1
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Nascimento MA, LaPierre EA, Patrick BO, Watson JET, Watanabe L, Rawson J, Hering-Junghans C, Manners I. 1,3-Dipolar cyclisation reactions of nitriles with sterically encumbered cyclic triphosphanes: synthesis and electronic structure of phosphorus-rich heterocycles with tunable colour. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12006-12016. [PMID: 39092099 PMCID: PMC11290424 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02497d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis, solid state and electronic structures of a series of tunable five-membered cationic and charge-neutral inorganic heterocycles featuring a P3CN core. 1-Aza-2,3,4-triphospholenium cations [(PR)3N(H)CR']+, [1R]+ (R' = Me, Ph, 4-MeOC6H4, 4-CF3C6H4) were formed as triflate salts by the formal [3 + 2]-cyclisation reactions of strained cyclic triphosphanes (PR)3 (R = t Bu, 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 (Mes), 2,6- i Pr2C6H3 (Dipp), 2,4,6- i Pr3C6H2 (Tipp)) with nitriles R'CN in the presence of triflic acid. The corresponding neutral free bases (PR)3NCR' (2R) were readily obtained by subsequent deprotonation with NEt3. The P3CN cores in 2R show an envelope conformation typical for cyclopentenes and present as yellow to orange compounds in the solid state as well as in solution depending on both substituents R and R' in (PR)3NCR'. The P3CN cores in [1R]+ show a significant deviation from planarity with increasing steric bulk of the R groups at phosphorus, which results in a decrease in the HOMO-LUMO gap and distinct low-energy UV-Visible absorption bands. This allows access to colours spanning red, blue, indigo, and magenta. TD-DFT calculations provide valuable insight into this phenomenon and indicate an intramolecular charge-transfer from the HOMO located on the P3 framework to the N[double bond, length as m-dash]C-R'-based LUMO in the cationic species. The cations [1R]+ represent rare examples of phosphorus-rich heterocycles with tunable colour, which can be incorporated into polymers by post-polymerization modification to afford coloured polymers, which demonstrate utility as both proton and ammonia sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria British Columbia V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Etienne A LaPierre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria British Columbia V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Jade E T Watson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria British Columbia V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Lara Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Jeremy Rawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Christian Hering-Junghans
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT) A.-Einstein-Str.3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria British Columbia V8P 5C2 Canada
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2
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Francis M, Nag E, Roy S. Coordination Chemistry of Bis-Cyclic Alkyl(Amino) Carbene (cAAC)-Supported Di-Phosphorus (P 2 ): An Efficient Route to Donor Base-Stabilized Elusive Di-Phosphorus-Monoxide(P 2 O)-Gold Complex. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300882. [PMID: 38009659 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The stability and reactivity studies of heavier di-atomic group-15 congeners of alkynes, e. g., the di-phosphorus (P≡P) compounds have been the topic of huge interest because of their contrasting transient properties and lower stability compared to those of the stable molecular di-nitrogen (N≡N). Herein, we depict the reactivity studies of the bis-cAAC-stabilized di-phosphorus (P2 ) having an inversely polarized phosphaalkene nature featuring the C=P double bonds with Au(I)Cl. Both the mono-, and the di-aurated phosphaalkenes with the formulae [(Me2 -cAAC=P)2 (AuCl)] (2), and [(Me2 -cAAC=P)2 (AuCl)2 ] (3), respectively have been isolated in the solid state. Moreover, for the first time, we have been able to isolate the cAAC-stabilized tetra-aurated elusive di-phosphorus-monoxide (P2 O) with the formula [(Cy-cAAC=P)-O-(P=cAAC-Cy)(AuCl)4 ] (5) in presence of oxygen. Complexes 2-3, 5 have been structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and further studied by NMR spectroscopy. Our findings reveal significant elongation of the CcAAC -P bonds in 2-3, 5, and the presence of aurophilic interaction in 5. Quantum chemical calculations, including density functional theory (DFT), and energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) have been performed to study the electron densities distribution and nature of bonding in 2-3, 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francis
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, 517507, India
| | - Ekta Nag
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, 517507, India
| | - Sudipta Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, 517507, India
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3
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Lu B, Zeng X. Phosphinidenes: Fundamental Properties and Reactivity. Chemistry 2023:e202303283. [PMID: 38108540 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphinidenes are heavy congeners of nitrenes that have been broadly used as in situ reagents in synthetic phosphorus chemistry and also serve as versatile ligands in coordination with transition metals. However, the detection of free phosphinidenes is largely challenged by their high reactivity and also the lack of suitable synthetic methods, rendering the knowledge about the fundamental properties of this class of low-valent phosphorus compounds limited. Recently, an increasing number of free phosphinidenes bearing prototype structural and bonding properties have been prepared for the first time, thus enabling the exploration of their distinct reactivity from the nitrene analogues. This Concept article will discuss the experimental approaches for the generation of the highly unstable phosphinidenes and highlight their distinct reactivity from the nitrogen analogues so as to stimuate future studies about their potential applications in phosphorus chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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4
