1
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Garrido-González JJ, Medrano-Uribe K, Rosso C, Humbrías-Martín J, Dell'Amico L. Photocatalytic Synthesis and Functionalization of Sulfones, Sulfonamides and Sulfoximines. Chemistry 2024:e202401307. [PMID: 39037368 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur(VI)-based functional groups are popular scaffolds in a wide variety of research fields including synthetic and medicinal chemistry, as well as chemical biology. The growing interest in sulfur(VI)-containing molecules has motivated the scientific community to explore new methods to synthesize and modify them. Here, photocatalysis plays a key role granting access to new types of reactivity under mild reaction conditions. In this Perspective, we present a selection of works reported in the last six years focused on the photocatalytic assembly and reactivity of sulfones, sulfonamides, and sulfoximines. We addressed the key synthetic intermediates for each transformation, while discussing limitations and strength points of the protocols. Future directions of the field are finally presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Garrido-González
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Katy Medrano-Uribe
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Jorge Humbrías-Martín
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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2
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Prakash R, Sen PP, Pathania V, Raha Roy S. Photocatalytic Proficiency of Cinnoline Moiety for Cross-Coupling Reactions: A Two in One Photocatalyst. Org Lett 2024; 26:5923-5927. [PMID: 38959051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we have developed a new class of organic photocatalysts that can mimic transition metals for several oxidative and reductive organic cross-coupling transformations. Due to its wide potential window in both the oxidation and reduction ranges, cinnoline exhibits dual catalytic activity under visible light illumination, acting as both a photoreductant and photooxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Partha Pratim Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vishali Pathania
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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3
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Innocent M, Tanguy C, Gavelle S, Aubineau T, Guérinot A. Iron-Catalyzed, Light-Driven Decarboxylative Alkoxyamination. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401252. [PMID: 38736425 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
An iron-catalyzed visible-light driven decarboxylative alkoxyamination is disclosed. In the presence of FeBr2 and TEMPO, a large array of carboxylic acids including marketed drugs and biobased molecules is turned into the corresponding alkoxyamine derivatives. The versatility of the latter offers an entry towards molecular diversity generation from abundant starting materials and catalyst. Overall, this method proposes a unified and general approach for LMCT-based iron-catalyzed decarboxylative functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Innocent
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris - PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Clément Tanguy
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris - PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sigrid Gavelle
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris - PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Aubineau
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris - PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Guérinot
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris - PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
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4
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Luo H, Yang Y, Fu Y, Yu F, Gao L, Ma Y, Li Y, Wu K, Lin L. In situ copper photocatalysts triggering halide atom transfer of unactivated alkyl halides for general C(sp3)-N couplings. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5647. [PMID: 38969653 PMCID: PMC11226431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50082-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct reduction of unactivated alkyl halides for C(sp3)-N couplings under mild conditions presents a significant challenge in organic synthesis due to their low reduction potential. Herein, we introduce an in situ formed pyridyl-carbene-ligated copper (I) catalyst that is capable of abstracting halide atom and generating alkyl radicals for general C(sp3)-N couplings under visible light. Control experiments confirmed that the mono-pyridyl-carbene-ligated copper complex is the active species responsible for catalysis. Mechanistic investigations using transient absorption spectroscopy across multiple decades of timescales revealed ultrafast intersystem crossing (260 ps) of the photoexcited copper (I) complexes into their long-lived triplet excited states (>2 μs). The non-Stern-Volmer quenching dynamics of the triplets by unactivated alkyl halides suggests an association between copper (I) complexes and alkyl halides, thereby facilitating the abstraction of halide atoms via inner-sphere single electron transfer (SET), rather than outer-sphere SET, for the formation of alkyl radicals for subsequent cross couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Luo
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Yupeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Yukang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Fangnian Yu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Yunpeng Ma
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China.
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China.
| | - Luqing Lin
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China.
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5
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Zhu YY, He YY, Li YX, Liu CH, Lin W. Heterogeneous Porous Synergistic Photocatalysts for Organic Transformations. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400842. [PMID: 38691421 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Recent interest has surged in using heterogeneous carriers to boost synergistic photocatalysis for organic transformations. Heterogeneous catalysts not only facilitate synergistic enhancement of distinct catalytic centers compared to their homogeneous counterparts, but also allow for the easy recovery and reuse of catalysts. This mini-review summarizes recent advancements in developing heterogeneous carriers, including metal-organic frameworks, covalent-organic frameworks, porous organic polymers, and others, for synergistic catalytic reactions. The advantages of porous materials in heterogeneous catalysis originate from their ability to provide a high surface area, facilitate enhanced mass transport, offer a tunable chemical structure, ensure the stability of active species, and enable easy recovery and reuse of catalysts. Both photosensitizers and catalysts can be intricately incorporated into suitable porous carriers to create heterogeneous dual photocatalysts for organic transformations. Notably, experimental evidence from reported cases has shown that the catalytic efficacy of heterogeneous catalysts often surpasses that of their homogeneous analogues. This enhanced performance is attributed to the proximity and confinement effects provided by the porous nature of the carriers. It is expected that porous carriers will provide a versatile platform for integrating diverse catalysts, thus exhibiting superior performance across a range of organic transformations and appealing prospect for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yan-Xiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Chun-Hua Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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6
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Wang C, Li H, Bürgin TH, Wenger OS. Cage escape governs photoredox reaction rates and quantum yields. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1151-1159. [PMID: 38499849 PMCID: PMC11230909 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis relies on light-induced electron transfer leading to a radical pair comprising an oxidized donor and a reduced acceptor in a solvent cage. For productive onward reaction to occur, the oxidized donor and the reduced acceptor must escape from that solvent cage before they undergo spontaneous reverse electron transfer. Here we show the decisive role that cage escape plays in three benchmark photocatalytic reactions, namely, an aerobic hydroxylation, a reductive debromination and an aza-Henry reaction. Using ruthenium(II)- and chromium(III)-based photocatalysts, which provide inherently different cage escape quantum yields, we determined quantitative correlations between the rates of photoredox product formation and the cage escape quantum yields. These findings can be largely rationalized within the framework of Marcus theory for electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias H Bürgin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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7
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Weiser M, Pálvölgyi Á, Weil M, Bica-Schröder K. Continuous Enantioselective α-Alkylation of Ketones via Direct Photoexcitation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8906-8914. [PMID: 38856707 PMCID: PMC11197082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Motivated by the scarcity of enantioselective direct intermolecular α-alkylation reactions of ketones with simple alkyl halides, we report a photo-organocatalytic process to access diethyl 2-(2-oxocyclohexyl)malonate and derivatives in good yield and enantioselectivity. The reaction design is based on highly abundant and nature-derived 9-amino-9-deoxy-epi-cinchona alkaloids to activate ketones as transient secondary enamines, which exist unfavorably in equilibrium with imines. These condensed species can serve as powerful photoinitiators via direct photoexcitation. This concept provides access to both enantiomeric antipodes. In addition to introducing an uncomplicated batch-optimized procedure, we investigated the feasibility and limitations of implementing the reaction in continuous flow, thus enabling to obtain diethyl 2-(2-oxocyclohexyl)malonate with a productivity of 47 μmol/h and 84% enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weiser
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Matthias Weil
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Jiang Q, Bao H, Peng Y, Zhou Y, Chen L, Liu Y. Demethylenative cyclization of 1,7-enynes using α-amino radicals as a traceless initiator enabled by Cu(I)-photosensitizers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6399-6402. [PMID: 38780373 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01592d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
