1
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Schoetz MD, Deckers K, Singh G, Ahrweiler E, Hoeppner A, Schoenebeck F. Electrochemistry-Enabled C-Heteroatom Bond Formation of Alkyl Germanes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21257-21263. [PMID: 39058901 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Because of their robustness and orthogonal reactivity features, alkyl germanes bear significant potential as functional handles for the construction of C(sp3)-rich scaffolds, especially in the context of modular synthetic approaches. However, to date, only radical-based reactivity has been accessible from these functional handles, which limits the types of possible decorations. Here, we describe the first general C(sp3)-heteroatom bond formation of alkyl germanes (-GeEt3) by leveraging electrochemistry to unlock polar reactivity. This approach allowed us to couple C(sp3)-GeEt3 with a variety of nucleophiles to construct ethers, esters, amines, amides, sulfonamides, sulfides, as well as C-P, C-F, and C-C bonds. The compatibility of the electrochemical approach with a modular synthetic strategy of a C1 motif was also showcased, involving the sequential functionalization of Cl, Bpin, and ultimately GeEt3 via electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Schoetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eric Ahrweiler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Annika Hoeppner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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2
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Ahrweiler E, Schoetz MD, Singh G, Bindschaedler QP, Sorroche A, Schoenebeck F. Triply Selective & Sequential Diversification at C sp 3: Expansion of Alkyl Germane Reactivity for C-C & C-Heteroatom Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401545. [PMID: 38386517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
We report the triply selective and sequential diversification of a single Csp 3 carbon carrying Cl, Bpin and GeEt3 for the modular and programmable construction of sp3-rich molecules. Various functionalizations of Csp 3-Cl and Csp 3-BPin (e.g. alkylation, arylation, homologation, amination, hydroxylation) were tolerated by the Csp 3-GeEt3 group. Moreover, the methodological repertoire of alkyl germane functionalization was significantly expanded beyond the hitherto known Giese addition and arylation to alkynylation, alkenylation, cyanation, halogenation, azidation, C-S bond formation as well as the first demonstration of stereo-selective functionalization of a Csp 3-[Ge] bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ahrweiler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany)
| | - Markus D Schoetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany)
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany)
| | - Quentin P Bindschaedler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany)
| | - Alba Sorroche
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany)
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany)
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3
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Karl TM, Bouayad-Gervais S, Hueffel JA, Sperger T, Wellig S, Kaldas SJ, Dabranskaya U, Ward JS, Rissanen K, Tizzard GJ, Schoenebeck F. Machine Learning-Guided Development of Trialkylphosphine Ni (I) Dimers and Applications in Site-Selective Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37411044 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the unknown correlation of a metal's ligand and its resulting preferred speciation in terms of oxidation state, geometry, and nuclearity, a rational design of multinuclear catalysts remains challenging. With the goal to accelerate the identification of suitable ligands that form trialkylphosphine-derived dihalogen-bridged Ni(I) dimers, we herein employed an assumption-based machine learning approach. The workflow offers guidance in ligand space for a desired speciation without (or only minimal) prior experimental data points. We experimentally verified the predictions and synthesized numerous novel Ni(I) dimers as well as explored their potential in catalysis. We demonstrate C-I selective arylations of polyhalogenated arenes bearing competing C-Br and C-Cl sites in under 5 min at room temperature using 0.2 mol % of the newly developed dimer, [Ni(I)(μ-Br)PAd2(n-Bu)]2, which is so far unmet with alternative dinuclear or mononuclear Ni or Pd catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Karl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Samir Bouayad-Gervais
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian A Hueffel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wellig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sherif J Kaldas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Jas S Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, FIN40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, FIN40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southhampton, U.K
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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4
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Mendel M, Gnägi L, Dabranskaya U, Schoenebeck F. Rapid and Modular Access to Vinyl Cyclopropanes Enabled by Air-stable Palladium(I) Dimer Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211167. [PMID: 36226918 PMCID: PMC10107780 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
While vinyl cyclopropanes are valuable functional groups in drugs or natural products as well as established precursors to trigger a rich variety of synthetic transformations, their reactive nature can make their installation via direct catalytic approaches challenging. We herein present a modular access to (di)vinyl cyclopropanes under very mild conditions and full conservation of stereochemistry, allowing access to the cis or trans cyclopropane- as well as E or Z vinyl-stereochemical relationships. Our protocol relies on air-stable dinuclear PdI catalysis, which enables rapid (<30 min) and selective access to a diverse range of vinyl cyclopropane motifs at room temperature, even on gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Mendel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Lars Gnägi
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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5
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Villo P, Shatskiy A, Kärkäs MD, Lundberg H. Electrosynthetic C-O Bond Activation in Alcohols and Alcohol Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211952. [PMID: 36278406 PMCID: PMC10107720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Alcohols and their derivatives are ubiquitous and versatile motifs in organic synthesis. Deoxygenative transformations of these compounds are often challenging due to the thermodynamic penalty associated with the cleavage of the C-O bond. However, electrochemically driven redox events have been shown to facilitate the C-O bond cleavage in alcohols and their derivatives either through direct electron transfer or through the use of electron transfer mediators and electroactive catalysts. Herein, a comprehensive overview of preparative electrochemically mediated protocols for C-O bond activation and functionalization is detailed, including direct and indirect electrosynthetic methods, as well as photoelectrochemical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piret Villo