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Kuroki K, Ito T, Takaya J. Reversible Boron-Insertion into Aromatic C-C Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312980. [PMID: 37735101 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Formation of borabicyclo[3.2.0]heptadiene derivatives was achieved via boron-insertion into aromatic C-C bonds in the photo-promoted skeletal rearrangement reaction of triarylboranes bearing an ortho-phosphino substituent (ambiphilic phosphine-boranes). The borabicyclo[3.2.0]heptadiene derivatives were fully characterized by NMR and X-ray analyses. The dearomatized products were demonstrated to undergo the reverse reaction in the dark at room temperature, realizing photochemical and thermal interconversion between triarylboranes and boron-doped bicyclic systems. Experimental and theoretical studies revealed that sequential two electrocyclic reactions involving E/Z-isomerization of an alkene moiety proceed via a highly strained trans-borepin intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Kuroki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Ito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Jun Takaya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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5
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Zhu H, Fujimori S, Kostenko A, Inoue S. Dearomatization of C 6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Main Group Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301973. [PMID: 37535350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The dearomatization reaction is a powerful method for transformation of simple aromatic compounds to unique chemical architectures rapidly in synthetic chemistry. Over the past decades, the chemistry in this field has evolved significantly and various important organic compounds such as crucial bioactive molecules have been synthesized through dearomatization. In general, photochemical conditions or assistance by transition metals are required for dearomatization of rigid arenes. Recently, main-group elements, especially naturally abundant elements in the Earth's crust, have attracted attention as they have low toxicity and are cost-effective compared to the late transition metals. In recent decades, a variety of low-valent main-group molecules, which enable the activation of stable aromatic compounds under mild conditions, have been developed. This minireview highlights the developments in the chemistry of dearomatization of C6 aromatic hydrocarbons by main-group compounds leading to the formation of seven-membered EC6 (E=main-group elements) ring or cycloaddition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyuan Zhu
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
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6
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Lin J, Liu S, Zhang J, Grützmacher H, Su CY, Li Z. Room temperature stable E, Z-diphosphenes: their isomerization, coordination, and cycloaddition chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10944-10952. [PMID: 37829033 PMCID: PMC10566463 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04506d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
E,Z-isomers display distinct physical properties and chemical reactivities. However, investigations on heavy main group elements remain limited. In this work, we present the isolation and X-ray crystallographic characterization of N-heterocyclic vinyl (NHV) substituted diphosphenes as both E- and Z-isomers (L[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-P[double bond, length as m-dash]P-CH[double bond, length as m-dash]L, E,Z-2b; L = N-heterocyclic carbene). E-2b is thermodynamically more stable and undergoes reversible photo-stimulated isomerization to Z-2b. The less stable Z-isomer Z-2b can be thermally reverted to E-2b. Theoretical studies support the view that this E ↔ Z isomerization proceeds via P[double bond, length as m-dash]P bond rotation, reminiscent of the isomerization observed in alkenes. Furthermore, both E,Z-2b coordinate to an AuCl fragment affording the complex [AuCl(η2-Z-2b)] with the diphosphene ligand in Z-conformation, exclusively. In contrast, E,Z-2b undergo [2 + 4] and [2 + 1] cycloadditions with dienes or diazo compounds, respectively, yielding identical cycloaddition products in which the phosphorus bound NHV groups are in trans-position to each other. DFT calculations provide insight into the E/Z-isomerisation and stereoselective formation of Au(i) complexes and cycloaddition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Lin
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Shihua Liu
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Zhongshu Li
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
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7
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Wang C, Su MD, Fang Z, Zhou J, Zhang H, Li X, Zuo D, Zhang ZF, Li Y. SiP-heterocycles derived from a bulky phosphanylsilylene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10275-10278. [PMID: 37539464 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02512h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Bis(1-adamantyl)phosphanylsilylene 1 was reacted with ArCCR (Ar = Ph, 4-iPr-C6H4, 3-F-C6H4; R = H, Ph) at 80 °C under microwave irradiation to afford fluorescence-active SiP-heterocycles 3a-d, which may undergo unique isomerizations starting from silirene intermediates. Moreover, the treatment of 1 with AdCP furnished a heavy congener of cyclopentadiene (4), whose formation involves cleavage of the Si(II)-P bond that is rarely observed in silylene chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfeng Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Zijie Fang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Haoqi Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Xiaodi Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Darui Zuo
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Yan Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
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8
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Lu B, Wang L, Jiang X, Rauhut G, Zeng X. Spectroscopic Identification of Diphosphene HPPH and Isomeric Diphosphinyldene PPH 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217353. [PMID: 36637338 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The simplest diphosphene HPPH and isomeric diphosphinyldene PPH2 features prototype phosphorus-phosphorus multiple bonding properties that have been of long-standing interest in main-group chemistry. Herein, we report the observation of cis-HPPH, trans-HPPH, and PPH2 among the respective laser photolysis products of phosphine (PH3 ) and diphosphine (P2 H4 ) in solid N2 - and Ar-matrices at 10 K. The identification of these P2 H2 isomers with matrix-isolation IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy is supported by D-isotope labeling and the quantum chemical calculations at the CCSD(T)-F12a/cc-pVTZ-F12 level using configuration-selective vibrational configuration interaction theory (VCI). Bonding analyses suggest that the two conformers of HPPH contain standard PP double bonds, whereas, PPH2 resembles P2 in having partial PP triple bond due to the H2 P←P π bonding interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guntram Rauhut
