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Banerjee S, Szyszka P, Beck CW. Knockdown of NeuroD2 leads to seizure-like behavior, brain neuronal hyperactivity and a leaky blood-brain barrier in a Xenopus laevis tadpole model of DEE75. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae085. [PMID: 38788202 PMCID: PMC11228833 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies (DEE) are a genetically diverse group of severe, early onset seizure disorders. DEE are normally identified clinically in the first six months of life by the presence of frequent, difficult to control seizures and accompanying stalling or regression of development. DEE75 results from de novo mutations of the NEUROD2 gene that result in loss of activity of the encoded transcription factor, and the seizure phenotype was shown to be recapitulated in Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to make a DEE75 model in Xenopus laevis, to further investigate the developmental etiology. NeuroD2.S CRISPR/Cas9 edited tadpoles were more active, swam faster on average, and had more seizures (C-shaped contractions resembling unprovoked C-start escape responses) than their sibling controls. Live imaging of Ca2+ signaling revealed prolongued, strong signals sweeping through the brain, indicative of neuronal hyperactivity. While the resulting tadpole brain appeared grossly normal, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was found to be leakier than that of controls. Additionally, the TGFβ antagonist Losartan was shown to have a short-term protective effect, reducing neuronal hyperactivity and reducing permeability of the BBB. Treatment of NeuroD2 CRISPant tadpoles with 5 mM Losartan decreased seizure events by more than 4-fold compared to the baseline. Our results support a model of DEE75 resulting from reduced NeuroD2 activity during vertebrate brain development, and indicate that a leaky BBB contributes to epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Banerjee
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Paul Szyszka
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Caroline W Beck
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Genetics Otago Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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2
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van der Westhuizen ET. Single nucleotide variations encoding missense mutations in G protein-coupled receptors may contribute to autism. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2158-2181. [PMID: 36787962 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition with a range of symptoms that vary in intensity and severity from person to person. Genetic sequencing has identified thousands of genes containing mutations in autistic individuals, which may contribute to the development of autistic symptoms. Several of these genes encode G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are cell surface expressed proteins that transduce extracellular messages to the intracellular space. Mutations in GPCRs can impact their function, resulting in aberrant signalling within cells and across neurotransmitter systems in the brain. This review summarises the current knowledge on autism-associated single nucleotide variations encoding missense mutations in GPCRs and the impact of these genetic mutations on GPCR function. For some autism-associated mutations, changes in GPCR expression levels, ligand affinity, potency and efficacy have been observed. However, for many the functional consequences remain unknown. Thus, further work to characterise the functional impacts of the genetically identified mutations is required. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Trovò L, Kouvaros S, Schwenk J, Fernandez-Fernandez D, Fritzius T, Rem PD, Früh S, Gassmann M, Fakler B, Bischofberger J, Bettler B. Synaptotagmin-11 facilitates assembly of a presynaptic signaling complex in post-Golgi cargo vesicles. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2610-2634. [PMID: 38698221 PMCID: PMC11169412 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
GABAB receptors (GBRs), the G protein-coupled receptors for GABA, regulate synaptic transmission throughout the brain. A main synaptic function of GBRs is the gating of Cav2.2-type Ca2+ channels. However, the cellular compartment where stable GBR/Cav2.2 signaling complexes form remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that the vesicular protein synaptotagmin-11 (Syt11) binds to both the auxiliary GBR subunit KCTD16 and Cav2.2 channels. Through these dual interactions, Syt11 recruits GBRs and Cav2.2 channels to post-Golgi vesicles, thus facilitating assembly of GBR/Cav2.2 signaling complexes. In addition, Syt11 stabilizes GBRs and Cav2.2 channels at the neuronal plasma membrane by inhibiting constitutive internalization. Neurons of Syt11 knockout mice exhibit deficits in presynaptic GBRs and Cav2.2 channels, reduced neurotransmitter release, and decreased GBR-mediated presynaptic inhibition, highlighting the critical role of Syt11 in the assembly and stable expression of GBR/Cav2.2 complexes. These findings support that Syt11 acts as a vesicular scaffold protein, aiding in the assembly of signaling complexes from low-abundance components within transport vesicles. This mechanism enables insertion of pre-assembled functional signaling units into the synaptic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Trovò
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jochen Schwenk
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Simon Früh
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Gassmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Fakler
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Park J, Lee E, Kim CH, Ohk J, Jung H. Mosaicism-independent mechanisms contribute to Pcdh19-related epilepsy and repetitive behaviors in Xenopus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321388121. [PMID: 38748583 PMCID: PMC11126968 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321388121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Protocadherin19 (PCDH19)-related epilepsy syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by early-onset epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autistic behaviors. PCDH19 is located on the X chromosome and encodes a calcium-dependent single-pass transmembrane protein, which regulates cell-to-cell adhesion through homophilic binding. In human, 90% of heterozygous females, containing PCDH19 wild-type and mutant cells due to random X inactivation, are affected, whereas mutant males, containing only mutant cells, are typically not. The current view, the cellular interference, is that the altered interactions between wild-type and mutant cells during development, rather than loss of function itself, are responsible. However, studies using Pcdh19 knockout mice showed that the complete loss of function also causes autism-like behaviors both in males and females, suggesting that other functions of PCDH19 may also contribute to pathogenesis. To address whether mosaicism is required for PCDH19-related epilepsy, we generated Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles with complete or mosaic loss of function by injecting antisense morpholino oligonucleotides into the blastomeres of neural lineage at different stages of development. We found that either mosaic or complete knockdown results in seizure-like behaviors, which could be rescued by antiseizure medication, and repetitive behaviors. Our results suggest that the loss of PCDH19 function itself, in addition to cellular interference, may also contribute to PCDH19-related epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugeon Park
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunee Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ohk
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul03722, Republic of Korea
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Chen X, Wu H, Li P, Peng W, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhang A, Li J, Meng F, Wang W, Su W. Unraveling the Mechanism of Xiaochaihu Granules in Alleviating Yeast-Induced Fever Based on Network Analysis and Experimental Validation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:475. [PMID: 38675434 PMCID: PMC11053540 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Xiaochaihu granules (XCHG) are extensively used to treat fever. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to explore the potential of XCHG in mitigating yeast-induced fever and the underlying metabolic pathways. The chemical composition of XCHG was ascertained using ultra-fast liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS), followed by integrated network analysis to predict potential targets. We then conducted experimental validation using pharmacological assays and metabolomics analysis in a yeast-induced mouse fever model. The study identified 133 compounds in XCHG, resulting in the development of a comprehensive network of herb-compound-biological functional modules. Subsequently, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations confirmed the stability of the complexes, including γ-aminobutyric acid B receptor 2 (GABBR2)-saikosaponin C, prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases (PTGS2)-lobetyolin, and NF-κB inhibitor IκBα (NFKBIA)-glycyrrhizic acid. Animal experiments demonstrated that XCHG reduced yeast-induced elevation in NFKBIA's downstream regulators [interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-8], inhibited PTGS2 activity, and consequently decreased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. XCHG also downregulated the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), and adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH). These corroborated the network analysis results indicating XCHG's effectiveness against fever in targeting NFKBIA, PTGS2, and GABBR2. The hypothalamus metabolomics analysis identified 14 distinct metabolites as potential antipyretic biomarkers of XCHG. In conclusion, our findings suggest that XCHG alleviates yeast-induced fever by regulating inflammation/immune responses, neuromodulation, and metabolism modules, providing a scientific basis for the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties of XCHG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Weiwei Su
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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6
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Al-Khfaji KMS, Zamani NK, Arefian E. HSV-1 latency-associated transcript miR-H3 and miR-H4 target STXBP1 and GABBR2 genes. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:669-677. [PMID: 37668872 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
During latent infection, the HSV-1 virus generates only a single transcript, LAT, which encodes six miRNAs. The GABAergic pathway signaling system is an essential cell signaling pathway influenced by various therapeutic targets and some brain disorders, such as epilepsy. This study found that miRNAs encoding LAT might target the STXBP1 and GABBR2 genes, which are among the significant genes in the GABAergic pathway. Bioinformatic analysis utilizing TargetScan version 5.2 and the RNA22 tools uncovered miRNAs encoding LAT that can influence STXBP1 and GABBR2 transcripts. To evaluate the targeting effect of candidate microRNAs encoding LAT, namely, miR-H3 and miR-H4, LAT constructs were transfected into HEK 293T cells. The expression levels of microRNAs encoding LAT, as well as STXBP1 and GABBR2, were assayed by real-time PCR. Finally, the targeting potential of STXBP1 and GABBR2 3'UTR by LAT-encoded microRNAs was evaluated by the luciferase assay. In the current study, the bioinformatic tool TargetScan demonstrated that miR-H3 has the potential to target the transcripts of the STXBP1 and GABBR2 genes, whereas miR-H4 solely targeted GABBR2. On the other hand, the bioinformatic tool RNA22 validated the potential targeting of STXBP1 and GABBR2 by miR-H3 and miR-H4. Our findings showed that overexpression of miR-H4, miR-H3, or LAT significantly decreased STXBP1 gene expression by an average of 0.0593-fold, 0.237-fold, and 0.84-fold, respectively. Similarly, overexpression of miR-H3 or miR-H4 decreased GABBR2 expression by an average of 0.055- or 0.687-fold, respectively. Notably, targeting the GABBR2 3'UTR with the LAT transcript had no detectable effect. The evaluation of the targeting potential of STXBP1 and GABBR2 3'UTR by microRNAs encoded by LAT was conducted with a luciferase assay. Our results showed that miR-H3 overexpression reduces Renilla expression in psiCHECK2 plasmids with STXBP1 or GABBR2 3'UTR genes by 0.62- and 0.55-fold, respectively. miR-H4 reduced Renilla gene expression regulated by GABBR2's 3'UTR plasmid but had no effect on the Renilla gene expression regulated by STXBP1's 3'UTR. When the LAT transcript was overexpressed, there was a decrease in Renilla expression by 0.44-fold because of the regulation of STXBP1's 3'UTR. However, there was no significant effect observed through the control of GABBR2's 3'UTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrar Mahmood Shaker Al-Khfaji
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Nika Kooshki Zamani
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran.
- Paediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Lee J, Yoo J, Lee S, Jang DH. CTNNB1-related neurodevelopmental disorder mimics cerebral palsy: case report. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1201080. [PMID: 37416820 PMCID: PMC10321129 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1201080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While somatic gain-of-function mutations in the CTNNB1 gene cause diverse malignancies, germline loss-of-function mutations cause neurodevelopmental disorders or familial exudative vitreoretinopathy. In particular, CTNNB1-related neurodevelopmental disorders have various phenotypes, and a genotype-phenotype relationship has not been established. We report two patients with CTNNB1-related neurodevelopmental disorder whose clinical features were similar to those of cerebral palsy, hindering diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoong Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeeun Yoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungok Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Jang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hong SE, Kneissl J, Cho A, Kim MJ, Park S, Lee J, Woo S, Kim S, Kim JS, Kim SY, Jung S, Kim J, Shin JY, Chae JH, Choi M. Transcriptome-based variant calling and aberrant mRNA discovery enhance diagnostic efficiency for neuromuscular diseases. J Med Genet 2022; 59:1075-1081. [PMID: 35387801 PMCID: PMC9613860 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-exome sequencing-based diagnosis of rare diseases typically yields 40%-50% of success rate. Precise diagnosis of the patients with neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) has been hampered by locus heterogeneity or phenotypic heterogeneity. We evaluated the utility of transcriptome sequencing as an independent approach in diagnosing NMDs. METHODS The RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of muscle tissues from 117 Korean patients with suspected Mendelian NMD was performed to evaluate the ability to detect pathogenic variants. Aberrant splicing and CNVs were inspected to identify additional causal genetic factors for NMD. Aberrant splicing events in Dystrophin (DMD) were investigated by using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). A non-negative matrix factorisation analysis of the transcriptome data followed by cell type deconvolution was performed to cluster samples by expression-based signatures and identify cluster-specific gene ontologies. RESULTS Our pipeline called 38.1% of pathogenic variants exclusively from the muscle transcriptomes, demonstrating a higher diagnostic rate than that achieved via exome analysis (34.9%). The discovery of variants causing aberrant splicing allowed the application of ASOs to the patient-derived cells, providing a therapeutic approach tailored to individual patients. RNA-Seq data further enabled sample clustering by distinct gene expression profiles that corresponded to clinical parameters, conferring additional advantages over exome sequencing. CONCLUSION The RNA-Seq-based diagnosis of NMDs achieves an increased diagnostic rate and provided pathogenic status information, which is not easily accessible through exome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jana Kneissl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Anna Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Rare Disease Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Man Jin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongeun Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sijae Woo
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sora Kim
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jun-Soon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Geyonggi-do, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungwon Jung
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jinkuk Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Je-Young Shin
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Cediel ML, Stawarski M, Blanc X, Nosková L, Magner M, Platzer K, Gburek-Augustat J, Baldridge D, Constantino JN, Ranza E, Bettler B, Antonarakis SE. GABBR1 monoallelic de novo variants linked to neurodevelopmental delay and epilepsy. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:1885-1893. [PMID: 36103875 PMCID: PMC9606381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAB receptors are obligatory heterodimers responsible for prolonged neuronal inhibition in the central nervous system. The two receptor subunits are encoded by GABBR1 and GABBR2. Variants in GABBR2 have been associated with a Rett-like phenotype (MIM: 617903), epileptic encephalopathy (MIM: 617904), and milder forms of developmental delay with absence epilepsy. To date, however, no phenotypes associated with pathogenic variants of GABBR1 have been established. Through GeneMatcher, we have ascertained four individuals who each have a monoallelic GABBR1 de novo non-synonymous variant; these individuals exhibit motor and/or language delay, ranging from mild to severe, and in one case, epilepsy. Further phenotypic features include varying degrees of intellectual disability, learning difficulties, autism, ADHD, ODD, sleep disorders, and muscular hypotonia. We functionally characterized the four de novo GABBR1 variants, p.Glu368Asp, p.Ala397Val, p.Ala535Thr, and p.Gly673Asp, in transfected HEK293 cells. GABA fails to efficiently activate the variant receptors, most likely leading to an increase in the excitation/inhibition balance in the central nervous system. Variant p.Gly673Asp in transmembrane domain 3 (TMD3) renders the receptor completely inactive, consistent with failure of the receptor to reach the cell surface. p.Glu368Asp is located near the orthosteric binding site and reduces GABA potency and efficacy at the receptor. GABA exhibits normal potency but decreased efficacy at the p.Ala397Val and p.Ala535Thr variants. Functional characterization of GABBR1-related variants provides a rationale for understanding the severity of disease phenotypes and points to possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lucia Cediel
- Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, 1207 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michal Stawarski
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Blanc
- Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, 1207 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Nosková
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Magner
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Thomayer Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janina Gburek-Augustat
- Division of Neuropaediatrics, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Emmanuelle Ranza
- Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, 1207 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Al Qahtani X, Multhaupt-Buell T, Sharma N, Dy-Hollins ME. Myoclonus-Dystonia in an Individual with a Mutation in the GRIN2A Gene. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1756445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMutations in the GRIN2A gene are associated with epilepsy-aphasia spectrum disorders and developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. Associations have been linked with disorders, including autism spectrum disorder and Parkinson's disease. Recently, GRIN2A variants have been reported as a cause of movement disorders in individuals without epilepsy, suggesting that movement disorders should be highlighted as a genetic phenotype associated with pathogenic variants in GRIN2A. We present a case of a male with myoclonus dystonia and without epilepsy found on whole-exome sequencing to have a c.1880G > A; p.S627N variant in the GRIN2A gene. Our case contributes to the expanding phenotypic spectrum of GRIN2A-related disorders and highlights another genetic cause of the myoclonus-dystonia phenotype. GRIN2A should be considered a part of the differential diagnosis of myoclonus-dystonia in individuals with developmental delay without epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xena Al Qahtani
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Trisha Multhaupt-Buell
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Nutan Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Marisela E. Dy-Hollins
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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11
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Leung HW, Foo G, VanDongen A. Arc Regulates Transcription of Genes for Plasticity, Excitability and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081946. [PMID: 36009494 PMCID: PMC9405677 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immediate early gene Arc is a master regulator of synaptic function and a critical determinant of memory consolidation. Here, we show that Arc interacts with dynamic chromatin and closely associates with histone markers for active enhancers and transcription in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Both these histone modifications, H3K27Ac and H3K9Ac, have recently been shown to be upregulated in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). When Arc induction by pharmacological network activation was prevented using a short hairpin RNA, the expression profile was altered for over 1900 genes, which included genes associated with synaptic function, neuronal plasticity, intrinsic excitability, and signalling pathways. Interestingly, about 100 Arc-dependent genes are associated with the pathophysiology of AD. When endogenous Arc expression was induced in HEK293T cells, the transcription of many neuronal genes was increased, suggesting that Arc can control expression in the absence of activated signalling pathways. Taken together, these data establish Arc as a master regulator of neuronal activity-dependent gene expression and suggest that it plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Foo
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Antonius VanDongen
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Correspondence:
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D'Onofrio G, Riva A, Di Rosa G, Cali' E, Efthymiou S, Gitto E, Madia F, Accogli A, Zara F, Houlden H, Salpietro V, Striano P, Soler D. Paroxysmal limb dystonias associated with GABBR2 pathogenic variant: A case-based literature review. Brain Dev 2022; 44:469-473. [PMID: 35414446 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND De novo mutations in the GABBR2 (Gamma-Aminobutyric acid Type B Receptor Subunit 2) gene have recently been reported to be associated with a form of early-infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE59; OMIM# 617904), as well as a Rett syndrome (RTT)-like disorder defined as a neurodevelopmental disorder with poor language and loss of hand skills (NDPLHS; OMIM# 617903). METHODS We describe a pediatric case carrying a de novo GABBR2 pathogenic variant and showing a phenotype encompassing RTT, epilepsy, generalized hypotonia with a paroxysmal limb dystonia. RESULTS A 11-year-old girl, born to non-consanguineous parents after an uneventful pregnancy, had developmental delay and generalized hypotonia. At age 3.5 months she presented with infantile spasms with an electroencephalographic pattern of hypsarrhythmia. After treatment with clonazepam and prednisolone, she became seizure-free with a slow background electrical activity. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was normal. Paroxysmal dystonic posturing of the extremities, especially the upper limbs, have been observed since the age of 3 years. Motor stereotypies, non-epileptic episodes of hyperventilation and breath-holding were also reported. The girl suffered from feeding difficulties requiring gastrostomy at the age of 8. Exome sequencing (ES) revealed a de novo GABBR2 pathogenic variant (NM_005458:c.G2077T:p.G693W). CONCLUSION Paroxysmal limb dystonias, especially in the context of neurodevelopmental disorder featuring epilepsy, generalized hypotonia and RTT-like features should lead to the suspect of GABBR2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca D'Onofrio
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Riva
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Messina 98100, Italy
| | - Elisa Cali'
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Eloisa Gitto
- Intensive Neonatal and Pediatric Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Messina 98100, Italy
| | - Francesca Madia
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montreal, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Doriette Soler
- Department of Paediatrics, Mater dei Hospital, Msida, Malta.