A rare type of demethylenative intramolecular cyclization of 1,7-enynes to access quinoline-2-(1H)-ones has been successfully developed under the catalysis of P/N-heteroleptic Cu(I)-photosensitizers. Preliminary mechanistic experiments revealed that the key to the success of this protocol lay in the α-amino radical addition-triggered tandem process of intramolecular radical cyclization/1,5-HAT/β-fragmentation. This protocol provides a new avenue for the deconstructive cyclization of alkene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Hanyang Bao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yun Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Lang Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yunkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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9
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Jiao Z, Jaunich KT, Tao T, Gottschall O, Hughes MM, Turlik A, Schuppe AW. Unified Approach to Deamination and Deoxygenation Through Isonitrile Hydrodecyanation: A Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405779. [PMID: 38619535 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a general hydrodefunctionalization protocol of alcohols and amines through a common isonitrile intermediate. To cleave the relatively inert C-NC bond, we leveraged dual hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and photoredox catalysis to generate a nucleophilic boryl radical, which readily forms an imidoyl radical intermediate from the isonitrile. Rapid β-scission then accomplishes defunctionalization. This method has been applied to the hydrodefunctionalization of both amine and alcohol-containing pharmaceuticals, natural products, and biomolecules. We extended this approach to the reduction of carbonyls and olefins to their saturated counterparts, as well as the hydrodecyanation of alkyl nitriles. Both experimental and computational studies demonstrate a facile β-scission of the imidoyl radical, and reconcile differences in reactivity between nitriles and isonitriles within our protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 1234 Stevenson Center Ln, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Kyle T Jaunich
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 1234 Stevenson Center Ln, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Thomas Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Olivia Gottschall
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Maxwell M Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 1234 Stevenson Center Ln, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Aneta Turlik
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Alexander W Schuppe
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 1234 Stevenson Center Ln, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
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10
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Hou SY, Yan BC, Sun HD, Puno PT. Recent advances in the application of [2 + 2] cycloaddition in the chemical synthesis of cyclobutane-containing natural products. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:37. [PMID: 38861197 PMCID: PMC11166626 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Cyclobutanes are distributed widely in a large class of natural products featuring diverse pharmaceutical activities and intricate structural frameworks. The [2 + 2] cycloaddition is unequivocally the primary and most commonly used method for synthesizing cyclobutanes. In this review, we have summarized the application of the [2 + 2] cycloaddition with different reaction mechanisms in the chemical synthesis of selected cyclobutane-containing natural products over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Chao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Dong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pema-Tenzin Puno
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Huang H, Luan X, Zuo Z. Cooperative Photoredox and Cobalt-Catalyzed Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Functionalization of Cyclopropylamides towards Allylic N,O-Acyl-acetal Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401579. [PMID: 38609328 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We disclose herein a novel photoredox and cobalt co-catalyzed ring-opening/acceptorless dehydrogenative functionalization of mono-donor cyclopropanes. This sustainable and atom-economic approach allows the rapid assembly of a wide range of allylic N,O-acyl-acetal derivatives. The starting materials are readily available and the reaction features mild conditions, broad substrate scope, and excellent functional group compatibility. The optimized conditions accommodate assorted cycloalkylamides and primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, with applications in late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant compounds, stimulating further utility in medicinal chemistry. Moreover, selective nucleophilic substitutions with various carbon nucleophiles were achieved in a one-pot fashion, offering a reliable avenue to access some cyclic and acyclic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Xinjun Luan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Zhijun Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
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12
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Pfund B, Gejsnæs-Schaad D, Lazarevski B, Wenger OS. Picosecond reactions of excited radical ion super-reductants. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4738. [PMID: 38834625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical photochemistry requires nanosecond excited-state lifetimes for diffusion-controlled reactions. Excited radicals with picosecond lifetimes have been implied by numerous photoredox studies, and controversy has arisen as to whether they can actually be catalytically active. We provide direct evidence for the elusive pre-association between radical ions and substrate molecules, enabling photoinduced electron transfer beyond the diffusion limit. A strategy based on two distinct light absorbers, mimicking the natural photosystems I and II, is used to generate excited radicals, unleashing extreme reduction power and activating C(sp2)-Cl and C(sp2)-F bonds. Our findings provide a long-sought mechanistic understanding for many previous synthetically-oriented works and permit more rational future photoredox reaction development. The newly developed excitation strategy pushes the current limits of reactions based on multi-photon excitation and very short-lived but highly redox active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Pfund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Bruno Lazarevski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Janaagal A, Kushwaha A, Jhaldiyal P, Dhilip Kumar TJ, Gupta I. Photoredox Catalysis by 21-Thiaporphyrins: A Green and Efficient Approach for C-N Borylation and C-H Arylation. Chemistry 2024:e202401623. [PMID: 38825798 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis provides a green and sustainable alternative for C-H activation of organic molecules that eludes harsh conditions and use of transition metals. The photocatalytic C-N borylation and C-H arylation mostly depend on the ruthenium and iridium complexes or eosin Y and the use of porphyrin catalysts is still in infancy. A series of novel 21-thiaporphyrins (A2B2 and A3B type) were synthesized having carbazole/phenothiazine moieties at their meso-positions and screened as catalysts for C-N borylation and C-H arylation. This paper demonstrates the 21-thiaporphyrin catalyzed C-N borylation and het-arylation of anilines under visible light. The method utilizes only 0.1 mol % of 21-thiaporphyrin catalyst under blue light for the direct C-N borylation and het-arylation reactions. A variety of substituted anilines were used as source for expensive and unstable aryl diazonium salts in the reactions. The heterobiaryls and aryl boronic esters were obtained in decent yields (up to 88 %). Versatility of the 21-thiaporphyrin catalyst was tested by thiolation and selenylation of anilines under similar conditions. Mechanistic insight was obtained from DFT studies, suggesting that 21-thiaporphyrin undergo an oxidative quenching pathway. The photoredox process catalyzed by 21-thiaporphyrins offers a mild, efficient and metal-free alternative for the formation of C-C, C-S, and C-Se bonds in aryl compounds; it can also be extended to borylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Janaagal
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382055, India
| | - Apoorv Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Pranjali Jhaldiyal
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382055, India
| | - T J Dhilip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Iti Gupta
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382055, India
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14
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Wang S, Cheng Y, Huang W, Dou M, Shao H, Yao M, Ding K, Ye T, Zhou R, Li S, Chen Y. The Zn Vacancy-Mediated De-Accumulation Based Process for Hydrogen Production Performance Promotion of 1D Zn─Cd─S Nanorods. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306447. [PMID: 38152988 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to their anisotropy, 1D semiconductor nanorod-based materials have attracted much attention in the process of hydrogen production by solar energy. Nevertheless, the rational design of 1D heterojunction materials and the modulation of photo-generated electron-hole transfer paths remain a challenge. Herein, a ZnxCd1-xS@ZnS/MoS2 core-shell nanorod heterojunction is precisely constructed via in situ growth of discontinuous ZnS shell and MoS2 NCs on the Zn─Cd─S nanorods. Among them, the Zn vacancy in the ZnS shell builds the defect level, and the nanoroelded MoS2 builds the electron transport site. The optimized photocatalyst shows significant photocatalytic activity without Platinum as an auxiliary catalyst, mainly due to the new interfacial charge transfer channel constructed by the shell vacancy level, the vertical separation and the de-accumulation process of photo-generated electrons and photo-generated holes. At the same time, spectral analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations fully prove that shortening difference of speed between the photogenerated electron and hole movement process is another key factor to enhance the photocatalytic performance. This study provides a new path for the kinetic design of enhanced carrier density by shortening the carrier retention time of 1D heterojunction photocatalysts with improved photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yuye Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Wenfei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Dou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Shao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Mengjie Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Kai Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Tongqi Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Rulong Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Shenjie Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
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15
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Huang M, Sun H, Seufert F, Friedrich A, Marder TB, Hu J. Photoredox/Cu-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Coupling to Access C(sp 3)-Rich gem-Diborylalkanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202401782. [PMID: 38818649 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