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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9
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Loh YK, Melaimi M, Munz D, Bertrand G. An Air-Stable "Masked" Bis(imino)carbene: A Carbon-Based Dual Ambiphile. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2064-2069. [PMID: 36649656 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbenes, once considered laboratory curiosities, now serve as powerful tools in the chemical and material sciences. To date, all stable singlet carbenes are single-site ambiphiles. Here we describe the synthesis of a carbene which is a carbon-based dual ambiphile (both single-site and dual-site). The key is to employ imino substituents derived from a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC), which imparts a 1,3-dipolar character to the carbene. Its dual ambiphilic nature is consistent with the ability to activate simple organic molecules in both 1,1- and 1,3-fashion. Furthermore, its 1,3-ambiphilicity facilitates an unprecedented reversible intramolecular dearomative [3 + 2] cycloaddition with a proximal arene substituent, giving the carbene the ability to "mask" itself as an air-stable cycloadduct. We perceive that the concept of dual ambiphilicity opens a new dimension for future carbene chemistry, expanding the repertoire of applications beyond that known for classical single-site ambiphilic carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kai Loh
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Dominik Munz
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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10
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Liu R, Tang Y, Wang C, Zhang ZF, Su MD, Li Y. Diverse Reactions of o-Carborane-Fused Silylenes with C≡E (E = C, P) Triple Bonds. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1095-1101. [PMID: 36617725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The reactivities of o-carborane-fused silylenes toward molecules with C≡E (E = C, P) bonds are reported. The reactions of bis(silylene) [(LSi:)C]2B10H10 (1a, L = PhC(NtBu)2) with arylalkynes afforded bis(silylium) carborane adducts 2 and 3, showing a Si(μ-C2)Si structure with an open-cage nido-carborane backbone. In contrast, the reaction of 1a with a phosphaalkyne AdC≡P (Ad = 1-adamantyl) smoothly furnished compound 4, comprising fused CPSi rings with a C=Si double bond and Si-Si single bond, and the related formation mechanism was investigated by DFT calculations. Furthermore, when monosilylene [(LSi:)C]CHB10H10 (1b) was employed to react with AdC≡P, compound 5 was isolated. The structure of 5 features a 1,2,3-triphosphetene core. All products were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and/or X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Chenfeng Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yan Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
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11
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Zhu H, Kostenko A, Franz D, Hanusch F, Inoue S. Room Temperature Intermolecular Dearomatization of Arenes by an Acyclic Iminosilylene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1011-1021. [PMID: 36597967 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel nontransient acyclic iminosilylene (1), bearing a bulky super silyl group (-SitBu3) and N-heterocyclic imine ligand with a methylated backbone, was prepared and isolated. The methylated backbone is the feature of 1 that distinguishes it from the previously reported nonisolable iminosilylenes, as it prevents the intramolecular silylene center insertion into an aromatic C-C bond of an aryl substituent. Instead, 1 exhibits an intermolecular Büchner-ring-expansion-type reactivity; the silylene is capable of dearomatization of benzene and its derivatives, giving the corresponding silicon analogs of cycloheptatrienes, i.e. silepins, featuring seven-membered SiC6 rings with nearly planar geometry. The ring expansion reactions of 1 with benzene and 1,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene are reversible. Similar reactions of 1 with N-heteroarenes (pyridine and DMAP) proceed more rapidly and irreversibly forming the corresponding azasilepins, also with nearly planar seven-membered SiNC5 rings. DFT calculations reveal an ambiphilic nature of 1 that allows the intermolecular aromatic C-C bond insertion to occur. Additional computational studies, which elucidate the inherent reactivity of 1, the role of the substituent effect, and reaction mechanisms behind the ring expansion transformations, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Daniel Franz
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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12
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Sharma MK, Chabbra S, Wölper C, Weinert HM, Reijerse EJ, Schnegg A, Schulz S. Modulating the frontier orbitals of L(X)Ga-substituted diphosphenes [L(X)GaP] 2 (X = Cl, Br) and their facile oxidation to radical cations. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12643-12650. [PMID: 36519043 PMCID: PMC9645402 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04207j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulating the electronic structures of main group element compounds is crucial to control their chemical reactivity. Herein we report on the synthesis, frontier orbital modulation, and one-electron oxidation of two L(X)Ga-substituted diphosphenes [L(X)GaP]2 (X = Cl 2a, Br 2b; L = HC[C(Me)N(Ar)]2, Ar = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3). Photolysis of L(Cl)GaPCO 1 gave [L(Cl)GaP]22a, which reacted with Me3SiBr with halide exchange to [L(Br)GaP]22b. Reactions with MeNHC (MeNHC = 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene) gave the corresponding carbene-coordinated complexes L(X)GaPP(MeNHC)Ga(X)L (X = Cl 3a, Br 3b). DFT calculations revealed that the carbene coordination modulates the frontier orbitals (i.e. HOMO/LUMO) of diphosphenes 2a and 2b, thereby affecting the reactivity of 3a and 3b. In marked contrast to diphosphenes 2a and 2b, the cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of the carbene-coordinated complexes each show one reversible redox event at E 1/2 = -0.65 V (3a) and -0.36 V (3b), indicating their one-electron oxidation to the corresponding radical cations as was confirmed by reactions of 3a and 3b with the [FeCp2][B(C6F5)4], yielding the radical cations [L(X)GaPP(MeNHC)Ga(X)L]B(C6F5)4 (X = Cl 4a, Br 4b). The unpaired spin in 4a (79%) and 4b (80%) is mainly located at the carbene-uncoordinated phosphorus atoms as was revealed by DFT calculations and furthermore experimentally proven in reactions with n Bu3SnH, yielding the diphosphane cations [L(X)GaPHP(MeNHC)Ga(X)L]B(C6F5)4 (X = Cl 5a, Br 5b). Compounds 2-5 were fully characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD), and compounds 4a and 4b were further studied by EPR spectroscopy, while their bonding nature was investigated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