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13
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Feng Y, Wei ZH, Liu C, Li GY, Qiao XZ, Gan YJ, Zhang CC, Deng YC. Genetic variations in GABA metabolism and epilepsy. Seizure 2022; 101:22-29. [PMID: 35850019 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a paroxysmal brain disorder that results from an imbalance between neuronal excitation and inhibition. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of epilepsy. Abnormalities in all aspects of GABA metabolism, including GABA synthesis, transport, genes encoding GABA receptors, and GABA inactivation, may lead to epilepsy. GABRA1, GABRA2, GABRA5, GABRB1, GABRB2, GABRB3, GABRG2 and GABBR2 are genes that encode GABA receptors and are commonly associated with epilepsy. Mutations of these genes lead to a variety of epilepsy syndromes with different clinical phenotypes, primarily by down regulating receptor expression and reducing the amplitude of GABA-evoked potentials. GABA is metabolized by GABA transaminase and succinate semi aldehyde dehydrogenase, which are encoded by the ABAT and ALDH5A1 genes, respectively. Mutations of these genes result in symptoms related to deficiency of GABA transaminase and succinate semi aldehyde dehydrogenase, such as epilepsy and cognitive impairment. Most of the variation in genes associated with GABA metabolism are accompanied by developmental disorders. This review focuses on advances in understanding the relationship between genetic variation in GABA metabolism and epilepsy to establish a basis for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Han Wei
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yan Li
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Zhi Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jing Gan
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Chu Zhang
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Chun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China.
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Arora D, Park JE, Lim D, Cho IC, Kang KS, Kim TH, Park W. Multi-omics approaches for comprehensive analysis and understanding of the immune response in the miniature pig breed. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263035. [PMID: 35587479 PMCID: PMC9119490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine immune system has an important role in pre-clinical studies together with understanding the biological response mechanisms before entering into clinical trials. The size distribution of the Korean minipig is an important feature that make this breed ideal for biomedical research and safe practice in post clinical studies. The extremely tiny (ET) minipig serves as an excellent model for various biomedical research studies, but the comparatively frail and vulnerable immune response to the environment over its Large (L) size minipig breed leads to additional after born care. To overcome this pitfall, comparative analysis of the genomic regions under selection in the L type breed could provide a better understanding at the molecular level and lead to the development of an enhanced variety of ET type minipig. In this study, we utilized whole genome sequencing (WGS) to identify traces of artificial selection and integrated them with transcriptome data generated from blood samples to find strongly selected and differentially expressed genes of interest. We identified a total of 35 common genes among which 7 were differentially expressed and showed selective sweep in the L type over the ET type minipig breed. The stabilization of these genes were further confirmed using nucleotide diversity analysis, and these genes could serve as potential biomarkers for the development of a better variety of ET type pig breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devender Arora
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Park
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Cheol Cho
- Subtropical Livestock Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeju, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Kang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Shingu College, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - Tae-Hun Kim
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woncheoul Park
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea
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15
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Bian WJ, Li ZJ, Wang J, Luo S, Li BM, Gao LD, He N, Yi YH. SHROOM4 Variants Are Associated With X-Linked Epilepsy With Features of Generalized Seizures or Generalized Discharges. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:862480. [PMID: 35663265 PMCID: PMC9157246 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.862480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveSHROOM4 gene encodes an actin-binding proteins, which plays an important role in cytoskeletal architecture, synaptogenesis, and maintaining gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors-mediated inhibition. SHROOM4 mutations were reported in patients with the Stocco dos Santos type of X-linked syndromic intellectual developmental disorder (SDSX; OMIM# 300434). In this study, we investigated the association between SHROOM4 and epilepsy.MethodsTrios-based whole-exome sequencing was performed in a cohort of 320 cases with idiopathic generalized epilepsy or idiopathic partial epilepsy. Protein modeling was used to assess the damaging effects of variations.ResultsSix hemizygous missense SHROOM4 variants, including c.13C > A/p. Pro5Thr, c.3236C > T/p.Glu1079Ala, c.3581C > T/p.Ser1194Leu, c.4288C > T/p.Arg1430Cys, c.4303G > A/p.Val1435Met, c.4331C > T/p.Pro1444Leu, were identified in six cases with idiopathic epilepsy without intellectual disability. All patients presented with features of generalized seizures or generalized discharges. These hemizygous variants had no or extremely low allele frequencies in controls and showed statistically higher frequency in the case cohort than controls. All variants were predicted to alter hydrogen bond with surrounding amino acids or decreased protein stability. The SHROOM4 variants reported in patients with SDSX were mostly destructive or duplicative variants; in contrast, the SHROOM4 variants were all missense variants, suggesting a potential genotype-phenotype correlation. The two missense variants associated with SDSX were located in the middle of SHROOM4 protein, whereas variants associated with idiopathic epilepsy were located around the N-terminal PDZ domain and the C-terminal ASD2 domain.SignificanceSHROOM4 was potentially a candidate pathogenic gene of idiopathic epilepsy without intellectual disability. The genotype-phenotype correlation and sub-regional effect helps understanding the mechanism underlying phenotypic variation.
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16
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Moderate Folic Acid Supplementation in Pregnant Mice Results in Altered Sex-Specific Gene Expression in Brain of Young Mice and Embryos. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051051. [PMID: 35268026 PMCID: PMC8912750 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food fortification and increased vitamin intake have led to higher folic acid (FA) consumption by many pregnant women. We showed that FA-supplemented diet in pregnant mice (fivefold higher FA than the recommended level (5xFASD)) led to hyperactivity-like behavior and memory impairment in pups. Disturbed choline/methyl metabolism and altered placental gene expression were identified. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of 5xFASD on the brain at two developmental stages, postnatal day (P) 30 and embryonic day (E) 17.5. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet or 5xFASD for 1 month before mating. Diets were maintained throughout the pregnancy and lactation until P30 or during pregnancy until E17.5. The 5xFASD led to sex-specific transcription changes in P30 cerebral cortex and E17.5 cerebrum, with microarrays showing a total of 1003 and 623 changes, respectively. Enhanced mRNA degradation was observed in E17.5 cerebrum. Expression changes of genes involved in neurotransmission, neuronal growth and development, and angiogenesis were verified by qRT-PCR; 12 and 15 genes were verified at P30 and E17.5, respectively. Hippocampal collagen staining suggested decreased vessel density in FASD male embryos. This study provides insight into the mechanisms of neurobehavioral alterations and highlights potential deleterious consequences of moderate folate oversupplementation during pregnancy.
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17
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Liu L, Fan Z, Rovira X, Xue L, Roux S, Brabet I, Xin M, Pin JP, Rondard P, Liu J. Allosteric ligands control the activation of a class C GPCR heterodimer by acting at the transmembrane interface. eLife 2021; 10:70188. [PMID: 34866572 PMCID: PMC8700296 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the most promising drug targets. They often form homo- and heterodimers with allosteric cross-talk between receptor entities, which contributes to fine-tuning of transmembrane signaling. Specifically controlling the activity of GPCR dimers with ligands is a good approach to clarify their physiological roles and validate them as drug targets. Here, we examined the mode of action of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) that bind at the interface of the transmembrane domains of the heterodimeric GABAB receptor. Our site-directed mutagenesis results show that mutations of this interface impact the function of the three PAMs tested. The data support the inference that they act at the active interface between both transmembrane domains, the binding site involving residues of the TM6s of the GABAB1 and the GABAB2 subunit. Importantly, the agonist activity of these PAMs involves a key region in the central core of the GABAB2 transmembrane domain, which also controls the constitutive activity of the GABAB receptor. This region corresponds to the sodium ion binding site in class A GPCRs that controls the basal state of the receptors. Overall, these data reveal the possibility of developing allosteric compounds able to specifically modulate the activity of GPCR homo- and heterodimers by acting at their transmembrane interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Zhiran Fan
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xavier Rovira
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Li Xue
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Salomé Roux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Brabet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Mingxia Xin
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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A preliminary genetic association study of GAD1 and GABAB receptor genes in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:2015-2024. [PMID: 34845648 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GABAergic system dysfunction has been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia and of cognitive impairments in particular. Patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) generally suffer from profound cognitive impairments in addition to severe positive symptoms, suggesting that GABA system dysfunction could be involved more closely in patients with TRS. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, exome sequencing was conducted on fourteen TRS patients, whereby four SNPs were identified on GAD1, GABBR1 and GABBR2 genes. An association study for five SNPs including these 4 SNPs and rs3749034 on GAD1 as then performed among 357 patients with TRS, 682 non-TRS patients and 508 healthy controls (HC). The results revealed no significant differences in allelic and/or genetic distributions for any of the five SNPs. However, several subanalyses in comparisons between schizophrenia and HC groups, as well as between the three groups, showed nominal-level significance for rs3749034 on GAD1 and rs10985765/rs3750344 on GABBR2. In particular, in comparisons of female subjects, rigorous analysis for rs3749034 showed a statistical difference between the schizophrenia and HC groups and between the TRS and HC groups. CONCLUSIONS Several positive results in subanalyses suggested that genetic vulnerability in the GABA system to schizophrenia or TRS could be affected by sex or sampling area, and overall, that rs3749034 on GAD1 and rs10985765 on GABBR2 could be related to TRS. In the present study, only a few SNPs were examined; it is possible that other important genetic variants in other regions of GABA-related genes were not captured in this preliminary study.
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Wang Y, Gai S, Zhang W, Huang X, Ma S, Huo Y, Wu Y, Tu H, Pin JP, Rondard P, Xu C, Liu J. The GABA B receptor mediates neuroprotection by coupling to G 13. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eaaz4112. [PMID: 34665640 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz4112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Wang
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Siyu Gai
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Xuetao Huang
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Shumin Ma
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Yujia Huo
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Yichen Wu
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Haijun Tu
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Chanjuan Xu
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China
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20
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Technological Improvements in the Genetic Diagnosis of Rett Syndrome Spectrum Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910375. [PMID: 34638716 PMCID: PMC8508637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder that constitutes the second most common cause of intellectual disability in females worldwide. In the past few years, the advancements in genetic diagnosis brought by next generation sequencing (NGS), have made it possible to identify more than 90 causative genes for RTT and significantly overlapping phenotypes (RTT spectrum disorders). Therefore, the clinical entity known as RTT is evolving towards a spectrum of overlapping phenotypes with great genetic heterogeneity. Hence, simultaneous multiple gene testing and thorough phenotypic characterization are mandatory to achieve a fast and accurate genetic diagnosis. In this review, we revise the evolution of the diagnostic process of RTT spectrum disorders in the past decades, and we discuss the effectiveness of state-of-the-art genetic testing options, such as clinical exome sequencing and whole exome sequencing. Moreover, we introduce recent technological advancements that will very soon contribute to the increase in diagnostic yield in patients with RTT spectrum disorders. Techniques such as whole genome sequencing, integration of data from several “omics”, and mosaicism assessment will provide the tools for the detection and interpretation of genomic variants that will not only increase the diagnostic yield but also widen knowledge about the pathophysiology of these disorders.
