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Liu X, Qin H, Liu Y, Ma J, Li Y, He Y, Zhu H, Mao L. The biological functions and pathological mechanisms of CASK in various diseases. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28863. [PMID: 38638974 PMCID: PMC11024568 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background As a scaffold protein, calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) has been extensively studied in a variety of tissues throughout the body. The Cask gene is ubiquitous in several tissues, such as the neurons, islets, heart, kidneys and sperm, and is mostly localised in the cytoplasm adjacent to the basement membrane. CASK binds to a variety of proteins through its domains to exerting its biological activity. Scope of review Here, we discuss the role of CASK in multiple tissues throughout the body. The role of different CASK domains in regulating neuronal development, neurotransmitter release and synaptic vesicle secretion was emphasised; the regulatory mechanism of CASK on the function of pancreatic islet β cells was analysed; the role of CASK in cardiac physiology, kidney and sperm development was discussed; and the role of CASK in different tumours was compared. Finally, we clarify the importance of the Cask gene in the body, and how deletion or mutation of the Cask gene can have adverse consequences. Major conclusions CASK is a conserved gene with similar roles in various tissues. The function of the Cask gene in the nervous system is mainly involved in the development of the nervous system and the release of neurotransmitters. In the endocrine system, an involvement of CASK has been reported in the process of insulin vesicle transport. CASK is also involved in cardiomyocyte ion channel regulation, kidney and sperm development, and tumour proliferation. CASK is an indispensable gene for the whole body, and CASK mutations can cause foetal malformations or death at birth. In this review, we summarise the biological functions and pathological mechanisms of CASK in various systems, thereby providing a basis for further in-depth studies of CASK functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haonan Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- Department of Electrophysiology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
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Cavusoglu D, Ozturk G, Turkdogan D, Kurul SH, Yis U, Komur M, Incecik F, Kara B, Sahin T, Unver O, Dilber C, Mert GG, Gunay C, Uzan GS, Ersoy O, Oktay Y, Mermer S, Tuncer GO, Gungor O, Ozcora GDK, Gumus U, Sezer O, Cetin GO, Demir F, Yilmaz A, Gurbuz G, Topcu M, Topaloglu H, Ceylan AC, Ceylaner S, Gleeson JG, Icagasioglu DF, Sonmez FM. Evaluation of the Patients with the Diagnosis of Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia: A Multicenter National Study. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01690-1. [PMID: 38622473 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) is a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by hypoplasia and degeneration of the cerebellum and pons. We aimed to identify the clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings of the patients with diagnosed PCH with confirmed genetic analysis. We collected available clinical data, laboratory, and imaging findings in our retrospective multicenter national study of 64 patients with PCH in Turkey. The genetic analysis included the whole-exome sequencing (WES), targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS), or single gene analysis. Sixty-four patients with PCH were 28 female (43.8%) and 36 (56.3%) male. The patients revealed homozygous mutation in 89.1%, consanguinity in 79.7%, pregnancy at term in 85.2%, microcephaly in 91.3%, psychomotor retardation in 98.4%, abnormal neurological findings in 100%, seizure in 63.8%, normal biochemistry and metabolic investigations in 92.2%, and dysmorphic findings in 51.2%. The missense mutation was found to be the most common variant type in all patients with PCH. It was detected as CLP1 (n = 17) was the most common PCH related gene. The homozygous missense variant c.419G > A (p.Arg140His) was identified in all patients with CLP1. Moreover, all patients showed the same homozygous missense variant c.919G > T (p.A307S) in TSEN54 group (n = 6). In Turkey, CLP1 was identified as the most common causative gene with the identical variant c.419G > A; p.Arg140His. The current study supports that genotype data on PCH leads to phenotypic variability over a wide phenotypic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Cavusoglu
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Gulten Ozturk
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilsad Turkdogan
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semra Hiz Kurul
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Uluc Yis
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Komur
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Faruk Incecik
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Bulent Kara
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Turkan Sahin
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Olcay Unver
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Dilber
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Gulen Gul Mert
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Gunay
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Ozlem Ersoy
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Oktay
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serdar Mermer
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Gokcen Oz Tuncer
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Olcay Gungor
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | | | - Ugur Gumus
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Dr Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Sezer
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Ozan Cetin
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Fatma Demir
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arzu Yilmaz
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gurkan Gurbuz
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Meral Topcu
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University,Retired Lecturer, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Haluk Topaloglu
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cevdet Ceylan
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - F Mujgan Sonmez
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Child Neurology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical Faculty, Retired Lecturer, Trabzon, Turkey.
- Yuksek Ihtisas University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
- , Aziziye Mah. Cinnah Cad. 102/3, Cankaya, Ankara, Türkiye.
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Weeratunga S, Gormal RS, Liu M, Eldershaw D, Livingstone EK, Malapaka A, Wallis TP, Bademosi AT, Jiang A, Healy MD, Meunier FA, Collins BM. Interrogation and validation of the interactome of neuronal Munc18-interacting Mint proteins with AlphaFold2. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105541. [PMID: 38072052 PMCID: PMC10820826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Munc18-interacting proteins (Mints) are multidomain adaptors that regulate neuronal membrane trafficking, signaling, and neurotransmission. Mint1 and Mint2 are highly expressed in the brain with overlapping roles in the regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion required for neurotransmitter release by interacting with the essential synaptic protein Munc18-1. Here, we have used AlphaFold2 to identify and then validate the mechanisms that underpin both the specific interactions of neuronal Mint proteins with Munc18-1 as well as their wider interactome. We found that a short acidic α-helical motif within Mint1 and Mint2 is necessary and sufficient for specific binding to Munc18-1 and binds a conserved surface on Munc18-1 domain3b. In Munc18-1/2 double knockout neurosecretory cells, mutation of the Mint-binding site reduces the ability of Munc18-1 to rescue exocytosis, and although Munc18-1 can interact with Mint and Sx1a (Syntaxin1a) proteins simultaneously in vitro, we find that they have mutually reduced affinities, suggesting an allosteric coupling between the proteins. Using AlphaFold2 to then examine the entire cellular network of putative Mint interactors provides a structural model for their assembly with a variety of known and novel regulatory and cargo proteins including ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF3/ARF4) small GTPases and the AP3 clathrin adaptor complex. Validation of Mint1 interaction with a new predicted binder TJAP1 (tight junction-associated protein 1) provides experimental support that AlphaFold2 can correctly predict interactions across such large-scale datasets. Overall, our data provide insights into the diversity of interactions mediated by the Mint family and show that Mints may help facilitate a key trigger point in SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor) complex assembly and vesicle fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroja Weeratunga
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel S Gormal
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meihan Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Denaye Eldershaw
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma K Livingstone
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anusha Malapaka
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tristan P Wallis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adekunle T Bademosi
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anmin Jiang
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael D Healy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frederic A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett M Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
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Guo Q, Kouyama-Suzuki E, Shirai Y, Cao X, Yanagawa T, Mori T, Tabuchi K. Structural Analysis Implicates CASK-Liprin-α2 Interaction in Cerebellar Granular Cell Death in MICPCH Syndrome. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081177. [PMID: 37190086 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia (MICPCH) syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the deficiency of the X-chromosomal gene CASK. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CASK deficiency causes cerebellar hypoplasia in this syndrome remain elusive. In this study, we used CASK knockout (KO) mice as models for MICPCH syndrome and investigated the effect of CASK mutants. Female CASK heterozygote KO mice replicate the progressive cerebellar hypoplasia observed in MICPCH syndrome. CASK KO cultured cerebellar granule (CG) cells show progressive cell death that can be rescued by co-infection with lentivirus expressing wild-type CASK. Rescue experiments with CASK deletion mutants identify that the CaMK, PDZ, and SH3, but not L27 and guanylate kinase domains of CASK are required for the survival of CG cells. We identify missense mutations in the CaMK domain of CASK derived from human patients that fail to rescue the cell death of cultured CASK KO CG cells. Machine learning-based structural analysis using AlphaFold 2.2 predicts that these mutations disrupt the structure of the binding interface with Liprin-α2. These results suggest that the interaction with Liprin-α2 via the CaMK domain of CASK may be involved in the pathophysiology of cerebellar hypoplasia in MICPCH syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Emi Kouyama-Suzuki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Shirai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Xueshan Cao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Toru Yanagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takuma Mori