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-100 44StockholmSweden
| | - Andrey Shatskiy
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-100 44StockholmSweden
| | - Markus D. Kärkäs
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-100 44StockholmSweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-100 44StockholmSweden
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6
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Jiang R, Zhou DY, Asano K, Suzuki T, Suzuki T. Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of (−)-arctigenin using a chiral Ir complex. Tetrahedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2023.133287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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Zivkovic FG, D-T Nielsen C, Schoenebeck F. Access to N-CF 3 Formamides by Reduction of N-CF 3 Carbamoyl Fluorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213829. [PMID: 36308723 PMCID: PMC10099374 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The departure into unknown chemical space is essential for the discovery of new properties and function. We herein report the first synthetic access to N-trifluoromethylated formamides. The method involves the reduction of bench-stable NCF3 carbamoyl fluorides and is characterized by operational simplicity and mildness, tolerating a broad range of functional groups as well as stereocenters. The newly made N-CF3 formamide motif proved to be highly robust and compatible with diverse chemical transformations, underscoring its potential as building block in complex functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip G Zivkovic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian D-T Nielsen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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8
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Tran GN, Bouley BS, Mirica LM. Isolation and Characterization of Heteroleptic Mononuclear Palladium(I) Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20008-20015. [PMID: 36257056 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic transformations involving Pd(0)/Pd(II) catalytic cycles are very well known, and processes involving high-valent Pd(III) and Pd(IV) and low-valent Pd(I) intermediates have also gained interest in recent years. Although low-valent Pd(I) intermediates are proposed in these catalytic cycles, isolated and characterized mononuclear Pd(I) species are very rare. Herein, we report the isolation of two heteroleptic mononuclear Pd(I) complexes stabilized by dithiapyridinophane ligands that were fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction; EPR, IR, UV-vis spectroscopies; and computational studies. Excitingly, one of these Pd(I) complexes shows Kumada Csp3-Csp2 cross-coupling competency, and initial studies of the other shows direct evidence for Csp3-H bond activation proposed to occur at the Pd(I) center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang N Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bailey S Bouley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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9
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Turksoy A, Bouayad‐Gervais S, Schoenebeck F. N
‐CF
3
Imidazolidin‐2‐one Derivatives via Photocatalytic and Silver‐Catalyzed Cyclizations. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201435. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman Turksoy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Samir Bouayad‐Gervais
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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10
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Kreisel T, Mendel M, Queen AE, Deckers K, Hupperich D, Riegger J, Fricke C, Schoenebeck F. Modular Generation of (Iodinated) Polyarenes Using Triethylgermane as Orthogonal Masking Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201475. [PMID: 35263493 PMCID: PMC9314983 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While the modular construction of molecules from suitable building blocks is a powerful means to more rapidly generate a diversity of molecules than through customized syntheses, the further evolution of the underlying coupling methodology is key to realize widespread applications. We herein disclose a complementary modular coupling approach to the widely employed Suzuki coupling strategy of boron containing precursors, which relies on organogermane containing building blocks as key orthogonal functionality and an electrophilic (rather than nucleophilic) unmasking event paired with air-stable PdI dimer based bond construction. This allows to significantly shorten the reaction times for the iterative coupling steps and/or to close gaps in the accessible compound space, enabling straightforward access also to iodinated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Kreisel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Marvin Mendel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Adele E. Queen
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Daniel Hupperich
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Julian Riegger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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11
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Selmani A, Schoetz MD, Queen AE, Schoenebeck F. Modularity in the C sp3 Space─Alkyl Germanes as Orthogonal Molecular Handles for Chemoselective Diversification. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aymane Selmani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus D. Schoetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Adele E. Queen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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12
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Kreisel T, Mendel M, Queen AE, Deckers K, Hupperich D, Riegger J, Fricke C, Schoenebeck F. Modular Generation of (Iodinated) Polyarenes Using Triethylgermane as Orthogonal Masking Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Kreisel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Marvin Mendel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Adele E. Queen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Daniel Hupperich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Julian Riegger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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13
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Kundu G, Opincal F, Sperger T, Schoenebeck F. Air-Stable Pd I Dimer Enabled Remote Functionalization: Access to Fluorinated 1,1-Diaryl Alkanes with Unprecedented Speed. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202113667. [PMID: 34735037 PMCID: PMC9299613 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While remote functionalization via chain walking has the potential to enable access to molecules via novel disconnections, such processes require relatively long reaction times and can be in need of elevated temperatures. This work features a remote arylation in less than 10 min reaction time at room temperature over a distance of up to 11 carbons. The unprecedented speed is enabled by the air-stable PdI dimer [Pd(μ-I)(PCy2 t Bu)]2 , which in contrast to its Pt Bu3 counterpart does not trigger direct coupling at the initiation site, but regioconvergent and chemoselective remote functionalization to yield valuable fluorinated 1,1-diaryl alkanes. Our combined experimental and computational studies rationalize the origins of switchability, which are primarily due to differences in dispersion interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Kundu