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21
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Spagnoli C, Fusco C, Pisani F. Rett Syndrome Spectrum in Monogenic Developmental-Epileptic Encephalopathies and Epilepsies: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081157. [PMID: 34440332 PMCID: PMC8394997 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Progress in the clinical application of next-generation-sequencing-based techniques has resulted in a dramatic increase in the recognized genetic heterogeneity of the Rett syndrome spectrum (RSS). Our awareness of the considerable overlap with pediatric-onset epilepsies and epileptic/developmental encephalopathies (EE/DE) genes is also growing, and the presence of variable clinical features inside a general frame of commonalities has drawn renewed attention into deep phenotyping. METHODS We decided to review the medical literature on atypical Rett syndrome and "Rett-like" phenotypes, with special emphasis on described cases with pediatric-onset epilepsies and/or EE-DE, evaluating Neul's criteria for Rett syndrome and associated movement disorders and notable stereotypies. RESULTS "Rett-like" features were described in syndromic and non-syndromic monogenic epilepsy- and DE/EE-related genes, in "intellectual disability plus epilepsy"-related genes and in neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, prominent stereotypies can be observed in monogenic complex neurodevelopmental disorders featuring epilepsy with or without autistic features outside of the RSS. CONCLUSIONS Patients share a complex neurodevelopmental and neurological phenotype (developmental delay, movement disorder) with impaired gait, abnormal tone and hand stereotypies. However, the presence and characteristics of regression and loss of language and functional hand use can differ. Finally, the frequency of additional supportive criteria and their distribution also vary widely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Spagnoli
- Child Neurology Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlo Fusco
- Child Neurology Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University-Hospital of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy;
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22
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Al-Sarraj Y, Al-Dous E, Taha RZ, Ahram D, Alshaban F, Tolfat M, El-Shanti H, Albagha OM. Family-Based Genome-Wide Association Study of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Middle Eastern Families. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:761. [PMID: 34069769 PMCID: PMC8157263 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease characterized by abnormalities in language and social communication with substantial clinical heterogeneity. Genetic factors play an important role in ASD with heritability estimated between 70% to 80%. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple loci associated with ASD. However, most studies were performed on European populations and little is known about the genetic architecture of ASD in Middle Eastern populations. Here, we report the first GWAS of ASD in the Middle eastern population of Qatar. We analyzed 171 families with ASD, using linear mixed models adjusting for relatedness and other confounders. Results showed that common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in seven loci are associated with ASD (p < 1 × 10-5). Although the identified loci did not reach genome-wide significance, many of the top associated SNPs are located within or near genes that have been implicated in ASD or related neurodevelopmental disorders. These include GORASP2, GABBR2, ANKS6, THSD4, ERCC6L, ARHGEF6, and HDAC8. Additionally, three of the top associated SNPs were significantly associated with gene expression. We also found evidence of association signals in two previously reported ASD-susceptibility loci (rs10099100 and rs4299400). Our results warrant further functional studies and replication to provide further insights into the genetic architecture of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Al-Sarraj
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (Y.A.-S.); (E.A.-D.)
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (R.Z.T.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (H.E.-S.)
| | - Eman Al-Dous
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (Y.A.-S.); (E.A.-D.)
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (R.Z.T.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (H.E.-S.)
| | - Rowaida Z. Taha
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (R.Z.T.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (H.E.-S.)
| | - Dina Ahram
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (R.Z.T.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (H.E.-S.)
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fouad Alshaban
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (R.Z.T.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (H.E.-S.)
| | - Mohammed Tolfat
- The Shafallah Center for Children with Special Needs, Doha 33123, Qatar;
| | - Hatem El-Shanti
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (R.Z.T.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (H.E.-S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Omar M.E. Albagha
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (Y.A.-S.); (E.A.-D.)
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (R.Z.T.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (H.E.-S.)
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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23
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Shaye H, Stauch B, Gati C, Cherezov V. Molecular mechanisms of metabotropic GABA B receptor function. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/22/eabg3362. [PMID: 34049877 PMCID: PMC8163086 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg3362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid G protein-coupled receptors (GABAB) represent one of the two main types of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. These receptors act both pre- and postsynaptically by modulating the transmission of neuronal signals and are involved in a range of neurological diseases, from alcohol addiction to epilepsy. A series of recent cryo-EM studies revealed critical details of the activation mechanism of GABAB Structures are now available for the receptor bound to ligands with different modes of action, including antagonists, agonists, and positive allosteric modulators, and captured in different conformational states from the inactive apo to the fully active state bound to a G protein. These discoveries provide comprehensive insights into the activation of the GABAB receptor, which not only broaden our understanding of its structure, pharmacology, and physiological effects but also will ultimately facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic drugs and neuromodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Shaye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Stauch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cornelius Gati
- Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Biosciences Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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24
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Schöneberg T, Liebscher I. Mutations in G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Approaches. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:89-119. [PMID: 33219147 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are approximately 800 annotated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes, making these membrane receptors members of the most abundant gene family in the human genome. Besides being involved in manifold physiologic functions and serving as important pharmacotherapeutic targets, mutations in 55 GPCR genes cause about 66 inherited monogenic diseases in humans. Alterations of nine GPCR genes are causatively involved in inherited digenic diseases. In addition to classic gain- and loss-of-function variants, other aspects, such as biased signaling, trans-signaling, ectopic expression, allele variants of GPCRs, pseudogenes, gene fusion, and gene dosage, contribute to the repertoire of GPCR dysfunctions. However, the spectrum of alterations and GPCR involvement is probably much larger because an additional 91 GPCR genes contain homozygous or hemizygous loss-of-function mutations in human individuals with currently unidentified phenotypes. This review highlights the complexity of genomic alteration of GPCR genes as well as their functional consequences and discusses derived therapeutic approaches. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: With the advent of new transgenic and sequencing technologies, the number of monogenic diseases related to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) mutants has significantly increased, and our understanding of the functional impact of certain kinds of mutations has substantially improved. Besides the classical gain- and loss-of-function alterations, additional aspects, such as biased signaling, trans-signaling, ectopic expression, allele variants of GPCRs, uniparental disomy, pseudogenes, gene fusion, and gene dosage, need to be elaborated in light of GPCR dysfunctions and possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
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25
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Zhang S, Xue L, Liu X, Zhang XC, Zhou R, Zhao H, Shen C, Pin JP, Rondard P, Liu J. Structural basis for distinct quality control mechanisms of GABA B receptor during evolution. FASEB J 2020; 34:16348-16363. [PMID: 33058267 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001355rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface trafficking of many G protein-coupled receptors is tightly regulated. Among them, the mandatory heterodimer GABAB receptor for the main inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is a model. In mammals, its cell surface trafficking is highly controlled by an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal in the C-terminal intracellular region of the GB1 subunit that is masked through a coiled-coil interaction with the GB2 subunit. Here, we investigate the molecular basis for the export of its homolog in Drosophila melanogaster that regulates the circadian rhythm and sleep. In contrast to mammals, the endoplasmic retention signal is carried by GB2, while GB1 reaches the cell surface alone. NMR analysis showed that the coiled-coil domain that controls GABAB heterodimer formation is structurally conserved between flies and mammals, despite specific features. These findings show the adaptation of a similar quality control system during evolution for maintaining the subunit composition of a functional heterodimeric receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Zhang
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xue
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Cai Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cangsong Shen
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Rondard
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Henriksen MW, Breck H, Sejersted Y, Diseth T, von Tetzchner S, Paus B, Skjeldal OH. Genetic and clinical variations in a Norwegian sample diagnosed with Rett syndrome. Brain Dev 2020; 42:484-495. [PMID: 32336485 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder mainly caused by mutations in MECP2. The diagnostic criteria of RTT are clinical; mutations in MECP2 are neither diagnostic nor necessary, and a mutation in another gene does not exclude RTT. We attempted to correlate genotype and phenotype to see if there are significant clinical associations. METHODS All available females diagnosed with RTT in Norway were invited to the study. Parents were interviewed, the girl or woman with RTT examined and medical records reviewed. All diagnoses were revisited according to the current diagnostic criteria and exome-based sequencing analyses were performed in individuals without an identified causative mutation. Participants were categorized according to genotypes and RTT diagnosis. Individuals with RTT with and without mutations in MECP2 were compared. RESULTS Ninety-one individuals were included. A presumed causative mutation was identified in 86 individuals, of these, mutations in MECP2 in 77 individuals and mutations in SMC1A, SYNGAP1, SCN1A, CDKL5, FOXG1 or chromosome 13q in nine. Seventy-two individuals fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for classic and 12 for atypical RTT. Significant differences in early development, loss of hand use and language, intense eye gaze and the presence of early onset epilepsy were revealed in individuals with RTT according to their MECP2 genotypic status. CONCLUSION Using the current diagnostic criteria, genetic and clinical variation in RTT is considerable. Significant differences between individuals with RTT with and without MECP2 mutations indicate that MECP2 is a major determinant for the clinical phenotype in individuals with RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Wold Henriksen
- Department of Neurology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 800, 3004 Drammen, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171, Blindern 0318, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hilde Breck
- Department of Habilitation, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Anders Sandvigs v. 17, 2629 Lillehammer, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1094, Blindern 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngve Sejersted
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Box 4950, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Diseth
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171, Blindern 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen von Tetzchner
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1094, Blindern 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benedicte Paus
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171, Blindern 0318, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Box 4950, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ola H Skjeldal
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12, 41119 Gothenburg, Sweden
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27
