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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2021-2022. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 38925550 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates is a well-established technique and this review is the 12th update of the original article published in 1999 and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2022. As with previous review, this review also includes a few papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review follows the same format as previous reviews. It is divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of computer software for structural identification. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other general areas such as medicine, industrial processes, natural products and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis, particularly in its ability to produce single ions from each analyte and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Yamaura H, Shimoyama A, Hosomi K, Kabayama K, Kunisawa J, Fukase K. Chemical Synthesis of Acetobacter pasteurianus Lipid A with a Unique Tetrasaccharide Backbone and Evaluation of Its Immunological Functions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402922. [PMID: 38581637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell surface component of Gram-negative bacteria, activates innate immunity. Its active principle is the terminal glycolipid lipid A. Acetobacter pasteurianus is a Gram-negative bacterium used in the fermentation of traditional Japanese black rice vinegar (kurozu). In this study, we focused on A. pasteurianus lipid A, which is a potential immunostimulatory component of kurozu. The active principle structure of A. pasteurianus lipid A has not yet been identified. Herein, we first systematically synthesized three types of A. pasteurianus lipid As containing a common and unique tetrasaccharide backbone. We developed an efficient method for constructing the 2-trehalosamine skeleton utilizing borinic acid-catalyzed glycosylation to afford 1,1'-α,α-glycoside in high yield and stereoselectivity. A common tetrasaccharide intermediate with an orthogonal protecting group pattern was constructed via [2+2] glycosylation. After introducing various fatty acids, all protecting groups were removed to achieve the first chemical synthesis of three distinct types of A. pasteurianus lipid As. After evaluating their immunological function using both human and murine cell lines, we identified the active principles of A. pasteurianus LPS. We also found the unique anomeric structure of A. pasteurianus lipid A contributes to its high chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Yamaura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, 560-0043, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 567-0085, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, 560-0043, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, 565-0871, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, 560-0043, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 567-0085, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kabayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, 560-0043, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, 560-0043, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 567-0085, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, 560-0043, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, 560-0043, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, 565-0871, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, 560-0043, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Paul B, Siddaramappa S. Comparative analysis of the diversity of trinucleotide repeats in bacterial genomes. Genome 2024. [PMID: 38593473 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2023-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The human gut is the most favorable niche for microbial populations, and few studies have explored the possibilities of horizontal gene transfer between host and pathogen. Trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansion in humans can cause more than 40 neurodegenerative diseases. Further, TNRs are a type of microsatellite that resides on coding regions can contribute to the synthesis of homopolymeric amino acids. Hence, the present study aims to estimate the occurrence and diversity of TNRs in bacterial genomes available in the NCBI Genome database. Genome-wide analyses revealed that several bacterial genomes contain different types of uninterrupted TNRs. It was found that TNRs are abundant in the genomes of Alcaligenes faecalis, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma genitalium, Sorangium cellulosum, and Thermus thermophilus. Interestingly, the genome of Bacillus thuringiensis strain YBT-1518 contained 169 uninterrupted ATT repeats. The genome of Leclercia adecarboxylata had 46 uninterrupted CAG repeats, which potentially translate into polyglutamine. In some instances, the TNRs were present in genes that potentially encode essential functions. Similar occurrences in human genes are known to cause genetic disorders. Further analysis of the occurrence of TNRs in bacterial genomes is likely to provide a better understanding of mismatch repair, genetic disorders, host-pathogen interaction, and homopolymeric amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Paul
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivakumara Siddaramappa
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India
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Verpalen ECJM, Brouwer AJ, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of Lipid A Derivatives to Modulate Cytokine Responses. Chemistry 2024:e202400429. [PMID: 38587187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Agonists of Toll like receptors (TLRs) have attracted interest as adjuvants and immune modulators. A crystal structure of TLR4/MD2 with E. coli LPS indicates that the fatty acid at C-2 of the lipid A component of LPS induces dimerization of two TLR4-MD2 complexes, which in turn initiates cell signaling leading to the production of (pro)inflammatory cytokines. To probe the importance of the (R)-3-hydroxymyristate at C-2 of lipid A, a range of bis- and mono-phosphoryl lipid A derivatives with different modifications at C-2 were prepared by a strategy in which 2-methylnaphthyl ethers were employed as permanent protecting group that could be readily removed by catalytic hydrogenation. The C-2 amine was protected as 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbamate, which at a later stage could be removed to give a free amine that was modified by different fatty acids. LPS and the synthetic lipid As induced the same cytokines, however, large differences in activity were observed. A compound having a hexanoyl moiety at C-2 still showed agonistic properties, but further shortening to a butanoyl abolished activity. The modifications had a larger influence on monophosphoryl lipid As. The lipid As having a butanoyl moiety at C-2 could selectively antagonize TRIF associated cytokines induced by LPS or lipid A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico C J M Verpalen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arwin J Brouwer
