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Yang Y, Bagyinszky E, An SSA. A Novel Rare PSEN2 Val226Ala in PSEN2 in a Korean Patient with Atypical Alzheimer's Disease, and the Importance of PSEN2 5th Transmembrane Domain (TM5) in AD Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9678. [PMID: 39273625 PMCID: PMC11395454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, a novel presenilin-2 (PSEN2) mutation, Val226Ala, was found in a 59-year-old Korean patient who exhibited rapid progressive memory dysfunction and hallucinations six months prior to her first visit to the hospital. Her Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed brain atrophy, and both amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) and multimer detection system-oligomeric amyloid-beta (Aβ) results were positive. The patient was diagnosed with early onset Alzheimer's disease. The whole-exome analysis revealed a new PSEN2 Val226Ala mutation with heterozygosity in the 5th transmembrane domain of the PSEN2 protein near the lumen region. Analyses of the structural prediction suggested structural changes in the helix, specifically a loss of a hydrogen bond between Val226 and Gln229, which may lead to elevated helix motion. Multiple PSEN2 mutations were reported in PSEN2 transmembrane-5 (TM5), such as Tyr231Cys, Ile235Phe, Ala237Val, Leu238Phe, Leu238Pro, and Met239Thr, highlighting the dynamic importance of the 5th transmembrane domain of PSEN2. Mutations in TM5 may alter the access tunnel of the Aβ substrate in the membrane to the gamma-secretase active site, indicating a possible influence on enzyme function that increases Aβ production. Interestingly, the current patient with the Val226Ala mutation presented with a combination of hallucinations and memory dysfunction. Although the causal mechanisms of hallucinations in AD remain unclear, it is possible that PSEN2 interacts with other disease risk factors, including Notch Receptor 3 (NOTCH3) or Glucosylceramidase Beta-1 (GBA) variants, enhancing the occurrence of hallucinations. In conclusion, the direct or indirect role of PSEN2 Val226Ala in AD onset cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungSoon Yang
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Gachon University Graduate School of Environment, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, College of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
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2
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Llibre-Guerra JJ, Iaccarino L, Coble D, Edwards L, Li Y, McDade E, Strom A, Gordon B, Mundada N, Schindler SE, Tsoy E, Ma Y, Lu R, Fagan AM, Benzinger TLS, Soleimani-Meigooni D, Aschenbrenner AJ, Miller Z, Wang G, Kramer JH, Hassenstab J, Rosen HJ, Morris JC, Miller BL, Xiong C, Perrin RJ, Allegri R, Chrem P, Surace E, Berman SB, Chhatwal J, Masters CL, Farlow MR, Jucker M, Levin J, Fox NC, Day G, Gorno-Tempini ML, Boxer AL, La Joie R, Rabinovici GD, Bateman R. Longitudinal clinical, cognitive and biomarker profiles in dominantly inherited versus sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad280. [PMID: 37942088 PMCID: PMC10629466 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 5% of Alzheimer's disease cases have an early age at onset (<65 years), with 5-10% of these cases attributed to dominantly inherited mutations and the remainder considered as sporadic. The extent to which dominantly inherited and sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease overlap is unknown. In this study, we explored the clinical, cognitive and biomarker profiles of early-onset Alzheimer's disease, focusing on commonalities and distinctions between dominantly inherited and sporadic cases. Our analysis included 117 participants with dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease enrolled in the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network and 118 individuals with sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease enrolled at the University of California San Francisco Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. Baseline differences in clinical and biomarker profiles between both groups were compared using t-tests. Differences in the rates of decline were compared using linear mixed-effects models. Individuals with dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease exhibited an earlier age-at-symptom onset compared with the sporadic group [43.4 (SD ± 8.5) years versus 54.8 (SD ± 5.0) years, respectively, P < 0.001]. Sporadic cases showed a higher frequency of atypical clinical presentations relative to dominantly inherited (56.8% versus 8.5%, respectively) and a higher frequency of APOE-ε4 (50.0% versus 28.2%, P = 0.001). Compared with sporadic early onset, motor manifestations were higher in the dominantly inherited cohort [32.5% versus 16.9% at baseline (P = 0.006) and 46.1% versus 25.4% at last visit (P = 0.001)]. At baseline, the sporadic early-onset group performed worse on category fluency (P < 0.001), Trail Making Test Part B (P < 0.001) and digit span (P < 0.001). Longitudinally, both groups demonstrated similar rates of cognitive and functional decline in the early stages. After 10 years from symptom onset, dominantly inherited participants experienced a greater decline as measured by Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes [3.63 versus 1.82 points (P = 0.035)]. CSF amyloid beta-42 levels were comparable [244 (SD ± 39.3) pg/ml dominantly inherited versus 296 (SD ± 24.8) pg/ml sporadic early onset, P = 0.06]. CSF phosphorylated tau at threonine 181 levels were higher in the dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease cohort (87.3 versus 59.7 pg/ml, P = 0.005), but no significant differences were found for t-tau levels (P = 0.35). In summary, sporadic and inherited Alzheimer's disease differed in baseline profiles; sporadic early onset is best distinguished from dominantly inherited by later age at onset, high frequency of atypical clinical presentations and worse executive performance at baseline. Despite these differences, shared pathways in longitudinal clinical decline and CSF biomarkers suggest potential common therapeutic targets for both populations, offering valuable insights for future research and clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Iaccarino
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dean Coble
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Lauren Edwards
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Eric McDade
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Amelia Strom
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian Gordon
- Malinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Nidhi Mundada
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Suzanne E Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Elena Tsoy
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yinjiao Ma
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Ruijin Lu
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Malinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - David Soleimani-Meigooni
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Zachary Miller
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Guoqiao Wang
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Richard J Perrin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Ricardo Allegri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricio Chrem
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Surace
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sarah B Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jasmeer Chhatwal
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Martin R Farlow
- Neuroscience Center, Indiana University School of Medicine at Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mathias Jucker
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 80539, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich 81377, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Gregory Day
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 33224, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Randall Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
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Ciurea AV, Mohan AG, Covache-Busuioc RA, Costin HP, Glavan LA, Corlatescu AD, Saceleanu VM. Unraveling Molecular and Genetic Insights into Neurodegenerative Diseases: Advances in Understanding Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's Diseases and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10809. [PMID: 37445986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are, according to recent studies, one of the main causes of disability and death worldwide. Interest in molecular genetics has started to experience exponential growth thanks to numerous advancements in technology, shifts in the understanding of the disease as a phenomenon, and the change in the perspective regarding gene editing and the advantages of this action. The aim of this paper is to analyze the newest approaches in genetics and molecular sciences regarding four of the most important neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We intend through this review to focus on the newest treatment, diagnosis, and predictions regarding this large group of diseases, in order to obtain a more accurate analysis and to identify the emerging signs that could lead to a better outcome in order to increase both the quality and the life span of the patient. Moreover, this review could provide evidence of future possible novel therapies that target the specific genes and that could be useful to be taken into consideration when the classical approaches fail to shed light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurel George Mohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bihor County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 410167 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oradea University, 410610 Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Horia-Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luca-Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antonio-Daniel Corlatescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vicentiu Mircea Saceleanu
- Neurosurgery Department, Sibiu County Emergency Hospital, 550245 Sibiu, Romania
- Neurosurgery Department, "Lucian Blaga" University of Medicine, 550024 Sibiu, Romania
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4
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Haukedal H, Corsi GI, Gadekar VP, Doncheva NT, Kedia S, de Haan N, Chandrasekaran A, Jensen P, Schiønning P, Vallin S, Marlet FR, Poon A, Pires C, Agha FK, Wandall HH, Cirera S, Simonsen AH, Nielsen TT, Nielsen JE, Hyttel P, Muddashetty R, Aldana BI, Gorodkin J, Nair D, Meyer M, Larsen MR, Freude K. Golgi fragmentation - One of the earliest organelle phenotypes in Alzheimer's disease neurons. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1120086. [PMID: 36875643 PMCID: PMC9978754 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1120086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, with no current cure. Consequently, alternative approaches focusing on early pathological events in specific neuronal populations, besides targeting the well-studied amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulations and Tau tangles, are needed. In this study, we have investigated disease phenotypes specific to glutamatergic forebrain neurons and mapped the timeline of their occurrence, by implementing familial and sporadic human induced pluripotent stem cell models as well as the 5xFAD mouse model. We recapitulated characteristic late AD phenotypes, such as increased Aβ secretion and Tau hyperphosphorylation, as well as previously well documented mitochondrial and synaptic deficits. Intriguingly, we identified Golgi fragmentation as one of the earliest AD phenotypes, indicating potential impairments in protein processing and post-translational modifications. Computational analysis of RNA sequencing data revealed differentially expressed genes involved in glycosylation and glycan patterns, whilst total glycan profiling revealed minor glycosylation differences. This indicates general robustness of glycosylation besides the observed fragmented morphology. Importantly, we identified that genetic variants in Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) associated with AD could aggravate the Golgi fragmentation and subsequent glycosylation changes. In summary, we identified Golgi fragmentation as one of the earliest disease phenotypes in AD neurons in various in vivo and in vitro complementary disease models, which can be exacerbated via additional risk variants in SORL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Haukedal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Giulia I Corsi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Center for Non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Veerendra P Gadekar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Center for Non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nadezhda T Doncheva
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Center for Non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shekhar Kedia
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Noortje de Haan
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abinaya Chandrasekaran
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pia Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pernille Schiønning
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sarah Vallin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Frederik Ravnkilde Marlet
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Poon
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Carlota Pires
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Fawzi Khoder Agha
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels Tolstrup Nielsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Erik Nielsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ravi Muddashetty
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, India
| | - Blanca I Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Gorodkin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Center for Non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Deepak Nair
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Røssel Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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5
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Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810970. [PMID: 36142879 PMCID: PMC9504248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) has been verified as an important causative factor for early onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). PSEN1 is a part of γ-secretase, and in addition to amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, it can also affect other processes, such as Notch signaling, β-cadherin processing, and calcium metabolism. Several motifs and residues have been identified in PSEN1, which may play a significant role in γ-secretase mechanisms, such as the WNF, GxGD, and PALP motifs. More than 300 mutations have been described in PSEN1; however, the clinical phenotypes related to these mutations may be diverse. In addition to classical EOAD, patients with PSEN1 mutations regularly present with atypical phenotypic symptoms, such as spasticity, seizures, and visual impairment. In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to verify the effect of PSEN1 mutations on EOAD. The pathogenic nature of PSEN1 mutations can be categorized according to the ACMG-AMP guidelines; however, some mutations could not be categorized because they were detected only in a single case, and their presence could not be confirmed in family members. Genetic modifiers, therefore, may play a critical role in the age of disease onset and clinical phenotypes of PSEN1 mutations. This review introduces the role of PSEN1 in γ-secretase, the clinical phenotypes related to its mutations, and possible significant residues of the protein.