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Velíšek L, Velíšková J. Modeling epileptic spasms during infancy: Are we heading for the treatment yet? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107578. [PMID: 32417271 PMCID: PMC7299814 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infantile spasms (IS or epileptic spasms during infancy) were first described by Dr. William James West (aka West syndrome) in his own son in 1841. While rare by definition (occurring in 1 per 3200-3400 live births), IS represent a major social and treatment burden. The etiology of IS varies - there are many (>200) different known pathologies resulting in IS and still in about one third of cases there is no obvious reason. With the advancement of genetic analysis, role of certain genes (such as ARX or CDKL5 and others) in IS appears to be important. Current treatment strategies with incomplete efficacy and serious potential adverse effects include adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), corticosteroids (prednisone, prednisolone) and vigabatrin, more recently also a combination of hormones and vigabatrin. Second line treatments include pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and ketogenic diet. Additional treatment approaches use rapamycin, cannabidiol, valproic acid and other anti-seizure medications. Efficacy of these second line medications is variable but usually inferior to hormonal treatments and vigabatrin. Thus, new and effective models of this devastating condition are required for the search of additional treatment options as well as for better understanding the mechanisms of IS. Currently, eight models of IS are reviewed along with the ideas and mechanisms behind these models, drugs tested using the models and their efficacy and usefulness. Etiological variety of IS is somewhat reflected in the variety of the models. However, it seems that for finding precise personalized approaches, this variety is necessary as there is no "one-size-fits-all" approach possible for both IS in particular and epilepsy in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Velíšek
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
| | - Jana Velíšková
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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28
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Kaur S, Van Bergen NJ, Verhey KJ, Nowell CJ, Budaitis B, Yue Y, Ellaway C, Brunetti-Pierri N, Cappuccio G, Bruno I, Boyle L, Nigro V, Torella A, Roscioli T, Cowley MJ, Massey S, Sonawane R, Burton MD, Schonewolf-Greulich B, Tümer Z, Chung WK, Gold WA, Christodoulou J. Expansion of the phenotypic spectrum of de novo missense variants in kinesin family member 1A (KIF1A). Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1761-1774. [PMID: 32652677 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Defects in the motor domain of kinesin family member 1A (KIF1A), a neuron-specific ATP-dependent anterograde axonal transporter of synaptic cargo, are well-recognized to cause a spectrum of neurological conditions, commonly known as KIF1A-associated neurological disorders (KAND). Here, we report one mutation-negative female with classic Rett syndrome (RTT) harboring a de novo heterozygous novel variant [NP_001230937.1:p.(Asp248Glu)] in the highly conserved motor domain of KIF1A. In addition, three individuals with severe neurodevelopmental disorder along with clinical features overlapping with KAND are also reported carrying de novo heterozygous novel [NP_001230937.1:p.(Cys92Arg) and p.(Pro305Leu)] or previously reported [NP_001230937.1:p.(Thr99Met)] variants in KIF1A. In silico tools predicted these variants to be likely pathogenic, and 3D molecular modeling predicted defective ATP hydrolysis and/or microtubule binding. Using the neurite tip accumulation assay, we demonstrated that all novel KIF1A variants significantly reduced the ability of the motor domain of KIF1A to accumulate along the neurite lengths of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. In vitro microtubule gliding assays showed significantly reduced velocities for the variant p.(Asp248Glu) and reduced microtubule binding for the p.(Cys92Arg) and p.(Pro305Leu) variants, suggesting a decreased ability of KIF1A to move along microtubules. Thus, this study further expanded the phenotypic characteristics of KAND individuals with pathogenic variants in the KIF1A motor domain to include clinical features commonly seen in RTT individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranpreet Kaur
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole J Van Bergen
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discover Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Breane Budaitis
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carolyn Ellaway
- Discipline of Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Irene Bruno
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lia Boyle
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annalaura Torella
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Tony Roscioli
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark J Cowley
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sean Massey
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhea Sonawane
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew D Burton
- Flow Cytometry and Imaging Facility, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bitten Schonewolf-Greulich
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Wendy A Gold
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Kids Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, and The Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences and Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Christodoulou
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Discipline of Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Seo J, Lee C, Paeng JC, Kwon HW, Lee D, Kim S, Han J, Ku J, Chae JH, Lim BC, Choi M. Biallelic mutations in ABCB1 display recurrent reversible encephalopathy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:1443-1449. [PMID: 32627353 PMCID: PMC7448192 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical phenotype linked with mutations in ABCB1, encoding P‐glycoprotein, has never been reported. Here, we describe twin sisters with biallelic mutations in ABCB1 who showed recurrent reversible encephalopathy accompanied by acute febrile or afebrile illness. Whole‐exome sequencing was performed on one of the twin and her healthy parents, and revealed compound heterozygous loss‐of‐function variants in ABCB1. The patient brains displayed substantial loss of xenobiotic clearance ability, as demonstrated by [11C]verapamil positron emission tomography (PET) study, linking this phenotype with ABCB1 function. The endogenous cytokine clearance from the brain was also decreased in LPS‐treated ABCB1 knockout mice compared to controls. The results provide insights into the physiological requirement of ABCB1 in maintaining homeostasis of various compounds for normal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Seo
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Cho‐Rong Lee
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jin Chul Paeng
- Department of Nuclear MedicineSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyun W. Kwon
- Department of Nuclear MedicineKorea University Anam HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Duckgue Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi‐Bio ScienceSoonchunhyang UniversityCheonanRepublic of Korea
| | - Soon‐Chan Kim
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jaeseok Han
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi‐Bio ScienceSoonchunhyang UniversityCheonanRepublic of Korea
| | - Ja‐Lok Ku
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chae
- Department of PediatricsSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Byung Chan Lim
- Department of PediatricsSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
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30
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Shaye H, Ishchenko A, Lam JH, Han GW, Xue L, Rondard P, Pin JP, Katritch V, Gati C, Cherezov V. Structural basis of the activation of a metabotropic GABA receptor. Nature 2020; 584:298-303. [PMID: 32555460 PMCID: PMC8020835 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAB) are involved in the modulation of synaptic responses in the central nervous system and are implicated in various neuropsychological conditions, ranging from addiction to psychosis1. GABAB belongs to G protein-coupled receptor class C, and its functional entity consists of an obligate heterodimer composed of GB1 and GB22. Each subunit possesses an extracellular Venus flytrap domain, connected to a canonical seven-transmembrane domain. Here, we present four cryo-EM structures of the human full-length GB1-GB2 heterodimer in its inactive apo, two intermediate agonist-bound, and active agonist/positive allosteric modulator bound forms. The structures reveal startling differences, shedding light onto the complex motions underlying the unique activation mechanism of GABAB. Our results show that agonist binding in the GB1 Venus flytrap domain triggers a series of transitions, first rearranging and bringing the two transmembrane domains into close contact along transmembrane helix 6 and ultimately inducing conformational rearrangements in the GB2 transmembrane domain via a lever-like mechanism, potentiated by a positive allosteric modulator binding at the dimerization interface, to initiate downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Shaye
- Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrii Ishchenko
- Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jordy Homing Lam
- Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gye Won Han
- Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Li Xue
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cornelius Gati
- Biosciences Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA. .,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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31
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Amin JB, Moody GR, Wollmuth LP. From bedside-to-bench: What disease-associated variants are teaching us about the NMDA receptor. J Physiol 2020; 599:397-416. [PMID: 32144935 DOI: 10.1113/jp278705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels that contribute to nearly all brain processes. Not surprisingly then, genetic variations in the genes encoding NMDAR subunits can be associated with neurodevelopmental, neurological and psychiatric disorders. These disease-associated variants (DAVs) present challenges, such as defining how DAV-induced alterations in receptor function contribute to disease progression and how to treat the affected individual clinically. As a starting point to overcome these challenges, we need to refine our understanding of the complexity of NMDAR structure function. In this regard, DAVs have expanded our knowledge of NMDARs because they do not just target well-known structure-function motifs, but rather give an unbiased view of structural elements that are important to the biology of NMDARs. Indeed, established NMDAR structure-function motifs have been validated by the appearance of disorders in patients where these motifs have been altered, and DAVs have identified novel structural features in NMDARs such as gating triads and hinges in the gating machinery. Still, the majority of DAVs remain unexplored and occur at sites in the protein with unidentified function or alter receptor properties in multiple and unanticipated ways. Detailed mechanistic and structural investigations are required of both established and novel motifs to develop a highly refined pathomechanistic model that accounts for the complex machinery that regulates NMDARs. Such a model would provide a template for rational drug design and a starting point for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johansen B Amin
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230
| | - Gabrielle R Moody
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230.,Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230.,Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230
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32
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Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Carmona-Aparicio L, Pérez-Lozano DL, Ortega-Cuellar D, Gómez-Manzo S, Ignacio-Mejía I. Genetic variations associated with pharmacoresistant epilepsy (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1685-1701. [PMID: 32319641 PMCID: PMC7057824 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common, serious neurological disorder worldwide. Although this disease can be successfully treated in most cases, not all patients respond favorably to medical treatments, which can lead to pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Drug-resistant epilepsy can be caused by a number of mechanisms that may involve environmental and genetic factors, as well as disease- and drug-related factors. In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated that genetic variation is involved in the drug resistance of epilepsy, especially genetic variations found in drug resistance-related genes, including the voltage-dependent sodium and potassium channels genes, and the metabolizer of endogenous and xenobiotic substances genes. The present review aimed to highlight the genetic variants that are involved in the regulation of drug resistance in epilepsy; a comprehensive understanding of the role of genetic variation in drug resistance will help us develop improved strategies to regulate drug resistance efficiently and determine the pathophysiological processes that underlie this common human neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Ministry of Health, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Liliana Carmona-Aparicio
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Ministry of Health, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Diana L Pérez-Lozano
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Ministry of Health, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ortega-Cuellar
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, National Institute of Pediatrics, Ministry of Health, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratory of Genetic Biochemistry, National Institute of Pediatrics, Ministry of Health, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Iván Ignacio-Mejía