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Department of NeuroHealth Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tabuchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Department of NeuroHealth Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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Shimada T, Yamagata K. Spine morphogenesis and synapse formation in tubular sclerosis complex models. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1019343. [PMID: 36606143 PMCID: PMC9807618 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1019343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is caused by mutations in the Tsc1 or Tsc2 genes, whose products form a complex and inactivate the small G-protein Rheb1. The activation of Rheb1 may cause refractory epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autism, which are the major neuropsychiatric manifestations of TSC. Abnormalities in dendritic spines and altered synaptic structure are hallmarks of epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autism. In addition, spine dysmorphology and aberrant synapse formation are observed in TSC animal models. Therefore, it is important to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of spine morphology and synapse formation in neurons to identify therapeutic targets for TSC. In this review, we focus on the representative proteins regulated by Rheb1 activity, mTORC1 and syntenin, which are pivotal downstream factors of Rheb1 in the alteration of spine formation and synapse function in TSC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayuki Shimada
- Child Brain Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan,*Correspondence: Tadayuki Shimada,
| | - Kanato Yamagata
- Child Brain Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Psychiatry, Takada Nishishiro Hospital, Niigata, Japan,Kanato Yamagata,
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McSweeney D, Gabriel R, Jin K, Pang ZP, Aronow B, Pak C. CASK loss of function differentially regulates neuronal maturation and synaptic function in human induced cortical excitatory neurons. iScience 2022; 25:105187. [PMID: 36262316 PMCID: PMC9574418 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in CASK cause severe developmental phenotypes, including microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia, X-linked intellectual disability, and autism. Unraveling the pathological mechanisms of CASK-related disorders has been challenging owing to limited human cellular models to study the dynamic roles of this molecule during neuronal maturation and synapse development. Here, we investigate cell-autonomous functions of CASK in cortical excitatory induced neurons (iNs) generated from CASK knockout (KO) isogenic human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) using gene expression, morphometrics, and electrophysiology. While immature CASK KO iNs show robust neuronal outgrowth, mature CASK KO iNs display severe defects in synaptic transmission and synchronized network activity without compromising neuronal morphology and synapse numbers. In the developing human cortical excitatory neurons, CASK functions to promote both structural integrity and establishment of cortical excitatory neuronal networks. These results lay the foundation for future studies identifying suppressors of such phenotypes relevant to human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny McSweeney
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, UMass Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMass Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Rafael Gabriel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMass Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Kang Jin
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - ChangHui Pak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMass Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA,Corresponding author
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Xie G, Zhang Y, Yang W, Yang L, Wang R, Xu M, Sun L, Zhang B, Cui X. Case report: A novel CASK mutation in a Chinese female child with microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia. Front Genet 2022; 13:856636. [PMID: 36159992 PMCID: PMC9490368 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.856636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia (MICPCH) is a rare X-linked dominant genetic disease, and most MICPCHs are ascribed to CASK mutations, while few are revealed in Chinese patients. This study aims to identify the pathogenic mutation in a Chinese proband with MICPCH.Methods: A 3-year-old female Chinese proband with MICPCH and her parents were included. Clinical data were collected from the medical records and recalled by the proband’s mother. Whole genome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were used to find the pathogenic mutation of MICPCH.Results: The proband presented with postnatal progressive microcephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, intellectual disability, motor and language development retardation and limb hypertonia. Genetic analysis indicated that there was a novel compound heterozygote nonsynonymous mutation, c.755T>C(p.Leu252Pro) in exon8 of CASK gene in the proband, but not in her parents. This CASK mutation has not been reported in other databases.Conclusion: This study broadens the mutation spectrum of the CASK gene and is of great value for precise prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilan Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenfang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenfang Yang,
| | - Liren Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Landi Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Boxing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoyi Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Zhang R, Jia P, Yao Y, Zhu F. Case Report: Identification of a novel CASK missense variant in a Chinese family with MICPCH. Front Genet 2022; 13:933785. [PMID: 36092876 PMCID: PMC9452731 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.933785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental retardation and microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia (MICPCH) is a rare genetic disorder that results in varying levels of pontocerebellar hypoplasia, microcephaly, and severe intellectual disabilities. Prior genetic analyses have identified the CASK gene as a driver of MICPCH. Herein, we analyzed a Chinese family with MICPCH. The index patient was an 8-year-old male. He and his 3-year-old brother suffered from microcephaly, pontocerebellar hypoplasia, serious mental retardation, ataxia, gait disorder, and inability to speak. Through a combination of whole-exome sequencing and subsequent Sanger sequencing, a novel X-linked missense mutation, c.1882G>C (p.D628H) in the CASK gene, was identified in two siblings, as well as their mother and grandmother, who exhibited mild mental retardation. Other family members with negative genetic testing were normal. In silico analyses indicated that this missense mutation was predicted to reduce CASK protein stability, disrupt the SRC homology 3 (SH3) domain, and abolish its function. In summary, we identified a novel missense variate in CASK associated with MICPCH. Our work facilitates the diagnosis of the disease in this family and broadens the gene variant spectrum of the CASK in MICPCH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyi Yao
- Medical Genetic Center, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Zhu, ; Yanyi Yao,
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Zhu, ; Yanyi Yao,
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Bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in PPFIBP1 cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, epilepsy, and periventricular calcifications. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:1421-1435. [PMID: 35830857 PMCID: PMC9388382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PPFIBP1 encodes for the liprin-β1 protein, which has been shown to play a role in neuronal outgrowth and synapse formation in Drosophila melanogaster. By exome and genome sequencing, we detected nine ultra-rare homozygous loss-of-function variants in 16 individuals from 12 unrelated families. The individuals presented with moderate to profound developmental delay, often refractory early-onset epilepsy, and progressive microcephaly. Further common clinical findings included muscular hyper- and hypotonia, spasticity, failure to thrive and short stature, feeding difficulties, impaired vision, and congenital heart defects. Neuroimaging revealed abnormalities of brain morphology with leukoencephalopathy, ventriculomegaly, cortical abnormalities, and intracranial periventricular calcifications as major features. In a fetus with intracranial calcifications, we identified a rare homozygous missense variant that by structural analysis was predicted to disturb the topology of the SAM domain region that is essential for protein-protein interaction. For further insight into the effects of PPFIBP1 loss of function, we performed automated behavioral phenotyping of a Caenorhabditis elegans PPFIBP1/hlb-1 knockout model, which revealed defects in spontaneous and light-induced behavior and confirmed resistance to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb, suggesting a defect in the neuronal presynaptic zone. In conclusion, we establish bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in PPFIBP1 as a cause of an autosomal recessive severe neurodevelopmental disorder with early-onset epilepsy, microcephaly, and periventricular calcifications.
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Zhang Y, Nie Y, Mu Y, Zheng J, Xu X, Zhang F, Shu J, Liu Y. A de novo variant in CASK gene causing intellectual disability and brain hypoplasia: a case report and literature review. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:73. [PMID: 35550617 PMCID: PMC9097383 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenic variation of CASK gene can cause CASK related mental disorders. The main clinical manifestations are microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia, X-linked mental disorders with or without nystagmus and FG syndrome. The main pathogenic mechanism is the loss of function of related protein caused by variant. We reported a Chinese male newborn with a de novo variant in CASK gene. Case presentation We present an 18-day-old baby with growth retardation and brain hypoplasia. Whole-exome sequencing was performed, which detected a hemizygous missense variant c.764G > A of CASK gene. The variant changed the 255th amino acid from Arg to His. Software based bioinformatics analyses were conducted to infer its functional effect. Conclusions In this paper, a de novo variant of CASK gene was reported. Moreover, a detailed description of all the cases described in the literature is reported. CASK variants cause a variety of clinical phenotypes. Its diagnosis is difficult due to the lack of typical clinical symptoms. Genetic testing should be performed as early as possible if this disease is suspected. This case provides an important reference for the diagnosis and treatment of future cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China.,Graduate College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyan Nie
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Yu Mu
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Graduate College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Jianbo Shu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, China. .,Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China.