gem-Diborylalkanes are highly valuable building blocks in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical chemistry due to their ability to participate in multi-step cross-coupling transformations, allowing for the rapid generation of molecular complexity. While progress has been made in their synthetic metholodology, the construction of β-tertiary and C(sp3)-rich gem-diborylalkanes remains a synthetic challenge due to substrate limitations and steric hindrance issues. An approach is presented that utilizes synergistic photoredox and copper catalysis to achieve efficient C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling of alkyl N-hydroxyphthalimide esters, which can easily be obtained from alkyl carboxylic acids, with diborylmethyl species, providing a series of C(sp3)-rich gem-diborylalkanes with 1°, 2°, and even 3° β positions. Furthermore, this approach can also be applied to complex medicinal compounds and natural products, offering rapid access to molecular complexity and late-stage functionalization of C(sp3)-rich drug candidates. Mechanistic experiments revealed that diborylmethyl Cu(I) species participated in both the photoredox process and the key C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond-forming step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Huang
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Huaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Florian Seufert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Friedrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jiefeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Liu Y, Yang Q, Wang W, Fu Y, Ding Q, Peng Y. Visible-light-induced three-component reactions of α-diazoesters, quinazolinones and cyclic ethers toward quinazoline-based hybrids. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4332-4346. [PMID: 38726656 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
An effective approach for the construction of 4-short-chain ether attached carbonyl group-substituted quinazolines was developed. Visible-light-induced three-component reactions of α-diazoesters, quinazolinones, and cyclic ethers, with a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance, under extremely mild conditions without the need for any additional additives and catalysts, selectively led to quinazoline-based hybrids in good to excellent yields. The synthesized hybrids, which are a conglomeration of a quinazoline, a short-chain ether, and a carbonyl group in one molecular skeleton, have potential for application in the development of new drugs or drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Qin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Yang Fu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Qiuping Ding
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Yiyuan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
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17
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Rocker J, Zähringer TJB, Schmitz M, Opatz T, Kerzig C. Mechanistic investigations of polyaza[7]helicene in photoredox and energy transfer catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1236-1245. [PMID: 38887585 PMCID: PMC11181280 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic photocatalysts frequently possess dual singlet and triplet photoreactivity and a thorough photochemical characterization is essential for efficient light-driven applications. In this article, the mode of action of a polyazahelicene catalyst (Aza-H) was investigated using laser flash photolysis (LFP). The study revealed that the chromophore can function as a singlet-state photoredox catalyst in the sulfonylation/arylation of styrenes and as a triplet sensitizer in energy transfer catalysis. The singlet lifetime is sufficiently long to exploit the exceptional excited state reduction potential for the activation of 4-cyanopyridine. Photoinduced electron transfer generating the radical cation was directly observed confirming the previously proposed mechanism of a three-component reaction. Several steps of the photoredox cycle were investigated separately, providing deep insights into the complex mechanism. The triplet-excited Aza-H, which was studied with quantitative LFP, is formed with a quantum yield of 0.34. The pronounced triplet formation was exploited for the isomerization reaction of (E)-stilbene to the Z-isomer and the cyclization of cinnamyl chloride. Catalyst degradation mainly occurs through the long-lived Aza-H triplet (28 µs), but the photostability is greatly increased when the triplet efficiently reacts in a catalytic cycle such that turnover numbers exceeding 4400 are achievable with this organocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rocker
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till J B Zähringer
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Xu X, Yan L, Huang W, Wang Y, Wang M, Feng L, Wang P, Wang S. Facile and efficient transformation of thiols to disulfides via a radical pathway with N-anomeric amide. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17780-17784. [PMID: 38832243 PMCID: PMC11145623 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03545c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Radical coupling of thiols is an attractive route for the synthesis of disulfides, but this approach should be promoted by strong oxidants and/or metal salts in combination with additives, which limits its substrate scope and application. In this work, the N-anomeric amide was first found to be able to realize the conversion of thiols to sulfur radicals with high efficiency in the absence of an oxidant or any additives for the synthesis of symmetrical disulfides. The protocol features mild reaction conditions, good functional group tolerance, and moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University Zhumadian 463000 People's Republic of China
| | - Leyu Yan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University Zhumadian 463000 People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Huang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University Zhumadian 463000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University Zhumadian 463000 People's Republic of China
| | - Mengya Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University Zhumadian 463000 People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Feng
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University Zhumadian 463000 People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University Zhumadian 463000 People's Republic of China
| | - Shengqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University Zhumadian 463000 People's Republic of China
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19
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Liu C, Ma Y, Lian R, Chen J, Yang M, Cheng J. Regulation of Photogenerated Redox Species through High Crystallinity Carbon Nitride for Improved C-S Coupling Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301882. [PMID: 38242851 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
A novel and efficient approach for the synthesis of α, β-unsaturated sulfones through heterogeneous photocatalyzed C-S coupling reactions have been developed. The use of molten-salt method derived carbon nitride (MCN), a transition metal-free polymeric photocatalyst, combined with enhanced crystallinity and potassium iodide as an additive, effectively modulates photogenerated reactive redox species, markedly increasing the overall reaction selectivity. This method achieves the shortest reaction time (2 h) with high yield (up to 95 %) among the reported heterogeneous catalytic C-S bond formation reactions, matching the efficiency of the homogeneous photocatalysts. Furthermore, the application to challenging alkyne substrates has been demonstrated, underscoring the potential for a broad range of applications in pharmaceutical research and synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Yukun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Ronghong Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Jiayin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Jiajia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
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20
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Ye JQ, Xu SY, Liang Q, Dai YZ, He MY. Metal-Organic Frameworks-Derived Nanocarbon Materials and Nanometal Oxides for Photocatalytic Applications. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400161. [PMID: 38500400 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Harnessing low-density solar energy and converting it into high-density chemical energy through photocatalysis has emerged as a promising avenue for the production of chemicals and remediation of environmental pollution, which contributes to alleviating the overreliance on fossil fuels. In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained widespread application in the field of photocatalysis due to their photostability, tunable structures, and responsiveness in the visible light range. However, most MOFs exhibit relatively low response to light, limiting their practical applications. MOFs-derived nanomaterials not only retain the inherent advantages of pristine MOFs but also show enhanced light adsorption and responsiveness. This review categorizes and summarizes MOFs-derived nanomaterials, including nanocarbons and nanometal oxides, providing representative examples for the synthetic strategies of each category. Subsequently, the recent research progress on MOFs-derived materials in photocatalytic applications are systematically introduced, specifically in the areas of photocatalytic water splitting to H2, photocatalytic CO2 reduction, and photocatalytic water treatment. The corresponding mechanisms involved in each photocatalytic reaction are elaborated in detail. Finally, the review discusses the challenges and further directions faced by MOFs-derived nanomaterials in the field of photocatalysis, highlighting their potential role in advancing sustainable energy production and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qing Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Ying Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Qian Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Zi Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Yang He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
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21
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Hong BC, Indurmuddam RR. Tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT), a compelling and trailblazing catalyst for visible-light-induced organic photocatalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3799-3842. [PMID: 38651982 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00171k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT) has recently emerged as an intriguing photocatalyst under visible-light or near-visible-light irradiation in a wide range of organic reactions that were previously not conceivable. Given its ability to absorb visible light and excellent effectiveness in activating unactivated chemical bonds, it is a promising addition to traditional photocatalysts. This review covers some of the contemporary developments in visible-light or near-visible-light photocatalysis reactions enabled by the TBADT catalyst to 2023, with the contents organized by reaction type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Cherng Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan.