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6
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Cheng Z, Shang Y, Xu X, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Du Z, Lu X, Zhang T. Presenilin 1 mutation likely contributes to U1 small nuclear RNA dysregulation and Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 100:1-10. [PMID: 33450722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that U1 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) was selectively enriched in the brain of individuals with familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), resulting in widespread changes in RNA splicing. Our study further reported that presenilin-1 (PSEN1) induced an increase in U1 snRNA expression, accompanied by changed amyloid precursor protein expression, β-amyloid level, and cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. However, the effect of U1 snRNA overexpression on learning and memory is still unclear. In the present study, we found that neuronal U1 snRNA overexpression could generate U1 snRNA aggregates in the nuclear, accompanied by the widespread alteration of RNA splicing, resulting in the impairments of synaptic plasticity and spatial memory. In addition, more U1 snRNAs is bound to the intron binding sites accompanied by an increased intracellular U1 snRNA level. This suggests that U1 snRNA overexpression regulates RNA splicing and gene expression in neurons by manipulating the recruitment of the U1 snRNA to the nascent transcripts. Using in situ hybridization staining of human central nervous system-type neurons, we identified nuclear aggregates of U1 snRNA in neurons by upregulating the U1 snRNA level. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed U1 snRNA accumulation in the insoluble fraction of neurons with PSEN1 mutation neurons rather than other types of U snRNAs. These results show an independent function of U1 snRNA in regulating RNA splicing, suggesting that aberrant RNA processing may mediate neurodegeneration induced by PSEN1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cheng
- College of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yingchun Shang
- College of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- College of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Dong
- College of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yongwang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhanqiang Du
- College of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xinyi Lu
- College of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
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7
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Neuner SM, Tcw J, Goate AM. Genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:104976. [PMID: 32565066 PMCID: PMC7409822 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in genetic and genomic technologies over the last thirty years have greatly enhanced our knowledge concerning the genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several genes including APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APOE have been shown to exhibit large effects on disease susceptibility, with the remaining risk loci having much smaller effects on AD risk. Notably, common genetic variants impacting AD are not randomly distributed across the genome. Instead, these variants are enriched within regulatory elements active in human myeloid cells, and to a lesser extent liver cells, implicating these cell and tissue types as critical to disease etiology. Integrative approaches are emerging as highly effective for identifying the specific target genes through which AD risk variants act and will likely yield important insights related to potential therapeutic targets in the coming years. In the future, additional consideration of sex- and ethnicity-specific contributions to risk as well as the contribution of complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions will likely be necessary to further improve our understanding of AD genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Neuner
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Julia Tcw
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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8
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Kang K, Sun X, Wang L, Yao X, Tang S, Deng J, Wu X, Yang C, Chen G. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing in China and its role in GWAS discovery and replication. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40484-020-0209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Llibre-Guerra JJ, Li Y, Schindler SE, Gordon BA, Fagan AM, Morris JC, Benzinger TLS, Hassenstab J, Wang G, Allegri R, Berman SB, Chhatwal J, Farlow MR, Holtzman DM, Jucker M, Levin J, Noble JM, Salloway S, Schofield P, Karch C, Fox NC, Xiong C, Bateman RJ, McDade E. Association of Longitudinal Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid Total Tau and Phosphorylated Tau 181 and Brain Atrophy With Disease Progression in Patients With Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1917126. [PMID: 31825500 PMCID: PMC6991202 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.17126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (A/T/N) framework uses cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of total tau (tTau) as a marker of neurodegeneration and CSF levels of phosphorylated tau 181 (pTau181) as a marker of tau tangles. However, it is unclear whether CSF levels of tTau and pTau181 have similar or different trajectories over the course of Alzheimer disease. OBJECTIVES To examine the rates of change in CSF levels of tTau and pTau181 across the Alzheimer disease course and how the rates of change are associated with brain atrophy as measured by magnetic resonance imaging. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study was set in tertiary research clinics. Each participant was a member of a pedigree with a known mutation for dominantly inherited Alzheimer disease. Participants were divided into 3 groups on the basis of the presence of a mutation and their Clinical Dementia Rating score. Data analysis was performed in June 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Rates of change of CSF tTau and pTau181 levels and their association with the rate of change of brain volume. RESULTS Data from 465 participants (283 mutation carriers and 182 noncarriers) were analyzed. The mean (SD) age of the cohort was 37.8 (11.3) years, and 262 (56.3%) were women. The mean (SD) follow-up duration was 2.7 (1.5) years. Two or more longitudinal CSF and magnetic resonance imaging assessments were available for 160 and 247 participants, respectively. Sixty-five percent of mutation carriers (183) did not have symptoms at baseline (Clinical Dementia Rating score, 0). For mutation carriers, the annual rates of change for CSF tTau and pTau181 became significantly different from 0 approximately 10 years before the estimated year of onset (mean [SE] rates of change, 5.5 [2.8] for tTau [P = .05] and 0.7 [0.3] for pTau 181 [P = .04]) and 15 years before onset (mean [SE] rates of change, 5.4 [3.9] for tTau [P = .17] and 1.1 [0.5] for pTau181 [P = .03]), respectively. The rate of change of pTau181 was positive and increased at the early stages of the disease, showing a positive rate of change starting at 15 estimated years before onset until 5 estimated years before onset (mean [SE], 0.4 [0.3]), followed by a positive but decreasing rate of change at year 0 (mean [SE], 0.1 [0.3]) and then negative rates of change at 5 years (mean [SE], -0.3 [0.4]) and 10 years (mean [SE], -0.6 [0.6]) after symptom onset. In individuals without symptoms (Clinical Dementia Rating score, 0), the rates of change of CSF tTau and pTau181 were negatively associated with brain atrophy (high rates of change in CSF measures were associated with low rates of change in brain volume in asymptomatic stages). After symptom onset (Clinical Dementia Rating score, >0), an increased rate of brain atrophy was not associated with rates of change of levels of both CSF tTau and pTau181. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that CSF tTau and pTau181 may have different associations with brain atrophy across the disease time course. These results have implications for understanding the dynamics of disease pathobiology and interpreting neuronal injury biomarker concentrations in response to Alzheimer disease progression and disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Brian A. Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Anne M. Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - John C. Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, St Louis, Missouri
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Jason Hassenstab
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Guoqiao Wang
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Cellular Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo Allegri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sarah B. Berman
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, St Louis, Missouri
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Cellular Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Munich, Germany
- SyNergy, Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - James M. Noble
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease, Aging Brain G.H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Stephen Salloway
- Memory & Aging Program, Butler Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Peter Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celeste Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Nick C. Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Eric McDade
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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10
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Patel D, Mez J, Vardarajan BN, Staley L, Chung J, Zhang X, Farrell JJ, Rynkiewicz MJ, Cannon-Albright LA, Teerlink CC, Stevens J, Corcoran C, Gonzalez Murcia JD, Lopez OL, Mayeux R, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg G, Kauwe JSK, Lunetta KL, Farrer LA. Association of Rare Coding Mutations With Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias Among Adults of European Ancestry. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e191350. [PMID: 30924900 PMCID: PMC6450321 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Some of the unexplained heritability of Alzheimer disease (AD) may be due to rare variants whose effects are not captured in genome-wide association studies because very large samples are needed to observe statistically significant associations. Objective To identify genetic variants associated with AD risk using a nonstatistical approach. Design, Setting, and Participants Genetic association study in which rare variants were identified by whole-exome sequencing in unrelated individuals of European ancestry from the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP). Data were analyzed between March 2017 and September 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Minor alleles genome-wide and in 95 genes previously associated with AD, AD-related traits, or other dementias were tabulated and filtered for predicted functional impact and occurrence in participants with AD but not controls. Support for several findings was sought in a whole-exome sequencing data set comprising 19 affected relative pairs from Utah high-risk pedigrees and whole-genome sequencing data sets from the ADSP and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Results Among 5617 participants with AD (3202 [57.0%] women; mean [SD] age, 76.4 [9.3] years) and 4594 controls (2719 [59.0%] women; mean [SD] age, 86.5 [4.5] years), a total of 24 variants with moderate or high functional impact from 19 genes were observed in 10 or more participants with AD but not in controls. These variants included a missense mutation (rs149307620 [p.A284T], n = 10) in NOTCH3, a gene in which coding mutations are associated with cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), that was also identified in 1 participant with AD and 1 participant with mild cognitive impairment in the whole genome sequencing data sets. Four participants with AD carried the TREM2 rs104894002 (p.Q33X) high-impact mutation that, in homozygous form, causes Nasu-Hakola disease, a rare disorder characterized by early-onset dementia and multifocal bone cysts, suggesting an intermediate inheritance model for the mutation. Compared with controls, participants with AD had a significantly higher burden of deleterious rare coding variants in dementia-associated genes (2314 vs 3354 cumulative variants, respectively; P = .006). Conclusions and Relevance Different mutations in the same gene or variable dose of a mutation may be associated with result in distinct dementias. These findings suggest that minor differences in the structure or amount of protein may be associated with in different clinical outcomes. Understanding these genotype-phenotype associations may provide further insight into the pathogenic nature of the mutations, as well as offer clues for developing new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanshi Patel
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jesse Mez
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lyndsay Staley
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Jaeyoon Chung
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John J. Farrell
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J. Rynkiewicz
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa A. Cannon-Albright
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Craig C. Teerlink
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Jeffery Stevens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | | | | | - Oscar L. Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Gerard Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Hudd F, Shiel A, Harris M, Bowdler P, McCann B, Tsivos D, Wearn A, Knight M, Kauppinen R, Coulthard E, White P, Conway ME. Novel Blood Biomarkers that Correlate with Cognitive Performance and Hippocampal Volumetry: Potential for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 67:931-947. [PMID: 30689581 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Hudd
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Anna Shiel
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew Harris
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul Bowdler
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Bryony McCann
- Clinical Research and Imaging Centre (CRICBristol), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Demitra Tsivos
- Dementia Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alfie Wearn
- Dementia Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael Knight
- Clinical Research and Imaging Centre (CRICBristol), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Risto Kauppinen
- Clinical Research and Imaging Centre (CRICBristol), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elizabeth Coulthard
- Dementia Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul White
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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12