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet A Wolfert
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Chemistry Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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5
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Hilmayanti E, Huang X, Salam S, Nurlelasari, Supratman U, Kabayama K, Fukase K. In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Study of Limonoids Isolated from Chisocheton Plants. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:909-922. [PMID: 38275672 PMCID: PMC10814725 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Chisocheton plants from the family Meliaceae have traditionally been used to treat several diseases; however, scientific evidence is limited. The most abundant chemical constituents of this plant are the limonoids, which are known for their various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory effects. However, the anti-inflammatory effects and underlying mechanisms of action of the constituents of Chisocheton plants have not been fully explored. In this report, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of 17 limonoid compounds from Chisocheton plant primarily by measuring their inhibitory effects on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1, in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells using an ELISA assay. Compounds 3, 5, 9, and 14-17 exhibited significant activity in inhibiting the evaluated pro-inflammatory markers, with IC50 values less than 20 µM and a high selectivity index (SI) range. Compounds 3, 5, 9, and 15 significantly suppressed the expression of phosphorylated p38 MAPK in THP-1 cells stimulated with LPS. These findings support the use of limonoids from Chisocheton plants as promising candidates for anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Hilmayanti
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Xuhao Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Supriatno Salam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda 75123, Indonesia
| | - Nurlelasari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Unang Supratman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
- Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Kazuya Kabayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
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6
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Xiao Z, Yan C, Jia C, Li Y, Li Y, Li J, Yang X, Zhan X, Ma C. Structural characterization of chia seed polysaccharides and evaluation of its immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities. Food Chem X 2023; 20:101011. [PMID: 38144771 PMCID: PMC10740084 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to extract an active heteropolysaccharide Chia seed polysaccharide (CSP-A) and further purified by DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow and Sepharose CL-6B chromatographic column, characterize its structure, and evaluate its antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. Structural analysis revealed that CSP-A was composed of d-mannose, d-glucuronic acid and d-xylose in a molar ratio of 1:3:4 with molecular weight of 1.688 × 105 Da, owning 4 sugar residues of β-d-Manp-(1→, →4)-α-d-GlcpA-(1→, →2,4)-β-d-Xylp-(1→, and → 4)-β-d-Manp-(1 →. Congo red assay and microscopic characteristics showed that CSP-A in its solution may possess a helical conformation. In vitro experiments showed that CSP-A had moderate DPPH· and OH· scavenging activities. CSP-A also enhanced the phagocytosis ability of RAW 264.7 cells and prompted the release of NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β from RAW 264.7 cells, which indicated CSP-A had immune regulation effect. This experiment provides scientific basis for further utilization and development of chia seeds, a kind of functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Xiao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Changyang Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chunxue Jia
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Yuanlin Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xueyan Zhan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Changhua Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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7
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Wang X, Xiao G. Recent Advances in Chemical Synthesis of Structural Domains of Lipopolysaccharides from the Commensal Gut-Associated Microbiota. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300552. [PMID: 37731010 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides from the commensal gut-associated microbiota are interesting biomolecules for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. Different from pathogenic lipopolysaccharides, commensal lipopolysaccharides have distinct chemical structures and mediate beneficial homeostasis with the immune system of the host. However, the accessibility issues of homogenous and pure commensal lipopolysaccharides hampered the in-depth studies of their functions. In this concept article, we highlight the recent synthesis of lipopolysaccharides from gut-associated lymphoid-tissue-resident Alcaligenes faecalis and Bacteroides vulgatus, which hopes to inspire the more efforts devoting to these fantastic biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Kunming University, 2 Puxing Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, China
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8
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Oka S, Watanabe M, Ito E, Takeyama A, Matsuoka T, Takahashi M, Izumi Y, Arichi N, Ohno H, Yamasaki S, Inuki S. Archaeal Glycerolipids Are Recognized by C-Type Lectin Receptor Mincle. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18538-18548. [PMID: 37555666 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, various metabolites derived from host microbes have been reported to modulate the immune system, with potential involvement in health or diseases. Archaea, prokaryotic organisms, are present in the human body, but their connection with the host is largely unknown when compared to other microorganisms such as bacteria. This study focused on unique glycerolipids from symbiotic methanogenic archaea and evaluated their activities toward an innate immune receptor. The results revealed that archaeal lipids were recognized by the C-type lectin receptor Mincle and induced immune responses. A concurrent structure-activity relationship study identified the key structural features of archaeal lipids required for recognition by Mincle. Subsequent gene expression profiling suggested qualitative differences between the symbiotic archaeal lipid and the pathogenic bacteria-derived lipid. These findings have broad implications for understanding the function of symbiotic archaea in host health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Oka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Miyuki Watanabe