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11
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Lee K, Jung Y, Vyas Y, Skelton I, Abraham WC, Hsueh YP, Montgomery JM. Dietary zinc supplementation rescues fear-based learning and synaptic function in the Tbr1 +/- mouse model of autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism 2022; 13:13. [PMID: 35303947 PMCID: PMC8932001 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-022-00494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by a dyad of behavioural symptoms-social and communication deficits and repetitive behaviours. Multiple aetiological genetic and environmental factors have been identified as causing or increasing the likelihood of ASD, including serum zinc deficiency. Our previous studies revealed that dietary zinc supplementation can normalise impaired social behaviours, excessive grooming, and heightened anxiety in a Shank3 mouse model of ASD, as well as the amelioration of synapse dysfunction. Here, we have examined the efficacy and breadth of dietary zinc supplementation as an effective therapeutic strategy utilising a non-Shank-related mouse model of ASD-mice with Tbr1 haploinsufficiency. METHODS We performed behavioural assays, amygdalar slice whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, and immunohistochemistry to characterise the synaptic mechanisms underlying the ASD-associated behavioural deficits observed in Tbr1+/- mice and the therapeutic potential of dietary zinc supplementation. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Šídák's post hoc test and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc multiple comparisons were performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS Our data show that dietary zinc supplementation prevents impairments in auditory fear memory and social interaction, but not social novelty, in the Tbr1+/- mice. Tbr1 haploinsufficiency did not induce excessive grooming nor elevate anxiety in mice. At the synaptic level, dietary zinc supplementation reversed α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction and normalised presynaptic function at thalamic-lateral amygdala (LA) synapses that are crucial for auditory fear memory. In addition, the zinc supplemented diet significantly restored the synaptic puncta density of the GluN1 subunit essential for functional NMDARs as well as SHANK3 expression in both the basal and lateral amygdala (BLA) of Tbr1+/- mice. LIMITATIONS The therapeutic effect of dietary zinc supplementation observed in rodent models may not reproduce the same effects in human patients. The effect of dietary zinc supplementation on synaptic function in other brain structures affected by Tbr1 haploinsufficiency including olfactory bulb and anterior commissure will also need to be examined. CONCLUSIONS Our data further the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of dietary zinc supplementation and verify the efficacy and breadth of its application as a potential treatment strategy for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lee
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Yewon Jung
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Yukti Vyas
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Imogen Skelton
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Rd., Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Johanna M Montgomery
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
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12
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Liu X, Sun P, Yuan Q, Xie J, Xiao T, Zhang K, Chen X, Wang Y, Yuan L, Han X. Specific Deletion of CASK in Pancreatic β Cells Affects Glucose Homeostasis and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Mice by Reducing Hyperinsulinemia Running Title: β Cell CASK Deletion Reduces Hyperinsulinemia. Diabetes 2021; 71:db201208. [PMID: 34957476 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) is involved in the secretion of insulin vesicles in pancreatic β-cells. The present study revealed a new in vivo role of CASK in glucose homeostasis during the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A Cre-loxP system was used to specifically delete the Cask gene in mouse β-cells (βCASKKO), and the glucose metabolism was evaluated in βCASKKO mice fed a normal chow diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD). ND-fed mice exhibited impaired insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation. Transmission electron microscopy showed significantly reduced numbers of insulin granules at or near the cell membrane in the islets of βCASKKO mice. By contrast, HFD-fed βCASKKO mice showed reduced blood glucose and a partial relief of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance when compared to HFD-fed wildtype mice. The IRS1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was upregulated in the adipose tissue of HFD-βCASKKO mice. These results indicated that knockout of the Cask gene in β cells had a diverse effect on glucose homeostasis: reduced insulin secretion in ND-fed mice, but improves insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed mice. Therefore, CASK appears to function in the insulin secretion and contributes to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance during the development of obesity-related T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qingzhao Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinyang Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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13
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Ding B, Bao C, Jin L, Xu L, Fan W, Lou W. CASK Silence Overcomes Sorafenib Resistance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Through Activating Apoptosis and Autophagic Cell Death. Front Oncol 2021; 11:681683. [PMID: 34249726 PMCID: PMC8260832 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.681683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients usually fail to be treated because of drug resistance, including sorafenib. In this study, the effects of CASK in HCC were investigated using gain- or loss-of-function strategies by performing cell counting kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescent confocal laser microscopy, tumor xenograft experiment and immunohistochemistry staining. The current results suggested that CASK expression was positively associated with sorafenib resistance and poor prognosis of HCC. Moreover, inhibition of CASK increased the role of sorafenib partially by promoting apoptosis and autophagy, while CASK overexpression presented the opposite effects. Besides, when treatment with sorafenib, inhibition of apoptosis using the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK and inhibition of autophagy using autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) of LC3B all significantly reversed CASK knockout-induced effects, suggesting that both apoptosis and autophagy were involved in CASK-mediated above functions and autophagy played a pro-death role in this research. Intriguingly, similar results were observed in vivo. In molecular level, CASK knockout activated the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, and treatment with JNK inhibitor SP600125 or transiently transfected with siRNA targeting JNK significantly attenuated CASK knockout-mediated autophagic cell death. Collectively, all these results together indicated that CASK might be a promising biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisha Ding
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Bao
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luqi Jin
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weimin Fan
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiyang Lou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Crosstalk among Calcium ATPases: PMCA, SERCA and SPCA in Mental Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062785. [PMID: 33801794 PMCID: PMC8000800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium in mammalian neurons is essential for developmental processes, neurotransmitter release, apoptosis, and signal transduction. Incorrectly processed Ca2+ signal is well-known to trigger a cascade of events leading to altered response to variety of stimuli and persistent accumulation of pathological changes at the molecular level. To counterbalance potentially detrimental consequences of Ca2+, neurons are equipped with sophisticated mechanisms that function to keep its concentration in a tightly regulated range. Calcium pumps belonging to the P-type family of ATPases: plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA), sarco/endoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase (SPCA) are considered efficient line of defense against abnormal Ca2+ rises. However, their role is not limited only to Ca2+ transport, as they present tissue-specific functionality and unique sensitive to the regulation by the main calcium signal decoding protein—calmodulin (CaM). Based on the available literature, in this review we analyze the contribution of these three types of Ca2+-ATPases to neuropathology, with a special emphasis on mental diseases.
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15
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CASK related disorder: Epilepsy and developmental outcome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 31:61-69. [PMID: 33640666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CASK pathogenic variants are associated with variable features, as intellectual disability, optic atrophy, brainstem/cerebellar hypoplasia, and epileptic encephalopathy. Few studies describe the electroclinical features of epilepsy in patients with CASK pathogenic variants and their relationship with developmental delay. METHODS this national multicentre cohort included genetically confirmed patients with different CASK pathogenic variants. Our findings were compared with cohorts reported in the literature. RESULTS we collected 34 patients (29 females) showing from moderate (4 patients) to severe (22) and profound (8) developmental delay; all showed pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia, all except three with microcephaly. Seventeen out of 34 patients (50%) suffered from epileptic seizures, including spasms (11 patients, 32.3%), generalized (5) or focal seizures (1). In 8/17 individuals (47.1%), epilepsy started at or beyond the age of 24 months. Seven (3 males) out of the 11 children with spasms showed EEG features and a course supporting the diagnosis of a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Drug resistance was frequent in our cohort (52.9% of patients with epilepsy). EEG abnormalities included poorly organized background activity with diffuse or multifocal epileptiform abnormalities and sleep-activation, with possible appearance over the follow-up period. Developmental delay degree was not statistically different among patients with or without seizures but feeding difficulties were more frequent in patients with epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS epilepsy is a frequent comorbidity with a high incidence of spasms and drug resistance. Overall developmental disability does not seem to be more severe in the group of patients with epilepsy nor to be linked to specific epilepsy/EEG characteristics. A childhood onset of epilepsy is frequent, with possible worsening over time, so that serial and systematic monitoring is mandatory.