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Filip Opincal
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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14
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Kundu G, Opincal F, Sperger T, Schoenebeck F. Air‐Stable Pd
I
Dimer Enabled Remote Functionalization: Access to Fluorinated 1,1‐Diaryl Alkanes with Unprecedented Speed. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Kundu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Filip Opincal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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15
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Jayasundara CRK, Gil-Negrete JM, Montero Bastidas JR, Chhabra A, Martínez MM, Pérez Sestelo J, Smith MR, Maleczka RE. Merging Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Borylations with Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings Using Triorganoindium Reagents. J Org Chem 2021; 87:751-759. [PMID: 34889604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A versatile and efficient method to prepare borylated arenes furnished with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl functional groups is developed by merging Ir-catalyzed C-H borylations (CHB) with a chemoselective palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of triorganoindium reagents (Sarandeses-Sestelo coupling) with aryl halides bearing a boronic ester substituent. Using triorganoindium cross-coupling reactions to introduce unsaturated moieties enables the synthesis of borylated arenes that would be difficult to access through the direct application of the CHB methodology. The sequential double catalyzed procedure can be also performed in one vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José M Gil-Negrete
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jose R Montero Bastidas
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - Arzoo Chhabra
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - M Montserrat Martínez
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - José Pérez Sestelo
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Milton R Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - Robert E Maleczka
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
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16
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Hazra S, Johansson Seechurn CCC, Handa S, Colacot TJ. The Resurrection of Murahashi Coupling after Four Decades. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanta Hazra
- 2320 S. Brook St., Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | | | - Sachin Handa
- 2320 S. Brook St., Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Thomas J. Colacot
- Millipore Sigma (Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), 6000 N. Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, United States
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17
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Abstract
Redox reactions that take place in enzymes and on the surfaces of heterogeneous catalysts often require active sites that contain multiple metals. By contrast, there are very few homogeneous catalysts with multinuclear active sites, and the field of organometallic chemistry continues to be dominated by the study of single metal systems. Multinuclear catalysts have the potential to display unique properties owing to their ability to cooperatively engage substrates. Furthermore, direct metal-to-metal covalent bonding can give rise to new electronic configurations that dramatically impact substrate binding and reactivity. In order to effectively capitalize on these features, it is necessary to consider strategies to avoid the dissociation of fragile metal-metal bonds in the course of a catalytic cycle. This Account describes one approach to accomplishing this goal using binucleating redox-active ligands.In 2006, Chirik showed that pyridine-diimines (PDI) have sufficiently low-lying π* levels that they can be redox-noninnocent in low-valent iron complexes. Extending this concept, we investigated a series of dinickel complexes supported by naphthyridine-diimine (NDI) ligands. These complexes can promote a broad range of two-electron redox processes in which the NDI ligand manages electron equivalents while the metals remain in a Ni(I)-Ni(I) state.Using (NDI)Ni2 catalysts, we have uncovered cases where having two metals in the active site addresses a problem in catalysis that had not been adequately solved using single-metal systems. For example, mononickel complexes are capable of stoichiometrically dimerizing aryl azides to form azoarenes but do not turn over due to strong product inhibition. By contrast, dinickel complexes are effective catalysts for this reaction and avoid this thermodynamic sink by binding to azoarenes in their higher-energy cis form.Dinickel complexes can also activate strong bonds through the cooperative action of both metals. Norbornadiene has a ring-strain energy that is similar to that of cyclopropane but is not prone to undergoing C-C oxidative addition with monometallic complexes. Using an (NDI)Ni2 complex, norbornadiene undergoes rapid ring opening by the oxidative addition of the vinyl and bridgehead carbons. An inspection of the resulting metallacycle reveals that it is stabilized through a network of secondary Ni-π interactions. This reactivity enabled the development of a catalytic carbonylative rearrangement to form fused bicyclic dienones.These vignettes and others described in this Account highlight some of the implications of metal-metal bonding in promoting a challenging step in a catalytic cycle or adjusting the thermodynamic landscape of key intermediates. Given that our studies have focused nearly exclusively on the (NDI)Ni2 system, we anticipate that many more such cases are left to be discovered as other transition-metal combinations and ligand classes are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Conner M. Farley
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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18
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Scott NWJ, Ford MJ, Husbands DR, Whitwood AC, Fairlamb IJS. Reactivity of a Dinuclear Pd I Complex [Pd 2(μ-PPh 2)(μ 2-OAc)(PPh 3) 2] with PPh 3: Implications for Cross-Coupling Catalysis Using the Ubiquitous Pd(OAc) 2/nPPh 3 Catalyst System. Organometallics 2021; 40:2995-3002. [PMID: 34539028 PMCID: PMC8441971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
[PdI2(μ-PPh2)(μ2-OAc)(PPh3)2] is
the reduction product
of PdII(OAc)2(PPh3)2,
generated by reaction of ‘Pd(OAc)2’ with
two equivalents of PPh3. Here, we report that the reaction
of [PdI2(μ-PPh2)(μ2-OAc)(PPh3)2] with PPh3 results
in a nuanced disproportionation reaction, forming [Pd0(PPh3)3] and a phosphinito-bridged PdI-dinuclear