| | - Sonia Chabbra
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470 Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
| | - Hanns M Weinert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
| | - Edward J Reijerse
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470 Germany
| | - Alexander Schnegg
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470 Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199 47057 Duisburg Germany
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Wentz KE, Molino A, Freeman LA, Dickie DA, Wilson DJD, Gilliard RJ. Activation of Carbon Dioxide by 9-Carbene-9-borafluorene Monoanion: Carbon Monoxide Releasing Transformation of Trioxaborinanone to Luminescent Dioxaborinanone. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16276-16281. [PMID: 36037435 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The first structurally characterized example of a trioxaborinanone (2) is produced by the reaction of a 9-carbene-9-borafluorene monoanion and carbon dioxide. When compound 2 is heated or irradiated with UV light, carbon monoxide (CO) is released, and a luminescent dioxaborinanone (3) is formed. Notably, carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORMs) are of interest for their ability to deliver a specific amount of CO. Due to the turn-on fluorescence observed as a result of the conversion to 3, CORM 2 serves as a means to optically observe CO loss "by eye" under thermal or photochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie E Wentz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucas A Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Qiu S, Zhang X, Hu C, Chu H, Li Q, Ruiz DA, Liu LL, Tung C, Kong L. Unveiling Hetero‐Enyne Reactivity of Aryliminoboranes: Dearomative Hetero‐Diels–Alder‐Like Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205814. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Hongxu Chu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Qianli Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 China
| | - David A. Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chen‐Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Lingbing Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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15
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Qiu S, Zhang X, Hu C, Chu H, Li Q, Ruiz DA, Liu LL, Tung CH, Kong L. Unveiling Hetero‐Enyne Reactivity of Aryliminoboranes: Dearomative Hetero‐Diels‐Alder‐Like Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qiu
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Hongxu Chu
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Qianli Li
- Liaocheng University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - David A Ruiz
- Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Lingbing Kong
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 27 Shanda Nanlu 250100 Jinan CHINA
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17
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Zhang X, Liu LL. Modulating the Frontier Orbitals of an Aluminylene for Facile Dearomatization of Inert Arenes**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116658. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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18
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Ghadwal RS. Tuning the Electronic Properties of Main-Group Species by N-Heterocyclic Vinyl (NHV) Scaffolds. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:457-470. [PMID: 35042327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusMolecules and materials with easily tunable electronic structures and properties are at the forefront of contemporary research. π-Conjugation is fundamental in organic chemistry and plays a key role in the design of molecular materials. In this Account, we showcase the applicability of N-heterocyclic vinyl (NHV) substituents based on classical N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) for tuning the structure, properties, and stability of main-group species (E) via π-conjugation and/or π-donation.NHVs such as [(NHC)═CR] (R = H or aryl) are monoanionic ligands formally derived by the deprotonation of N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs), (NHC)═CHR. Further deprotonation of [(NHC)═CR] (R = H) is viable, giving rise to N-heterocyclic vinylidene (NHVD) species such as (NHC)═C. NHVs and NHVDs feature a highly polarizable exocyclic CNHC═C bond because of the presence of adjacent π-donor nitrogen atoms. The nature of the NHC, in particular the π-acceptor property, has a direct consequence on the polarity of the CNHC═C bond and hence on the magnitude of π-conjugation in the derived molecules. Thus, the electronic structure, especially the energy and shape of frontier molecular orbitals, HOMO and LUMO, of derived species can be fine-tuned by a judicious choice of the carbene unit. For instance, the HOMO of classical diphosphenes (RP═PR) (R = alkyl or aryl) is invariably the phosphorus lone-pair orbital, while the P═P π-bond is HOMO - 1 or HOMO - 2. In strong contrast, the HOMO of divinyldiphosphenes (R = NHV) is mainly the P═P π-bond. This is owing to the π-conjugation, resulting in the lowering of the LUMO and raising of the HOMO energy. They have a remarkably small HOMO-LUMO energy gap (4.15-4.50 eV) and readily undergo 1e-oxidations, giving rise to stable radical cations and dications.By employing a similar approach, one can access divinyldiarsenes and the corresponding radical cations and dications as crystalline solids. The use of divinyldiphosphenes and divinyldiarsenes as promising ligands in the stabilization of metalloradicals has been shown. By a logical selection of singlet carbenes, stable 2-phosha-1,3-butadiene and 2-arsa-1,3-butadiene compounds, as well as related radical cations and dications, can be prepared as crystalline solids.The relevance of NHV ligands as potent π-donors has been demonstrated for the stabilization of elusive electrophilic phosphinidene and arsinidene complexes {(NHV)E}Fe(CO)4 (E = P or As). Moreover, stable singlet diradicaloid [(NHC)CP]2 and p-quinodimethane derivatives [(NHC)CP2]2 based on an NHVD framework are accessible as stable solids.In this Account, a special emphasis is given to the contributions from this laboratory. The author hopes that this Account will serve as a useful reference guide for researchers interested in studying and applying NHV and NHVD scaffolds in modern molecular chemistry and materials sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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19