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16
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Zhao J, Hou M, Wang H, Liu Q, Sun D, Wei W. Microcephaly, disproportionate pontine, and cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome: Two novel mutations in the CASK gene were discovered in Chinese females. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:277-284. [PMID: 33629417 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcephaly, disproportionate pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia (MICPCH) syndrome is a rare and genetic disorder, which is mainly caused by mutations in the CASK gene. We described four variations in the CASK gene in Chinese female patients with MICPCH, who presented with microcephaly, developmental delay, and motor disorder. The CASK mutations were identified using NGS (the next-generation sequencing), copy number variation sequencing. Two novel variations in the CASK gene were revealed including a frameshift mutation c.1000_1001insG (p.Asp334GlyfsTer32) and a nonsense mutation c.2110A > T (p.Lys704Ter). Two other aberrations were c.316C > T (p.Arg106Ter) and Xp11.4-p11.3 (41,700,001-44,660,000) × 1 loss. We provided clinical manifestations and neuroimaging findings of the four patients. The genetic variation spectrum of MICPCH caused by CASK was updated. Furthermore, we expounded on the molecular mechanism of the disease and noticed that it was not possible to relate the magnitude of the genetic alteration to a particular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Zhao
- Department of Neurology & Rehabilitation, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Mei Hou
- Department of Neurology & Rehabilitation, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Haiqiao Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyan Liu
- Department of Neurology & Rehabilitation, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Dianrong Sun
- Department of Neurology & Rehabilitation, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Kangso Medical Inspection Co, Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
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Zhang K, Wang T, Liu X, Yuan Q, Xiao T, Yuan X, Zhang Y, Yuan L, Wang Y. CASK, APBA1, and STXBP1 collaborate during insulin secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 520:111076. [PMID: 33159991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) knockdown reduces insulin vesicle docking to cell membranes. Here, we explored CASK interactions with other proteins during insulin secretion. Using co-immunoprecipitation, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analysis, we identified that CASK, Adapter protein X11 alpha (APBA1), and Syntaxin binding protein 1 (STXBP1) formed tripartite complex during insulin secretion. CASK enhanced APBA1-STXBP1 interaction and mediated their traffic from cytoplasm to plasma membrane during insulin release. High fatty acid stimulation decreased insulin secretion along with CASK, APBA1, and STXBP1 expression; Cask overexpression enhanced CASK/APBA1/STXBP1 tripartite complex function, and may thereby rescue lipotoxicity-induced insulin-release defects. Collectively, our results illustrated the function of CASK in insulin granules exocytosis, which broadens the underlying mechanism of insulin secretion and highlights the clinical potential of CASK as a drug target of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tianyuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xingjing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qingzhao Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tin Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiangjiang Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yijian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Wang TY, Liu XJ, Xie JY, Yuan QZ, Wang Y. Cask methylation involved in the injury of insulin secretion function caused by interleukin1-β. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:14247-14256. [PMID: 33188567 PMCID: PMC7753871 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet inflammation severely impairs pancreatic β‐cell function, but the specific mechanisms are still unclear. Interleukin1‐β (IL‐1β), an essential inflammatory factor, exerts a vital role in multiple physio‐pathologic processes, including diabetes. Calcium/calmodulin‐dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) is an important regulator especially in insulin secretion process. This study aims to unveil the function of CASK in IL‐1β–induced insulin secretion dysfunction and the possible mechanism thereof. Islets of Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats and INS‐1 cells stimulated with IL‐1β were utilized as models of chronic inflammation. Insulin secretion function associated with Cask and DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) expression were assessed. The possible mechanisms of IL‐1β‐induced pancreatic β‐cell dysfunction were also explored. In this study, CASK overexpression effectively improved IL‐1β‐induced islet β‐cells dysfunction, increased insulin secretion. DNA methyltransferases and the level of methylation in the promoter region of Cask were elevated after IL‐1β administration. Methyltransferase inhibitor 5‐Aza‐2’‐deoxycytidine (5‐Aza‐dC) and si‐DNMTs partially up‐regulated CASK expression and reversed potassium stimulated insulin secretion (KSIS) and glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) function under IL‐1β treatment in INS‐1 and rat islets. These results reveal a previously unknown effect of IL‐1β on insulin secretion dysfunction and demonstrate a novel pathway for Cask silencing based on activation of DNA methyltransferases via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and modification of gene promoter methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing-Jing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Yang Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing-Zhao Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Wu X, Cai Q, Chen Y, Zhu S, Mi J, Wang J, Zhang M. Structural Basis for the High-Affinity Interaction between CASK and Mint1. Structure 2020; 28:664-673.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Effect of Transgenesis on mRNA and miRNA Profiles in Cucumber Fruits Expressing Thaumatin II. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030334. [PMID: 32245082 PMCID: PMC7140888 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic plants are commonly used in breeding programs because of the various features that can be introduced. However, unintended effects caused by genetic transformation are still a topic of concern. This makes research on the nutritional safety of transgenic crop plants extremely interesting. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a crop that is grown worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize differentially expressed genes and regulatory miRNAs in transgenic cucumber fruits that contain the thaumatin II gene, which encodes the sweet-tasting protein thaumatin II, by NGS sequencing. We compared the fruit transcriptomes and miRNomes of three transgenic cucumber lines with wild-type cucumber. In total, we found 47 differentially expressed genes between control and all three transgenic lines. We performed the bioinformatic functional analysis and gene ontology classification. We also identified 12 differentially regulated miRNAs, from which three can influence the two targets (assigned as DEGs) in one of the studied transgenic lines (line 224). We found that the transformation of cucumber with thaumatin II and expression of the transgene had minimal impact on gene expression and epigenetic regulation by miRNA, in the cucumber fruits.
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Zhang K, Yuan Q, Xie J, Yuan L, Wang Y. PPAR-γ activation increases insulin secretion independent of CASK in INS-1 cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:715-722. [PMID: 31168600 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is expressed in pancreatic β cells and is involved in insulin secretion. However, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK), which plays a vital role in the anchoring of insulin granules on pancreatic β cell membrane, is probably a downstream of the transcription factor PPAR-γ. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation among PPAR-γ, CASK and insulin secretion. We found that rosiglitazone (RSG) had a positive effect on the expression of CASK and PPAR-γ in INS-1 cells as shown by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis, but did not change the cellular location of CASK as shown by immunofluorescence assay. Knockdown of PPAR-γ significantly attenuated the mRNA and protein expression levels of CASK. ChIP-qPCR and luciferase assays showed that PPAR-γ bound with the Cask promoter, and promoter activity of Cask was elevated by RSG. RSG significantly enhanced the insulin secretion with potassium stimulation, but did not alter the insulin content as shown by potassium-stimulated insulin secretion assay. In addition, with RSG pretreatment, knockdown of Cask did not significantly affect the PPAR-γ activation-mediated insulin secretion. Moreover, electron microscopy demonstrated that with RSG pretreatment, silence of Cask did not change the number of vesicles anchored on the cell membranes compared with those in siCask-treated cells. Overall, the present study identifies that CASK is one of the PPAR-γ downstream targets and PPAR-γ exerts a positive effect on the expression of CASK in INS-1 cells. PPAR-γ activation increases insulin secretion independent of the upregulation of CASK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingzhao Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyang Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Mori T, Kasem EA, Suzuki-Kouyama E, Cao X, Li X, Kurihara T, Uemura T, Yanagawa T, Tabuchi K. Deficiency of calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase disrupts the excitatory-inhibitory balance of synapses by down-regulating GluN2B. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1079-1092. [PMID: 30610199 PMCID: PMC6756202 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) is a membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein that is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. CASK is thought to have both pre- and postsynaptic functions, but the mechanism and consequences of its functions in the brain have yet to be elucidated, because homozygous CASK-knockout (CASK-KO) mice die before brain maturation. Taking advantage of the X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) mechanism, here we examined the synaptic functions of CASK-KO neurons in acute brain slices of heterozygous CASK-KO female mice. We also analyzed CASK-knockdown (KD) neurons in acute brain slices generated by in utero electroporation. Both CASK-KO and CASK-KD neurons showed a disruption of the excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) balance. We further found that the expression level of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit GluN2B was decreased in CASK-KD neurons and that overexpressing GluN2B rescued the disrupted E/I balance in CASK-KD neurons. These results suggest that the down-regulation of GluN2B may be involved in the mechanism of the disruption of synaptic E/I balance in CASK-deficient neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Mori
- 0000 0001 1507 4692grid.263518.bDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621 Japan
| | - Enas A. Kasem
- 0000 0001 1507 4692grid.263518.bDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621 Japan ,0000 0004 0578 3577grid.411978.2Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr Elsheihk, 33511 Egypt
| | - Emi Suzuki-Kouyama
- 0000 0001 1507 4692grid.263518.bDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621 Japan
| | - Xueshan Cao
- 0000 0001 1507 4692grid.263518.bDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621 Japan
| | - Xue Li
- 0000 0001 1507 4692grid.263518.bDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621 Japan
| | - Taiga Kurihara
- 0000 0001 1507 4692grid.263518.bDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621 Japan
| | - Takeshi Uemura
- 0000 0001 1507 4692grid.263518.bDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621 Japan ,0000 0001 1507 4692grid.263518.bInstitute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621 Japan ,0000 0004 1754 9200grid.419082.6CREST, JST, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
| | - Toru Yanagawa
- 0000 0001 2369 4728grid.20515.33Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tabuchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan. .,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan. .,PRESTO, JST, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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23
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Abstract
Activation of the electrical signal and its transmission as a depolarizing wave in the whole heart requires highly organized myocyte architecture and cell-cell contacts. In addition, complex trafficking and anchoring intracellular machineries regulate the proper surface expression of channels and their targeting to distinct membrane domains. An increasing list of proteins, lipids, and second messengers can contribute to the normal targeting of ion channels in cardiac myocytes. However, their precise roles in the electrophysiology of the heart are far from been extensively understood. Nowadays, much effort in the field focuses on understanding the mechanisms that regulate ion channel targeting to sarcolemma microdomains and their organization into macromolecular complexes. The purpose of the present section is to provide an overview of the characterized partners of the main cardiac sodium channel, NaV1.5, involved in regulating the functional expression of this channel both in terms of trafficking and targeting into microdomains.