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Military School of Health Graduates, Lomas de Sotelo, Militar, Mexico City 11200, Mexico
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33
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Papandreou A, Danti FR, Spaull R, Leuzzi V, Mctague A, Kurian MA. The expanding spectrum of movement disorders in genetic epilepsies. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:178-191. [PMID: 31784983 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An ever-increasing number of neurogenetic conditions presenting with both epilepsy and atypical movements are now recognized. These disorders within the 'genetic epilepsy-dyskinesia' spectrum are clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Increased clinical awareness is therefore necessary for a rational diagnostic approach. Furthermore, careful interpretation of genetic results is key to establishing the correct diagnosis and initiating disease-specific management strategies in a timely fashion. In this review we describe the spectrum of movement disorders associated with genetically determined epilepsies. We also propose diagnostic strategies and putative pathogenic mechanisms causing these complex syndromes associated with both seizures and atypical motor control. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Implicated genes encode proteins with very diverse functions. Pathophysiological mechanisms by which epilepsy and movement disorder phenotypes manifest are often not clear. Early diagnosis of treatable disorders is essential and next generation sequencing may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Papandreou
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Federica Rachele Danti
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Spaull
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Amy Mctague
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
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34
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Lee Y, Park S, Lee JS, Kim SY, Cho J, Yoo Y, Lee S, Yoo T, Lee M, Seo J, Lee J, Kneissl J, Lee J, Jeon H, Jeon EY, Hong SE, Kim E, Kim H, Kim WJ, Kim JS, Ko JM, Cho A, Lim BC, Kim WS, Choi M, Chae JH. Genomic profiling of 553 uncharacterized neurodevelopment patients reveals a high proportion of recessive pathogenic variant carriers in an outbred population. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1413. [PMID: 31996704 PMCID: PMC6989631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial portion of Mendelian disease patients suffers from genetic variants that are inherited in a recessive manner. A precise understanding of pathogenic recessive variants in a population would assist in pre-screening births of such patients. However, a systematic understanding of the contribution of recessive variants to Mendelian diseases is still lacking. Therefore, genetic diagnosis and variant discovery of 553 undiagnosed Korean patients with complex neurodevelopmental problems (KND for Korean NeuroDevelopmental cohort) were performed using whole exome sequencing of patients and their parents. Disease-causing variants, including newly discovered variants, were identified in 57.5% of the probands of the KND cohort. Among the patients with the previous reported pathogenic variants, 35.1% inherited these variants in a recessive manner. Genes that cause recessive disorders in our cohort tend to be less constrained by loss-of-function variants and were enriched in lipid metabolism and mitochondrial functions. This observation was applied to an estimation that approximately 1 in 17 healthy Korean individuals carry at least one of these pathogenic variants that develop severe neurodevelopmental problems in a recessive manner. Furthermore, the feasibility of these genes for carrier screening was evaluated. Our results will serve as a foundation for recessive variant screening to reduce occurrences of rare Mendelian disease patients. Additionally, our results highlight the utility and necessity of whole exome sequencing-based diagnostics for improving patient care in a country with a centralized medical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngha Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sook Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeso Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjin Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmoon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyeong Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Moses Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National Universty, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jana Kneissl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungseok Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunha Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuna Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Joong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jon Soo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chan Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seop Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Vigabatrin as a Targeted Treatment of GABA B Receptor-Related Epileptic Encephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 99:82-84. [PMID: 31122837 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Samanta D, Zarate YA. Widening phenotypic spectrum of GABBR2 mutation. Acta Neurol Belg 2019; 119:493-496. [PMID: 30707408 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-019-01088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Vidal S, Xiol C, Pascual-Alonso A, O'Callaghan M, Pineda M, Armstrong J. Genetic Landscape of Rett Syndrome Spectrum: Improvements and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163925. [PMID: 31409060 PMCID: PMC6719047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder that primarily affects females, resulting in severe cognitive and physical disabilities, and is one of the most prevalent causes of intellectual disability in females. More than fifty years after the first publication on Rett syndrome, and almost two decades since the first report linking RTT to the MECP2 gene, the research community's effort is focused on obtaining a better understanding of the genetics and the complex biology of RTT and Rett-like phenotypes without MECP2 mutations. Herein, we review the current molecular genetic studies, which investigate the genetic causes of RTT or Rett-like phenotypes which overlap with other genetic disorders and document the swift evolution of the techniques and methodologies employed. This review also underlines the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of the Rett syndrome spectrum and provides an overview of the RTT-related genes described to date, many of which are involved in epigenetic gene regulation, neurotransmitter action or RNA transcription/translation. Finally, it discusses the importance of including both phenotypic and genetic diagnosis to provide proper genetic counselling from a patient's perspective and the appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vidal
- Sant Joan de Déu Research Foundation, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Xiol
- Sant Joan de Déu Research Foundation, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Pascual-Alonso
- Sant Joan de Déu Research Foundation, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M O'Callaghan
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Neurology Service, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-ER (Biomedical Network Research Center for Rare Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Pineda
- Sant Joan de Déu Research Foundation, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Armstrong
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER-ER (Biomedical Network Research Center for Rare Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Molecular and Genetics Medicine Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
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38
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Wang B, Li J, Li X, Ou Y. Identifying prognosis and metastasis-associated genes associated with Ewing sarcoma by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:3527-3536. [PMID: 31516570 PMCID: PMC6732955 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a highly malignant pediatric tumor with a low survival rate and a high rate of metastasis. However, there have been limited reports on the exploration of new biomarkers of ES. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify the potential hub genes associated with overall vital survival (OVS) and metastasis in ES. Traditional methods for identifying differentially expressed genes lack the in-depth information of mechanistic studies. In this study, a weighted co-expression network for ES was constructed through weighted gene co-expression network analysis to identify co-expression modules associated with clinical phenotypes. The hub genes in the metastasis- and OVS-related co-expression modules were extracted, and the association between the hub genes and patient OVS was verified in another independent Gene Expression Omnibus dataset. Functional annotations and protein-protein interaction analysis of co-expression modules were also used to understand the potential regulatory mechanisms. The results of the functional enrichment analysis revealed that the OVS-associated module was mainly enriched in the cell cycle and immune response, and the metastasis-associated module was enriched in metabolism. A total of four genes (proteasome subunit α4, L1 cell adhesion molecule, serine/threonine kinase receptor-associated protein and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) in the OVS-related module and two genes (calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit γ2 and γ-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2) in the metastasis-related module were selected as hub genes. Further research on the hub genes identified in the present study may contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of ES metastasis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yunsheng Ou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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39
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Liu J, McDaid L, Araque A, Wade J, Harkin J, Karim S, Henshall DC, Connolly NMC, Johnson AP, Tyrrell AM, Timmis J, Millard AG, Hilder J, Halliday DM. GABA Regulation of Burst Firing in Hippocampal Astrocyte Neural Circuit: A Biophysical Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:335. [PMID: 31396055 PMCID: PMC6664076 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that glia cells and gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABA) interneurons dynamically regulate synaptic transmission and neuronal activity in time and space. This paper presents a biophysical model that captures the interaction between an astrocyte cell, a GABA interneuron and pre/postsynaptic neurons. Specifically, GABA released from a GABA interneuron triggers in astrocytes the release of calcium (Ca2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum via the inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP3) pathway. This results in gliotransmission which elevates the presynaptic transmission probability rate (PR) causing weight potentiation and a gradual increase in postsynaptic neuronal firing, that eventually stabilizes. However, by capturing the complex interactions between IP3, generated from both GABA and the 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG) pathway, and PR, this paper shows that this interaction not only gives rise to an initial weight potentiation phase but also this phase is followed by postsynaptic bursting behavior. Moreover, the model will show that there is a presynaptic frequency range over which burst firing can occur. The proposed model offers a novel cellular level mechanism that may underpin both seizure-like activity and neuronal synchrony across different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiu Liu
- School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, United Kingdom
| | - Liam McDaid
- School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - John Wade
- School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Harkin
- School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, United Kingdom
| | - Shvan Karim
- School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, United Kingdom
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh M C Connolly
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anju P Johnson
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Andy M Tyrrell
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Timmis
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alan G Millard
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - James Hilder
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - David M Halliday
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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40