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Zhang X, Liu LL. Modulating the Frontier Orbitals of an Aluminylene for Facile Dearomatization of Inert Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- SUSTech: Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry 1088 Xueyuandadao 518055 Shenzhen CHINA
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20
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Schmer A, Welideniya D, Terschüren T, Schnakenburg G, Daniels J, Bauza A, Frontera A, Streubel R. A homonuclear π-system with a singlet carbene-type α and a nucleophilic β phosphorus - the first use in P-heterocyclic synthesis. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17892-17896. [PMID: 34813641 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03350f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A μ2-(η1,η2)-dinuclear diphosphene complex having two W(CO)5 groups with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione and diethyl azodicarboxylate was applied to P-heterocyclic synthesis, i.e., using a singlet carbene-type reactivity of a homonuclear π-system assisted by a haptotropic shift thus rendering a more nucleophilic β phosphorus and, hence, a subsequent ring expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmer
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Dhanushi Welideniya
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Tatjana Terschüren
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jörg Daniels
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Antonio Bauza
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. de Valldemossa, 07122 Palma, Baleares, Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. de Valldemossa, 07122 Palma, Baleares, Spain
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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21
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Siewert JE, Schumann A, Hering-Junghans C. Phosphine-catalysed reductive coupling of dihalophosphanes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15111-15117. [PMID: 34611690 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03095g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Classically tetraaryl diphosphanes have been synthesized through Wurtz-type reductive coupling of halophosphanes R2PX or more recently, through the dehydrocoupling of phosphines R2PH. Catalytic variants of the dehydrocoupling reaction have been reported, but are limited to R2PH compounds. Using PEt3 as a catalyst, we now show that TipPBr2 (Tip = 2,4,6-iPr3C6H2) is selectively coupled to give the dibromodiphosphane (TipPBr)2 (1), a compound not accessible using classic Mg reduction. Surprisingly, when using DipPBr2 (Dip = 2,6-iPr3C6H3) in the PEt3 catalysed reductive coupling the diphosphene (PDip)2 (2) with a PP double was formed selectively. In benzene solutions (PDip)2 has a half life time of ca. 28 days and can be utilized with NHCs to access NHC-phosphinidene adducts. To show that this protocol is more widely applicable, we show that Ph2PCl and Mes2PX (X = Cl, Br) are efficiently coupled using 10 mol% of PEt3 to give (Ph2P)2 and (Mes2P)2, respectively. Control experiments show that [BrPEt3]Br is a potential oxidation product in the catalytic cycle, which can be debrominated by Zn dust as a sacrificial reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Erik Siewert
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - André Schumann
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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22
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Han Z, Gates DP. Metathesis of P=C Bonds Catalyzed by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:14594-14599. [PMID: 34459044 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic metathesis of C=C bonds is a textbook reaction that has no parallel in the widely studied area of multiple bonds involving heavier p-block elements. A high-yielding P=C bond metathesis of phosphaalkenes (ArP=CPh2 , Ar=Mes, o-Tol, Ph) has been discovered that is catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC=Me2 IMe, Me2 Ii Pr). The products are cyclic oligomers formally derived from ArP=PAr [i. e. cyclo-(ArP)n ; n=3, 4, 5, 6] and Ph2 C=CPh2 . Preliminary mechanistic studies of this remarkable transformation have established NHC=PAr (Ar=Mes, o-Tol, Ph) as key phosphinidene transfer agents. In addition, novel cyclic intermediates, such as, cyclo-(ArP)2 CPh2 and cyclo-(ArP)4 CPh2 have also been observed. This work represents a rare application of non-metal-based catalysts for transformations involving main-group elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Derek P Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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23
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Sun J, Verplancke H, Schweizer JI, Diefenbach M, Würtele C, Otte M, Tkach I, Herwig C, Limberg C, Demeshko S, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Stabilizing P≡P: P22–, P2⋅–, and P20 as bridging ligands. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Löwe P, Witteler T, Dielmann F. Lewis base-free thiophosphonium ion: a cationic sulfur atom transfer reagent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5043-5046. [PMID: 33881419 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01273h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus(v) sulfide and Lawesson's reagent are commonly used thionating reagents which are considered to operate after dissociation into highly reactive dithiophosphorane fragments. We report the synthesis and properties of a monomeric thiophosphonium ion [R2P[double bond, length as m-dash]S]+. The highly electrophilic species reacts with carbonyls in oxo-for-sulfido exchange reactions at room temperature and undergoes phosphorus-chalcogen bond metathesis reactions with phosphine chalcogenides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Löwe
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 28-30, 48149 Münster (Germany), Germany.