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Emi Ito
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ami Takeyama
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuro Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masatomo Takahashi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Norihito Arichi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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9
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Fux AC, Casonato Melo C, Michelini S, Swartzwelter BJ, Neusch A, Italiani P, Himly M. Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098395. [PMID: 37176105 PMCID: PMC10179214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also referred to as endotoxin, is the major component of Gram-negative bacteria's outer cell wall. It is one of the main types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are known to elicit severe immune reactions in the event of a pathogen trespassing the epithelial barrier and reaching the bloodstream. Associated symptoms include fever and septic shock, which in severe cases, might even lead to death. Thus, the detection of LPS in medical devices and injectable pharmaceuticals is of utmost importance. However, the term LPS does not describe one single molecule but a diverse class of molecules sharing one common feature: their characteristic chemical structure. Each bacterial species has its own pool of LPS molecules varying in their chemical composition and enabling the aggregation into different supramolecular structures upon release from the bacterial cell wall. As this heterogeneity has consequences for bioassays, we aim to examine the great variability of LPS molecules and their potential to form various supramolecular structures. Furthermore, we describe current LPS quantification methods and the LPS-dependent inflammatory pathway and show how LPS heterogeneity can affect them. With the intent of overcoming these challenges and moving towards a universal approach for targeting LPS, we review current studies concerning LPS-specific binders. Finally, we give perspectives for LPS research and the use of LPS-binding molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Fux
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Cristiane Casonato Melo
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Sara Michelini
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Benjamin J Swartzwelter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1601 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Andreas Neusch
- Experimental Medical Physics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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10
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Sun X, Hosomi K, Shimoyama A, Yoshii K, Lan H, Wang Y, Yamaura H, Nagatake T, Ishii KJ, Akira S, Kiyono H, Fukase K, Kunisawa J. TLR4 agonist activity of Alcaligenes lipid a utilizes MyD88 and TRIF signaling pathways for efficient antigen presentation and T cell differentiation by dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109852. [PMID: 36806039 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Alcaligenes faecalis was previously identified as an intestinal lymphoid tissue-resident commensal bacteria, and our subsequent studies showed that lipopolysaccharide and its core active element (i.e., lipid A) have a potent adjuvant activity to promote preferentially antigen-specific Th17 response and antibody production. Here, we compared A. faecalis lipid A (ALA) with monophosphoryl lipid A, a licensed lipid A-based adjuvant, to elucidate the immunological mechanism underlying the adjuvant properties of ALA. Compared with monophosphoryl lipid A, ALA induced higher levels of MHC class II molecules and costimulatory CD40, CD80, and CD86 on dendritic cells (DCs), which in turn resulted in strong T cell activation. Moreover, ALA more effectively promoted the production of IL-6 and IL-23 from DCs than did monophosphoryl lipid A, thus leading to preferential induction of Th17 and Th1 cells. As underlying mechanisms, we found that the ALA-TLR4 axis stimulated both MyD88- and TRIF-mediated signaling pathways, whereas monophosphoryl lipid A was biased toward TRIF signaling. These findings revealed the effects of ALA on DCs and T cells and its induction pattern on signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Collaborative Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Collaborative Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimoyama
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Collaborative Research between NIBIOHN and Graduate School of Science, Forefront Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Yoshii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Collaborative Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Huangwenxian Lan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Collaborative Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yunru Wang
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Collaborative Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruki Yamaura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagatake
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Collaborative Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, United States; Chiba University (CU)-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), UCSD, San Diego, CA, United States; Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan; Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Collaborative Research between NIBIOHN and Graduate School of Science, Forefront Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Collaborative Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Collaborative Research between NIBIOHN and Graduate School of Science, Forefront Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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11
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Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell surface component of Gram-negative bacteria, and its active principle, lipid A, have immunostimulatory properties and thus potential to act as adjuvants. However, canonical LPS acts as an endotoxin by hyperstimulating the immune response. Therefore, it is necessary to structurally modify LPS and lipid A to minimize toxicity while maintaining adjuvant effects for use as vaccine adjuvants. Various studies have focused on the chemical synthetic method of lipid As and their structure-activity relationship, which are reviewed in this chapter.