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22
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Wang Z, Dong X, Tang W, Wang ZL. Contact-electro-catalysis (CEC). Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4349-4373. [PMID: 38619095 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00736g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Contact-electro-catalysis (CEC) is an emerging field that utilizes electron transfer occurring at the liquid-solid and even liquid-liquid interfaces because of the contact-electrification effect to stimulate redox reactions. The energy source of CEC is external mechanical stimuli, and solids to be used are generally organic as well as in-organic materials even though they are chemically inert. CEC has rapidly garnered extensive attention and demonstrated its potential for both mechanistic research and practical applications of mechanocatalysis. This review aims to elucidate the fundamental principle, prominent features, and applications of CEC by compiling and analyzing the recent developments. In detail, the theoretical foundation for CEC, the methods for improving CEC, and the unique advantages of CEC have been discussed. Furthermore, we outline a roadmap for future research and development of CEC. We hope that this review will stimulate extensive studies in the chemistry community for investigating the CEC, a catalytic process in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100140, China.
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuanli Dong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100140, China.
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Tang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100140, China.
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100140, China.
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA
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23
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Herold D, Brauser M, Kind J, Thiele CM. Evolution of a Combined UV/Vis and NMR Setup with Fixed Pathlengths for Mass-limited Samples. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304016. [PMID: 38360972 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The investigation of reaction mechanisms is a complex task that usually requires the use of several techniques. To obtain as much information as possible on the reaction and any intermediates - possibly invisible to one technique - the combination of techniques is a solution. In this work we present a new setup for combined UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy and compare it to an established alternative. The presented approach allows a versatile usage of different commercially-available components like mirrors and fiber bundles as well as different fixed pathlengths according to double transmission or single transmission measurements. While a previous approach is based on a dip-probe setup for conventional NMR probes, the new one is based on a micro-Helmholtz coil array (LiquidVoxel™). This makes the use of rectangular cuvettes possible, which ensure well-defined pathlengths allowing for quantification of species. Additionally, very low quantities of compound can be analyzed due to the microfabrication and small cuvette size used. As proof-of-principle this new setup for combined UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy is used to examine a well-studied photochromic system of the dithienylethene compound class. A thorough comparison of the pros and cons of the two setups for combined UV/Vis and NMR measurements is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Herold
- Technische Universität Darmstadt/Technical University of Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie/Clemens Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt, D-64289, Germany
| | - Matthias Brauser
- Technische Universität Darmstadt/Technical University of Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie/Clemens Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt, D-64289, Germany
| | - Jonas Kind
- Technische Universität Darmstadt/Technical University of Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie/Clemens Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt, D-64289, Germany
| | - Christina M Thiele
- Technische Universität Darmstadt/Technical University of Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie/Clemens Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt, D-64289, Germany
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24
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Kundu S, Maji MS. Solution-Phase Late-Stage Chemoselective Photocatalytic Removal of Sulfonyl and Phenacyl Groups in Peptides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400033. [PMID: 38345998 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, BPC catalyzed visible-light-triggered target-specific late-stage solution phase desulfonylation from tryptophan in oligopeptides is portrayed by overcoming the isolation issue up to octamers. This robust and mild method is highly predictable and chemoselective, tolerating myriad of functional groups in aza-heteroaromatics and peptides. Interestingly, reductive desulfonylation is also amenable to biologically significant reactive histidine and tyrosine side chains, signifying the versatility of the strategy. Additional efficacy of BPC is demonstrated by solution phase phenacyl deprotection from C-terminal in peptides. Furthermore, excellent catalyst loading of 0.5 mol% and recyclability demonstrate the practical utility and applicability of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
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25
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Fernandes AJ, Giri R, Houk KN, Katayev D. Review and Theoretical Analysis of Fluorinated Radicals in Direct C Ar-H Functionalization of (Hetero)arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318377. [PMID: 38282182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We highlight key contributions in the field of direct radical CAr- H (hetero)aromatic functionalization involving fluorinated radicals. A compilation of Functional Group Transfer Reagents and their diverse activation mechanisms leading to the release of radicals are discussed. The substrate scope for each radical is analyzed and classified into three categories according to the electronic properties of the substrates. Density functional theory computational analysis provides insights into the chemical reactivity of several fluorinated radicals through their electrophilicity and nucleophilicity parameters. Theoretical analysis of their reduction potentials also highlights the remarkable correlation between electrophilicity and oxidizing ability. It is also established that highly fluorinated radicals (e.g. ⋅OCF3) are capable of engaging in single-electron transfer (SET) processes rather than radical addition, which is in good agreement with experimental literature data. A reactivity scale, based on activation barrier of addition of these radicals to benzene is also elaborated using the high accuracy DLPNO-(U)CCSD(T) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Fernandes
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahul Giri
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 90095, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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26
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Tang W, Liu Y, Jin Y, Wang Y, Shi W, Ma P, Niu J, Wang J. Photocatalytic Reduction of Nitrobenzene to Aniline by an Intriguing {Ru(C 6H 6)}-Based Heteropolytungstate. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6260-6267. [PMID: 38517738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we have successfully synthesized a structurally novel heteropolytungstate via coordination of four {Ru(C6H6)} and trivacant {TeW9O33} clusters, formulated as Cs4Na2H2[Te2W20O72(H2O){(C6H6)Ru}4]·12H2O (1). Compound 1 inherited the strong absorption of [Ru(C6H6)Cl2]2 in the visible region and {TeW9O33} in the UV region, providing a good basis for photocatalysis. As expected, compound 1 showed good photocatalytic activity in the visible-light-driven reduction of nitrobenzene using N2H4·H2O as a reductant with a yield of 99.8%, a high turnover number (TON = 330), and a high turnover frequency (TOF = 24 h-1). The cyclic experiment of nitrobenzene reduction indicated that compound 1 was an effective and stable heterogeneous catalyst. Finally, the nitrobenzene reduction pathway was affirmed using condensation with azobenzene as a reaction intermediate based on control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Puyang Institute of Technology, Henan University, Puyang, Henan 457000, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhen Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Weixia Shi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Pengtao Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jingyang Niu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jingping Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
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27
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Lin D, Lechermann LM, Huestis MP, Marik J, Sap JBI. Light-Driven Radiochemistry with Fluorine-18, Carbon-11 and Zirconium-89. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317136. [PMID: 38135665 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses recent advances in light-driven radiochemistry for three key isotopes: fluorine-18, carbon-11, and zirconium-89, and their applications in positron emission tomography (PET). In the case of fluorine-18, the predominant approach involves the use of cyclotron-produced [18F]fluoride or reagents derived thereof. Light serves to activate either the substrate or the fluorine-18 labeled reagent. Advancements in carbon-11 photo-mediated radiochemistry have been leveraged for the radiolabeling of small molecules, achieving various transformations, including 11C-methylation, 11C-carboxylation, 11C-carbonylation, and 11C-cyanation. Contrastingly, zirconium-89 photo-mediated radiochemistry differs from fluorine-18 and carbon-11 approaches. In these cases, light facilitates a postlabeling click reaction, which has proven valuable for the labeling of large biomolecules such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). New technological developments, such as the incorporation of photoreactors in commercial radiosynthesizers, illustrate the commitment the field is making in embracing photochemistry. Taken together, these advances in photo-mediated radiochemistry enable radiochemists to apply new retrosynthetic strategies in accessing novel PET radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lin
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Current address: University of Southern California Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Laura M Lechermann