| | - Tim Witteler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 28-30, 48149 Münster (Germany), Germany.
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 28-30, 48149 Münster (Germany), Germany. and Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria), Austria
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25
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Sharma MK, Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Danés S, Andrada DM, van Gastel M, Hinz A, Ghadwal RS. Metalloradical Cations and Dications Based on Divinyldiphosphene and Divinyldiarsene Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:5803-5809. [PMID: 33470468 PMCID: PMC8048781 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metalloradicals are key species in synthesis, catalysis, and bioinorganic chemistry. Herein, two iron radical cation complexes (3‐E)GaCl4 [(3‐E).+ = [{(IPr)C(Ph)E}2Fe(CO)3].+, E = P or As; IPr = C{(NDipp)CH}2, Dipp = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3] are reported as crystalline solids. Treatment of the divinyldipnictenes {(IPr)C(Ph)E}2 (1‐E) with Fe2(CO)9 affords [{(IPr)C(Ph)E}2Fe(CO)3] (2‐E), in which 1‐E binds to the Fe atom in an allylic (η3‐EECvinyl) fashion and functions as a 4e donor ligand. Complexes 2‐E undergo 1e oxidation with GaCl3 to yield (3‐E)GaCl4. Spin density analysis revealed that the unpaired electron in (3‐E).+ is mainly located on the Fe (52–64 %) and vinylic C (30–36 %) atoms. Further 1e oxidation of (3‐E)GaCl4 leads to unprecedented η3‐EECvinyl to η3‐ECvinylCPh coordination shuttling to form the dications (4‐E)(GaCl4)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dennis Rottschäfer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sergi Danés
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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26
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Hierlmeier G, Uttendorfer MK, Wolf R. Di- tert-butyldiphosphatetrahedrane as a building block for phosphaalkenes and phosphirenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2356-2359. [PMID: 33576360 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07103j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable 'mixed' diphosphatetrahedrane (tBuCP)2 (1) - which is both the elusive dimeric form of the phosphaalkyne tBuCP and an isolobal analogue of the important industrial feedstock P4 - was recently isolated for the first time; however, its chemistry remains unexplored. Herein we report that treatment of 1 with various N-heterocyclic carbenes readily yields unusual, unsaturated organophosphorus motifs. These results demonstrate the significant potential of 1 as a building block for the synthesis of previously unknown organophosphorus compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Hierlmeier
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Regensburg 93040, Germany.
| | - Maria K Uttendorfer
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Regensburg 93040, Germany.
| | - Robert Wolf
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Regensburg 93040, Germany.
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27
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Wang J, Wei D, Duan Z, Mathey F. Cleavage of the Inert C(sp 2)-Ar σ-Bond of Alkenes by a Spatial Constrained Interaction with Phosphinidene. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20973-20978. [PMID: 33284022 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
[1 + 2] cycloaddition is a classical reaction between the electrophilic phosphinidene and an alkene. However, a spatial constraint blocks this well-known reaction and enables an unprecedented chemoselective C(sp2)-Ar σ-bond insertion of the alkene. The theoretical calculations demonstrate that this C-C bond cleavage is energetically feasible and thermodynamically favored through an electrophilic rearrangement and concomitant 1,9-aryl migration without involving any strained intermediate.