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Salpietro V, Dixon CL, Guo H, Bello OD, Vandrovcova J, Efthymiou S, Maroofian R, Heimer G, Burglen L, Valence S, Torti E, Hacke M, Rankin J, Tariq H, Colin E, Procaccio V, Striano P, Mankad K, Lieb A, Chen S, Pisani L, Bettencourt C, Männikkö R, Manole A, Brusco A, Grosso E, Ferrero GB, Armstrong-Moron J, Gueden S, Bar-Yosef O, Tzadok M, Monaghan KG, Santiago-Sim T, Person RE, Cho MT, Willaert R, Yoo Y, Chae JH, Quan Y, Wu H, Wang T, Bernier RA, Xia K, Blesson A, Jain M, Motazacker MM, Jaeger B, Schneider AL, Boysen K, Muir AM, Myers CT, Gavrilova RH, Gunderson L, Schultz-Rogers L, Klee EW, Dyment D, Osmond M, Parellada M, Llorente C, Gonzalez-Peñas J, Carracedo A, Van Haeringen A, Ruivenkamp C, Nava C, Heron D, Nardello R, Iacomino M, Minetti C, Skabar A, Fabretto A, Raspall-Chaure M, Chez M, Tsai A, Fassi E, Shinawi M, Constantino JN, De Zorzi R, Fortuna S, Kok F, Keren B, Bonneau D, Choi M, Benzeev B, Zara F, Mefford HC, Scheffer IE, Clayton-Smith J, Macaya A, Rothman JE, Eichler EE, Kullmann DM, Houlden H. AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit defects are a cause of neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3094. [PMID: 31300657 PMCID: PMC6626132 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10910-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are tetrameric ligand-gated channels made up of combinations of GluA1-4 subunits encoded by GRIA1-4 genes. GluA2 has an especially important role because, following post-transcriptional editing at the Q607 site, it renders heteromultimeric AMPARs Ca2+-impermeable, with a linear relationship between current and trans-membrane voltage. Here, we report heterozygous de novo GRIA2 mutations in 28 unrelated patients with intellectual disability (ID) and neurodevelopmental abnormalities including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Rett syndrome-like features, and seizures or developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). In functional expression studies, mutations lead to a decrease in agonist-evoked current mediated by mutant subunits compared to wild-type channels. When GluA2 subunits are co-expressed with GluA1, most GRIA2 mutations cause a decreased current amplitude and some also affect voltage rectification. Our results show that de-novo variants in GRIA2 can cause neurodevelopmental disorders, complementing evidence that other genetic causes of ID, ASD and DEE also disrupt glutamatergic synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", 16147, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Christine L Dixon
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Oscar D Bello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Gali Heimer
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 526121, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet, Département de Génétique et Embryologie Médicale, APHP, Hôpital Trousseau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Valence
- Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, APHP, Hôpital Trousseau, 75012, Paris, France
| | | | - Moritz Hacke
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Rankin
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - Huma Tariq
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Estelle Colin
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, 49933, Angers, France
- MitoLab, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, MitoVasc Institute, Angers University, 49100, Angers, France
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, 49933, Angers, France
- MitoLab, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, MitoVasc Institute, Angers University, 49100, Angers, France
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", 16147, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Andreas Lieb
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sharon Chen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Northwell Health/Hofstra University SOM, New York, 11020, USA
| | - Laura Pisani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Northwell Health/Hofstra University SOM, New York, 11020, USA
| | - Conceicao Bettencourt
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Roope Männikkö
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andreea Manole
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Grosso
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Judith Armstrong-Moron
- Unit of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Gueden
- Unit of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital, Angers Cedex, 49933, France
| | - Omer Bar-Yosef
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 526121, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Tzadok
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 526121, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongjin Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Yingting Quan
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Huidan Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Raphael A Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Alyssa Blesson
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21211, USA
| | - Mahim Jain
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21211, USA
| | - Mohammad M Motazacker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bregje Jaeger
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, 1105, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Amy L Schneider
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Katja Boysen
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Alison M Muir
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Candace T Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Lauren Gunderson
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55902, MN, USA
| | | | - Eric W Klee
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55902, MN, USA
| | - David Dyment
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Matthew Osmond
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Genome Québec Innovation Center, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Mara Parellada
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cloe Llorente
- Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Peñas
- Hospital Gregorio Maranon, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Calle Dr Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica- IDIS- Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15706, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arie Van Haeringen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Claudia Ruivenkamp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Caroline Nava
- Department of Genetics, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Heron
- Department of Genetics, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Rosaria Nardello
- Department of Health Promotion,Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Minetti
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", 16147, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aldo Skabar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", University of Trieste, 34134, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonella Fabretto
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", University of Trieste, 34134, Trieste, Italy
| | - Miquel Raspall-Chaure
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Chez
- Neuroscience Medical Group, 1625 Stockton Boulevard, Suite 104, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Anne Tsai
- Department of Genetics and Inherited Metabolic diseases, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Emily Fassi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Marwan Shinawi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John N Constantino
- William Greenleaf Eliot Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rita De Zorzi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34134, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Fortuna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34134, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fernando Kok
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 01308-000, Brazil
- Mendelics Genomic Analysis, Sao Paulo, SP, 04013-000, Brazil
| | - Boris Keren
- Department of Genetics, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, 49933, Angers, France
- MitoLab, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, MitoVasc Institute, Angers University, 49100, Angers, France
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Bruria Benzeev
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 526121, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Federico Zara
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Lancashire, M13 9WL, UK
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Alfons Macaya
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Dimitri M Kullmann
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Teng X, Aouacheria A, Lionnard L, Metz KA, Soane L, Kamiya A, Hardwick JM. KCTD: A new gene family involved in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:887-902. [PMID: 31197948 PMCID: PMC6566181 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying molecular basis for neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric disorders is not known. In contrast, mechanistic understanding of other brain disorders including neurodegeneration has advanced considerably. Yet, these do not approach the knowledge accrued for many cancers with precision therapeutics acting on well-characterized targets. Although the identification of genes responsible for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders remains a major obstacle, the few causally associated genes are ripe for discovery by focusing efforts to dissect their mechanisms. Here, we make a case for delving into mechanisms of the poorly characterized human KCTD gene family. Varying levels of evidence support their roles in neurocognitive disorders (KCTD3), neurodevelopmental disease (KCTD7), bipolar disorder (KCTD12), autism and schizophrenia (KCTD13), movement disorders (KCTD17), cancer (KCTD11), and obesity (KCTD15). Collective knowledge about these genes adds enhanced value, and critical insights into potential disease mechanisms have come from unexpected sources. Translation of basic research on the KCTD-related yeast protein Whi2 has revealed roles in nutrient signaling to mTORC1 (KCTD11) and an autophagy-lysosome pathway affecting mitochondria (KCTD7). Recent biochemical and structure-based studies (KCTD12, KCTD13, KCTD16) reveal mechanisms of regulating membrane channel activities through modulation of distinct GTPases. We explore how these seemingly varied functions may be disease related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyJohns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Abdel Aouacheria
- ISEM, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDUniversité de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Loïc Lionnard
- ISEM, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDUniversité de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Kyle A. Metz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyJohns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMaryland
- Present address:
Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUSA
| | - Lucian Soane
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyJohns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Atsushi Kamiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - J. Marie Hardwick
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyJohns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMaryland
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Sun W, Xiao X, Li S, Jia X, Wang P, Zhang Q. Germline Mutations in CTNNB1 Associated With Syndromic FEVR or Norrie Disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:93-97. [PMID: 30640974 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Germline and somatic mutations in CTNNB1 have been found in different types of human diseases. This follow-up study aimed to identify causative germline mutations in CTNNB1 and their associated ocular phenotypes through a comparative analysis of whole-exome sequencing data. Methods Annotated sequence variations in CTNNB1 were selected from in-house data from whole-exome sequencing of genomic DNA prepared from leucocytes of 3280 unrelated probands with different forms of eye diseases. Potentially pathogenic variants in CTNNB1 were analyzed by multistep bioinformatics analyses. Clinical data from probands with pathogenic variants in CTNNB1 were collected, and potential genotype-phenotype correlations were analyzed. Results Eleven rare variants that potentially affect the coding regions of CTNNB1 were detected in 11 of the 3280 samples, and four variants were considered to be potentially pathogenic. All four mutations, namely, c.999delC (p.Tyr333*), c.1104delT (p.His369Thrfs*2), c.1738_1742delinsACA (p.Leu580Thrfs*28), and c.1867C>T (p.Gln623*), were heterozygotes and considered to have a germline origin. Three of the four mutations are de novo mutations, and the status of the remaining mutation is unavailable. All four probands had the same class of closely related ocular diseases: one proband had FEVR, and three probands had Norrie-like retinopathy. The molecular results indicated that three probands showed systemic anomalies, as demonstrated by a follow-up survey, but relevant information for the remaining proband was unavailable. Conclusions The data suggest that germline truncating mutations in CTNNB1 cause autosomal dominant syndromic FEVR or Norrie disease. Patients with mutations in CTNNB1, KIF11, or NDP may have similar or overlapping phenotypes, but this phenomenon needs to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Xue L, Sun Q, Zhao H, Rovira X, Gai S, He Q, Pin JP, Liu J, Rondard P. Rearrangement of the transmembrane domain interfaces associated with the activation of a GPCR hetero-oligomer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2765. [PMID: 31235691 PMCID: PMC6591306 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can integrate extracellular signals via allosteric interactions within dimers and higher-order oligomers. However, the structural bases of these interactions remain unclear. Here, we use the GABAB receptor heterodimer as a model as it forms large complexes in the brain. It is subjected to genetic mutations mainly affecting transmembrane 6 (TM6) and involved in human diseases. By cross-linking, we identify the transmembrane interfaces involved in GABAB1-GABAB2, as well as GABAB1-GABAB1 interactions. Our data are consistent with an oligomer made of a row of GABAB1. We bring evidence that agonist activation induces a concerted rearrangement of the various interfaces. While the GB1-GB2 interface is proposed to involve TM5 in the inactive state, cross-linking of TM6s lead to constitutive activity. These data bring insight for our understanding of the allosteric interaction between GPCRs within oligomers. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as GABAB, can integrate extracellular signals via allosteric interactions within dimers and oligomers. Here authors use crosslinking and identify two transmembrane interfaces in GABAB which undergo a concerted rearrangement upon agonist activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xavier Rovira
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier cedex 05, France.,Molecular Photopharmacology Research Group, The Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, C. de la Laura, 13, Vic, 08500, Spain
| | - Siyu Gai
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Qianwen He
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier cedex 05, France.