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Malcolm P Huestis
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jan Marik
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jeroen B I Sap
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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28
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Xie Z, Cao B, Zhao J, Liu M, Lao Y, Luo H, Zhong Z, Xiong X, Wei W, Zou T. Ion Pairing Enables Targeted Prodrug Activation via Red Light Photocatalysis: A Proof-of-Concept Study with Anticancer Gold Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8547-8556. [PMID: 38498689 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis has found increasing applications in biological systems, for example, in localized prodrug activation; however, high-energy light is usually required without giving sufficient efficiency and target selectivity. In this work, we report that ion pairing between photocatalysts and prodrugs can significantly improve the photoactivation efficiency and enable tumor-targeted activation by red light. This is exemplified by a gold-based prodrug (1d) functionalized with a morpholine moiety. Such a modification causes 1d to hydrolyze in aqueous solution, forming a cationic species that tightly interacts with anionic photosensitizers including Eosin Y (EY) and Rose Bengal (RB), along with a significant bathochromic shift of absorption tailing to the far-red region. As a result, a high photoactivation efficiency of 1d by EY or RB under low-energy light was found, leading to an effective release of active gold species in living cells, as monitored by a gold-specific biosensor (GolS-mCherry). Importantly, the morpholine moiety, with pKa ∼6.9, in 1d brings in a highly pH-sensitive and preferential ionic interaction under a slightly acidic condition over the normal physiological pH, enabling tumor-targeted prodrug activation by red light irradiation in vitro and in vivo. Since a similar absorption change was found in other morpholine/amine-containing clinic drugs, photocages, and precursors of reactive labeling intermediates, it is believed that the ion-pairing strategy could be extended for targeted activation of different prodrugs and for mapping of an acidic microenvironment by low-energy light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bei Cao
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, and General Education Division, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Education Sciences, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511453, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Moyi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuhan Lao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hejiang Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaolin Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Taotao Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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29
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Bonciolini S, Pulcinella A, Leone M, Schiroli D, Ruiz AL, Sorato A, Dubois MAJ, Gopalakrishnan R, Masson G, Della Ca' N, Protti S, Fagnoni M, Zysman-Colman E, Johansson M, Noël T. Metal-free photocatalytic cross-electrophile coupling enables C1 homologation and alkylation of carboxylic acids with aldehydes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1509. [PMID: 38374079 PMCID: PMC10876646 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In contemporary drug discovery, enhancing the sp3-hybridized character of molecular structures is paramount, necessitating innovative synthetic methods. Herein, we introduce a deoxygenative cross-electrophile coupling technique that pairs easily accessible carboxylic acid-derived redox-active esters with aldehyde sulfonyl hydrazones, employing Eosin Y as an organophotocatalyst under visible light irradiation. This approach serves as a versatile, metal-free C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling platform. We demonstrate its synthetic value as a safer, broadly applicable C1 homologation of carboxylic acids, offering an alternative to the traditional Arndt-Eistert reaction. Additionally, our method provides direct access to cyclic and acyclic β-arylethylamines using diverse aldehyde-derived sulfonyl hydrazones. Notably, the methodology proves to be compatible with the late-stage functionalization of peptides on solid-phase, streamlining the modification of intricate peptides without the need for exhaustive de-novo synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bonciolini
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Pulcinella
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Leone
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Debora Schiroli
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- SynCat Lab, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Adrián Luguera Ruiz
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Sorato
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maryne A J Dubois
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ranganath Gopalakrishnan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Geraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Nicola Della Ca'
- SynCat Lab, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Magnus Johansson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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D’Avino C, Gutiérrez S, Feldhaus MJ, Tomás-Gamasa M, Mascareñas JL. Intracellular Synthesis of Indoles Enabled by Visible-Light Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2895-2900. [PMID: 38277674 PMCID: PMC10859955 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Performing abiotic synthetic transformations in live cell environments represents a new, promising approach to interrogate and manipulate biology and to uncover new types of biomedical tools. We now found that photocatalytic bond-forming reactions can be added to the toolbox of bioorthogonal synthetic chemistry. Specifically, we demonstrate that exogenous styryl aryl azides can be converted into indoles inside living mammalian cells under photocatalytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia D’Avino
- Centro Singular de Investigación
en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS),
and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara Gutiérrez
- Centro Singular de Investigación
en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS),
and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Max J. Feldhaus
- Centro Singular de Investigación
en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS),
and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Tomás-Gamasa
- Centro Singular de Investigación
en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS),
and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Luis Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación
en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS),
and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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31
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Wu S, Wong THF, Righi P, Melchiorre P. Photochemical Organocatalytic Synthesis of Thioethers from Aryl Chlorides and Alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2907-2912. [PMID: 38265336 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Thioethers, often found in pharmaceuticals and natural compounds, typically involve metal cross-coupling reactions, high temperatures, and the use of disagreeable thiols for their synthesis. Here we present a straightforward, thiol-free organocatalytic protocol that uses mild conditions to stitch together inexpensive alcohols and aryl chlorides, yielding a diverse array of aryl alkyl thioethers. Central to this approach was the discovery that tetramethylthiourea can serve as a simple sulfur source upon intercepting photochemically generated aryl radicals. To form radicals, we used a readily available indole thiolate organocatalyst that, when excited with 405 nm light, gained a strongly reducing power, enabling the activation of typically unreactive aryl chlorides via single-electron transfer. Radical trapping by the thiourea, followed by an alcohol attack via a polar path, resulted in the formation of thioether products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wu
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Thomas Hin-Fung Wong
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paolo Righi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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32
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Ji Z, Yuan M, He Z, Wei H, Wang X, Song J, Jiang L. Construction of Porphyrin-Based Bimetallic Nanomaterials with Photocatalytic Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:708. [PMID: 38338452 PMCID: PMC10856655 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of nanosheets containing two metal ions is currently a formidable challenge. Here, we attempted to dope lanthanide-based bimetals into porphyrin-based metal-organic skeleton materials (MOFs) by microwave-assisted heating. The results of the EDX, ICP, and XPS tests show that we have successfully synthesized porphyrin-based lanthanide bimetallic nanosheets (Tb-Eu-TCPP) using a household microwave oven. In addition, it is tested and experimentally evident that these nanosheets have a thinner thickness, a larger BET surface area, and higher photogenerated carrier separation efficiency than bulk porphyrin-based bimetallic materials, thus exhibiting enhanced photocatalytic activity and n-type semiconductor properties. Furthermore, the prepared Tb-Eu-TCPP nanomaterials are more efficient in generating single-linear state oxygen under visible light irradiation compared to pristine monometallic nanosheets due to the generation of bimetallic nodes. The significant increase in catalytic activity is attributed to the improved separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated carriers. This study not only deepens our understanding of lanthanide bimetallic nanosheet materials but also introduces an innovative approach to improve the photocatalytic performance of MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ji
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Mengnan Yuan
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Zhaoqin He
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (Z.H.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Hao Wei
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (Z.H.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Xuemin Wang
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (Z.H.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Jianxin Song
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (Z.H.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Lisha Jiang
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (Z.H.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.S.)