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Wang M, Yang T, Tian R, Wei D, Duan Z, Mathey F. The chemistry of phosphirane-substituted phosphinidene complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9707-9710. [PMID: 32699865 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04501b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thermolysis of the 1,1'-biphosphirane pentacarbonylmetal complex offers access to 3,4-dihydro-1,2-diphosphete and diphosphorus (P2) intermediates. A control reaction proves that this step-wise reaction is initiated by the dissociation of a W(CO)5 group. DFT calculations predict that further transformations proceed via a transient phosphiranylphosphinidene complex. The formation of the 3,4-dihydro-1,2-diphosphete derivative is thermodynamically favored, while a kinetic process provides the diphosphorus (P2) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Tingting Yang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - François Mathey
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
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Sarbajna A, Swamy VSVSN, Gessner VH. Phosphorus-ylides: powerful substituents for the stabilization of reactive main group compounds. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2016-2024. [PMID: 34163963 PMCID: PMC8179322 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03278f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus ylides are 1,2-dipolar compounds with a negative charge on the carbon atom. This charge is stabilized by the neighbouring onium moiety, but can also be shifted towards other substituents thus making ylides strong π donor ligands and hence ideal substituents to stabilize reactive compounds such as cations and low-valent main group species. Furthermore, the donor strength and the steric properties can easily be tuned to meet different requirements for stabilizing reactive compounds and for tailoring the properties and reactivities of the main group element. Although the use of ylide substituents in main group chemistry is still in its infancy, the first examples of isolated compounds impressively demonstrate the potential of these ligands. This review summarizes the most important discoveries also in comparison to other substituents, thus outlining avenues for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Sarbajna
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - V S V S N Swamy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Viktoria H Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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Guo R, Jiang J, Hu C, Liu LL, Cui P, Zhao M, Ke Z, Tung CH, Kong L. BNN-1,3-dipoles: isolation and intramolecular cycloaddition with unactivated arenes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7053-7059. [PMID: 34122998 PMCID: PMC8159347 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02162h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mono-base-stabilized 1,2-diboranylidenehydrazine derivatives featuring a 1,3-dipolar BNN skeleton are obtained by dehydrobromination of [ArB(Br)NH]2 (Ar = 2,6-diphenylphenyl (Dpp), Ar = 2,6-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phenyl (Dmp) or Ar = 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl (Mes*)) with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). Depending on the Ar substituents, such species can be isolated as a crystalline solid (Ar = Mes*) or generated as reactive intermediates undergoing spontaneous intramolecular aminoboration of the proximal arene rings via [3 + 2] cycloaddition (Ar = Dpp or Dmp). The latter reactions showcase the 1,3-dipolar reactivity toward unactivated arenes at ambient temperature. In addition, double cycloaddition of the isolable BNN species with two CO2 molecules affords a bicyclic species consisting of two fused five-membered BN2CO rings. The electronic structures of these BNN species and the mechanisms of these cascade reactions are interrogated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Jingxing Jiang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Ping Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Meihua Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Lingbing Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China .,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
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31
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Hupf E, Kaiser F, Lummis PA, Roy MMD, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Kühn FE, Rivard E. Linking Low-Coordinate Ge(II) Centers via Bridging Anionic N-Heterocyclic Olefin Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:1592-1601. [PMID: 31247823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a large-scale synthesis of a sterically encumbered N-heterocyclic olefin (NHO) and illustrate the ability of its deprotonated form to act as an anionic four-electron bridging ligand. The resulting multicenter donating ability has been used to link two low oxidation state Ge(II) centers in close proximity, leading to bridging Ge-Cl-Ge and Ge-H-Ge bonding environments supported by Ge2C2 heterocyclic manifolds. Reduction of a dimeric [RGeCl]2 species (R = anionic NHO, [(MeCNDipp)2C═CH]-; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) did not give the expected acyclic RGeGeR analogue of an alkyne, but rather ligand migration/disproportionation transpired to yield the known diorganogermylene R2Ge and Ge metal. This process was examined computationally, and the ability of the reported anionic NHO to undergo atom migration chemistry contrasts with what is typically found with bulky monoanionic ligands (such as terphenyl ligands).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Hupf
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Felix Kaiser
- Catalysis Research Center and Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraβe 4 , 85748 Garching bei München , Germany
| | - Paul A Lummis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Matthew M D Roy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Fritz E Kühn
- Catalysis Research Center and Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraβe 4 , 85748 Garching bei München , Germany
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
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32
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Sharma MK, Blomeyer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hinz A, van Gastel M, Ghadwal RS. Isolation of singlet carbene derived 2-arsa-1,3-butadiene radical cations and dications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3575-3578. [PMID: 32104835 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00624f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