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12
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Pither MD, Silipo A, Molinaro A, Di Lorenzo F. Extraction, Purification, and Chemical Degradation of LPS from Gut Microbiota Strains. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2613:153-179. [PMID: 36587078 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2910-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that more than 500 different bacterial species colonize the human gut, and they are collectively known as the gut microbiota. Such a massive bacterial presence is now considered an additional organ of the human body, thus becoming the object of an intense and daily growing research activity. Gram-negative bacteria represent a large percentage of the gut microbiota strains. The main constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negatives is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Since its first discovery, LPS has been extensively studied for its structure-dependent capability to elicit a potent immune inflammatory reaction when perceived by specific immune receptors present in our body. Therefore, traditionally, LPS, due to its peculiar chemistry, has been associated with pathogenic bacteria, and it has been extensively studied for its dangerous effects on human health. However, LPS is also expressed on the cell surface of harmless and beneficial bacteria that colonize our intestines. This necessarily implies that the LPS from harmless gut microbes is "chemically different" from that owned by pathogenic ones, hence enabling successful colonization of the intestinal tract without creating a threat to the host immune system. Deciphering the structural features of LPS from these gut bacteria is essential to improve our still scarce knowledge of how the human host lives in a harmonious relationship with its own microbiota. To this end, LPS extraction and purification are essential steps in this field of research. Yet working with gut bacteria is extremely complex for a number of reasons, one being related to the fact that they produce an array of other glycans and glycoconjugates, such as capsular polysaccharides and/or exopolysaccharides, which render the isolation and characterization of the sole LPS not at all trivial. Here, we provide a protocol that might help when dealing with LPS from gut microbial species. We describe the preliminary manipulations and checks, extraction, and purification approaches, as well as the necessary chemical manipulations that should be performed to enable the characterization of the structure of an LPS by means of techniques like nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Dorothy Pither
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy.
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13
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Ohashi T, Nagashima M, Kawai N, Ohmagari N, Tateda K. A narrative review on drug development for the management of antimicrobial- resistant infection crisis in Japan: the past, present, and future. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1603-1614. [PMID: 36368311 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2142118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health requiring continuous development of new antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial research and development (R&D) should be promoted in the pharmaceutical industry and academia to ensure sustainable patient access to new treatment options and reduce the global AMR burden. AREAS COVERED This review describes the historical challenges in novel antimicrobial drug development in Japan, current national efforts to promote the development, and proposals to effectively manage future AMR pandemics. Literature searches were performed in the PubMed database (from inception to January 2022). EXPERT OPINION R&D activities in the antimicrobial space in Japan have been insufficient due to multiple factors, including unfavorable cost-profit balance and differences in regulatory requirements between Japan and Western countries. However, the situation is improving with the implementation of the Japanese AMR action plan, drug R&D programs led by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, and efforts of regulatory agencies in the United States, Europe, and Japan in aligning and expediting the clinical development process. Further actions during the interpandemic period will strengthen antimicrobial R&D, including international and interdisciplinary collaboration, continued funding and investment with the national government's leadership, and fostering of new-generation academic research leaders.PLAINLANGUAGE SUMMARYEvery year, many people suffer and die of antimicrobial-resistant infections worldwide. New treatment options are required to tackle antimicrobial-resistant infections; however, pharmaceutical companies have not been very active in developing antimicrobial agents in the last two decades. This was mainly due to the difficulty in discovering new and effective compounds and insufficient funds being spent on drug discovery. In addition, differences in drug development requirements between the United States (US), Europe, and Japan have made it difficult for Japanese pharmaceutical companies to develop antimicrobial agents that can be used in all regions in a timely manner. In the last decade, several measures have been taken to re-activate antimicrobial research and development in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as in academia, in Japan. These measures include a national action plan to combat antimicrobial-resistant infections and research support programs led by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development. Regulatory authorities in the US, Europe, and Japan have initiated efforts to expedite the development of drugs to treat infections. Moreover, pathways for accelerated regulatory review have been established to reduce the time taken for new drugs to be approved, and this has already been applied to several new anti-infective drugs. To combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the development of novel vaccines and antiviral drugs has been accelerated with unprecedented speed. Additional actions, such as international research collaboration programs and investment in new antimicrobial development, may help promote antimicrobial research and development activities in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tateda