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33
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Li T, Tao R, Wang Y, Yan T, Fan X, Liu K. Construction of bismuth oxide iodide (BiOI)/zinc titanium oxide (Zn 2TiO 4) p-n heterojunction nanofibers with abundant oxygen vacancies for improving photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 655:841-851. [PMID: 37979290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added syngas represents an effective approach for addressing both environmental issues and carbon neutrality issue. However, the slow charge dynamics and low CO2 affinity severely limit the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction. In this study, bismuth oxide iodide (BiOI)/zinc titanium oxide (Zn2TiO4) composite nanofibers were successfully prepared by immobilizing BiOI nanosheets on Zn2TiO4 electrospun nanofibers through a solvothermal reaction method. The results of photocatalytic research indicate that the BiOI/Zn2TiO4 composite nanofibers exhibit improved photocatalytic activity in CO2 reduction compared to pristine BiOI nanosheets and Zn2TiO4 nanofibers. The highest carbon monoxide (CO) release rate of BiOI/Zn2TiO4 nanofibers could reach 9.10 µmol‧g-1‧h-1, which is 18.6 times and 6.6 times higher than that of pristine BiOI nanosheets and Zn2TiO4 nanofibers, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic activity can be credited to the formed BiOI/Zn2TiO4 p-n heterojunction, which can boost electron separation, reduce charge recombination at the interface, and promote the reaction process. The presence of oxygen vacancies in BiOI/Zn2TiO4 nanofibers can not only provide active site to facilitate the adsorption and activation of CO2 molecules, but also adjust the energy band structure of the catalyst to accelerate carriers transfer. After four cycles of testing, the CO release rate of BiOI/Zn2TiO4 nanofibers remains nearly constant, demonstrating its excellent stability. This work develops a feasible strategy to improve the efficiency of photoreduction of CO2 through energy band engineering and surface defect technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Li
- School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Ran Tao
- School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Light Emitting and Photocatalytic Materials, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China.
| | - Yanxin Wang
- School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Ting Yan
- School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Xiaoxing Fan
- School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Light Emitting and Photocatalytic Materials, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Kuiyong Liu
- School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Light Emitting and Photocatalytic Materials, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China.
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34
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Sakakibara Y, Itami K, Murakami K. Switchable Decarboxylation by Energy- or Electron-Transfer Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1554-1562. [PMID: 38103176 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Kolbe dimerization and Hofer-Moest reactions are well-investigated carboxylic acid transformations, wherein new carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds are constructed via electrochemical decarboxylation. These transformations can be switched by choosing an electrode that allows control of the reactive intermediate, such as carbon radical or carbocation. However, the requirement of a high current density diminishes the functional group compatibility with these electrochemical reactions. Here, we demonstrate the photocatalytic decarboxylative transformation of activated carboxylic acids in a switchable and functional group-compatible manner. We discovered that switching between Kolbe-type or Hofer-Moest-type reactions can be accomplished with suitable photocatalysts by controlling the reaction pathways: energy transfer (EnT) and single-electron transfer (SET). The EnT pathway promoted by an organo-photocatalyst yielded 1,2-diarylethane from arylacetic acids, whereas the ruthenium photoredox catalyst allows the construction of an ester scaffold with two arylmethyl moieties via the SET pathway. The resulting radical intermediates were coupled to olefins to realize multicomponent reactions. Consequently, four different products were selectively obtained from a simple carboxylic acid. This discovery offers new opportunities for selectively synthesizing multiple products via switchable reactions using identical substrates with minimal cost and effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa 464-8602, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan
- Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO, Chiyoda 102-0076, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa 464-8602, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa 464-8602, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kei Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan
- Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO, Chiyoda 102-0076, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Tian R, Zhou S, Meng Y, Liu C, Ge Z. Material and Device Design of Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells for Next-Generation Power Supplies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2311473. [PMID: 38224961 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
This review outlines the rapid evolution of flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PSCs) to address the urgent need for alternative energy sources, highlighting their impressive power conversion efficiency, which increases from 2.62% to over 24% within a decade. The unique optoelectronic properties of perovskite materials and their inherent mechanical flexibilities instrumental in the development of f-PSCs are examined. Various strategies proposed for material modification and device optimization significantly enhance efficiency and bending durability. The transition from small-scale devices to large-area photovoltaic modules for diverse applications is discussed in addition to the challenges and innovative solutions related to film uniformity and environmental stability. This review provides succinct yet comprehensive insights into the development of f-PSCs, paving the way for their integration into various applications and highlighting their potential in the renewable energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Tian
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Shujing Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Yuanyuan Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Ziyi Ge
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
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36
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Adak S, Braley SE, Brown MK. Photochemical Reduction of Quinolines with γ-Terpinene. Org Lett 2024; 26:401-405. [PMID: 38169485 PMCID: PMC11027786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The saturation of aromatic scaffolds is valuable for the synthesis of complex rings. Herein, we demonstrate a process for photochemical dearomative reduction of quinolines. The process involves capture of a quinoline excited state with γ-terpinene. Importantly, the reaction is chemoselective as other easily reduced functionalities such as halogens or alkenes do not undergo reduction. The mechanism of the reaction has also been investigated. Finally, the generality of the approach towards other substrates is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Adak
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sarah E Braley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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37
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Gentile G, Bartolomei B, Dosso J, Demitri N, Filippini G, Prato M. Synthesis of a novel tetra-phenol π-extended phenazine and its application as an organo-photocatalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:602-605. [PMID: 38099872 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05176e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, the synthesis of a novel tetra-phenol π-extended dihydrophenazine is reported. The obtained derivative presents marked reducing properties in the excited state and was exploited as an organo-photocatalyst in dehalogenation and C-C bond formation reactions. These results underline the great potential of functionalized π-extended dihydrophenazines as organo-photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gentile
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Centre of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Bartolomei
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Centre of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Jacopo Dosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Centre of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone, Trieste S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Centre of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Centre of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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38
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Yu X, Huang N, Huo Y, Li X, Liu Y, Maruoka K, Chen Q. Photoredox-Mediated Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage of 1,3-Diketones to Access 1,2-Diketones and ( Z)-1,4-Enediones. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38175988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
An aerobic oxidative cleavage of 1,3-diketones under visible light irradiation using an organic dye as a photocatalyst is disclosed. The newly developed reaction provides practical access to 1,2-diketones and (Z)-1,4-enediones in moderate to good yields with absolute regio- and stereoselectivity. Mechanistic studies of the reaction suggest that tetraketone intermediates might undergo a photocatalytic energy transfer from the excited photocatalyst to form biradical-like (n,π*) states of ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Nan Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xianwei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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39