2-Arsa-1,3-butadienes (L)As(cAACR) (L = PhC[double bond, length as m-dash]C{(NDipp)CH}2, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; cAACR = C{(NDipp)CMe2CH2C(R)}, R = Me22a, R = cyclohexyl (Cy) 2b) and the corresponding radical cations [(L)As(cAACR)]GaCl4 (R = Me23a, Cy 3b) and dications [(L)As(cAACR)](GaCl4)2 (R = Me 4a, Cy 4b) featuring a C[double bond, length as m-dash]C-As[double bond, length as m-dash]C π-conjugated framework are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, D-45470, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Liu LL, Zhou J, Cao LL, Stephan DW. Phosphaaluminirenes: Synthons for Main Group Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16971-16982. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Levy L. Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Chen X, Li Z, Frenking G, Fernández I, Zhao L, Grützmacher H. Bent Phosphaallenes With "Hidden" Lone Pairs as Ligands. Chemistry 2019; 25:7912-7920. [PMID: 30927503 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphaheteroallenes R-P=C=L, with L = N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), can be viewed to a certain extent as phosphaisonitriles stabilized with NHCs, R-P=C:←L. The suitability of these molecules as ligands for coinage-metal ions was investigated and coordination through the central carbon center was observed in most cases. A combination of experiments, spectroscopic methods, and DFT calculations indicates the presence of a hidden electron pair at the carbon center of R-P=C:←L. Remarkably, this lone pair also inserts intramolecularly in C-H bonds showing the carbene-type reactivity which is expected for phosphaisonitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhongshu Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 30071, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I,Centro de Innovación en, Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 30071, Tianjin, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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Kim Y, Liu LL, Stephan DW. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Derived 3-Azabutadiene as a π-Base in Classic and Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:7110-7113. [PMID: 30968983 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) derived 3-azabutadienes 1 and 2 have been prepared by a single-step reaction of the corresponding NHC with cyclohexyl isocyanide. Compound 1 features π-basic, delocalized nucleophilic sites over the 3-azabutadiene moiety, therefore allowing for coordinating with small Lewis acids, such as AlCl3 , GaCl3 , and Me2 SAuCl, to form diverse classic Lewis adducts 3-5. Combination of 1 with B(C6 F5 )3 or [Ph3 C][B(C6 F5 )4 ] resulted in single-electron transfer and the obtained radical cation was detected by EPR. In addition, a frustrated Lewis pair comprised of the π-basic 1 and BPh3 effects the splitting of the O-H bond of phenol and the N-H bond of imidazole to give 7 and 8, respectively. An intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) analysis of the pathway leading to 8 showcases the transformation of the delocalized π-electrons of 1 to a newly formed C-H localized σ-bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St. Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St. Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St. Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
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36
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Sharma MK, Blomeyer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Crystalline Divinyldiarsenes and Cleavage of the As=As Bond. Chemistry 2019; 25:8249-8253. [PMID: 31017700 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The first divinyldiarsenes [{(NHC)C(Ph)}As]2 (NHC=IPr 3 a, SIPr 3 b; IPr=C{(NAr)CH}2 ; SIPr=C{(NAr)CH2 }2 ; Ar=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) are reported. Compounds 3 a and 3 b were prepared by the reduction of corresponding chlorides {(NHC)C(Ph)}AsCl2 (NHC=IPr 2 a, SIPr 2 b) with Mg. Calculations revealed a small HOMO-LUMO energy gap of 3.86 (3 a) and 4.24 eV (3 b). Treatment of 3 a with (Me2 S)AuCl led to the cleavage of the As=As bond to restore 2 a, which is expected to proceed via the diarsane [{(IPr)C(Ph)}AsCl]2 (4). Remarkably, 4 as well as 2 a can be selectively accessed on treatment of 3 a with an appropriate amount of C2 Cl6 . Moreover, 3 a readily reacts with PhEEPh (E=Se or Te) at room temperature to give {(IPr)C(Ph)}As(EPh)2 (E=Se 5 a; Te 5 b), revealing the cleavage of As=As and E-E bonds and the formation of As-E bonds. Such highly selective stepwise oxidation (3 a→4→2 a) and bond metathesis (3 a→5 a,b) reactions are unprecedented in main-group chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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37
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Rottschäfer D, Sharma MK, Neumann B, Stammler H, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. A Modular Access to Divinyldiphosphenes with a Strikingly Small HOMO–LUMO Energy Gap. Chemistry 2019; 25:8127-8134. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Mahendra K. Sharma
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des Saarlandes Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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38
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Liu LL, Zhou J, Cao LL, Kim Y, Stephan DW. Reversible Intramolecular Cycloaddition of Phosphaalkene to an Arene Ring. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8083-8087. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Levy L. Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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39
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Liu LL, Zhou J, Kim Y, Cao LL, Stephan DW. Oligomerization of phosphaalkynes mediated by bulky N-heterocyclic carbenes: avenues to novel phosphorus frameworks. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14242-14245. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03185e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of RCP (R = tBu or Ad (admantyl)) with NHCs (SIMes, 1a; IMes, 1b and IDipp, 1d), leading to 1,2,3-triphosphetenes 2 and 3, a triphosphole 4, and a di-1,2-dihydro-1,2-diphosphete-substituted diphosphene 5, are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Levy L. Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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40
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Sharma MK, Rottschäfer D, Blomeyer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, van Gastel M, Hinz A, Ghadwal RS. Diphosphene radical cations and dications with a π-conjugated C 2P 2C 2-framework. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10408-10411. [PMID: 31403648 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04701h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of the crystalline diphosphene radical cations [{(NHC)C(Ph)}P]2(GaCl4) (NHC = IPr = C{(NDipp)CH}23, SIPr = C{(NDipp)CH2}24; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) and dications [{(NHC)C(Ph)}P]2(GaCl4)2 (NHC = IPr 5, SIPr 6) featuring a π-conjugated C2P2C2-framework has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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