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Nikolac Perkovic M, Pivac N. Genetic Markers of Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1192:27-52. [PMID: 31705489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex and heterogeneous, severe neurodegenerative disorder and the predominant form of dementia, characterized by cognitive disturbances, behavioral and psychotic symptoms, progressive cognitive decline, disorientation, behavioral changes, and death. Genetic background of Alzheimer's disease differs between early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, other cases of early-onset Alzheimer's disease, and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Rare cases of early-onset familial Alzheimer's diseases are caused by high-penetrant mutations in genes coding for amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2. Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is multifactorial and associated with many different genetic risk loci (>20), with the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele being a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Genetic and genomic studies offer insight into many additional genetic risk loci involved in the genetically complex nature of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. This review highlights the contributions of individual loci to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and suggests that their exact contribution is still not clear. Therefore, the use of genetic markers of Alzheimer's disease, for monitoring development, time course, treatment response, and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease, is still far away from the clinical application, because the contribution of genetic variations to the relative risk of developing Alzheimer's disease is limited. In the light of prediction and prevention of Alzheimer's disease, a novel approach could be found in the form of additive genetic risk scores, which combine additive effects of numerous susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
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13
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Ibanez L, Dube U, Davis AA, Fernandez MV, Budde J, Cooper B, Diez-Fairen M, Ortega-Cubero S, Pastor P, Perlmutter JS, Cruchaga C, Benitez BA. Pleiotropic Effects of Variants in Dementia Genes in Parkinson Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:230. [PMID: 29692703 PMCID: PMC5902712 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of dementia in Parkinson disease (PD) increases dramatically with advancing age, approaching 80% in patients who survive 20 years with the disease. Increasing evidence suggests clinical, pathological and genetic overlap between Alzheimer disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal dementia with PD. However, the contribution of the dementia-causing genes to PD risk, cognitive impairment and dementia in PD is not fully established. Objective: To assess the contribution of coding variants in Mendelian dementia-causing genes on the risk of developing PD and the effect on cognitive performance of PD patients. Methods: We analyzed the coding regions of the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), Presenilin 1 and 2 (PSEN1, PSEN2), and Granulin (GRN) genes from 1,374 PD cases and 973 controls using pooled-DNA targeted sequence, human exome-chip and whole-exome sequencing (WES) data by single variant and gene base (SKAT-O and burden tests) analyses. Global cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The effect of coding variants in dementia-causing genes on cognitive performance was tested by multiple regression analysis adjusting for gender, disease duration, age at dementia assessment, study site and APOE carrier status. Results: Known AD pathogenic mutations in the PSEN1 (p.A79V) and PSEN2 (p.V148I) genes were found in 0.3% of all PD patients. There was a significant burden of rare, likely damaging variants in the GRN and PSEN1 genes in PD patients when compared with frequencies in the European population from the ExAC database. Multiple regression analysis revealed that PD patients carrying rare variants in the APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and GRN genes exhibit lower cognitive tests scores than non-carrier PD patients (p = 2.0 × 10-4), independent of age at PD diagnosis, age at evaluation, APOE status or recruitment site. Conclusions: Pathogenic mutations in the Alzheimer disease-causing genes (PSEN1 and PSEN2) are found in sporadic PD patients. PD patients with cognitive decline carry rare variants in dementia-causing genes. Variants in genes causing Mendelian neurodegenerative diseases exhibit pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ibanez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Umber Dube
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Albert A. Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Maria V. Fernandez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - John Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Breanna Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Ortega-Cubero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- Departments of Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Bruno A. Benitez
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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14
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Suárez-Calvet M, Araque Caballero MÁ, Kleinberger G, Bateman RJ, Fagan AM, Morris JC, Levin J, Danek A, Ewers M, Haass C. Early changes in CSF sTREM2 in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease occur after amyloid deposition and neuronal injury. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:369ra178. [PMID: 27974666 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports a role for innate immunity and microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. However, no marker related to microglia has been included in the temporal evolution models of AD. TREM2 is a transmembrane protein involved in innate immunity and is selectively expressed by microglia and genetically linked to AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. Its ectodomain is released by proteolysis as a soluble variant (sTREM2) and can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In patients with autosomal dominant AD, we tested how many years before the expected symptom onset did CSF sTREM2 increase in mutation carriers (MCs) compared to noncarriers (NCs). We also determined the temporal sequence of changes in CSF sTREM2 and markers for amyloid deposition and neurodegeneration as well as cognitive performance. We included 218 participants consisting of 127 MC and 91 NC siblings from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network. We observed that CSF sTREM2 increased in MCs compared to NCs 5 years before the expected symptom onset and this difference remained significant until 5 years after the expected symptom onset. Changes in CSF sTREM2 occurred after alterations were observed in markers for brain amyloidosis and neuronal injury. We propose that microglial activation occurs several years before the expected symptom onset, but after amyloidosis and neuronal injury have already occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Suárez-Calvet
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel Ángel Araque Caballero
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gernot Kleinberger
- Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Ewers
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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15
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Lacaze P, Tiller J, Ryan J. The Dangers of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing for Alzheimer's Disease : Comment on "Personal Genomic Testing, Genetic Inheritance, and Uncertainty". JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2017; 14:585-587. [PMID: 29134551 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-017-9817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The overarching issue with this case study is poor regulation and quality control over direct-to-consumer genetic testing, delivered in the absence of any medical oversight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lacaze
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 5, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
| | - Jane Tiller
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 5, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Joanne Ryan
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 5, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
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16
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Kunkle BW, Vardarajan BN, Naj AC, Whitehead PL, Rolati S, Slifer S, Carney RM, Cuccaro ML, Vance JM, Gilbert JR, Wang LS, Farrer LA, Reitz C, Haines JL, Beecham GW, Martin ER, Schellenberg GD, Mayeux RP, Pericak-Vance MA. Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease and Candidate Risk Genes Involved in Endolysosomal Transport. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74:1113-1122. [PMID: 28738127 PMCID: PMC5691589 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Importance Mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 lead to early-onset Alzheimer disease (EOAD) but account for only approximately 11% of EOAD overall, leaving most of the genetic risk for the most severe form of Alzheimer disease unexplained. This extreme phenotype likely harbors highly penetrant risk variants, making it primed for discovery of novel risk genes and pathways for AD. Objective To search for rare variants contributing to the risk for EOAD. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case-control study, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed in 51 non-Hispanic white (NHW) patients with EOAD (age at onset <65 years) and 19 Caribbean Hispanic families previously screened as negative for established APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 causal variants. Participants were recruited from John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Case Western Reserve University, and Columbia University. Rare, deleterious, nonsynonymous, or loss-of-function variants were filtered to identify variants in known and suspected AD genes, variants in multiple unrelated NHW patients, variants present in 19 Hispanic EOAD WES families, and genes with variants in multiple unrelated NHW patients. These variants/genes were tested for association in an independent cohort of 1524 patients with EOAD, 7046 patients with late-onset AD (LOAD), and 7001 cognitively intact controls (age at examination, >65 years) from the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium. The study was conducted from January 21, 2013, to October 13, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Alzheimer disease diagnosed according to standard National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria. Association between Alzheimer disease and genetic variants and genes was measured using logistic regression and sequence kernel association test-optimal gene tests, respectively. Results Of the 1524 NHW patients with EOAD, 765 (50.2%) were women and mean (SD) age was 60.0 (4.9) years; of the 7046 NHW patients with LOAD, 4171 (59.2%) were women and mean (SD) age was 77.4 (8.6) years; and of the 7001 NHW controls, 4215 (60.2%) were women and mean (SD) age was 77.4 (8.6) years. The gene PSD2, for which multiple unrelated NHW cases had rare missense variants, was significantly associated with EOAD (P = 2.05 × 10-6; Bonferroni-corrected P value [BP] = 1.3 × 10-3) and LOAD (P = 6.22 × 10-6; BP = 4.1 × 10-3). A missense variant in TCIRG1, present in a NHW patient and segregating in 3 cases of a Hispanic family, was more frequent in EOAD cases (odds ratio [OR], 2.13; 95% CI, 0.99-4.55; P = .06; BP = 0.413), and significantly associated with LOAD (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.37-3.62; P = 7.2 × 10-4; BP = 5.0 × 10-3). A missense variant in the LOAD risk gene RIN3 showed suggestive evidence of association with EOAD after Bonferroni correction (OR, 4.56; 95% CI, 1.26-16.48; P = .02, BP = 0.091). In addition, a missense variant in RUFY1 identified in 2 NHW EOAD cases showed suggestive evidence of an association with EOAD as well (OR, 18.63; 95% CI, 1.62-213.45; P = .003; BP = 0.129). Conclusions and Relevance The genes PSD2, TCIRG1, RIN3, and RUFY1 all may be involved in endolysosomal transport-a process known to be important to development of AD. Furthermore, this study identified shared risk genes between EOAD and LOAD similar to previously reported genes, such as SORL1, PSEN2, and TREM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Badri N. Vardarajan
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Adam C. Naj
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Patrice L. Whitehead
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Sophie Rolati
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Susan Slifer
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Regina M. Carney
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael L. Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Jeffery M. Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - John R. Gilbert
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Li-San Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christiane Reitz
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gary W. Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Eden R. Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Richard P. Mayeux
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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Li G, Shofer JB, Petrie EC, Yu CE, Wilkinson CW, Figlewicz DP, Shutes-David A, Zhang J, Montine TJ, Raskind MA, Quinn JF, Galasko DR, Peskind ER. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer's and vascular disease vary by age, gender, and APOE genotype in cognitively normal adults. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:48. [PMID: 28673336 PMCID: PMC5496132 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to evaluate gender and APOE genotype-related differences in the concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular injury across the life span of cognitively normal adults. METHODS CSF amyloid beta1-42 (Aβ42), phospho-tau-181 (p-tau181), and total tau were measured in 331 participants who were between the ages of 21 and 100. CSF E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM1) were measured in 249 participants who were between the ages of 50 and 100. RESULTS CSF total tau and p-tau181 increased with age over the adult life span (p < 0.01) with no gender differences in those increases. CSF Aβ42 concentration varied according to age, gender, and APOE genotype (interaction of age × gender × ε4, p = 0.047). CSF VCAM1, but not E-selectin, increased with age (p < 0.01), but both were elevated in men compared to women (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Female APOE-ε4 carriers appear at higher risk for AD after age 50. In contrast, men may experience a relatively higher rate of cerebrovascular injury in middle and early old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356560, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA. .,Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.