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier cedex 05, France
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Fritzius T, Bettler B. The organizing principle of GABA B receptor complexes: Physiological and pharmacological implications. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126 Suppl 6:25-34. [PMID: 31033219 PMCID: PMC7317483 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
GABAB receptors (GBRs), the G protein-coupled receptors for the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), regulate synaptic transmission at most synapses in the brain. Proteomic approaches revealed that native GBR complexes assemble from an inventory of ~30 proteins that provide a molecular basis for the functional diversity observed with these receptors. Studies with reconstituted GBR complexes in heterologous cells and complementary knockout studies have allowed to identify cellular and physiological functions for obligate and several non-obligate receptor components. It emerges that modular association of receptor components in space and time generates a variety of multiprotein receptor complexes with different localizations, kinetic properties and effector channels. This article summarizes current knowledge on the organizing principle of GBR complexes. We further discuss unanticipated receptor functions, links to disease and opportunities for drug discovery arising from the identification of novel receptor components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Fritzius
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Operto FF, Mazza R, Pastorino GMG, Verrotti A, Coppola G. Epilepsy and genetic in Rett syndrome: A review. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01250. [PMID: 30929312 PMCID: PMC6520293 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder that primarily affects girls, with an incidence of 1:10,000-20,000. The diagnosis is based on clinical features: an initial period of apparently normal development (ages 6-12 months) followed by a rapid decline with regression of acquired motor skills, loss of spoken language and purposeful hand use, onset of hand stereotypes, abnormal gait, and growth failure. The course of the disease, in its classical form, is characterized by four stages. Three different atypical variants of the disease have been defined. Epilepsy has been reported in 60%-80% of patients with RTT; it differs among the various phenotypes and genotypes and its severity is an important contributor to the clinical severity of the disease. METHODS In this manuscript we reviewed literature on RTT, focusing on the different genetic entities, the correlation genotype-phenotype, and the peculiar epileptic phenotype associated to each of them. RESULTS Mutations in MECP2 gene, located on Xq28, account for 95% of typical RTT cases and 73.2% of atypical RTT. CDKL5 and FOXG1 are other genes identified as causative genes in atypical forms of RTT. In the last few years, a lot of new genes have been identified as causative genes for RTT phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Recognizing clinical and EEG patterns in different RTT variants may be useful in diagnosis and management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Felicia Operto
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Mazza
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Verrotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy
| | - Giangennaro Coppola
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Medical School, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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Iwama K, Mizuguchi T, Takeshita E, Nakagawa E, Okazaki T, Nomura Y, Iijima Y, Kajiura I, Sugai K, Saito T, Sasaki M, Yuge K, Saikusa T, Okamoto N, Takahashi S, Amamoto M, Tomita I, Kumada S, Anzai Y, Hoshino K, Fattal-Valevski A, Shiroma N, Ohfu M, Moroto M, Tanda K, Nakagawa T, Sakakibara T, Nabatame S, Matsuo M, Yamamoto A, Yukishita S, Inoue K, Waga C, Nakamura Y, Watanabe S, Ohba C, Sengoku T, Fujita A, Mitsuhashi S, Miyatake S, Takata A, Miyake N, Ogata K, Ito S, Saitsu H, Matsuishi T, Goto YI, Matsumoto N. Genetic landscape of Rett syndrome-like phenotypes revealed by whole exome sequencing. J Med Genet 2019; 56:396-407. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundRett syndrome (RTT) is a characteristic neurological disease presenting with regressive loss of neurodevelopmental milestones. Typical RTT is generally caused by abnormality of methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2). Our objective to investigate the genetic landscape of MECP2-negative typical/atypical RTT and RTT-like phenotypes using whole exome sequencing (WES).MethodsWe performed WES on 77 MECP2-negative patients either with typical RTT (n=11), atypical RTT (n=22) or RTT-like phenotypes (n=44) incompatible with the RTT criteria.ResultsPathogenic or likely pathogenic single-nucleotide variants in 28 known genes were found in 39 of 77 (50.6%) patients. WES-based CNV analysis revealed pathogenic deletions involving six known genes (including MECP2) in 8 of 77 (10.4%) patients. Overall, diagnostic yield was 47 of 77 (61.0 %). Furthermore, strong candidate variants were found in four novel genes: a de novo variant in each of ATPase H+ transporting V0 subunit A1 (ATP6V0A1), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 8 (USP8) and microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase 3 (MAST3), as well as biallelic variants in nuclear receptor corepressor 2 (NCOR2).ConclusionsOur study provides a new landscape including additional genetic variants contributing to RTT-like phenotypes, highlighting the importance of comprehensive genetic analysis.
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Li X, Zhang Y, Wang L, Lin Y, Gao Z, Zhan X, Huang Y, Sun C, Wang D, Liang S, Wu L. Integrated Analysis of Brain Transcriptome Reveals Convergent Molecular Pathways in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:706. [PMID: 31649562 PMCID: PMC6795181 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of complex neurodevelopmental disorders with etiology that remains elusive. Although there is a mounting body of investigation in different brain regions related to ASD, our knowledge about the common and distinct perturb condition between them is at the threshold of accumulation. In this study, based on protein-protein interactions, post-mortem transcriptome analysis was performed with corpus callosum (CC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) samples from ASD individuals and controls. Co-expression network analysis revealed that a total of seven (four for CC set, three for PFC set) core dysfunctional modules strongly enriched for known ASD-risk genes. Three quarters of them in CC set (M4, M6, M29) significantly enriched for genes annotated by genetically associated variants in our previous whole genome sequencing data. We further determined transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation subnetwork for each ASD-correlated module, including 47 pivot transcription factors, 130 pivot miRNAs, and 7 pivot lncRNAs. Moreover, there were significantly more interactions between CC-M4, -M6, and PFC-M2, mainly involved in synaptic functions and neuronal development. Our integrated multifactor analysis of ASD brain transcriptome profile illustrated underlying common and distinct molecular mechanisms and the module crosstalk between CC and PFC, helping to shed light on the molecular neuropathological underlying ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuncong Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Luxi Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunqing Lin
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaomin Gao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Caihong Sun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
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Carneiro TN, Krepischi AC, Costa SS, Tojal da Silva I, Vianna-Morgante AM, Valieris R, Ezquina SA, Bertola DR, Otto PA, Rosenberg C. Utility of trio-based exome sequencing in the elucidation of the genetic basis of isolated syndromic intellectual disability: illustrative cases. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2018; 11:93-98. [PMID: 30174453 PMCID: PMC6110279 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s165799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Exome sequencing is recognized as a powerful tool for identifying the genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID). It is uncertain, however, whether only the exome of the proband should be sequenced or if the sequencing of parental genomes is also required, and the resulting increase in diagnostic yield justifies the increase in costs. Patients and methods We sequenced the exomes of eight individuals with sporadic syndromic ID and their parents. Results and discussion Likely pathogenic variants were detected in eight candidate genes, namely homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in three autosomal genes (ADAMTSL2, NALCN, VPS13B), one in an X-linked gene (MID1), and de novo heterozygous variants in four autosomal genes (RYR2, GABBR2, CDK13, DDX3X). Two patients harbored rare variants in two or more candidate genes, while in three other patients no candidate was identified. In five probands (62%), the detected variants explained their clinical findings. The causative recessive variants would have led to diagnosis even without parental exome sequencing, but for the heterozygous dominant ones, the exome trio-based approach was fundamental in the identification of the de novo likely pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaise Nr Carneiro
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Ana Cv Krepischi
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Silvia S Costa
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Israel Tojal da Silva
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, International Research Center, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela M Vianna-Morgante
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Renan Valieris
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, International Research Center, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzana Am Ezquina
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Debora R Bertola
- Genetics Unit, Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Otto
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
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Mattison KA, Butler KM, Inglis GAS, Dayan O, Boussidan H, Bhambhani V, Philbrook B, da Silva C, Alexander JJ, Kanner BI, Escayg A. SLC6A1 variants identified in epilepsy patients reduce γ-aminobutyric acid transport. Epilepsia 2018; 59:e135-e141. [PMID: 30132828 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have identified SLC6A1 variants in patients with generalized epilepsies, such as myoclonic-atonic epilepsy and childhood absence epilepsy. However, to date, none of the identified SLC6A1 variants has been functionally tested for an effect on GAT-1 transporter activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of SLC6A1 variants in 460 unselected epilepsy patients and to evaluate the impact of the identified variants on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)transport. Targeted resequencing was used to screen 460 unselected epilepsy patients for variants in SLC6A1. Five missense variants, one in-frame deletion, one nonsense variant, and one intronic splice-site variant were identified, representing a 1.7% diagnostic yield. Using a [3 H]-GABA transport assay, the seven identified exonic variants were found to reduce GABA transport activity. A minigene splicing assay revealed that the splice-site variant disrupted canonical splicing of exon 9 in the mRNA transcript, leading to premature protein truncation. These findings demonstrate that SLC6A1 is an important contributor to childhood epilepsy and that reduced GAT-1 function is a common consequence of epilepsy-causing SLC6A1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Mattison
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kameryn M Butler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - George Andrew S Inglis
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Oshrat Dayan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hanna Boussidan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vikas Bhambhani
- Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bryan Philbrook
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - John J Alexander
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,EGL Genetics, Tucker, Georgia
| | - Baruch I Kanner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andrew Escayg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the current molecular genetic studies, which investigate the genetic causes of Rett syndrome or Rett-like phenotypes without a MECP2 mutation. RECENT FINDINGS As next generation sequencing becomes broadly available, especially whole exome sequencing is used in clinical diagnosis of the genetic causes of a wide spectrum of intellectual disability, autism, and encephalopathies. Patients who were diagnosed with Rett syndrome or Rett-like syndrome because of their phenotype but were negative for mutations in the MECP2, CDKL5 or FOXG1 genes were subjected to whole exome sequencing and the results of the last few years revealed yet 69 different genes. Many of these genes are involved in epigenetic gene regulation, chromatin shaping, neurotransmitter action or RNA transcription/translation. Genetic data also allows to investigate the individual genetic background of an individual patient, which can modify the severity of a genetic disorder. SUMMARY We conclude that the Rett syndrome phenotype has a much broader underlying genetic cause and the typical phenotype overlap with other genetic disorders. For proper genetic counselling, patient perspective and treatment it is important to include both phenotype and genetic information.
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