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Huang TY, Yang FL, Chiu HW, Chao HC, Yang YJ, Sheu JH, Hua KF, Wu SH. An Immunological Polysaccharide from Tremella fuciformis: Essential Role of Acetylation in Immunomodulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810392. [PMID: 36142298 PMCID: PMC9499394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The edible fungus Tremella fuciformis was shown to have a high molecular weight (1.87 × 103 kDa) bioactive polysaccharide, denoted as TFP-F1. Monosaccharide composition and NMR analysis of the polysaccharide and its derivatives indicated it contained fucose (Fucp), xylose (Xylp), mannose (Manp), and glucuronic acid (GlcAp) in a ratio of 0.9:1.0:3.2:1.2. Using IR, NMR, and GC-MS spectroscopic data, the structure of TFP-F1 was elucidated as {→3)-[β-D-GlcAp-(1→2)]-α-D-Manp-(1→3)-α-D-Manp-(1→3)-[α-L-Fucp-(1→2)-β-D-Xylp-(1→2)]-α-D-Manp-(1→}n, with partial acetylation of C6-OH in mannoses. Furthermore, at a concentration of 1 μg/mL, TFP-F1 was found to stimulate the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in J774A.1 macrophage cells in vitro via interaction with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The removal of O-acetyl groups led to the loss of immunomodulatory activities, demonstrating that O-acetyl groups play an essential role in enhancing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yin Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Ling Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wen Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chu Chao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiung Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-(02)-2785-5696; Fax: +886-(02)-2653-9142
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15
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Utilization of gut environment-mediated control system of host immunity in the development of vaccine adjuvants. Vaccine 2022; 40:5399-5403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Lee IM, Huang TY, Yang FL, Johansson V, Hsu CR, Hsieh PF, Chen ST, Yang YJ, Konradsson P, Sheu JH, Wang JT, Wu SH. A hexasaccharide from capsular polysaccharide of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae KN2 is a ligand of Toll-like receptor 4. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118944. [PMID: 34973762 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype KN2 is a carbapenem-resistant strain and leads to the health care-associated infections, such as bloodstream infections. Its capsular polysaccharide (CPS) was isolated and cleaved by a specific enzyme from a bacteriophage into a hexasaccharide-repeating unit. With GC-MS, NMR, and Mass analyses, the structure of KN2 CPS was determined to be {→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→3)-[α-D-GlcpA-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→6)]-α-D-Galp-(1→6)-β-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→}n. We demonstrated that 1 μg/mL CPS could stimulate J774A.1 murine macrophages to release tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in vitro. Also, we proved that KN2 CPS induced the immune response through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells. Strikingly, the hexasaccharide alone shows the same immune response as the CPS, suggesting that the hexasaccharide can shape the adaptive immunity to be a potential vaccine adjuvant. The glucuronic acid (GlcA) on other polysaccharides can affect the immune response, but the GlcA-reduced KN2 CPS and hexasaccharide still maintain their immunomodulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ming Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yin Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Ling Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Victor Johansson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Chun-Ru Hsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Tai Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peter Konradsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Town Wang
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiung Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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17
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Liu X, Lin Y, Liu A, Sun Q, Sun H, Xu P, Li G, Song Y, Xie W, Sun H, Yu B, Li W. 2‐Diphenylphosphinonyl
‐acetyl as a Remote Directing Group for the Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of
β‐Glycosides. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Yetong Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Ao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Huiyong Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Guolong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Yingying Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Weijia Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
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18