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Functional characterization of TBR1 variants in neurodevelopmental disorder. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14279. [PMID: 30250039 PMCID: PMC6155134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent de novo variants in the TBR1 transcription factor are implicated in the etiology of sporadic autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Disruptions include missense variants located in the T-box DNA-binding domain and previous work has demonstrated that they disrupt TBR1 protein function. Recent screens of thousands of simplex families with sporadic ASD cases uncovered additional T-box variants in TBR1 but their etiological relevance is unclear. We performed detailed functional analyses of de novo missense TBR1 variants found in the T-box of ASD cases, assessing many aspects of protein function, including subcellular localization, transcriptional activity and protein-interactions. Only two of the three tested variants severely disrupted TBR1 protein function, despite in silico predictions that all would be deleterious. Furthermore, we characterized a putative interaction with BCL11A, a transcription factor that was recently implicated in a neurodevelopmental syndrome involving developmental delay and language deficits. Our findings enhance understanding of molecular functions of TBR1, as well as highlighting the importance of functional testing of variants that emerge from next-generation sequencing, to decipher their contributions to neurodevelopmental disorders like ASD.
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25
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Cristofoli F, Devriendt K, Davis EE, Van Esch H, Vermeesch JR. Novel CASK mutations in cases with syndromic microcephaly. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:993-1001. [PMID: 29691940 PMCID: PMC5995665 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in CASK cause a wide spectrum of phenotypes in humans ranging from mild X-linked intellectual disability to a severe microcephaly (MC) and pontocerebellar hypoplasia syndrome. Nevertheless, predicting pathogenicity and phenotypic consequences of novel CASK mutations through the exclusive consideration of genetic information and population-based data remains a challenge. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified four novel CASK mutations in individuals with syndromic MC. To understand the functional consequences of the different point mutations on the development of MC and cerebellar defects, we established a transient loss-of-function zebrafish model, and demonstrate recapitulation of relevant neuroanatomical phenotypes. Furthermore, we utilized in vivo complementation studies to demonstrate that the three point mutations confer a loss-of-function effect. This work endorses zebrafish as a tractable model to rapidly assess the effect of novel CASK variants on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cristofoli
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Genetics of Cognition, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Wang Y, Hao N, Lin H, Wang T, Xie J, Yuan Y. Down-regulation of CASK in glucotoxicity-induced insulin dysfunction in pancreatic β cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:281-287. [PMID: 29293883 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High-glucose level exerts deleterious effects on pancreatic β cells, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) plays a vital role in neural development and release of neurotransmitters, and probably plays a role in the anchoring of insulin on pancreatic β cell membrane. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) is involved in β-cell dysfunction. The aim of this study was to provide some basic evidence that CASK could be involved in glucotoxicity-induced insulin secretion dysfunction mediated by HIF1α in INS-1E cells. CASK overexpression plasmid, HIF1α agonist (CoCl2), and HIF1α selective inhibitor (KC7F2) were used. The results showed that chronic stimulation with high glucose could induce insulin secretion dysfunction in INS-1E β cells. Overexpression of CASK partially reversed the effects of high glucose on insulin secretion. CoCl2 reduced the expression of CASK, but KC7F2 reversed the glucotoxicity-induced CASK level reduction. These results suggested that glucotoxicity-induced insulin secretion defects in INS-1E cells could be mediated by HIF1α via the down-regulation of CASK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Nana Hao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang 236000, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tianyuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinyang Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuexing Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Abstract
X-linked cerebellar ataxias (XLCA) are an expanding group of genetically heterogeneous and clinically variable conditions characterized by cerebellar dysgenesis (hypoplasia, atrophy, or dysplasia) caused by gene mutations or genomic imbalances on the X chromosome. The neurologic features of XLCA include hypotonia, developmental delay, intellectual disability, ataxia, and other cerebellar signs. Normal cognitive development has also been reported. Cerebellar defects may be isolated or associated with other brain malformations or extraneurologic involvement. More than 20 genes on the X chromosome, mainly encoding for proteins involved in brain development and synaptic function that have been constantly or occasionally associated with a pathologic cerebellar phenotype, and several families with X-linked inheritance have been reported. Given the excess of males with ataxia, this group of conditions is probably underestimated and families of patients with neuroradiologic and clinical evidence of a cerebellar disorder should be counseled for high risk of X-linked inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
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28
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Sassone J, Serratto G, Valtorta F, Silani V, Passafaro M, Ciammola A. The synaptic function of parkin. Brain 2017; 140:2265-2272. [PMID: 28335015 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in the gene PARK2, which encodes the protein parkin, cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism, a neurodegenerative disease characterized by degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons localized in the substantia nigra pars compacta. No therapy is effective in slowing disease progression mostly because the pathogenesis of the disease is yet to be understood. From accruing evidence suggesting that the protein parkin directly regulates synapses it can be hypothesized that PARK2 gene mutations lead to early synaptic damage that results in dopaminergic neuron loss over time. We review evidence that supports the role of parkin in modulating excitatory and dopaminergic synapse functions. We also discuss how these findings underpin the concept that autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism can be primarily a synaptopathy. Investigation into the molecular interactions between parkin and synaptic proteins may yield novel targets for pharmacologic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sassone
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - GiuliaMaia Serratto
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department BIOMETRA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavia Valtorta
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, 'Dino Ferrari' Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Passafaro
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department BIOMETRA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciammola
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
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29
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Huang TN, Hsueh YP. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK), a protein implicated in mental retardation and autism-spectrum disorders, interacts with T-Brain-1 (TBR1) to control extinction of associative memory in male mice. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2017; 42:37-47. [PMID: 28234597 PMCID: PMC5373711 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human genetic studies have indicated that mutations in calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) result in X-linked mental retardation and autism-spectrum disorders. We aimed to establish a mouse model to study how Cask regulates mental ability. METHODS Because Cask encodes a multidomain scaffold protein, a possible strategy to dissect how CASK regulates mental ability and cognition is to disrupt specific protein-protein interactions of CASK in vivo and then investigate the impact of individual specific protein interactions. Previous in vitro analyses indicated that a rat CASK T724A mutation reduces the interaction between CASK and T-brain-1 (TBR1) in transfected COS cells. Because TBR1 is critical for glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B (Grin2b) expression and is a causative gene for autism and intellectual disability, we then generated CASK T740A (corresponding to rat CASK T724A) mutant mice using a gene-targeting approach. Immunoblotting, coimmunoprecipitation, histological methods and behavioural assays (including home cage, open field, auditory and contextual fear conditioning and conditioned taste aversion) were applied to investigate expression of CASK and its related proteins, the protein-protein interactions of CASK, and anatomic and behavioural features of CASK T740A mice. RESULTS The CASK T740A mutation attenuated the interaction between CASK and TBR1 in the brain. However, CASK T740A mice were generally healthy, without obvious defects in brain morphology. The most dramatic defect among the mutant mice was in extinction of associative memory, though acquisition was normal. LIMITATIONS The functions of other CASK protein interactions cannot be addressed using CASK T740A mice. CONCLUSION Disruption of the CASK and TBR1 interaction impairs extinction, suggesting the involvement of CASK in cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Correspondence to: Y.P. Hsueh, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Rd., Sec. 2, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan;
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30
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Baig DN, Yanagawa T, Tabuchi K. Distortion of the normal function of synaptic cell adhesion molecules by genetic variants as a risk for autism spectrum disorders. Brain Res Bull 2016; 129:82-90. [PMID: 27743928 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (SCAMs) are a functional category of cell adhesion molecules that connect pre- and postsynapses by the protein-protein interaction via their extracellular cell adhesion domains. Countless numbers of common genetic variants and rare mutations in SCAMs have been identified in the patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Among these, NRXN and NLGN family proteins cooperatively function at synaptic terminals both of which genes are strongly implicated as risk genes for ASDs. Knock-in mice carrying a single rare point mutation of NLGN3 (NLGN3 R451C) discovered in the patients with ASDs display a deficit in social interaction and an enhancement of spatial learning and memory ability reminiscent of the clinical phenotype of ASDs. NLGN4 knockout (KO) and NRXN2α KO mice also show a deficit in sociability as well as some specific neuropsychiatric behaviors. In this review, we selected NRXNs/NLGNs, CNTNAP2/CNTNAP4, CNTN4, ITGB3, and KIRREL3 as strong ASD risk genes based on SFARI score and summarize the protein structures, functions at synapses, representative discoveries in human genetic studies, and phenotypes of the mutant model mice in light of the pathophysiology of ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeba Noreen Baig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College, Zahoor Elahi Rd, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Toru Yanagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tabuchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan; PRESTO, JST, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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31