complex, namely [PdI2(μ-PPh2){κ2-P,O-μ-P(O)Ph2}(κ-PPh3)2]. The latter complex is proposed to form by
abstraction of an oxygen atom from an acetate ligand at Pd. A mechanism
for the formal reduction of a putative PdII disproportionation
species to the observed PdI complex is postulated. Upon
reaction of the mixture of [Pd0(PPh)3] and [PdI2(μ-PPh2){κ2-P,O-μ-P(O)Ph2}(κ-PPh3)2] with 2-bromopyridine,
the former Pd0 complex undergoes a fast oxidative addition
reaction, while the latter dinuclear PdI complex converts
slowly to a tripalladium cluster, of the type [Pd3(μ-X)(μ-PPh2)2(PPh3)3]X, with an overall
4/3 oxidation state per Pd. Our findings reveal complexity
associated with the precatalyst activation step for the ubiquitous
‘Pd(OAc)2’/nPPh3 catalyst system,
with implications for cross-coupling catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil W J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Ford
- Bayer AG, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - David R Husbands
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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19
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So CM, Yuen OY, Ng SS, Chen Z. General Chemoselective Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of Polyhalogenated Aryl Triflates Enabled by an Alkyl-Heteroaryl-Based Phosphine Ligand. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chau Ming So
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, China
| | - On Ying Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shan Shan Ng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zicong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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20
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Lansbergen B, Granatino P, Ritter T. Site-Selective C-H alkylation of Complex Arenes by a Two-Step Aryl Thianthrenation-Reductive Alkylation Sequence. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7909-7914. [PMID: 34028272 PMCID: PMC8297726 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present an undirected para-selective two-step C-H alkylation of complex arenes useful for late-stage functionalization. The combination of a site-selective C-H thianthrenation with palladium-catalyzed reductive electrophile cross-coupling grants access to a diverse range of synthetically useful alkylated arenes which cannot be accessed otherwise with comparable selectivity, diversity, and practicality. The robustness of this transformation is further demonstrated by thianthrenium-based reductive coupling of two complex fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Lansbergen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany
| | - Paola Granatino
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany
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21
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Reeves EK, Entz ED, Neufeldt SR. Chemodivergence between Electrophiles in Cross-Coupling Reactions. Chemistry 2021; 27:6161-6177. [PMID: 33206420 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemodivergent cross-couplings are those in which either one of two (or more) potentially reactive functional groups can be made to react based on choice of conditions. In particular, this review focuses on cross-couplings involving two different (pseudo)halides that can compete for the role of the electrophilic coupling partner. The discussion is primarily organized by pairs of electrophiles including chloride vs. triflate, bromide vs. triflate, chloride vs. tosylate, and halide vs. halide. Some common themes emerge regarding the origin of selectivity control. These include catalyst ligation state and solvent polarity or coordinating ability. However, in many cases, further systematic studies will be necessary to deconvolute the influences of metal identity, ligand, solvent, additives, nucleophilic coupling partner, and other factors on chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Reeves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717, USA
| | - Emily D Entz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717, USA
| | - Sharon R Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717, USA
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22
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Hu Z, Wei XJ, Handelmann J, Seitz AK, Rodstein I, Gessner VH, Gooßen LJ. Coupling of Reformatsky Reagents with Aryl Chlorides Enabled by Ylide-Functionalized Phosphine Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6778-6783. [PMID: 33427381 PMCID: PMC7986804 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of aryl chlorides with Reformatsky reagents is a desirable strategy for the construction of α‐aryl esters but has so far been substantially limited in the substrate scope due to many challenges posed by various possible side reactions. This limitation has now been overcome by the tailoring of ylide‐functionalized phosphines to fit the requirements of Negishi couplings. Record‐setting activities were achieved in palladium‐catalyzed arylations of organozinc reagents with aryl electrophiles using a cyclohexyl‐YPhos ligand bearing an ortho‐tolyl‐substituent in the backbone. This highly electron‐rich, bulky ligand enables the use of aryl chlorides in room temperature couplings of Reformatsky reagents. The reaction scope covers diversely functionalized arylacetic and arylpropionic acid derivatives. Aryl bromides and chlorides can be converted selectively over triflate electrophiles, which permits consecutive coupling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Hu
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Xiao-Jing Wei
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jens Handelmann
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Seitz
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilja Rodstein
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lukas J Gooßen
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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23
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Boudjelel M, Sadek O, Mallet-Ladeira S, García-Rodeja Y, Sosa Carrizo ED, Miqueu K, Bouhadir G, Bourissou D. Phosphine–Borane Ligands Induce Chemoselective Activation and Catalytic Coupling of Acyl Chlorides at Palladium. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boudjelel
- Laboratoire Hetérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée,
UMR 5069, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062 Cedex 09, France
| | - Omar Sadek
- Laboratoire Hetérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée,
UMR 5069, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062 Cedex 09, France
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, FR 2599, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062 Cedex 09, France
| | - Yago García-Rodeja
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, Pau 64053 Cedex 09, France
| | - E. Daiann Sosa Carrizo
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, Pau 64053 Cedex 09, France
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, Pau 64053 Cedex 09, France
| | - Ghenwa Bouhadir
- Laboratoire Hetérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée,
UMR 5069, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062 Cedex 09, France
| | - Didier Bourissou
- Laboratoire Hetérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée,