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Liu Z, Hosomi K, Shimoyama A, Yoshii K, Sun X, Lan H, Wang Y, Yamaura H, Kenneth D, Saika A, Nagatake T, Kiyono H, Fukase K, Kunisawa J. Chemically Synthesized Alcaligenes Lipid A as an Adjuvant to Augment Immune Responses to Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Conjugate Vaccine. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:763657. [PMID: 34744743 PMCID: PMC8569242 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.763657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified Alcaligenes spp. as a commensal bacterium that resides in lymphoid tissues, including Peyer’s patches. We found that Alcaligenes-derived lipopolysaccharide acted as a weak agonist of Toll-like receptor four due to the unique structure of lipid A, which lies in the core of lipopolysaccharide. This feature allowed the use of chemically synthesized Alcaligenes lipid A as a safe synthetic vaccine adjuvant that induces Th17 polarization to enhance systemic IgG and respiratory IgA responses to T-cell–dependent antigens (e.g., ovalbumin and pneumococcal surface protein A) without excessive inflammation. Here, we examined the adjuvant activity of Alcaligenes lipid A on a Haemophilus influenzae B conjugate vaccine that contains capsular polysaccharide polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP), a T-cell–independent antigen, conjugated with the T-cell–dependent tetanus toxoid (TT) antigen (i.e., PRP-TT). When mice were subcutaneously immunized with PRP alone or mixed with TT, Alcaligenes lipid A did not affect PRP-specific IgG production. In contrast, PRP-specific serum IgG responses were enhanced when mice were immunized with PRP-TT, but these responses were impaired in similarly immunized T-cell—deficient nude mice. Furthermore, TT-specific—but not PRP-specific—T-cell activation occurred in mice immunized with PRP-TT together with Alcaligenes lipid A. In addition, coculture with Alcaligenes lipid A promoted significant proliferation of and enhanced antibody production by B cells. Together, these findings suggest that Alcaligenes lipid A exerts an adjuvant activity on thymus-independent Hib polysaccharide antigen in the presence of a T-cell–dependent conjugate carrier antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilai Liu
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Ken Yoshii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Xiao Sun
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Huangwenxian Lan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yunru Wang
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Haruki Yamaura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Davie Kenneth
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Azusa Saika
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagatake
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, United States.,Chiba University (CU)-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), UCSD, San Diego, CA, United States.,Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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19
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Liu Z, Xu N, Zhao L, Yu J, Zhang P. Bifunctional lipids in tumor vaccines: An outstanding delivery carrier and promising immune stimulator. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121078. [PMID: 34500059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is still a major threat for human life, and the cancer immunotherapy can be more optimized to prolong life. However, the effect of immunotherapy is not encouraging. In order to achieve outstanding immune effect, it is necessary to strengthen antigens uptake of antigen presenting cells. Adjuvants were added to vaccines to achieve this purpose, which could be divided into two types: as an immunostimulatory molecule, the innate immunities of the body were triggered; or as a delivery carrier, and antigens were cross-delivery through the "cytoplasmic pathway" and released at a specific location. This paper reviewed the relevant research status of tumor vaccine immune adjuvants in recent years. Among the review, the function, combination strategies and derivatives of lipid A were discussed in detail. In addition, some suggestions on the existing problems and research direction of lipids as tumor vaccine adjuvants were put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Na Xu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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20
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Shimoyama A, Fukase K. Lipid A-Mediated Bacterial-Host Chemical Ecology: Synthetic Research of Bacterial Lipid As and Their Development as Adjuvants. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206294. [PMID: 34684874 PMCID: PMC8538916 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial cell surface component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its active principle, lipid A, exhibit immunostimulatory effects and have the potential to act as adjuvants. However, canonical LPS acts as an endotoxin by hyperstimulating the immune response. Therefore, LPS and lipid A must be structurally modified to minimize their toxic effects while maintaining their adjuvant effect for application as vaccine adjuvants. In the field of chemical ecology research, various biological phenomena occurring among organisms are considered molecular interactions. Recently, the hypothesis has been proposed that LPS and lipid A mediate bacterial-host chemical ecology to regulate various host biological phenomena, mainly immunity. Parasitic and symbiotic bacteria inhabiting the host are predicted to possess low-toxicity immunomodulators due to the chemical structural changes of their LPS caused by co-evolution with the host. Studies on the chemical synthesis and functional evaluation of their lipid As have been developed to test this hypothesis and to apply them to low-toxicity and safe adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shimoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (K.F.)