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Mazzarella D, Bortolato T, Pelosi G, Dell'Amico L. Photocatalytic (3 + 2) dipolar cycloadditions of aziridines driven by visible-light. Chem Sci 2023; 15:271-277. [PMID: 38131079 PMCID: PMC10732004 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05997a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we document the design and development of a novel (3 + 2) cycloaddition reaction aided by the activity of an organic photocatalyst and visible light. The process is extremely fast, taking place in a few minutes, with virtually complete atom economy. A large variety of structurally diverse aziridines were used as masked ylides in the presence of different types of dipolarophiles (28 examples with up to 94% yield and >95 : 5 dr). Mechanistic insights obtained from photophysical, electrochemical and experimental studies highlight that the chemistry is driven by the in situ generation of the reactive ylide through two consecutive electron-transfer processes. We also report an aerobic cascade process, where an additional oxidation step grants access to a vast array of pyrrole derivatives (19 examples with up to 95% yield). Interestingly, the extended aromatic core exhibits a distinctive absorption and emission profile, which can be easily used to tag the effectiveness of this covalent linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mazzarella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Francesco Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Tommaso Bortolato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Francesco Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Giorgio Pelosi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Francesco Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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40
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Sellet N, Clement-Comoy L, Elhabiri M, Cormier M, Goddard JP. Second Generation of Near-Infrared Cyanine-Based Photocatalysts for Faster Organic Transformations. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302353. [PMID: 37688503 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
A second generation of cyanine-based near-infrared photocatalysts has been developed to accelerate organic transformations. Cyanines were prepared and fully characterized prior to evaluation of their photocatalytic activities. Catalyst efficiency was determined by using two model oxidation and reduction reactions. For the aza-Henry reaction, cyanines bearing an amino group on the heptamethine chain led to the best results. For trifluoromethylation, the stability of the photocatalyst was found to be the key parameter for efficient and rapid conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sellet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 68100, Mulhouse, France
| | - Leo Clement-Comoy
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 68100, Mulhouse, France
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Bioorganic and MUMR 7042, Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), CNRS, Team Bio(IN)organic and Medicinal Chemistry, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Morgan Cormier
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 68100, Mulhouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Goddard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 68100, Mulhouse, France
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41
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Kowalska E, Dyguda M, Artelska A, Albrecht A. Visible Light Promoted [3+2]-Cycloaddition for the Synthesis of Cyclopenta[ b]chromenocarbonitrile Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16589-16597. [PMID: 38037694 PMCID: PMC10696553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In the manuscript, a novel method for the preparation of cyclopenta[b]chromenocarbonitrile derivatives via [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of substituted 3-cyanochromones and N-cyclopropyloamines initiated by visible light catalysis has been described. The reaction was performed in the presence of Eosin Y as a photocatalyst. The key parameters responsible for the success of the described strategy are visible light, a small amount of photoredox catalyst, an anhydrous solvent, and an inert atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kowalska
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, Łódź 90-924, Poland
| | - Mateusz Dyguda
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, Łódź 90-924, Poland
| | - Angelika Artelska
- Institute
of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University
of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, Łódź 90-924, Poland
| | - Anna Albrecht
- Institute
of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, Łódź 90-924, Poland
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42
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Li J, Zhuang Z, Guo J, Dong X, Gong J, Tang BZ, Zhao Z. Free Radical-Mediated Photocyclization of Triphenylphosphindole Oxides for Photoactivated and Self-Reported Lipid Peroxidation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2305516. [PMID: 37870212 PMCID: PMC10724397 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Photocyclization is demonstrated as a powerful tool for building complicated polycyclic molecules. And efficient photocyclization is competent as an artful strategy to develop photo-responsive smart materials. Herein, an efficient free radical-mediated photocyclization for triphenylphosphindole oxide (TPPIO) derivatives to generate tribenzophosphindole oxide (TBPIO) derivatives at ambient condition is reported. The reaction mechanism and substituent effect on photocyclization efficiency are thoroughly investigated. Additionally, photophysical and photochemical properties of TPPIO and TBPIO derivatives are measured for comparison and deeply deciphered by theoretical calculation. TPPIO derivatives own typical aggregation-induced emission feature but barely generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), while TBPIO derivatives experience aggregation-caused quenching but show efficient Type I ROS generation capacity. Further, in vitro experiments demonstrate that this photo-conversion can efficiently occur in situ in living cells to activate photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect to trigger lipid peroxidation with selective fluorescence "light up" in lipid droplet area under continuous irradiation. This work extends the optoelectronically and biologically interesting phosphindole oxide-containing π-conjugated systems through an efficient synthetic strategy, provides in-depth mechanistic descriptions in the aspects of reaction and property, and further presents their great potentials for photoactivated and self-reported PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesKey Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong ProvinceSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
| | - Zeyan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesKey Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong ProvinceSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
- School of ChemistryChemical Engineering and BiotechnologyNanyang Technological University21 Nanyang LinkSingapore637371Singapore
| | - Jingjing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesKey Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong ProvinceSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
- School of ChemistryChemical Engineering and BiotechnologyNanyang Technological University21 Nanyang LinkSingapore637371Singapore
| | - Xiaobin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesKey Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong ProvinceSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
| | - Junyi Gong
- School of Science and EngineeringShenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and TechnologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdong518172China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and EngineeringShenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and TechnologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdong518172China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesKey Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong ProvinceSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
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43
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Gao Y, Gao L, Zhu E, Yang Y, Jie M, Zhang J, Pan Z, Xia C. Nickel/photoredox dual catalyzed arylalkylation of nonactivated alkenes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7917. [PMID: 38036527 PMCID: PMC10689762 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkene dicarbofunctionalization is an efficient strategy and operation-economic fashion for introducing complexity in molecules. A nickel/photoredox dual catalyzed arylalkylation of nonactivated alkenes for the simultaneous construction of one C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond and one C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond has been developed. The mild catalytic method provided valuable indanethylamine derivatives with wide substrate scope and good functional group compatibility. An enantioselective dicarbofunctionalization was also achieved with pyridine-oxazoline as a ligand. The efficiency of metallaphotoredox dicarbofunctionalization was demonstrated for the concise synthesis of pharmaceutically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Endiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yunhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Mi Jie
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jiaqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.