UMR 5069, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062 Cedex 09, France
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24
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25
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Fricke C, Sperger T, Mendel M, Schoenebeck F. Catalysis with Palladium(I) Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3355-3366. [PMID: 33058375 PMCID: PMC7898807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dinuclear PdI complexes have found widespread applications as diverse catalysts for a multitude of transformations. Initially their ability to function as pre-catalysts for low-coordinated Pd0 species was harnessed in cross-coupling. Such PdI dimers are inherently labile and relatively sensitive to oxygen. In recent years, more stable dinuclear PdI -PdI frameworks, which feature bench-stability and robustness towards nucleophiles as well as recoverability in reactions, were explored and shown to trigger privileged reactivities via dinuclear catalysis. This includes the predictable and substrate-independent, selective C-C and C-heteroatom bond formations of poly(pseudo)halogenated arenes as well as couplings of arenes with relatively weak nucleophiles, which would not engage in Pd0 /PdII catalysis. This Minireview highlights the use of dinuclear PdI complexes as both pre-catalysts for the formation of highly active Pd0 and PdII -H species as well as direct dinuclear catalysts. Focus is set on the mechanistic intricacies, the speciation and the impacts on reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Marvin Mendel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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26
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Hu Z, Wei X, Handelmann J, Seitz A, Rodstein I, Gessner VH, Gooßen LJ. Kupplung von Reformatsky‐Reagenzien und Arylchloriden ermöglicht durch Ylid‐funktionalisierte Phosphanliganden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Hu
- Evonik Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Xiao‐Jing Wei
- Evonik Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Jens Handelmann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstaße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Ann‐Katrin Seitz
- Evonik Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Ilja Rodstein
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstaße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstaße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Lukas J. Gooßen
- Evonik Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
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27
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Golding WA, Schmitt HL, Phipps RJ. Systematic Variation of Ligand and Cation Parameters Enables Site-Selective C-C and C-N Cross-Coupling of Multiply Chlorinated Arenes through Substrate-Ligand Electrostatic Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21891-21898. [PMID: 33332114 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Use of attractive noncovalent interactions between ligand and substrate is an emerging strategy for controlling positional selectivity. A key question relates to whether fine control on molecules with multiple, closely spaced reactive positions is achievable using typically less directional electrostatic interactions. Herein, we apply a 10-piece "toolkit" comprising of two closely related sulfonated phosphine ligands and five bases, each possessing varying cation size, to the challenge of site-selective cross-coupling of multiply chlorinated arenes. The fine tuning provided by these ligand/base combinations is effective for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and Buchwald-Hartwig coupling on a range of isomeric dichlorinated and trichlorinated arenes, substrates that would produce intractable mixtures when typical ligands are used. This study develops a practical solution for site-selective cross-coupling to generate complex, highly substituted arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Golding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik L Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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28
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Kundu G, Sperger T, Rissanen K, Schoenebeck F. A Next-Generation Air-Stable Palladium(I) Dimer Enables Olefin Migration and Selective C-C Coupling in Air. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21930-21934. [PMID: 32810335 PMCID: PMC7756449 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a new air-stable PdI dimer, [Pd(μ-I)(PCy2 t Bu)]2 , which triggers E-selective olefin migration to enamides and styrene derivatives in the presence of multiple functional groups and with complete tolerance of air. The same dimer also triggers extremely rapid C-C coupling (alkylation and arylation) at room temperature in a modular and triply selective fashion of aromatic C-Br, C-OTf/OFs, and C-Cl bonds in poly(pseudo)halogenated arenes, displaying superior activity over previous PdI dimer generations for substrates that bear substituents ortho to C-OTf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Kundu
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of ChemistryNanoscience CenterUniversity of Jyvaskyla40014JYUFinland
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29
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Kundu G, Sperger T, Rissanen K, Schoenebeck F. A Next‐Generation Air‐Stable Palladium(I) Dimer Enables Olefin Migration and Selective C−C Coupling in Air. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Kundu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry Nanoscience Center University of Jyvaskyla 40014 JYU Finland
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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30
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Scherpf T, Steinert H, Großjohann A, Dilchert K, Tappen J, Rodstein I, Gessner VH. Efficient Pd-Catalyzed Direct Coupling of Aryl Chlorides with Alkyllithium Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20596-20603. [PMID: 32725943 PMCID: PMC7692947 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organolithium compounds are amongst the most important organometallic reagents and frequently used in difficult metallation reactions. However, their direct use in the formation of C-C bonds is less established. Although remarkable advances in the coupling of aryllithium compounds have been achieved, Csp2 -Csp3 coupling reactions are very limited. Herein, we report the first general protocol for the coupling or aryl chlorides with alkyllithium reagents. Palladium catalysts based on ylide-substituted phosphines (YPhos) were found to be excellently suited for this transformation giving high selectivities at room temperature with a variety of aryl chlorides without the need for an additional transmetallation reagent. This is demonstrated in gram-scale synthesis including building blocks for materials chemistry and pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, the direct coupling of aryllithiums as well as Grignard reagents with aryl chlorides was also easily accomplished at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Scherpf
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Henning Steinert