| | - Jane B Shofer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356560, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Eric C Petrie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356560, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Charles W Wilkinson
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356560, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Dianne P Figlewicz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356560, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,BSR&D Program, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Andrew Shutes-David
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.,Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 357470, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Lane 235, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Murray A Raskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356560, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center, Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, L226, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Douglas R Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Elaine R Peskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356560, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
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Lanoiselée HM, Nicolas G, Wallon D, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Lacour M, Rousseau S, Richard AC, Pasquier F, Rollin-Sillaire A, Martinaud O, Quillard-Muraine M, de la Sayette V, Boutoleau-Bretonniere C, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Chauviré V, Sarazin M, le Ber I, Epelbaum S, Jonveaux T, Rouaud O, Ceccaldi M, Félician O, Godefroy O, Formaglio M, Croisile B, Auriacombe S, Chamard L, Vincent JL, Sauvée M, Marelli-Tosi C, Gabelle A, Ozsancak C, Pariente J, Paquet C, Hannequin D, Campion D. APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 mutations in early-onset Alzheimer disease: A genetic screening study of familial and sporadic cases. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002270. [PMID: 28350801 PMCID: PMC5370101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid protein precursor (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), and presenilin-2 (PSEN2) mutations cause autosomal dominant forms of early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD-EOAD). Although these genes were identified in the 1990s, variant classification remains a challenge, highlighting the need to colligate mutations from large series. METHODS AND FINDINGS We report here a novel update (2012-2016) of the genetic screening of the large AD-EOAD series ascertained across 28 French hospitals from 1993 onwards, bringing the total number of families with identified mutations to n = 170. Families were included when at least two first-degree relatives suffered from early-onset Alzheimer disease (EOAD) with an age of onset (AOO) ≤65 y in two generations. Furthermore, we also screened 129 sporadic cases of Alzheimer disease with an AOO below age 51 (44% males, mean AOO = 45 ± 2 y). APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 mutations were identified in 53 novel AD-EOAD families. Of the 129 sporadic cases screened, 17 carried a PSEN1 mutation and 1 carried an APP duplication (13%). Parental DNA was available for 10 sporadic mutation carriers, allowing us to show that the mutation had occurred de novo in each case. Thirteen mutations (12 in PSEN1 and 1 in PSEN2) identified either in familial or in sporadic cases were previously unreported. Of the 53 mutation carriers with available cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, 46 (87%) had all three CSF biomarkers-total tau protein (Tau), phospho-tau protein (P-Tau), and amyloid β (Aβ)42-in abnormal ranges. No mutation carrier had the three biomarkers in normal ranges. One limitation of this study is the absence of functional assessment of the possibly and probably pathogenic variants, which should help their classification. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a nonnegligible fraction of PSEN1 mutations occurs de novo, which is of high importance for genetic counseling, as PSEN1 mutational screening is currently performed in familial cases only. Among the 90 distinct mutations found in the whole sample of families and isolated cases, definite pathogenicity is currently established for only 77%, emphasizing the need to pursue the effort to classify variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène-Marie Lanoiselée
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
- Department of Neurology, Orleans Regional Hospital, Orleans, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Anne Rovelet-Lecrux
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Morgane Lacour
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Rousseau
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- Inserm UMR-S 1171, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Adeline Rollin-Sillaire
- Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- Inserm UMR-S 1171, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Martinaud
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Valérie Chauviré
- Department of Neurology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Marie Sarazin
- Department of Neurology, Saint Anne University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle le Ber
- CNR-MAJ, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; and ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127 - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Epelbaum
- CNR-MAJ, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; and ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127 - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Thérèse Jonveaux
- Department of Neurology, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - Olivier Rouaud
- Department of Neurology, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Mathieu Ceccaldi
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Félician
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Godefroy
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital Center, Amiens, France
| | - Maite Formaglio
- Department of Neurology and CMRR Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Croisile
- Department of Neurology and CMRR Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Auriacombe
- Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ludivine Chamard
- Department of Neurology, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | | | - Mathilde Sauvée
- Department of Neurology, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Audrey Gabelle
- Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Canan Ozsancak
- Department of Neurology, Orleans Regional Hospital, Orleans, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, INSERM, U942, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 942, Paris, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
- Department of Research, Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
- * E-mail:
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Day GS, Musiek ES, Roe CM, Norton J, Goate AM, Cruchaga C, Cairns NJ, Morris JC. Phenotypic Similarities Between Late-Onset Autosomal Dominant and Sporadic Alzheimer Disease: A Single-Family Case-Control Study. JAMA Neurol 2016; 73:1125-32. [PMID: 27454811 PMCID: PMC5025942 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The amyloid hypothesis posits that disrupted β-amyloid homeostasis initiates the pathological process resulting in Alzheimer disease (AD). Autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) has an early symptomatic onset and is caused by single-gene mutations that result in overproduction of β-amyloid 42. To the extent that sporadic late-onset AD (LOAD) also results from dysregulated β-amyloid 42, the clinical phenotypes of ADAD and LOAD should be similar when controlling for the effects of age. OBJECTIVE To use a family with late-onset ADAD caused by a presenilin 1 (PSEN1) gene mutation to mitigate the potential confound of age when comparing ADAD and LOAD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case-control study was conducted at the Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center at Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, and other National Institutes of Aging-funded AD centers in the United States. Ten PSEN1 A79V mutation carriers from multiple generations of a family with late-onset ADAD and 12 noncarrier family members were followed up at the Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center (1985-2015) and 1115 individuals with neuropathologically confirmed LOAD were included from the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center database (September 2005-December 2014). Data analysis was completed in January 2016, including Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center patient data collected up until the end of 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Planned comparison of clinical characteristics between cohorts, including age at symptom onset, associated symptoms and signs, rates of progression, and disease duration. RESULTS Of the PSEN1 A79V carriers in the family with late-onset ADAD, 4 were female (57%); among those with LOAD, 529 were female (47%). Seven mutation carriers (70%) developed AD dementia, while 3 were yet asymptomatic in their seventh and eighth decades of life. No differences were observed between mutation carriers and individuals with LOAD concerning age at symptom onset (mutation carriers: mean, 75 years [range, 63-77 years] vs those with LOAD: mean, 74 years [range, 60-101 years]; P = .29), presenting symptoms (memory loss in 7 of 7 mutation carriers [100%] vs 958 of 1063 individuals with LOAD [90.1%]; P ≥ .99) and duration (mutation carriers: mean, 9.9 years [range, 2.3-12.8 years] vs those with LOAD: 9 years [range, 1-27 years]; P = .73), and rate of progression of dementia (median annualized change in Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes score, mutation carriers: 1.2 [range, 0.1-3.3] vs those with LOAD: 1.9 [range, -3.5 to 11.9]; P = .73). Early emergence of comorbid hallucinations and delusions were observed in 57% of individuals with ADAD (4 of 7) vs 19% of individuals with LOAD (137 of 706) (P = .03). Three of 12 noncarriers (25%) from the PSEN1 A79V family are potential phenocopies as they also developed AD dementia (median age at onset, 76.0 years). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this family, the amyloidogenic PSEN1 A79V mutation recapitulates the clinical attributes of LOAD. Previously reported clinical phenotypic differences between individuals with ADAD and LOAD may reflect age- or mutation-dependent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Day
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Erik S Musiek
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Catherine M Roe
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Joanne Norton
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri3Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Alison M Goate
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri3Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri3Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri4Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - John C Morris
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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Cai Y, An SSA, Kim S. Mutations in presenilin 2 and its implications in Alzheimer's disease and other dementia-associated disorders. Clin Interv Aging 2015; 10:1163-72. [PMID: 26203236 PMCID: PMC4507455 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s85808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Mutations in the genes encoding presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), and amyloid precursor protein have been identified as the main genetic causes of familial AD. To date, more than 200 mutations have been described worldwide in PSEN1, which is highly homologous with PSEN2, while mutations in PSEN2 have been rarely reported. We performed a systematic review of studies describing the mutations identified in PSEN2. Most PSEN2 mutations were detected in European and in African populations. Only two were found in Korean populations. Interestingly, PSEN2 mutations appeared not only in AD patients but also in patients with other disorders, including frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, breast cancer, dilated cardiomyopathy, and Parkinson's disease with dementia. Here, we have summarized the PSEN2 mutations and the potential implications of these mutations in dementia-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruchaga
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [2] Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [2] Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Guerreiro R, Bras J, Toombs J, Heslegrave A, Hardy J, Zetterberg H. Genetic Variants and Related Biomarkers in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2015; 3:19-25. [PMID: 25664224 PMCID: PMC4317514 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-014-0062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
From a neuropathological perspective, elderly patients who die with a clinical diagnosis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) are a heterogeneous group with several different pathologies contributing to the AD phenotype. This poses a challenge when searching for low effect size susceptibility genes for AD. Further, control groups may be contaminated by significant numbers of preclinical AD patients, which also reduces the power of genetic association studies. Here, we discuss how cerebrospinal fluid and imaging biomarkers can be used to increase the chance of finding novel susceptibility genes and as a means to study the functional consequences of risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street (1st Floor), London, WC1N 1PJ UK