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44
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Liang JY, Su YW, Zou YQ. Photochemical reductive deamination of alpha-amino aryl alkyl ketones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37997158 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04837c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical reductive deamination of alpha-amino aryl alkyl ketones under photosensitizer-free conditions is presented. This protocol features high efficiency and selectivity. A plausible reaction pathway is proposed based on ultraviolet-visible absorption investigation, control experiments and deuterium-labelling studies. Mechanistic study reveals that the alpha-hydrogen atom of the ketone product originated from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yuan Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yi-Wen Su
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - You-Quan Zou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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45
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Zhang T, Huang H. Photocatalyzed Aminomethylation of Alkyl Halides Enabled by Sterically Hindered N-Substituents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310114. [PMID: 37721856 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) coupling of alkyl halides and tertiary amines offers a promising tool for the rapid decoration of amine skeletons. However, this approach has not been well established, partially due to the challenges in precisely distinguishing and controlling the reactivity of amine-coupling partners and their product homologues. Herein, we developed a metal-free photocatalytic system for the aminomethylation of alkyl halides through radical-involved C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond formation, allowing for the synthesis of sterically congested tertiary amines that are of interest in organic synthesis but not easily prepared by other methods. Mechanistic studies disclosed that sterically hindered N-substituents are key to activate the amine coupling partners by tuning their redox potentials to drive the reaction forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, P. R. China
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46
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Herold D, Kind J, Frieß F, Thiele CM. Extraction of pure component spectra from ex situ illumination UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2599-2606. [PMID: 37751073 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining understanding of a photochemical reaction relies on the observation, identification and quantification of the compounds involved. The photochemical properties of the individual components are of particular importance, and their determination, however, is not always trivial. This is also true for the quantitative measure on the ability to absorb light, the extinction coefficient εi if more than one species i is present and two or more species absorb light of the same wavelength. In this work, it is demonstrated how pure component spectra can be obtained with a simple combination of successive and repeated ex situ illumination, UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy. From the complementary information accessible, the wavelength-dependent extinction coefficients of all species can be calculated yielding the pure component spectra. A comparison with published data shows excellent agreement and thus proves that this approach is highly reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Herold
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jonas Kind
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Frieß
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christina M Thiele
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
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47
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Li M, Zhang T, Shi Y, Duan C. Harnessing Radicals in Confined Supramolecular Environments Made Possible by MOFs. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300158. [PMID: 37310416 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Researching and utilizing radical intermediates in organic synthetic chemistry have innovated discoveries in methodology and theory. Reactions concerning free radical species opened new pathways beyond the frame of the two-electron mechanism while commonly characterized as rampant processes lacking selectivity. As a result, research in this field has always focused on the controllable generation of radical species and determining factors of selectivity. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as compelling candidates as catalysts in radical chemistry. From a catalytic point of view, the porous nature of MOFs entails an inner phase for the reaction that could offer possibilities for the regulation of reactivity and selectivity. From a material science perspecti ve, MOFs are organic-inorganic hybrid materials that integrate functional units in organic compounds and complex forms in the tunable long-ranged periodic structure. In this account, we summarized our progress in the application of MOFs in radical chemistry in three parts: (1) The generation of radical species; (2) The weak interactions and site selectivity; (3) Regio- and stereo-selectivity. The unique role of MOFs play in these paradigms is demonstrated in a supramolecular narrative through the analyses of the multi-constituent collaboration within the MOF and the interactions between MOFs and the intermediates during the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Tiexin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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48
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Das B, Sahoo SR, Das A, Pathak B, Sarkar D. Sustainable Organic Photocatalysis for Site-Selective Hydrazocoupling of Electron-Rich Arenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7733-7738. [PMID: 37853522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
An efficient photocatalytic para- and ortho-selective amination and aminative dearomatization of phenols, naphthols, and anilines with azodicarboxylates was developed using riboflavin tetraacetate (RFTA) as an organic photocatalyst. The site selectivity was controlled using tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), which also acts as a phase transfer catalyst. The reaction conditions are simple and mild, giving high regioselectivity with good to excellent yields. A broad substrate scope and nice functional group tolerance with scalability and post-functionalization make this protocol both useful and regioselective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Sushree Ranjan Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Amitabha Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh m453552, India
| | - Biswarup Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh m453552, India
| | - Debayan Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh m453552, India
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49
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Motz R, Sun AC, Lehnherr D, Ruccolo S. High-Throughput Determination of Stern-Volmer Quenching Constants for Common Photocatalysts and Quenchers. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:266-273. [PMID: 37810410 PMCID: PMC10557125 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic information on reactions proceeding via photoredox catalysis has enabled rational optimizations of existing reactions and revealed new synthetic pathways. One essential step in any photoredox reaction is catalyst quenching via photoinduced electron transfer or energy transfer with either a substrate, additive, or cocatalyst. Identification of the correct quencher using Stern-Volmer studies is a necessary step for mechanistic understanding; however, such studies are often cumbersome, low throughput and require specialized luminescence instruments. This report describes a high-throughput method to rapidly acquire a series of Stern-Volmer constants, employing readily available fluorescence plate readers and 96-well plates. By leveraging multichannel pipettors or liquid dispensing robots in combination with fast plate readers, the sampling frequency for quenching studies can be improved by several orders of magnitude. This new high-throughput method enabled the rapid collection of 220 quenching constants for a library of 20 common photocatalysts with 11 common quenchers. The extensive Stern-Volmer constant table generated greatly facilitates the systematic comparison between quenchers and can provide guidance to the synthetic community interested in designing and understanding catalytic photoredox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
N. Motz
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Sun
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Serge Ruccolo
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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50
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Zähringer TJB, Wienhold M, Gilmour R, Kerzig C. Direct Observation of Triplet States in the Isomerization of Alkenylboronates by Energy Transfer Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21576-21586. [PMID: 37729087 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Alkenylboronates are versatile building blocks for stereocontrolled synthesis owing to the traceless nature of the boron group that can be leveraged to achieve highly selective geometric isomerization. Using thioxanthone as an inexpensive photocatalyst, the photoisomerization of these species continues to provide an expansive platform for stereodivergent synthesis, particularly in the construction of bioactive polyenes. Although mechanistic investigations are consistent with light-driven energy transfer, direct experimental evidence remains conspicuously absent. Herein, we report a rigorous mechanistic investigation using two widely used alkenylboronates alongside relevant reference compounds. Through the combination of irradiation experiments, transient absorption spectroscopic studies, kinetic modeling, and DFT calculations with all isomers of the model compounds, it has been possible to unequivocally detect and characterize the perpendicular triplet generated by energy transfer. Our results serve not only as a blueprint for mechanistic studies that are challenging with organic sensitizers, but these guidelines delineated have also enabled the development of more sustainable reaction conditions: for the first time, efficient organocatalytic isomerization under sunlight irradiation has become feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till J B Zähringer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Max Wienhold
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstraβe 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstraβe 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, Röntgenstraβe 16, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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