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Angela Großjohann
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Katharina Dilchert
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Jens Tappen
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Ilja Rodstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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31
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Fricke C, Deckers K, Schoenebeck F. Orthogonal Stability and Reactivity of Aryl Germanes Enables Rapid and Selective (Multi)Halogenations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18717-18722. [PMID: 32656881 PMCID: PMC7590071 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While halogenation is of key importance in synthesis and radioimaging, the currently available repertoire is largely designed to introduce a single halogen per molecule. This report makes the selective introduction of several different halogens accessible. Showcased here is the privileged stability of nontoxic aryl germanes under harsh fluorination conditions (that allow selective fluorination in their presence), while displaying superior reactivity and functional-group tolerance in electrophilic iodinations and brominations, outcompeting silanes or boronic esters under rapid and additive-free conditions. Mechanistic experiments and computational studies suggest a concerted electrophilic aromatic substitution as the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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32
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Fricke C, Deckers K, Schoenebeck F. Orthogonal Stability and Reactivity of Aryl Germanes Enables Rapid and Selective (Multi)Halogenations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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33
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Müller V, Ghorai D, Capdevila L, Messinis AM, Ribas X, Ackermann L. C-F Activation for C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Coupling by a Secondary Phosphine Oxide (SPO)-Nickel Complex. Org Lett 2020; 22:7034-7040. [PMID: 32816494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A secondary phosphine oxide (SPO)-nickel catalyst allowed the activation of otherwise inert C-F bonds of unactivated arenes in terms of challenging couplings with primary and secondary alkyl Grignard reagents. The C-F activation is characterized by mild reaction conditions and high levels of branched selectivity. Electron-rich and electron-deficient arenes were suitable electrophiles for this transformation. In addition, this strategy also proved suitable to heterocycles and for the activation of C-O bonds under slightly modified conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Müller
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Debasish Ghorai
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lorena Capdevila
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Dep. Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antonis M Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Dep. Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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34
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Scherpf T, Steinert H, Großjohann A, Dilchert K, Tappen J, Rodstein I, Gessner VH. Efficient Pd‐Catalyzed Direct Coupling of Aryl Chlorides with Alkyllithium Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Scherpf
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Henning Steinert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Angela Großjohann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Katharina Dilchert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Jens Tappen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Ilja Rodstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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35
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Sherborne GJ, Gevondian AG, Funes‐Ardoiz I, Dahiya A, Fricke C, Schoenebeck F. Modular and Selective Arylation of Aryl Germanes (C−GeEt
3
) over C−Bpin, C−SiR
3
and Halogens Enabled by Light‐Activated Gold Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant J. Sherborne
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Avetik G. Gevondian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ignacio Funes‐Ardoiz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Amit Dahiya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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36
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Sherborne GJ, Gevondian AG, Funes‐Ardoiz I, Dahiya A, Fricke C, Schoenebeck F. Modular and Selective Arylation of Aryl Germanes (C-GeEt 3 ) over C-Bpin, C-SiR 3 and Halogens Enabled by Light-Activated Gold Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15543-15548. [PMID: 32392397 PMCID: PMC7496160 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Selective Csp 2 -Csp 2 couplings are powerful strategies for the rapid and programmable construction of bi- or multiaryls. To this end, the next frontier of synthetic modularity will likely arise from harnessing the coupling space that is orthogonal to the powerful Pd-catalyzed coupling regime. This report details the realization of this concept and presents the fully selective arylation of aryl germanes (which are inert under Pd0 /PdII catalysis) in the presence of the valuable functionalities C-BPin, C-SiMe3 , C-I, C-Br, C-Cl, which in turn offer versatile opportunities for diversification. The protocol makes use of visible light activation combined with gold catalysis, which facilitates the selective coupling of C-Ge with aryl diazonium salts. Contrary to previous light-/gold-catalyzed couplings of Ar-N2 + , which were specialized in Ar-N2 + scope, we present conditions to efficiently couple electron-rich, electron-poor, heterocyclic and sterically hindered aryl diazonium salts. Our computational data suggest that while electron-poor Ar-N2 + salts are readily activated by gold under blue-light irradiation, there is a competing dissociative deactivation pathway for excited electron-rich Ar-N2 + , which requires an alternative photo-redox approach to enable productive couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J. Sherborne
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Avetik G. Gevondian
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Ignacio Funes‐Ardoiz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Amit Dahiya
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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37
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Bouayad‐Gervais S, Scattolin T, Schoenebeck F. N-Trifluoromethyl Hydrazines, Indoles and Their Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11908-11912. [PMID: 32293088 PMCID: PMC7384184 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is the first efficient strategy to synthesize a broad range of unsymmetrical N-CF3 hydrazines, which served as platform to unlock numerous currently inaccessible derivatives, such as tri- and tetra-substituted N-CF3 hydrazines, hydrazones, sulfonyl hydrazines, and valuable N-CF3 indoles. These compounds proved to be remarkably robust, being compatible with acids, bases, and a wide range of synthetic manipulations. The feasibility of RN(CF3 )-NH2 to function as a directing group in C-H functionalization is also showcased.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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38