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | - Jamie Toombs
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street (1st Floor), London, WC1N 1PJ UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
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23
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Abstract
The increasing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and a lack of effective prevention or disease-modifying therapies are global challenges with devastating personal, social and economic consequences. The amyloid β (Aβ) hypothesis posits that cerebral β-amyloidosis is a critical early event in AD pathogenesis. However, failed clinical trials of Aβ-centric drug candidates have called this hypothesis into question. Whereas we acknowledge that the Aβ hypothesis is far from disproven, we here re-visit the links between Aβ, tau and neurodegeneration. We review the genetics, epidemiology and pathology of sporadic AD and give an updated account of what is currently known about the molecular pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
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Fagan AM, Xiong C, Jasielec MS, Bateman RJ, Goate AM, Benzinger TLS, Ghetti B, Martins RN, Masters CL, Mayeux R, Ringman JM, Rossor MN, Salloway S, Schofield PR, Sperling RA, Marcus D, Cairns NJ, Buckles VD, Ladenson JH, Morris JC, Holtzman DM. Longitudinal change in CSF biomarkers in autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:226ra30. [PMID: 24598588 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Clinicopathological evidence suggests that the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) begins many years before the appearance of cognitive symptoms. Biomarkers are required to identify affected individuals during this asymptomatic ("preclinical") stage to permit intervention with potential disease-modifying therapies designed to preserve normal brain function. Studies of families with autosomal-dominant AD (ADAD) mutations provide a unique and powerful means to investigate AD biomarker changes during the asymptomatic period. In this biomarker study, we collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, and in vivo amyloid imaging cross-sectional data at baseline in individuals from ADAD families enrolled in the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network. Our study revealed reduced concentrations of CSF amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42) associated with the presence of Aβ plaques, and elevated concentrations of CSF tau, ptau181 (phosphorylated tau181), and VILIP-1 (visinin-like protein-1), markers of neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal injury/death, in asymptomatic mutation carriers 10 to 20 years before their estimated age at symptom onset (EAO) and before the detection of cognitive deficits. When compared longitudinally, however, the concentrations of CSF biomarkers of neuronal injury/death within individuals decreased after their EAO, suggesting a slowing of acute neurodegenerative processes with symptomatic disease progression. These results emphasize the importance of longitudinal, within-person assessment when modeling biomarker trajectories across the course of the disease. If corroborated, this pattern may influence the definition of a positive neurodegenerative biomarker outcome in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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25
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Kauwe JSK, Bailey MH, Ridge PG, Perry R, Wadsworth ME, Hoyt KL, Staley LA, Karch CM, Harari O, Cruchaga C, Ainscough BJ, Bales K, Pickering EH, Bertelsen S, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Goate AM. Genome-wide association study of CSF levels of 59 alzheimer's disease candidate proteins: significant associations with proteins involved in amyloid processing and inflammation. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004758. [PMID: 25340798 PMCID: PMC4207667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 42 amino acid species of amyloid beta (Aβ42) and tau levels are strongly correlated with the presence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology including amyloid plaques and neurodegeneration and have been successfully used as endophenotypes for genetic studies of AD. Additional CSF analytes may also serve as useful endophenotypes that capture other aspects of AD pathophysiology. Here we have conducted a genome-wide association study of CSF levels of 59 AD-related analytes. All analytes were measured using the Rules Based Medicine Human DiscoveryMAP Panel, which includes analytes relevant to several disease-related processes. Data from two independently collected and measured datasets, the Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC) and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), were analyzed separately, and combined results were obtained using meta-analysis. We identified genetic associations with CSF levels of 5 proteins (Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 (CCL4), Interleukin 6 receptor (IL6R) and Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3)) with study-wide significant p-values (p<1.46×10−10) and significant, consistent evidence for association in both the Knight ADRC and the ADNI samples. These proteins are involved in amyloid processing and pro-inflammatory signaling. SNPs associated with ACE, IL6R and MMP3 protein levels are located within the coding regions of the corresponding structural gene. The SNPs associated with CSF levels of CCL4 and CCL2 are located in known chemokine binding proteins. The genetic associations reported here are novel and suggest mechanisms for genetic control of CSF and plasma levels of these disease-related proteins. Significant SNPs in ACE and MMP3 also showed association with AD risk. Our findings suggest that these proteins/pathways may be valuable therapeutic targets for AD. Robust associations in cognitively normal individuals suggest that these SNPs also influence regulation of these proteins more generally and may therefore be relevant to other diseases. The use of quantitative endophenotypes from cerebrospinal fluid has led to the identification of several genetic variants that alter risk or rate of progression of Alzheimer's disease. Here we have analyzed the levels of 58 disease-related proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid for association with millions of variants across the human genome. We have identified significant, replicable associations with 5 analytes, Angiotensin-converting enzyme, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4, Interleukin 6 receptor and Matrix metalloproteinase-3. Our results suggest that these variants play a regulatory role in the respective protein levels and are relevant to the inflammatory and amyloid processing pathways. Variants in associated with ACE and those associated with MMP3 levels also show association with risk for Alzheimer's disease in the expected directions. These associations are consistent in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma and in samples with only cognitively normal individuals suggesting that they are relevant in the regulation of these protein levels beyond the context of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. K. Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Matthew H. Bailey
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Perry G. Ridge
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Rachel Perry
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Wadsworth
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn L. Hoyt
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lyndsay A. Staley
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Ainscough
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kelly Bales
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Eve H. Pickering
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Anne M. Fagan
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John C. Morris
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Maloney JA, Bainbridge T, Gustafson A, Zhang S, Kyauk R, Steiner P, van der Brug M, Liu Y, Ernst JA, Watts RJ, Atwal JK. Molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer disease protection by the A673T allele of amyloid precursor protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30990-1000. [PMID: 25253696 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene have been described as causing early onset familial Alzheimer disease (AD). We recently identified a rare APP variant encoding an alanine-to-threonine substitution at residue 673 (A673T) that confers protection against development of AD (Jonsson, T., Atwal, J. K., Steinberg, S., Snaedal, J., Jonsson, P. V., Bjornsson, S., Stefansson, H., Sulem, P., Gudbjartsson, D., Maloney, J., Hoyte, K., Gustafson, A., Liu, Y., Lu, Y., Bhangale, T., Graham, R. R., Huttenlocher, J., Bjornsdottir, G., Andreassen, O. A., Jönsson, E. G., Palotie, A., Behrens, T. W., Magnusson, O. T., Kong, A., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Watts, R. J., and Stefansson, K. (2012) Nature 488, 96-99). The Ala-673 residue lies within the β-secretase recognition sequence and is part of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide cleavage product (position 2 of Aβ). We previously demonstrated that the A673T substitution makes APP a less favorable substrate for cleavage by BACE1. In follow-up studies, we confirm that A673T APP shows reduced cleavage by BACE1 in transfected mouse primary neurons and in isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Using a biochemical approach, we show that the A673T substitution modulates the catalytic turnover rate (V(max)) of APP by the BACE1 enzyme, without affecting the affinity (K(m)) of the APP substrate for BACE1. We also show a reduced level of Aβ(1-42) aggregation with A2T Aβ peptides, an observation not conserved in Aβ(1-40) peptides. When combined in a ratio of 1:9 Aβ(1-42)/Aβ(1-40) to mimic physiologically relevant mixtures, A2T retains a trend toward slowed aggregation kinetics. Microglial uptake of the mutant Aβ(1-42) peptides correlated with their aggregation level. Cytotoxicity of the mutant Aβ peptides was not dramatically altered. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that A673T, a protective allele of APP, reproducibly reduces amyloidogenic processing of APP and also mildly decreases Aβ aggregation. These effects could together have an additive or even synergistic impact on the risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcel van der Brug
- ITGR Diagnostics Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Yichin Liu
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, and
| | - James A Ernst
- From the Departments of Neuroscience, Protein Chemistry,
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27
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease with a strong genetic component. Several genes have been associated with AD risk for nearly 20 years. However, it was not until the recent technological advances that allow for the analysis of millions of polymorphisms in thousands of subjects that we have been able to advance our understanding of the genetic complexity of AD susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies and whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing have revealed more than 20 loci associated with AD risk. These studies have provided insights into the molecular pathways that are altered in AD pathogenesis, which have, in turn, provided insight into novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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28
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Hooli BV, Kovacs-Vajna ZM, Mullin K, Blumenthal MA, Mattheisen M, Zhang C, Lange C, Mohapatra G, Bertram L, Tanzi RE. Rare autosomal copy number variations in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:676-81. [PMID: 23752245 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over 200 rare and fully penetrant pathogenic mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 and 2 (PSEN1 and PSEN2) cause a subset of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EO-FAD). Of these, 21 cases of EO-FAD families carrying unique APP locus duplications remain the only pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs) identified to date in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using high-density DNA microarrays, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis for the presence of rare CNVs in 261 EO-FAD and early/mixed-onset pedigrees. Our analysis revealed 10 novel private CNVs in 10 EO-FAD families overlapping a set of genes that includes: A2BP1, ABAT, CDH2, CRMP1, DMRT1, EPHA5, EPHA6, ERMP1, EVC, EVC2, FLJ35024 and VLDLR. In addition, CNVs encompassing two known frontotemporal dementia genes, CHMP2B and MAPT were found. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting rare gene-rich CNVs in EO-FAD and early/mixed-onset AD that are likely to underlie pathogenicity in familial AD and perhaps related dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Hooli
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Z M Kovacs-Vajna
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - K Mullin
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - M A Blumenthal
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - M Mattheisen
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA, USA
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - C Lange