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Schorova L, Martin S. Sumoylation in Synaptic Function and Dysfunction. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:9. [PMID: 27199730 PMCID: PMC4848311 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sumoylation has recently emerged as a key post-translational modification involved in many, if not all, biological processes. Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) polypeptides are covalently attached to specific lysine residues of target proteins through a dedicated enzymatic pathway. Disruption of the SUMO enzymatic pathway in the developing brain leads to lethality indicating that this process exerts a central role during embryonic and post-natal development. However, little is still known regarding how this highly dynamic protein modification is regulated in the mammalian brain despite an increasing number of data implicating sumoylated substrates in synapse formation, synaptic communication and plasticity. The aim of this review is therefore to briefly describe the enzymatic SUMO pathway and to give an overview of our current knowledge on the function and dysfunction of protein sumoylation at the mammalian synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Schorova
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7275), University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratory of Excellence "Network for Innovation on Signal Transduction, Pathways in Life Sciences" Valbonne, France
| | - Stéphane Martin
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7275), University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratory of Excellence "Network for Innovation on Signal Transduction, Pathways in Life Sciences" Valbonne, France
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32
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Alternative Splicing in Adhesion- and Motility-Related Genes in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010121. [PMID: 26784191 PMCID: PMC4730362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common tumor and the second leading cause of cancer death among woman, mainly caused by the metastatic spread. Tumor invasiveness is due to an altered expression of adhesion molecules. Among them, semaphorins are of peculiar interest. Cancer cells can manipulate alternative splicing patterns to modulate the expression of adhesion- and motility-related molecules, also at the isoform level. In this study, combining RNA-Sequencing on MCF-7 to targeted experimental validations—in human breast cell lines and breast tumor biopsies—we identified 12 new alternative splicing transcripts in genes encoding adhesion- and motility-related molecules, including semaphorins, their receptors and co-receptors. Among them, a new SEMA3F transcript is expressed in all breast cell lines and breast cancer biopsies, and is translated into a new semaphorin 3F isoform. In silico analysis predicted that most of the new putative proteins lack functional domains, potentially missing some functions and acquiring new ones. Our findings better describe the extent of alternative splicing in breast cancer and highlight the need to further investigate adhesion- and motility-related molecules to gain insights into breast cancer progression.
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33
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Hu HT, Shih PY, Shih YT, Hsueh YP. The Involvement of Neuron-Specific Factors in Dendritic Spinogenesis: Molecular Regulation and Association with Neurological Disorders. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:5136286. [PMID: 26819769 PMCID: PMC4706964 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5136286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the location of excitatory synapses in the mammalian nervous system and are neuron-specific subcellular structures essential for neural circuitry and function. Dendritic spine morphology is determined by the F-actin cytoskeleton. F-actin remodeling must coordinate with different stages of dendritic spinogenesis, starting from dendritic filopodia formation to the filopodia-spines transition and dendritic spine maturation and maintenance. Hundreds of genes, including F-actin cytoskeleton regulators, membrane proteins, adaptor proteins, and signaling molecules, are known to be involved in regulating synapse formation. Many of these genes are not neuron-specific, but how they specifically control dendritic spine formation in neurons is an intriguing question. Here, we summarize how ubiquitously expressed genes, including syndecan-2, NF1 (encoding neurofibromin protein), VCP, and CASK, and the neuron-specific gene CTTNBP2 coordinate with neurotransmission, transsynaptic signaling, and cytoskeleton rearrangement to control dendritic filopodia formation, filopodia-spines transition, and dendritic spine maturation and maintenance. The aforementioned genes have been associated with neurological disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), mental retardation, learning difficulty, and frontotemporal dementia. We also summarize the corresponding disorders in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Tang Hu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Pu-Yun Shih
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Shih
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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34
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Huang TN, Hsueh YP. Brain-specific transcriptional regulator T-brain-1 controls brain wiring and neuronal activity in autism spectrum disorders. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:406. [PMID: 26578866 PMCID: PMC4630302 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T-brain-1 (TBR1) is a brain-specific T-box transcription factor. In 1995, Tbr1 was first identified from a subtractive hybridization that compared mouse embryonic and adult telencephalons. Previous studies of Tbr1−∕− mice have indicated critical roles for TBR1 in the development of the cerebral cortex, amygdala, and olfactory bulb. Neuronal migration and axonal projection are two important developmental features controlled by TBR1. Recently, recurrent de novo disruptive mutations in the TBR1 gene have been found in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Human genetic studies have identified TBR1 as a high-confidence risk factor for ASDs. Because only one allele of the TBR1 gene is mutated in these patients, Tbr1+∕− mice serve as a good genetic mouse model to explore the mechanism by which de novo TBR1 mutation leads to ASDs. Although neuronal migration and axonal projection defects of cerebral cortex are the most prominent phenotypes in Tbr1−∕− mice, these features are not found in Tbr1+∕− mice. Instead, inter- and intra-amygdalar axonal projections and NMDAR expression and activity in amygdala are particularly susceptible to Tbr1 haploinsufficiency. The studies indicated that both abnormal brain wiring (abnormal amygdalar connections) and excitation/inhibition imbalance (NMDAR hypoactivity), two prominent models for ASD etiology, are present in Tbr1+∕− mice. Moreover, calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) was found to interact with TBR1. The CASK–TBR1 complex had been shown to directly bind the promoter of the Grin2b gene, which is also known as Nmdar2b, and upregulate Grin2b expression. This molecular function of TBR1 provides an explanation for NMDAR hypoactivity in Tbr1+∕− mice. In addition to Grin2b, cell adhesion molecules—including Ntng1, Cdh8, and Cntn2—are also regulated by TBR1 to control axonal projections of amygdala. Taken together, the studies of Tbr1 provide an integrated picture of ASD etiology at the cellular and circuit levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzyy-Nan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan
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Choi SY, Han K, Cutforth T, Chung W, Park H, Lee D, Kim R, Kim MH, Choi Y, Shen K, Kim E. Mice lacking the synaptic adhesion molecule Neph2/Kirrel3 display moderate hyperactivity and defective novel object preference. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:283. [PMID: 26283919 PMCID: PMC4517382 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic adhesion molecules regulate diverse aspects of neuronal synapse development, including synapse specificity, formation, and maturation. Neph2, also known as Kirrel3, is an immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion molecule implicated in intellectual disability, neurocognitive delay associated with Jacobsen syndrome, and autism spectrum disorders. We here report mice lacking Neph2 (Neph2(-/-) mice) display moderate hyperactivity in a familiar, but not novel, environment and defective novel object recognition with normal performances in Morris water maze spatial learning and memory, contextual fear conditioning and extinction, and pattern separation tests. These mice also show normal levels of anxiety-like behaviors, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors. At the synapse level, Neph2(-/-) dentate gyrus granule cells exhibit unaltered dendritic spine density and spontaneous excitatory synaptic transmission. These results suggest that Neph2 is important for normal locomotor activity and object recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yeon Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kihoon Han
- Department of Neuroscience and Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tyler Cutforth
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center New York, NY, USA
| | - Woosuk Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Haram Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dongsoo Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ryunhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myeong-Heui Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yeeun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea ; Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science Daejeon, South Korea