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21
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Di Lorenzo F, Duda KA, Lanzetta R, Silipo A, De Castro C, Molinaro A. A Journey from Structure to Function of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides. Chem Rev 2021; 122:15767-15821. [PMID: 34286971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a crucial constituent of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria, playing a fundamental role in the protection of bacteria from environmental stress factors, in drug resistance, in pathogenesis, and in symbiosis. During the last decades, LPS has been thoroughly dissected, and massive information on this fascinating biomolecule is now available. In this Review, we will give the reader a third millennium update of the current knowledge of LPS with key information on the inherent peculiar carbohydrate chemistry due to often puzzling sugar residues that are uniquely found on it. Then, we will drive the reader through the complex and multifarious immunological outcomes that any given LPS can raise, which is strictly dependent on its chemical structure. Further, we will argue about issues that still remain unresolved and that would represent the immediate future of LPS research. It is critical to address these points to complete our notions on LPS chemistry, functions, and roles, in turn leading to innovative ways to manipulate the processes involving such a still controversial and intriguing biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Katarzyna A Duda
- Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 4a, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 96, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Osaka University Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Wang Y, Hosomi K, Shimoyama A, Yoshii K, Nagatake T, Fujimoto Y, Kiyono H, Fukase K, Kunisawa J. Lipopolysaccharide Derived From the Lymphoid-Resident Commensal Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Functions as an Effective Nasal Adjuvant to Augment IgA Antibody and Th17 Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:699349. [PMID: 34276692 PMCID: PMC8281128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.699349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcaligenes spp., including A. faecalis, is a gram-negative facultative bacterium uniquely residing inside the Peyer's patches. We previously showed that A. faecalis-derived lipopolysaccharides (Alcaligenes LPS) acts as a weak agonist of toll-like receptor 4 to activate dendritic cells and shows adjuvant activity by enhancing IgG and Th17 responses to systemic vaccination. Here, we examined the efficacy of Alcaligenes LPS as a nasal vaccine adjuvant. Nasal immunization with ovalbumin (OVA) plus Alcaligenes LPS induced follicular T helper cells and germinal center formation in the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and cervical lymph nodes (CLNs), and consequently enhanced OVA-specific IgA and IgG responses in the respiratory tract and serum. In addition, nasal immunization with OVA plus Alcaligenes LPS induced OVA-specific T cells producing IL-17 and/or IL-10, whereas nasal immunization with OVA plus cholera toxin (CT) induced OVA-specific T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17, which are recognized as pathogenic type of Th17 cells. In addition, CT, but not Alcaligenes LPS, promoted the production of TNF-α and IL-5 by T cells. Nasal immunization with OVA plus CT, but not Alcaligenes LPS, led to increased numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils in the nasal cavity. Together, these findings indicate that the benign nature of Alcaligenes LPS is an effective nasal vaccine adjuvant that induces antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses without activation of inflammatory cascade after nasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunru Wang
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ken Yoshii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagatake
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Manabe N, Yamaguchi Y. 3D Structural View of Pathogen Recognition by Mammalian Lectin Receptors. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:670780. [PMID: 34113651 PMCID: PMC8185196 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.670780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and other mammals resist exogenous pathogens by recognizing them as non-self. How do they do this? The answer lies in the recognition by mammalian lectin receptors of glycans usually found on the surface of pathogens and whose chemical structure is species-specific. Some glycan components, such as galactofuranose, only occur in microbes, and is the principal means by which mammalian lectin receptors recognize non-self. Several lectins may function together as pattern recognition receptors to survey the infecting pathogen before the adaptive immune system is invoked. Most lectins have primary and secondary monosaccharide-binding sites which together determine the specificity of a receptor toward microbial glycans. There may also be a hydrophobic groove alongside the sugar binding sites that increases specificity. Another elaboration is through oligomerization of lectin domains with defined spacing and arrangement that creates high-affinity binding towards multiply-presented glycans on microbes. Microbe-specific polysaccharides may arise through unique sugar linkages. Specificity can come from mammalian receptors possessing a shallow binding site and binding only internal disaccharide units, as in the recognition of mannan by Dectin-2. The accumulation of 3D structural information on lectins receptors has allowed the recognition modes of microbe glycans to be classified into several groupings. This review is an introduction to our current knowledge on the mechanisms of pathogen recognition by representative mammalian lectin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Manabe