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Selmani A, Gevondian AG, Schoenebeck F. Germylation of Arenes via Pd(I) Dimer Enabled Sulfonium Salt Functionalization. Org Lett 2020; 22:4802-4805. [PMID: 32491868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
While aryl germanes have recently found usage as coupling partners in powerful catalytic applications, the synthetic access to this promising functionality is currently limited. This report details the straightforward synthesis of functionalized aryl triethylgermanes via formal C-H functionalization. Building on the concept of directing-group-free and site-selective C-H functionalization of arenes to thianthrenium salt intermediates, we showcase their efficient couplings with triethylgermane (Et3Ge-H) at room temperature, which was enabled by the air- and moisture-stable Pd(I) dimer, [Pd(μ-I)(PtBu3)]2. The method tolerates numerous functional groups, including valuable (pseudo)halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymane Selmani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Avetik G Gevondian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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39
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Bouayad‐Gervais S, Scattolin T, Schoenebeck F. N
‐Trifluoromethyl Hydrazines, Indoles and Their Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Bouayad‐Gervais
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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40
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Kalvet I, Deckers K, Funes‐Ardoiz I, Magnin G, Sperger T, Kremer M, Schoenebeck F. Selective ortho-Functionalization of Adamantylarenes Enabled by Dispersion and an Air-Stable Palladium(I) Dimer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7721-7725. [PMID: 32065717 PMCID: PMC7317867 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to the general belief that Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling at sites of severe steric hindrance are disfavored, we herein show that the oxidative addition to C-Br ortho to an adamantyl group is as favored as the corresponding adamantyl-free system due to attractive dispersion forces. This enabled the development of a fully selective arylation and alkylation of C-Br ortho to an adamantyl group, even if challenged with competing non-hindered C-OTf or C-Cl sites. The method makes use of an air-stable PdI dimer and enables straightforward access to diversely substituted therapeutically important adamantylarenes in 5-30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrek Kalvet
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Ignacio Funes‐Ardoiz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Guillaume Magnin
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Marius Kremer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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41
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Dahiya A, Fricke C, Schoenebeck F. Gold-Catalyzed Chemoselective Couplings of Polyfluoroarenes with Aryl Germanes and Downstream Diversification. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7754-7759. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dahiya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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42
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Kalvet I, Deckers K, Funes‐Ardoiz I, Magnin G, Sperger T, Kremer M, Schoenebeck F. Selective
ortho
‐Functionalization of Adamantylarenes Enabled by Dispersion and an Air‐Stable Palladium(I) Dimer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrek Kalvet
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ignacio Funes‐Ardoiz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Guillaume Magnin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Marius Kremer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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43
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Mendel M, Kalvet I, Hupperich D, Magnin G, Schoenebeck F. Site-Selective, Modular Diversification of Polyhalogenated Aryl Fluorosulfates (ArOSO 2 F) Enabled by an Air-Stable Pd I Dimer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2115-2119. [PMID: 31733009 PMCID: PMC7003813 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since 2014, the interest in aryl fluorosulfates (ArOSO2 F) as well as their implementation in powerful applications has continuously grown. In this context, the enabling capability of ArOSO2 F will strongly depend on the substitution pattern of the arene, which ultimately dictates its overall function as drug candidate, material, or bio-linker. This report showcases the modular, substrate-independent, and fully predictable, selective functionalization of polysubstituted arenes bearing C-OSO2 F, C-Br, and C-Cl sites, which makes it possible to diversify the arene in the presence of OSO2 F or utilize OSO2 F as a triflate surrogate. Sequential and triply selective arylations and alkylations were realized within minutes at room temperature, using a single and air-stable PdI dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Mendel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Indrek Kalvet
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Daniel Hupperich
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Guillaume Magnin
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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44
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Scharf LT, Rodstein I, Schmidt M, Scherpf T, Gessner VH. Unraveling the High Activity of Ylide-Functionalized Phosphines in Palladium-Catalyzed Amination Reactions: A Comparative Study with CyJohnPhos and P tBu 3. ACS Catal 2020; 10:999-1009. [PMID: 32030314 PMCID: PMC6996648 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Comprehensive mechanistic insights into the activity
of different
catalysts based on different ligands are important for further ligand
design and catalyst improvement. Herein, we report a combined computational
and experimental study on the mechanism and catalytic activity of
the ylide-substituted phosphine Cy3P–C(Me)PCy2 (keYPhos, L1) in C–N coupling reactions
including a comparison with the established and often-applied phosphines CyJohnPhos (L2) and P(tBu)3 (L3). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations
together with the possible isolation of several intermediates within
the catalytic cycle demonstrate that L1 readily forms
low-coordinated palladium complexes [such as L1·Pd(dba)], which easily undergo oxidative addition and subsequent amine coordination
as well as reductive elimination. Due to the possible opening and
closing of the P–C–P angle in L1, the steric
bulk can be adjusted to the metal environment so that L1 retains its conformation throughout the whole catalytic cycle, thus
leading to fast catalysis at room temperature. Comparative studies
of the three ligands with Pd2dba3 as a Pd source
show that only L1 efficiently allows for the coupling
of aryl chlorides at room temperature. DFT studies suggest that this