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Moog U, Bierhals T, Brand K, Bautsch J, Biskup S, Brune T, Denecke J, de Die-Smulders CE, Evers C, Hempel M, Henneke M, Yntema H, Menten B, Pietz J, Pfundt R, Schmidtke J, Steinemann D, Stumpel CT, Van Maldergem L, Kutsche K. Phenotypic and molecular insights into CASK-related disorders in males. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:44. [PMID: 25886057 PMCID: PMC4449965 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked CASK gene cause progressive microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia (MICPCH) and severe intellectual disability (ID) in females. Different CASK mutations have also been reported in males. The associated phenotypes range from nonsyndromic ID to Ohtahara syndrome with cerebellar hypoplasia. However, the phenotypic spectrum in males has not been systematically evaluated to date. Methods We identified a CASK alteration in 8 novel unrelated male patients by targeted Sanger sequencing, copy number analysis (MLPA and/or FISH) and array CGH. CASK transcripts were investigated by RT-PCR followed by sequencing. Immunoblotting was used to detect CASK protein in patient-derived cells. The clinical phenotype and natural history of the 8 patients and 28 CASK-mutation positive males reported previously were reviewed and correlated with available molecular data. Results CASK alterations include one nonsense mutation, one 5-bp deletion, one mutation of the start codon, and five partial gene deletions and duplications; seven were de novo, including three somatic mosaicisms, and one was familial. In three subjects, specific mRNA junction fragments indicated in tandem duplication of CASK exons disrupting the integrity of the gene. The 5-bp deletion resulted in multiple aberrant CASK mRNAs. In fibroblasts from patients with a CASK loss-of-function mutation, no CASK protein could be detected. Individuals who are mosaic for a severe CASK mutation or carry a hypomorphic mutation still showed detectable amount of protein. Conclusions Based on eight novel patients and all CASK-mutation positive males reported previously three phenotypic groups can be distinguished that represent a clinical continuum: (i) MICPCH with severe epileptic encephalopathy caused by hemizygous loss-of-function mutations, (ii) MICPCH associated with inactivating alterations in the mosaic state or a partly penetrant mutation, and (iii) syndromic/nonsyndromic mild to severe ID with or without nystagmus caused by CASK missense and splice mutations that leave the CASK protein intact but likely alter its function or reduce the amount of normal protein. Our findings facilitate focused testing of the CASK gene and interpreting sequence variants identified by next-generation sequencing in cases with a phenotype resembling either of the three groups. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0256-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Moog
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Tatjana Bierhals
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Kristina Brand
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jan Bautsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Thomas Brune
- Universitätskinderklinik, Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Jonas Denecke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Neuropädiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christine E de Die-Smulders
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology & Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Christina Evers
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Maja Hempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marco Henneke
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Helger Yntema
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Björn Menten
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Joachim Pietz
- Section of Neuropediatrics, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jörg Schmidtke
- Institut für Humangenetik, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Doris Steinemann
- Institut für Zell- und Molekularpathologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Constance T Stumpel
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology & Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Hunter JM, Kiefer J, Balak CD, Jooma S, Ahearn ME, Hall JG, Baumbach-Reardon L. Review of X-linked syndromes with arthrogryposis or early contractures-aid to diagnosis and pathway identification. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:931-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M. Hunter
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Jeff Kiefer
- Knowledge Mining; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Christopher D. Balak
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Sonya Jooma
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Mary Ellen Ahearn
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Judith G. Hall
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics; University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Vancouver; British Columbia Canada
| | - Lisa Baumbach-Reardon
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
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Chuang HC, Huang TN, Hsueh YP. Neuronal excitation upregulates Tbr1, a high-confidence risk gene of autism, mediating Grin2b expression in the adult brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:280. [PMID: 25309323 PMCID: PMC4159980 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity-regulated gene expression of transcription factors is required for neural plasticity and function in response to neuronal stimulation. T-brain-1 (TBR1), a critical neuron-specific transcription factor for forebrain development, has been recognized as a high-confidence risk gene for autism spectrum disorders. Here, we show that in addition to its role in brain development, Tbr1 responds to neuronal activation and further modulates the Grin2b expression in adult brains and mature neurons. The expression levels of Tbr1 were investigated using both immunostaining and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. We found that the mRNA and protein expression levels of Tbr1 are induced by excitatory synaptic transmission driven by bicuculline or glutamate treatment in cultured mature neurons. The upregulation of Tbr1 expression requires the activation of both α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Furthermore, behavioral training triggers Tbr1 induction in the adult mouse brain. The elevation of Tbr1 expression is associated with Grin2b upregulation in both mature neurons and adult brains. Using Tbr1-deficient neurons, we further demonstrated that TBR1 is required for the induction of Grin2b upon neuronal activation. Taken together with the previous studies showing that TBR1 binds the Grin2b promoter and controls expression of luciferase reporter driven by Grin2b promoter, the evidence suggests that TBR1 directly controls Grin2b expression in mature neurons. We also found that the addition of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) antagonist KN-93, but not the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin antagonist cyclosporin A, to cultured mature neurons noticeably inhibited Tbr1 induction, indicating that neuronal activation upregulates Tbr1 expression in a CaMKII-dependent manner. In conclusion, our study suggests that Tbr1 plays an important role in adult mouse brains in response to neuronal activation to modulate the activity-regulated gene transcription required for neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chun Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei Taiwan ; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Nan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei Taiwan ; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei Taiwan
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Anjum R, Ayoubian H, Schmitz F. Differential synaptic distribution of the scaffold proteins Cask and Caskin1 in the bovine retina. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 62:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Mukherjee K, Slawson JB, Christmann BL, Griffith LC. Neuron-specific protein interactions of Drosophila CASK-β are revealed by mass spectrometry. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:58. [PMID: 25071438 PMCID: PMC4075472 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modular scaffolding proteins are designed to have multiple interactors. CASK, a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) superfamily, has been shown to have roles in many tissues, including neurons and epithelia. It is likely that the set of proteins it interacts with is different in each of these diverse tissues. In this study we asked if within the Drosophila central nervous system, there were neuron-specific sets of CASK-interacting proteins. A YFP-tagged CASK-β transgene was expressed in genetically defined subsets of neurons in the Drosophila brain known to be important for CASK function, and proteins present in an anti-GFP immunoprecipitation were identified by mass spectrometry. Each subset of neurons had a distinct set of interacting proteins, suggesting that CASK participates in multiple protein networks and that these networks may be different in different neuronal circuits. One common set of proteins was associated with mitochondria, and we show here that endogenous CASK-β co-purifies with mitochondria. We also determined CASK-β posttranslational modifications for one cell type, supporting the idea that this technique can be used to assess cell- and circuit-specific protein modifications as well as protein interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konark Mukherjee
- Department of Biology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Justin B Slawson
- Department of Biology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Bethany L Christmann
- Department of Biology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Leslie C Griffith
- Department of Biology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University Waltham, MA, USA
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Pandey K, Dhoke RR, Rathore YS, Nath SK, Verma N, Bawa S, Ashish. Low pH Overrides the Need of Calcium Ions for the Shape–Function Relationship of Calmodulin: Resolving Prevailing Debates. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:5059-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501641r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Pandey
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Reema R. Dhoke
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | | | - Samir K. Nath
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Neha Verma
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Simranjot Bawa
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Ashish
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
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Michaud JL, Lachance M, Hamdan FF, Carmant L, Lortie A, Diadori P, Major P, Meijer IA, Lemyre E, Cossette P, Mefford HC, Rouleau GA, Rossignol E. The genetic landscape of infantile spasms. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4846-58. [PMID: 24781210 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile spasms (IS) is an early-onset epileptic encephalopathy of unknown etiology in ∼40% of patients. We hypothesized that unexplained IS cases represent a large collection of rare single-gene disorders. We investigated 44 children with unexplained IS using comparative genomic hybridisation arrays (aCGH) (n = 44) followed by targeted sequencing of 35 known epilepsy genes (n = 8) or whole-exome sequencing (WES) of familial trios (n = 18) to search for rare inherited or de novo mutations. aCGH analysis revealed de novo variants in 7% of patients (n = 3/44), including a distal 16p11.2 duplication, a 15q11.1q13.1 tetrasomy and a 2q21.3-q22.2 deletion. Furthermore, it identified a pathogenic maternally inherited Xp11.2 duplication. Targeted sequencing was informative for ARX (n = 1/14) and STXBP1 (n = 1/8). In contrast, sequencing of a panel of 35 known epileptic encephalopathy genes (n = 8) did not identify further mutations. Finally, WES (n = 18) was very informative, with an excess of de novo mutations identified in genes predicted to be involved in neurodevelopmental processes and/or known to be intolerant to functional variations. Several pathogenic mutations were identified, including de novo mutations in STXBP1, CASK and ALG13, as well as recessive mutations in PNPO and ADSL, together explaining 28% of cases (5/18). In addition, WES identified 1-3 de novo variants in 64% of remaining probands, pointing to several interesting candidate genes. Our results indicate that IS are genetically heterogeneous with a major contribution of de novo mutations and that WES is significantly superior to targeted re-sequencing in identifying detrimental genetic variants involved in IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques L Michaud