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Mohapatra
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Bertram
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - R E Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
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29
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Forlenza OV, Diniz BS, Teixeira AL, Stella F, Gattaz W. Mild cognitive impairment. Part 2: Biological markers for diagnosis and prediction of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 35:284-94. [PMID: 24142092 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2012-3505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a critical review of publications reporting on the rationale and clinical implications of the use of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We conducted a systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases, limited to articles published in English between 1999 and 2012, and based on the following terms: mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease OR dementia, biomarkers. We retrieved 1,130 articles, of which 175 were reviews. Overall, 955 original articles were eligible. RESULTS The following points were considered relevant for the present review: a) rationale for biomarkers research in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI); b) usefulness of distinct biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of AD; c) the role of multimodality biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of AD; d) the role of biomarkers in clinical trials of patients with AD and MCI; and e) current limitations to the widespread use of biomarkers in research and clinical settings. CONCLUSION Different biomarkers are useful for the early diagnosis and prediction of AD in at-risk subjects. Nonetheless, important methodological limitations need to be overcome for widespread use of biomarkers in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestes V Forlenza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, São PauloSP, Brazil
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30
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Abstract
25% of all people aged 55 years and older have a family history of dementia. For most, the family history is due to genetically complex disease, where many genetic variations of small effect interact to increase risk of dementia. The lifetime risk of dementia for these families is about 20%, compared with 10% in the general population. A small proportion of families have an autosomal dominant family history of early-onset dementia, which is often due to mendelian disease, caused by a mutation in one of the dementia genes. Each family member has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation, which confers a lifetime dementia risk of over 95%. In this Review, we focus on the evidence for, and the approach to, genetic testing in Alzheimer's disease (APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes), frontotemporal dementia (MAPT, GRN, C9ORF72, and other genes), and other familial dementias. We conclude by discussing the practical aspects of genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement T Loy
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Huntington Disease Service, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne M Turner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John B J Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
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31
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Hardy J, Bogdanovic N, Winblad B, Portelius E, Andreasen N, Cedazo-Minguez A, Zetterberg H. Pathways to Alzheimer's disease. J Intern Med 2014; 275:296-303. [PMID: 24749173 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent trials of anti-amyloid agents have not produced convincing improvements in clinical outcome in Alzheimer's disease; however, the reason for these poor or inconclusive results remains unclear. Recent genetic data continue to support the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease with protective variants being found in the amyloid gene and both common low-risk and rare high-risk variants for disease being discovered in genes that are part of the amyloid response pathways. These data support the view that genetic variability in how the brain responds to amyloid deposition is a potential therapeutic target for the disease, and are consistent with the notion that anti-amyloid therapies should be initiated early in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience; Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories; UCL Institute of Neurology; London UK
| | - N. Bogdanovic
- Section of Clinical Geriatrics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - B. Winblad
- KI-Alzheimer Disease Research Center; Karolinska Institutet; NVS; Stockholm Sweden
| | - E. Portelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - N. Andreasen
- KI-Alzheimer Disease Research Center; Karolinska Institutet; NVS; Stockholm Sweden
| | - A. Cedazo-Minguez
- KI-Alzheimer Disease Research Center; Karolinska Institutet; NVS; Stockholm Sweden
| | - H. Zetterberg
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience; Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories; UCL Institute of Neurology; London UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
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32
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Cruchaga C, Ebbert MTW, Kauwe JSK. Genetic discoveries in AD using CSF amyloid and tau. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2014; 2:23-29. [PMID: 24729949 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-014-0031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of cerebrospinal fluid levels of Aβ42 and pTau181 as endophenotypes for genetic studies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has led to successful identification of both rare and common AD risk variants. In addition, this approach has provided meaningful hypotheses for the biological mechanisms by which known AD risk variants modulate the disease process. In this article we discuss these successes and outline challenges to effective and continued applications of this approach. We contrast the statistical power of this approach with traditional case-control designs and discuss solutions to address challenges in quality control and data analysis for these phenotypes. Finally, we discuss the potential for the use of this approach with larger samples as well as the incorporation of next generation sequencing and for future work with other endophenotypes for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri ; The Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration (HPAN), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark T W Ebbert
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah ; The ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - John S K Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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33
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Kauwe JSK, Ridge PG, Foster NL, Cannon-Albright LA. Strong evidence for a genetic contribution to late-onset Alzheimer's disease mortality: a population-based study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77087. [PMID: 24116205 PMCID: PMC3792903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an international health concern that has a devastating effect on patients and families. While several genetic risk factors for AD have been identified much of the genetic variance in AD remains unexplained. There are limited published assessments of the familiality of Alzheimer's disease. Here we present the largest genealogy-based analysis of AD to date. METHODS We assessed the familiality of AD in The Utah Population Database (UPDB), a population-based resource linking electronic health data repositories for the state with the computerized genealogy of the Utah settlers and their descendants. We searched UPDB for significant familial clustering of AD to evaluate the genetic contribution to disease. We compared the Genealogical Index of Familiality (GIF) between AD individuals and randomly selected controls and estimated the Relative Risk (RR) for a range of family relationships. Finally, we identified pedigrees with a significant excess of AD deaths. RESULTS The GIF analysis showed that pairs of individuals dying from AD were significantly more related than expected. This excess of relatedness was observed for both close and distant relationships. RRs for death from AD among relatives of individuals dying from AD were significantly increased for both close and more distant relatives. Multiple pedigrees had a significant excess of AD deaths. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly support a genetic contribution to the observed clustering of individuals dying from AD. This report is the first large population-based assessment of the familiality of AD mortality and provides the only reported estimates of relative risk of AD mortality in extended relatives to date. The high-risk pedigrees identified show a true excess of AD mortality (not just multiple cases) and are greater in depth and width than published AD pedigrees. The presence of these high-risk pedigrees strongly supports the possibility of rare predisposition variants not yet identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. K. Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Perry G. Ridge
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Foster
- Center for Alzheimer’s Care, Imaging and Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Cannon-Albright
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Frost SM, Kanagasingam Y, Sohrabi HR, Taddei K, Bateman R, Morris J, Benzinger T, Goate A, Masters CL, Martins RN. Pupil response biomarkers distinguish amyloid precursor protein mutation carriers from non-carriers. Curr Alzheimer Res 2013; 10:790-6. [PMID: 23919771 PMCID: PMC3879087 DOI: 10.2174/15672050113109990154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Alzheimer's disease (AD) is usually only diagnosed many years after pathology begins. Earlier detection would allow emerging interventions to have a greater chance to preserve healthy brain function. A rare form of Alzheimer's disease, caused by autosomal-dominant mutations, affects carriers with 100% certainty and at a younger age specific to their mutation. Studying families with these mutations allows a unique investigation of the temporal sequence of biomarker changes in Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the pupil flash response (PFR), previously reported to be altered in sporadic Alzheimer's disease, is different in pre-symptomatic mutation carriers. DESIGN Researchers blinded to participant mutation status collected pupil response data from cognitively normal participants in the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network (DIAN) Study during 2010-2011. SETTING The pupil response was examined at the McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation in Perth, Western Australia. PARTICIPANTS Participants were from a single family harboring an Amyloid-Beta Precursor Protein genetic mutation (APPGlu693Gln). Six carriers and six non-carriers were available for pupil testing (age 43.0±8.3 years old, 2 males and 10 females, 4 with hypertension). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Pupil response parameter comparison between mutation carriers and non-carriers. RESULTS 75% recovery time was longer in mutation carriers (p<0.0003, ROC AUC 1.000, Sensitivity 100%, Specificity 100%) and percentage recovery 3.5 seconds after stimulus was less in mutation carriers (p<0.006, ROC AUC 1.000, Sensitivity 100%, Specificity 100%). CONCLUSIONS PFR changes occur pre-symptomatically in autosomal dominant AD mutation carriers, supporting further investigation of PFR for early detection of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Frost
- McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Suite 22, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Ave, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
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Benitez BA, Karch CM, Cai Y, Jin SC, Cooper B, Carrell D, Bertelsen S, Chibnik L, Schneider JA, Bennett DA, Fagan AM, Holtzman D, Morris JC, Goate AM, Cruchaga C. The PSEN1, p.E318G variant increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease in APOE-ε4 carriers. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003685. [PMID: 23990795 PMCID: PMC3750021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary constituents of plaques (Aβ42/Aβ40) and neurofibrillary tangles (tau and phosphorylated forms of tau [ptau]) are the current leading diagnostic and prognostic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for AD. In this study, we performed deep sequencing of APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, GRN, APOE and MAPT genes in individuals with extreme CSF Aβ42, tau, or ptau levels. One known pathogenic mutation (PSEN1 p.A426P), four high-risk variants for AD (APOE p.L46P, MAPT p.A152T, PSEN2 p.R62H and p.R71W) and nine novel variants were identified. Surprisingly, a coding variant in PSEN1, p.E318G (rs17125721-G) exhibited a significant association with high CSF tau (p = 9.2 × 10(-4)) and ptau (p = 1.8 × 10(-3)) levels. The association of the p.E318G variant with Aβ deposition was observed in APOE-ε4 allele carriers. Furthermore, we found that in a large case-control series (n = 5,161) individuals who are APOE-ε4 carriers and carry the p.E318G variant are at a risk of developing AD (OR = 10.7, 95% CI = 4.7-24.6) that is similar to APOE-ε4 homozygous (OR = 9.9, 95% CI = 7.2.9-13.6), and double the risk for APOE-ε4 carriers that do not carry p.E318G (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 3.4-4.4). The p.E318G variant is present in 5.3% (n = 30) of the families from a large clinical series of LOAD families (n = 565) and exhibited a higher frequency in familial LOAD (MAF = 2.5%) than in sporadic LOAD (MAF = 1.6%) (p = 0.02). Additionally, we found that in the presence of at least one APOE-ε4 allele, p.E318G is associated with more Aβ plaques and faster cognitive decline. We demonstrate that the effect of PSEN1, p.E318G on AD susceptibility is largely dependent on an interaction with APOE-ε4 and mediated by an increased burden of Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A. Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yefei Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Breanna Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David Carrell