is mainly due to the reluctance/inability of L2 and L3 to form the catalytically active species under these reaction
conditions. In contrast, the YPhos ligand readily forms the prereactive
complex and undergoes the first oxidative addition reaction. These
observations are confirmed by kinetic studies, which indicate a short
induction period for the formation of the catalytically active species
of L1, followed by fast catalysis. This behavior of L1 is due to its unique electronic and steric properties,
which support low activation barriers and fast catalyst generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart T. Scharf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilja Rodstein
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michelle Schmidt
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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45
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Li L, Song F, Zhong X, Wu Y, Zhang X, Chen J, Huang Y. Ligand‐Controlled C−O Bond Coupling of Carboxylic Acids and Aryl Iodides: Experimental and Computational Insights. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsPeking University, Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Feifei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsPeking University, Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | | | - Yun‐Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsPeking University, Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsPeking University, Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jiean Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsPeking University, Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsPeking University, Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science of Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon
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46
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Skotnitzki J, Kremsmair A, Keefer D, Gong Y, Vivie‐Riedle R, Knochel P. Stereoselektive C(sp
3
)‐C(sp
2
)‐Kreuzkupplungen von chiralen sekundären Alkylzinkreagenzien mit Alkenyl‐ und Arylhalogeniden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juri Skotnitzki
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Alexander Kremsmair
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Daniel Keefer
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Ye Gong
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Regina Vivie‐Riedle
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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47
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Skotnitzki J, Kremsmair A, Keefer D, Gong Y, de Vivie‐Riedle R, Knochel P. Stereoselective Csp 3 -Csp 2 Cross-Couplings of Chiral Secondary Alkylzinc Reagents with Alkenyl and Aryl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:320-324. [PMID: 31529574 PMCID: PMC6973128 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of chiral secondary non-stabilized dialkylzinc reagents, prepared from readily available chiral secondary alkyl iodides, with alkenyl and aryl halides. This method provides α-chiral alkenes and arenes with very high retention of configuration (dr up to 98:2) and satisfactory overall yields (up to 76 % for 3 reaction steps). The configurational stability of these chiral non-stabilized dialkylzinc reagents was determined and exceeded several hours at 25 °C. DFT calculations were performed to rationalize the stereoretention during the catalytic cycle. Furthermore, the cross-coupling reaction was applied in an efficient total synthesis of the sesquiterpenes (S)- and (R)-curcumene with control of the absolute stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Skotnitzki
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Alexander Kremsmair
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Daniel Keefer
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Ye Gong
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Regina de Vivie‐Riedle
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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48
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Xu W, Li M, Qiao L, Xie J. Recent advances of dinuclear nickel- and palladium-complexes in homogeneous catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8524-8536. [PMID: 32613965 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02542a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this highlight, we provide a current perspective of synthetic methodology development catalyzed by dinuclear Ni- and Pd-complexes in the past decade. The new catalytic reactivities of dinuclear Ni- and Pd-complexes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Muzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Liancheng Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
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49
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Ghosh B, Banerjee A, Paul A. Understanding the Role of Solvents and Spin-Orbit Coupling in an Oxygen-Assisted S N 2-Type Oxidative Transmetalation Reaction. Chemistry 2019; 25:16606-16616. [PMID: 31625633 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The aerial oxidation of PdII to PdIV has emerged as an integral component of sustainable catalytic C-H functionalization processes. However, a proper understanding of the factors that control the viability of this oxidative process remains elusive. An investigation of the intricate mechanism of the transmetalation reaction of the aerial oxidative transformation of [(Me3 tacn)PdII Me2 ] (Me3 tacn=N,N',N''-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) to [(Me3 tacn)PdIV Me3 ]+ has been conducted by using DFT, along with multireference methods, such as second-order n-electron valence-state perturbation theory (NEVPT2) with complete active space self-consistent field theory (CASSCF). The present endeavor predicts that the thermodynamics and kinetics of the oxygen activation step are primarily dictated by the polarity of the solvents, which determine the amount of charge transfer to the oxygen molecule from the PdII center. Additionally, it is observed that the presence of a protic solvent has a significant effect on the spin-orbit coupling term at the minimum energy crossing point of the triplet and singlet surfaces. Moreover, it is shown that the intermetal ligand-transfer phenomenon is an important instance of an oxygen-assisted SN 2 reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyli Ghosh
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Kimmelman 26, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ankan Paul
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
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50
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Mendel M, Kalvet I, Hupperich D, Magnin G, Schoenebeck F. Chemoselektive, modulare Diversifikation polyhalogenierter Arylfluorosulfate (ArOSO
2
F), ermöglicht durch ein luftstabiles Pd
I
‐Dimer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Mendel
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Indrek Kalvet
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Daniel Hupperich
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Guillaume Magnin
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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