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Division of Structural Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Division of Structural Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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Shimoyama A, Di Lorenzo F, Yamaura H, Mizote K, Palmigiano A, Pither MD, Speciale I, Uto T, Masui S, Sturiale L, Garozzo D, Hosomi K, Shibata N, Kabayama K, Fujimoto Y, Silipo A, Kunisawa J, Kiyono H, Molinaro A, Fukase K. Lipopolysaccharide from Gut-Associated Lymphoid-Tissue-Resident Alcaligenes faecalis: Complete Structure Determination and Chemical Synthesis of Its Lipid A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10023-10031. [PMID: 33522128 PMCID: PMC8252424 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcaligenes faecalis is the predominant Gram-negative bacterium inhabiting gut-associated lymphoid tissues, Peyer's patches. We previously reported that an A. faecalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) acted as a weak agonist for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor-2 (MD-2) receptor as well as a potent inducer of IgA without excessive inflammation, thus suggesting that A. faecalis LPS might be used as a safe adjuvant. In this study, we characterized the structure of both the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and LPS from A. faecalis. We synthesized three lipid A molecules with different degrees of acylation by an efficient route involving the simultaneous introduction of 1- and 4'-phosphates. Hexaacylated A. faecalis lipid A showed moderate agonistic activity towards TLR4-mediated signaling and the ability to elicit a discrete interleukin-6 release in human cell lines and mice. It was thus found to be the active principle of the LOS/LPS and a promising vaccine adjuvant candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shimoyama
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University1-1 Machikaneyama, ToyonakaOsaka560-0043Japan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental SciencesOsaka University1-1 Machikaneyama, ToyonakaOsaka560-0043Japan
| | - Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Task Force on Microbiome StudiesUniversity of Naples Federico IIVia Cinthia 480126NaplesItaly
| | - Haruki Yamaura
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University1-1 Machikaneyama, ToyonakaOsaka560-0043Japan
| | - Keisuke Mizote
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University1-1 Machikaneyama, ToyonakaOsaka560-0043Japan
| | - Angelo Palmigiano
- CNRInstitute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials IPCBVia P. Gaifami 1895126CataniaItaly
| | - Molly D. Pither
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Naples Federico IIVia Cinthia 480126NaplesItaly
| | - Immacolata Speciale
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Task Force on Microbiome StudiesUniversity of Naples Federico IIVia Cinthia 480126NaplesItaly
| | - Tomoya Uto
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University1-1 Machikaneyama, ToyonakaOsaka560-0043Japan
| | - Seiji Masui
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University1-1 Machikaneyama, ToyonakaOsaka560-0043Japan
| | - Luisa Sturiale
- CNRInstitute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials IPCBVia P. Gaifami 1895126CataniaItaly
| | - Domenico Garozzo
- CNRInstitute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials IPCBVia P. Gaifami 1895126CataniaItaly
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine MaterialsCenter for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental SystemNational Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and NutritionOsaka567-0085Japan
| | - Naoko Shibata
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringWaseda University3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-kuTokyo169-8555Japan
| | - Kazuya Kabayama
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University1-1 Machikaneyama, ToyonakaOsaka560-0043Japan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental SciencesOsaka University1-1 Machikaneyama, ToyonakaOsaka560-0043Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyKeio University3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-kuYokohamaKanagawa223-8522Japan
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Task Force on Microbiome StudiesUniversity of Naples Federico IIVia Cinthia 480126NaplesItaly
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine MaterialsCenter for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental SystemNational Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and NutritionOsaka567-0085Japan
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal VaccinesThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of Tokyo4–6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-kuTokyo108-8639Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal VaccinesThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of Tokyo4–6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-kuTokyo108-8639Japan
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University1-1 Machikaneyama, ToyonakaOsaka560-0043Japan
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Task Force on Microbiome StudiesUniversity of Naples Federico IIVia Cinthia 480126NaplesItaly
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University1-1 Machikaneyama, ToyonakaOsaka560-0043Japan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental SciencesOsaka University1-1 Machikaneyama, ToyonakaOsaka560-0043Japan
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