telomeres and less facial aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Zhan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ulm, Germany. .,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sara Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Schuh A, Gunz P, Villa C, Kupczik K, Hublin JJ, Freidline SE. Intraspecific variability in human maxillary bone modeling patterns during ontogeny. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:655-670. [PMID: 33029815 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compares the ontogenetic bone modeling patterns of the maxilla to the related morphological changes in three human populations to better understand how morphological variability within a species is established during ontogeny at both micro- and macroscopic levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS The maxillary bones of an ontogenetic sample of 145 subadult and adult individuals from Greenland (Inuit), Western Europe (France, Germany, and Portugal), and South Africa (Khoekhoe and San) were analyzed. Bone formation and resorption were quantified using histological methods to visualize the bone modeling patterns. In parallel, semilandmark geometric morphometric techniques were used on 3D models of the same individuals to capture the morphological changes. Multivariate statistics were applied and shape differences between age groups were visualized through heat maps. RESULTS The three populations show differences in the degree of shape change acquired during ontogeny, leading to divergences in the developmental trajectories. Only subtle population differences in the bone modeling patterns were found, which were maintained throughout ontogeny. Bone resorption in adults mirrors the pattern found in subadults, but is expressed at lower intensities. DISCUSSION Our data demonstrate that maxillary morphological differences observed in three geographically distinct human populations are also reflected at the microscopic scale. However, we suggest that these differences are mostly driven by changes in rates and timings of the cellular activities, as only slight discrepancies in the location of bone resorption could be observed. The shared general bone modeling pattern is likely characteristic of all Homo sapiens, and can be observed throughout ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schuh
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Gunz
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chiara Villa
- Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and 3D modelling, Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah E Freidline
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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39
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Hennekam RCM. The external phenotype of aging. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103995. [PMID: 32726674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is widely studied as a physiological process. Segmental aging can also occur prematurely in Mendelian disorders, and these can act this way as excellent sources of information, specifically for the underlying mechanisms. Adequate recognition of such aging characteristics in Mendelian disorders needs a well-defined phenotype of aging. Here the external phenotype of aging is described that can be recognized in the consulting room without major additional studies. Existing definitions of the signs and symptoms in Elements of Morphology or Human Phenotype Ontology are added or a new definition is suggested if none is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul C M Hennekam
- Department of Paediatrics, Room H7-236, Amsterdam UMC - location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Urban Ageing in Europe—Spatiotemporal Analysis of Determinants. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi9070413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify determinants of the population ageing process in 270 European cities. We analyzed the proportion of older people: men and women separately (aged 65 or above) in city populations in the years 1990–2018. To understand territorially-varied relationships and to increase the explained variability of phenomena, an explanatory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) were applied. We used ArcGIS and GeoDa software in this study. In our research, we also took into account the spatial interactions as well as the structure of cities by size and level of economic development. Results of the analysis helped to explain why some urban areas are ageing faster than others. An initial data analysis indicated that the proportion of the elderly in the population was spatially diversified and dependent on gender, as well as the size and economic development of a unit. In general, elderly individuals were more willing to live in larger and highly developed cities; however, women tended to live in large areas and men in medium-sized to large urban areas. Then, we conducted the urban ageing modelling for men and women separately. The application of GWR models enabled not only the specification of the city population ageing determinants, but also the analysis of the variability in the strength and direction of dependencies occurring between the examined variables in individual cities. Significant differences were noted in the analysis results for specific cities, which were often grouped due to similar parameter values, forming clusters that divided Europe into the eastern and western parts. Moreover, substantial differences in results were obtained for women and men.
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Windhager S, Mitteroecker P, Rupić I, Lauc T, Polašek O, Schaefer K. Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:678-688. [PMID: 31189026 PMCID: PMC6771603 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite variation in lifestyle and environment, first signs of human facial aging show between the ages of 20-30 years. It is a cumulative process of changes in the skin, soft tissue, and skeleton of the face. As quantifications of facial aging in living humans are still scarce, we set out to study age-related changes in three-dimensional facial shape using geometric morphometrics. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected surface scans of 88 human faces (aged 26-90 years) from the coastal town Split (Croatia) and neighboring islands. Based on a geometric morphometric analysis of 585 measurement points (landmarks and semilandmarks), we modeled sex-specific trajectories of average facial aging. RESULTS Age-related facial shape change was similar in both sexes until around age 50, at which time the female aging trajectory turned sharply. The overall magnitude of facial shape change (aging rate) was higher in women than men, especially in early postmenopause. Aging was generally associated with a flatter face, sagged soft tissue ("broken" jawline), deeper nasolabial folds, smaller visible areas of the eyes, thinner lips, and longer nose and ears. In postmenopausal women, facial aging was best predicted by the years since last menstruation and mainly attributable to bone resorption in the mandible. DISCUSSION With high spatial and temporal resolution, we were able to extract a shared facial aging pattern in women and men, and its divergence after menopause. This fully quantitative three-dimensional analysis of human facial aging may not only find applications in forensic and ancient human facial reconstructions, but shall include lifestyle and endocrinological measures, and also reach out to studies of social perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Windhager
- Department of Theoretical BiologyUniversity of ViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Tomislav Lauc
- Dental Clinic ApolonijaZagrebCroatia
- Study of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesUniversity of ZagrebCroatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and HealthUniversity of OsijekCroatia
- Department for Orthodontics, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsijekCroatia
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Department of Public HealthSchool of Medicine, University of SplitCroatia
- Gen‐info Ltd.ZagrebCroatia
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyUniversity of ViennaAustria
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