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lori Chibnik
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard University and M.I.T., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | | | - Anne M. Fagan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John C. Morris
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Singleton AB. Finding risk in all the right places. Neuron 2013; 78:207-8. [PMID: 23622057 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Cruchaga et al. (2013) identify genetic variability linked to altered levels of tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid. They show that the same genetic variants can also confer risk for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Potter R, Patterson BW, Elbert DL, Ovod V, Kasten T, Sigurdson W, Mawuenyega K, Blazey T, Goate A, Chott R, Yarasheski KE, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Benzinger TLS, Bateman RJ. Increased in vivo amyloid-β42 production, exchange, and loss in presenilin mutation carriers. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:189ra77. [PMID: 23761040 PMCID: PMC3838868 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is hypothesized to be caused by an overproduction or reduced clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) caused by mutations in the presenilin (PSEN) gene have been postulated to result from increased production of Aβ42 compared to Aβ40 in the central nervous system (CNS). This has been demonstrated in rodent models of ADAD but not in human mutation carriers. We used compartmental modeling of stable isotope labeling kinetic (SILK) studies in human carriers of PSEN mutations and related noncarriers to evaluate the pathophysiological effects of PSEN1 and PSEN2 mutations on the production and turnover of Aβ isoforms. We compared these findings by mutation status and amount of fibrillar amyloid deposition as measured by positron emission tomography (PET) using the amyloid tracer Pittsburgh compound B (PIB). CNS Aβ42 to Aβ40 production rates were 24% higher in mutation carriers compared to noncarriers, and this was independent of fibrillar amyloid deposits quantified by PET PIB imaging. The fractional turnover rate of soluble Aβ42 relative to Aβ40 was 65% faster in mutation carriers and correlated with amyloid deposition, consistent with increased deposition of Aβ42 into plaques, leading to reduced recovery of Aβ42 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Reversible exchange of Aβ42 peptides with preexisting unlabeled peptide was observed in the presence of plaques. These findings support the hypothesis that Aβ42 is overproduced in the CNS of humans with PSEN mutations that cause AD, and demonstrate that soluble Aβ42 turnover and exchange processes are altered in the presence of amyloid plaques, causing a reduction in Aβ42 concentrations in the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Potter
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology
| | | | - Donald L. Elbert
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Vitaliy Ovod
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology
| | - Tom Kasten
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology
| | - Wendy Sigurdson
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
| | - Kwasi Mawuenyega
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology
| | - Tyler Blazey
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology
| | - Alison Goate
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Robert Chott
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - David M. Holtzman
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders
| | - John C. Morris
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders
| | - Tammie L. S. Benzinger
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders
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Cruchaga C, Kauwe JSK, Harari O, Jin SC, Cai Y, Karch CM, Benitez BA, Jeng AT, Skorupa T, Carrell D, Bertelsen S, Bailey M, McKean D, Shulman JM, De Jager PL, Chibnik L, Bennett DA, Arnold SE, Harold D, Sims R, Gerrish A, Williams J, Van Deerlin VM, Lee VMY, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Haines JL, Mayeux R, Pericak-Vance MA, Farrer LA, Schellenberg GD, Peskind ER, Galasko D, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Goate AM. GWAS of cerebrospinal fluid tau levels identifies risk variants for Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 2013; 78:256-68. [PMID: 23562540 PMCID: PMC3664945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau, tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (ptau), and Aβ₄₂ are established biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and have been used as quantitative traits for genetic analyses. We performed the largest genome-wide association study for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau/ptau levels published to date (n = 1,269), identifying three genome-wide significant loci for CSF tau and ptau: rs9877502 (p = 4.89 × 10⁻⁹ for tau) located at 3q28 between GEMC1 and OSTN, rs514716 (p = 1.07 × 10⁻⁸ and p = 3.22 × 10⁻⁹ for tau and ptau, respectively), located at 9p24.2 within GLIS3 and rs6922617 (p = 3.58 × 10⁻⁸ for CSF ptau) at 6p21.1 within the TREM gene cluster, a region recently reported to harbor rare variants that increase AD risk. In independent data sets, rs9877502 showed a strong association with risk for AD, tangle pathology, and global cognitive decline (p = 2.67 × 10⁻⁴, 0.039, 4.86 × 10⁻⁵, respectively) illustrating how this endophenotype-based approach can be used to identify new AD risk loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Hong S, Chen X, Jin L, Xiong M. Canonical correlation analysis for RNA-seq co-expression networks. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:e95. [PMID: 23460206 PMCID: PMC3632131 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital transcriptome analysis by next-generation sequencing discovers substantial mRNA variants. Variation in gene expression underlies many biological processes and holds a key to unravelling mechanism of common diseases. However, the current methods for construction of co-expression networks using overall gene expression are originally designed for microarray expression data, and they overlook a large number of variations in gene expressions. To use information on exon, genomic positional level and allele-specific expressions, we develop novel component-based methods, single and bivariate canonical correlation analysis, for construction of co-expression networks with RNA-seq data. To evaluate the performance of our methods for co-expression network inference with RNA-seq data, they are applied to lung squamous cell cancer expression data from TCGA database and our bipolar disorder and schizophrenia RNA-seq study. The preliminary results demonstrate that the co-expression networks constructed by canonical correlation analysis and RNA-seq data provide rich genetic and molecular information to gain insight into biological processes and disease mechanism. Our new methods substantially outperform the current statistical methods for co-expression network construction with microarray expression data or RNA-seq data based on overall gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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40
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Zhao W, Marchani EE, Cheung CYK, Steinbart EJ, Schellenberg GD, Bird TD, Wijsman EM. Genome scan in familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease: a locus on chromosome 6 contributes to age-at-onset. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:201-12. [PMID: 23355194 PMCID: PMC3654841 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common, genetically complex, fatal neurodegenerative disorder of late life. Although several genes are known to play a role in early-onset AD, identification of the genetic basis of late onset AD (LOAD) has been challenging, with only the APOE gene known to have a high contribution to both AD risk and age-at-onset. Here, we present the first genome-scan analysis of the complete, well-characterized University of Washington LOAD sample of 119 pedigrees, using age-at-onset as the trait of interest. The analysis approach used allows for a multilocus trait model while at the same time accommodating age censoring, effects of APOE as a known genetic covariate, and full pedigree and marker information. The results provide strong evidence for linkage of loci contributing to age-at-onset to genomic regions on chromosome 6q16.3, and to 19q13.42 in the region of the APOE locus. There was evidence for interaction between APOE and the locus on chromosome 6q and suggestive evidence for linkage to chromosomes 11p13, 15q12-14, and 19p13.12. These results provide the first independent confirmation of an AD age-at-onset locus on chromosome 6 and suggest that further efforts towards identifying the underlying causal locus or loci are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Elizabeth E. Marchani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Ellen J. Steinbart
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Division, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Thomas D. Bird
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Division, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Cohn-Hokke PE, Elting MW, Pijnenburg YAL, van Swieten JC. Genetics of dementia: update and guidelines for the clinician. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:628-43. [PMID: 22815225 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With increased frequency, clinical geneticists are asked for genetic advice on the heredity of dementia in families. Alzheimer's disease is in most cases a complex disease, but may be autosomal dominant inherited. Mutations in the PSEN1 gene are the most common genetic cause of early onset Alzheimer's disease, whereas APP and PSEN2 gene mutations are less frequent. Familial frontotemporal dementia may be associated with a mutation in the MAPT or GRN gene, or with a repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene. All these genes show autosomal dominant inheritance with a high penetrance. Although Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia are clinically distinguishable entities, phenotypical overlap may occur. Rarely, dementia is caused by mutations in other autosomal dominant genes or by genetic defects with autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant or mitochondrial inheritance. The inherited forms of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease show a large phenotypic variability also within families, resulting in many remaining uncertainties for mutation carriers. Therefore, genetic counseling before performing genetic testing is essential in both symptomatic individuals and healthy at risk relatives. This review provides an overview of the genetic causes of dementia and discusses all aspects relevant for genetic counseling and testing. Furthermore, based on current knowledge, we provide algorithms for genetic testing in patients with early onset Alzheimer's disease or frontotemporal dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra E Cohn-Hokke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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42
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Schellenberg GD, Montine TJ. The genetics and neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:305-23. [PMID: 22618995 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-0996-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we review the genetic causes and risks for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Early work identified mutations in three genes that cause AD: APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2. Although mutations in these genes are rare causes of AD, their discovery had a major impact on our understanding of molecular mechanisms of AD. Early work also revealed the ε4 allele of the APOE as a strong risk factor for AD. Subsequently, SORL1 also was identified as an AD risk gene. More recently, advances in our knowledge of the human genome, made possible by technological advances and methods to analyze genomic data, permit systematic identification of genes that contribute to AD risk. This work, so far accomplished through single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, has revealed nine new genes implicated in AD risk (ABCA7, BIN1, CD33, CD2AP, CLU, CR1, EPHA1, MS4A4E/MS4A6A, and PICALM). We review the relationship between these mutations and genetic variants and the neuropathologic features of AD and related disorders. Together, these discoveries point toward a new era in neurodegenerative disease research that impacts not only AD but also related illnesses that produce cognitive and behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA.