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Fadi F Hamdan
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lionel Carmant
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Lortie
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Paola Diadori
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Major
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Inge A Meijer
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Lemyre
- Department of Pediatrics and CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Cossette
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA and
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurosciences, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elsa Rossignol
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada,
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Nakamura K, Nishiyama K, Kodera H, Nakashima M, Tsurusaki Y, Miyake N, Matsumoto N, Saitsu H, Jinnou H, Ohki S, Yokochi K, Okanishi T, Enoki H. A de novo CASK mutation in pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 3 with early myoclonic epilepsy and tetralogy of Fallot. Brain Dev 2014; 36:272-3. [PMID: 23623288 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Nishiyama
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kodera
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Nakashima
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tsurusaki
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hideo Jinnou
- Department of Neonatology, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohki
- Department of Neonatology, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Yokochi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Seirei-Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tohru Okanishi
- Department of Child Neurology, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Enoki
- Department of Child Neurology, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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Zhu ZQ, Wang D, Xiang D, Yuan YX, Wang Y. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase is involved in exendin-4-induced insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. Metabolism 2014; 63:120-6. [PMID: 24140090 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exendin-4 (Ex-4) is an anti-diabetic drug that is a potent agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor. It has already been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but its underlying mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK), which plays a vital role in the transport and release of neurotransmitters in neurons, is expressed in pancreatic islet cells and β-cells. This study aimed to investigate whether CASK is involved in the insulin secretagogue action induced by Ex-4 in INS-1 cells. MATERIAL/METHODS A glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assay was performed with or without siRNA treatment against CASK. The expression level and location of CASK were evaluated by real-time PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence. With the use of a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor or an exchange protein directly activated by cAMP-2 (Epac2) agonist, immunoblotting was performed to establish the signaling pathway through which Ex-4 alters CASK expression. RESULTS Knock-down of CASK significantly attenuated the Ex-4-enhanced insulin release, and we showed that Ex-4 could increase transcription of CASK mRNA and expression of CASK protein but did not change the cellular location of CASK. A PKA inhibitor reduced the ability of Ex-4 to stimulate CASK expression, but an Epac2 agonist had no effect suggesting that regulation was mediated by the cAMP/PKA pathway. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the stimulation of β-cell insulin secretion by Ex-4 is mediated, at least in part, by CASK via a novel signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Qiu Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Saleem R, Setty G, Hussain N. MICrocephaly, disproportionate pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome: A clinico-radiologic phenotype linked to calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase gene mutation. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2013; 19:104-7. [PMID: 23901204 PMCID: PMC3722619 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.112921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
MICrocephaly, disproportionate pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia (MICPCH) syndrome, a rare X-linked disorder, generally seen in girls, is characterized by neurodevelopmental delay, microcephaly, and disproportionate pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia. It is caused by inactivating calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) gene mutations. We report a 2-year-old girl with severe neurodevelopmental delay, microcephaly, minimal pontine hypoplasia, cerebellar hypoplasia, and normal looking corpus callosum, with whom the conventional cytogenetic studies turned out to be normal, and an array-comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH) analysis showed CASK gene duplication at Xp11.4. Our case highlights the importance of using clinico-radiologic phenotype to guide genetic investigation and it also confirms the role of a-CGH analysis in establishing the genetic diagnosis of MICPCH syndrome, when conventional cytogenetic studies are inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Saleem
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, United Kingdom
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Gnanasekaran A, Sundukova M, Hullugundi S, Birsa N, Bianchini G, Hsueh YP, Nistri A, Fabbretti E. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) is a new intracellular modulator of P2X3 receptors. J Neurochem 2013; 126:102-12. [PMID: 23600800 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ATP-gated P2X3 receptors of sensory ganglion neurons are important transducers of painful stimuli and are modulated by extracellular algogenic substances, via changes in the receptor phosphorylation state. The present study investigated the role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) in interacting and controlling P2X3 receptor expression and function in mouse trigeminal ganglia. Most ganglion neurons in situ or in culture co-expressed P2X3 and CASK. CASK was immunoprecipitated with P2X3 receptors from trigeminal ganglia and from P2X3/CASK-cotransfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Recombinant P2X3/CASK expression in HEK cells increased serine phosphorylation of P2X3 receptors, typically associated with receptor upregulation. CASK deletion mutants also enhanced P2X3 subunit expression. After silencing CASK, cell surface P2X3 receptor expression was decreased, which is consistent with depressed P2X3 currents. The reduction in P2X3 expression levels was reversed by the proteasomal inhibitor MG-132. Moreover, neuronal CASK/P2X3 interaction was up-regulated by nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling and down-regulated by P2X3 agonist-induced desensitization. These data suggest a novel interaction between CASK and P2X3 receptors with positive outcome for receptor stability and function. As CASK-mediated control of P2X3 receptors was dependent on the receptor activation state, CASK represents an intracellular gateway to regulate purinergic nociceptive signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswini Gnanasekaran
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies-SISSA, Trieste, Italy
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Abstract
PDZ (PSD-95/Disc large/Zonula occludens-1) protein interaction domains bind to cytoplasmic protein C-termini of transmembrane proteins. In order to identify new interaction partners of the voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel 1.2 and the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase 4b (PMCA4b), we used PDZ domain arrays probing for 124 PDZ domains. We confirmed this by GST pull-downs and immunoprecipitations. In PDZ arrays, strongest interactions with 1.2 and PMCA4b were found for the PDZ domains of SAP-102, MAST-205, MAGI-1, MAGI-2, MAGI-3, and ZO-1. We observed binding of the 1.2 C-terminus to PDZ domains of NHERF1/2, Mint-2, and CASK. PMCA4b was observed to interact with Mint-2 and its known interactions with Chapsyn-110 and CASK were confirmed. Furthermore, we validated interaction of 1.2 and PMCA4b with NHERF1/2, CASK, MAST-205 and MAGI-3 via immunoprecipitation. We also verified the interaction of 1.2 and nNOS and hypothesized that nNOS overexpression might reduce Ca2+ influx through 1.2. To address this, we measured Ca2+ currents in HEK 293 cells co-expressing 1.2 and nNOS and observed reduced voltage-dependent 1.2 activation. Taken together, we conclude that 1.2 and PMCA4b bind promiscuously to various PDZ domains, and that our data provides the basis for further investigation of the physiological consequences of these interactions.
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Usui T, Okada M, Hara Y, Yamawaki H. [Vascular effects of novel calmodulin-related proteins that mediate development of hypertension]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2013; 141:85-89. [PMID: 23391548 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.141.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Takanashi JI, Okamoto N, Yamamoto Y, Hayashi S, Arai H, Takahashi Y, Maruyama K, Mizuno S, Shimakawa S, Ono H, Oyanagi R, Kubo S, Barkovich AJ, Inazawa J. Clinical and radiological features of Japanese patients with a severe phenotype due to CASK mutations. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:3112-8. [PMID: 23165780 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous loss of function mutations of CASK at Xp11.4 in females cause severe intellectual disability (ID) and microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia (MICPCH). However, the longitudinal clinical and radiological course of affected patients, including patterns of postnatal growth, has not been described. Neurodevelopmental and imaging information was retrospectively accrued for 16 Japanese (15 female and 1 male) patients with ID and MICPCH associated with CASK mutations. All records were analyzed; patient age ranged from 2 to 16 years at the time of the most recent examinations. The growth pattern, neurological development, neurological signs/symptoms, and facial features were similar in the 15 female patients. Their head circumference at birth was within the normal range in about half, and their height and weight were frequently normal. This was followed by early development of severe microcephaly and postnatal growth retardation. The patients acquired head control almost normally between 3 and 6 months, followed by motor delay. More than half of the female patients had epilepsy. Their MRIs showed microcephaly, brainstem, and cerebellar hypoplasia in early infancy, and a normal or large appearing corpus callosum. The male patient showed a more severe clinical phenotype. These uniform clinical and radiological features should facilitate an early diagnosis and be useful for medical care of females with ID and MICPCH associated with CASK mutations.
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Zhu J, Shang Y, Chen J, Zhang M. Structure and function of the guanylate kinase-like domain of the MAGUK family scaffold proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-012-1244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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