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Cruchaga C, Kauwe JSK, Nowotny P, Bales K, Pickering EH, Mayo K, Bertelsen S, Hinrichs A, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Goate AM. Cerebrospinal fluid APOE levels: an endophenotype for genetic studies for Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4558-71. [PMID: 22821396 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have access to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma APOE protein levels from 641 individuals and genome-wide genotyped data from 570 of these samples. The aim of this study was to test whether CSF or plasma APOE levels could be a useful endophenotype for AD and to identify genetic variants associated with APOE levels. We found that CSF (P = 8.15 × 10(-4)) but not plasma (P = 0.071) APOE protein levels are significantly associated with CSF Aβ(42) levels. We used Mendelian randomization and genetic variants as instrumental variables to confirm that the association of CSF APOE with CSF Aβ(42) levels and clinical dementia rating (CDR) is not because of a reverse causation or confounding effect. In addition the association of CSF APOE with Aβ(42) levels was independent of the APOE ε4 genotype, suggesting that APOE levels in CSF may be a useful endophenotype for AD. We performed a genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants associated with CSF APOE levels: the APOE ε4 genotype was the strongest single-genetic factor associated with CSF APOE protein levels (P = 6.9 × 10(-13)). In aggregate, the Illumina chip single nucleotide polymorphisms explain 72% of the variability in CSF APOE protein levels, whereas the APOE ε4 genotype alone explains 8% of the variability. No other genetic variant reached the genome-wide significance threshold, but nine additional variants exhibited a P-value <10(-6). Pathway mining analysis indicated that these nine additional loci are involved in lipid metabolism (P = 4.49 × 10(-9)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Hata S, Taniguchi M, Piao Y, Ikeuchi T, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Bateman R, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN, Gandy S, Urakami K, Suzuki T. Multiple γ-secretase product peptides are coordinately increased in concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of a subpopulation of sporadic Alzheimer's disease subjects. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:16. [PMID: 22534039 PMCID: PMC3422204 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcadeinα (Alcα) is a neuronal membrane protein that colocalizes with the Alzheimer's amyloid-β precursor protein (APP). Successive cleavage of APP by β- and γ-secretases generates the aggregatable amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), while cleavage of APP or Alcα by α- and γ-secretases generates non-aggregatable p3 or p3-Alcα peptides. Aβ and p3-Alcα can be recovered from human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We have previously reported alternative processing of APP and Alcα in the CSF of some patients with sporadic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD (SAD). Results Using the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system that detects total p3-Alcα, we determined levels of total p3-Alcα in CSF from subjects in one of four diagnostic categories (elderly controls, MCI, SAD, or other neurological disease) derived from three independent cohorts. Levels of Aβ40 correlated with levels of total p3-Alcα in all cohorts. Conclusions We confirm that Aβ40 is the most abundant Aβ species, and we propose a model in which CSF p3-Alcα can serve as a either (1) a nonaggregatable surrogate marker for γ-secretase activity; (2) as a marker for clearance of transmembrane domain peptides derived from integral protein catabolism; or (3) both. We propose the specification of an MCI/SAD endophenotype characterized by co-elevation of levels of both CSF p3-Alcα and Aβ40, and we propose that subjects in this category might be especially responsive to therapeutics aimed at modulation of γ-secretase function and/or transmembrane domain peptide clearance. These peptides may also be used to monitor the efficacy of therapeutics that target these steps in Aβ metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Guerreiro RJ, Gustafson DR, Hardy J. The genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease: beyond APP, PSENs and APOE. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:437-56. [PMID: 20594621 PMCID: PMC2980860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disorder with a clear genetic component. Three genes have been identified as the cause of early onset familial AD (EOAD). The most common form of the disease, late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), is, however, a sporadic one presenting itself in later stages of life. The genetic component of this late onset form of AD has been the target of a large number of studies, because only one genetic risk factor (APOE4) has been consistently associated with the disease. However, technological advances allow new approaches in the study of complex disorders. In this review, we discuss the new results produced by genome wide association studies, in light of the current knowledge of the complexity of AD genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita J Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Cruchaga C, Haller G, Chakraverty S, Mayo K, Vallania FLM, Mitra RD, Faber K, Williamson J, Bird T, Diaz-Arrastia R, Foroud TM, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, St Jean P, Lawson M, Ehm MG, Mayeux R, Goate AM. Rare variants in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 increase risk for AD in late-onset Alzheimer's disease families. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31039. [PMID: 22312439 PMCID: PMC3270040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, MAPT and GRN have previously been linked to familial early onset forms of dementia. Mutation screening in these genes has been performed in either very small series or in single families with late onset AD (LOAD). Similarly, studies in single families have reported mutations in MAPT and GRN associated with clinical AD but no systematic screen of a large dataset has been performed to determine how frequently this occurs. We report sequence data for 439 probands from late-onset AD families with a history of four or more affected individuals. Sixty sequenced individuals (13.7%) carried a novel or pathogenic mutation. Eight pathogenic variants, (one each in APP and MAPT, two in PSEN1 and four in GRN) three of which are novel, were found in 14 samples. Thirteen additional variants, present in 23 families, did not segregate with disease, but the frequency of these variants is higher in AD cases than controls, indicating that these variants may also modify risk for disease. The frequency of rare variants in these genes in this series is significantly higher than in the 1,000 genome project (p = 5.09 × 10⁻⁵; OR = 2.21; 95%CI = 1.49-3.28) or an unselected population of 12,481 samples (p = 6.82 × 10⁻⁵; OR = 2.19; 95%CI = 1.347-3.26). Rare coding variants in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2, increase risk for or cause late onset AD. The presence of variants in these genes in LOAD and early-onset AD demonstrates that factors other than the mutation can impact the age at onset and penetrance of at least some variants associated with AD. MAPT and GRN mutations can be found in clinical series of AD most likely due to misdiagnosis. This study clearly demonstrates that rare variants in these genes could explain an important proportion of genetic heritability of AD, which is not detected by GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
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Meeus B, Verstraeten A, Crosiers D, Engelborghs S, Van den Broeck M, Mattheijssens M, Peeters K, Corsmit E, Elinck E, Pickut B, Vandenberghe R, Cras P, De Deyn PP, Van Broeckhoven C, Theuns J. DLB and PDD: a role for mutations in dementia and Parkinson disease genes? Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:629.e5-629.e18. [PMID: 22118943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Based on the substantial overlap in clinical and pathological characteristics of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson disease with dementia (PDD) with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD) we hypothesized that these disorders might share underlying genetic factors. The contribution of both sequence and copy number variants (CNVs) in known AD and PD genes to the genetic etiology of DLB and PDD however is currently unclear. Therefore, we performed a gene-based mutation analysis of all major AD and PD genes in 99 DLB and 75 PDD patients, including familial and sporadic forms, from Flanders, Belgium. Also, copy number variants in APP, SNCA, and PARK2 were determined. In the AD genes we detected proven pathogenic missense mutations in PSEN1 and PSEN2, and 2 novel missense variants in PSEN2 and MAPT. In the PD genes we identified 1 SNCA duplication, the LRRK2 R1441C founder mutation and 4 novel heterozygous missense variants with unknown pathogenicity. Our results suggest a contribution of established AD and PD genes to the genetic etiology of DLB and PDD though to a limited extent. They do support the hypothesis of a genetic overlap between members of the Lewy body disease spectrum, but additional genes still have to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Meeus
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Vlassenko AG, Benzinger TLS, Morris JC. PET amyloid-beta imaging in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:370-9. [PMID: 22108203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, accounting for 60-70% of all cases [Hebert et al., 2003, 1]. The need for effective therapies for AD is great. Current approaches, including cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, are symptomatic treatments for AD but do not prevent disease progression. Many diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to AD are currently changing due to the knowledge that underlying pathology starts 10 to 20 years before clinical signs of dementia appear [Holtzman et al., 2011, 2]. New therapies which focus on prevention or delay of the onset or cognitive symptoms are needed. Recent advances in the identification of AD biomarkers now make it possible to detect AD pathology in the preclinical stage of the disease, in cognitively normal (CN) individuals; this biomarker data should be used in the selection of high-risk populations for clinical trials. In vivo visualization of AD neuropathology and biological, biochemical or physiological confirmation of the effects of treatment likely will substantially improve development of novel pharmaceuticals. Positron emission tomography (PET) is the leading neuroimaging tool to detect and provide quantitative measures of AD amyloid pathology in vivo at the early stages and follow its course longitudinally. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Imaging Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei G Vlassenko
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Cruchaga C, Nowotny P, Kauwe JSK, Ridge PG, Mayo K, Bertelsen S, Hinrichs A, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Goate AM. Association and expression analyses with single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TOMM40 in Alzheimer disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 68:1013-9. [PMID: 21825236 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the most statistically significant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD). The linkage disequilibrium pattern around the APOE gene has made it difficult to determine whether all the association signal is derived from APOE or whether there is an independent signal from a nearby gene. OBJECTIVE To attempt to replicate a recently reported association of APOE 3-TOMM40 haplotypes with risk and age at onset. DESIGN We used standard techniques to genotype several polymorphisms in the APOE-TOMM40 region in a large case-control series, in a series with cerebrospinal fluid biomarker data, and in brain tissue. SETTING Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. PARTICIPANTS Research volunteers who were cognitively normal or had Alzheimer disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Disease status and age at onset. RESULTS We did not replicate the previously reported association of the polyT polymorphism (rs10524523) with risk and age at onset. We found a significant association between rs10524523 and risk of LOAD in APOE 33 homozygotes but in the opposite direction as the previously reported association (the very long allele was underrepresented in cases vs controls in this study (P = .004]). We found no association between rs10524523 and cerebrospinal fluid tau or β-amyloid 42 levels or TOMM40 or APOE gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Although we did not replicate the earlier association between the APOE 3-TOMM40 haplotypes and age at onset, we observed that the polyT polymorphism is associated with risk of LOAD in APOE 33 homozygotes in a large case-control series but in the opposite direction as in the previous study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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The immunological potency and therapeutic potential of a prototype dual vaccine against influenza and Alzheimer's disease. J Transl Med 2011; 9:127. [PMID: 21806809 PMCID: PMC3162512 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous pre-clinical studies and clinical trials demonstrated that induction of antibodies to the β-amyloid peptide of 42 residues (Aβ42) elicits therapeutic effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, an active vaccination strategy based on full length Aβ42 is currently hampered by elicitation of T cell pathological autoreactivity. We attempt to improve vaccine efficacy by creating a novel chimeric flu vaccine expressing the small immunodominant B cell epitope of Aβ42. We hypothesized that in elderly people with pre-existing memory Th cells specific to influenza this dual vaccine will simultaneously boost anti-influenza immunity and induce production of therapeutically active anti-Aβ antibodies. Methods Plasmid-based reverse genetics system was used for the rescue of recombinant influenza virus containing immunodominant B cell epitopes of Aβ42 (Aβ1-7/10). Results Two chimeric flu viruses expressing either 7 or 10 aa of Aβ42 (flu-Aβ1-7 or flu-Aβ1-10) were generated and tested in mice as conventional inactivated vaccines. We demonstrated that this dual vaccine induced therapeutically potent anti-Aβ antibodies and anti-influenza antibodies in mice. Conclusion We suggest that this strategy might be beneficial for treatment of AD patients as well as for prevention of development of AD pathology in pre-symptomatic individuals while concurrently boosting immunity against influenza.
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