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Thej C, Kishore R. Epigenetic regulation of sex dimorphism in cardiovascular health. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:498-510. [PMID: 38427976 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting people of all races, ages, and sexes. Substantial sex dimorphism exists in the prevalence, manifestation, and outcomes of CVDs. Understanding the role of sex hormones as well as sex-hormone-independent epigenetic mechanisms could play a crucial role in developing effective and sex-specific cardiovascular therapeutics. Existing research highlights significant disparities in sex hormones, epigenetic regulators, and gene expression related to cardiac health, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of these variations between men and women. Despite these differences, current treatment approaches for CVDs often lack sex-specific considerations. A pivotal shift toward personalized medicine, informed by comprehensive insights into sex-specific DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA dynamics, holds the potential to revolutionize CVD management. By understanding sex-specific epigenetic complexities, independent of sex hormone influence, future cardiovascular research can be tailored to achieve effective diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for both men and women. This review summarizes the current knowledge and gaps in epigenetic mechanisms and sex dimorphism implicated in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charan Thej
- Aging and Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Raj Kishore
- Aging and Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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2
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Zhang T, Jia L, Li X, Niu Z, Zhang S, Dong W, Peng L, Ma M, Wang H, Tang X, Chen Q. Integrative proteome and metabolome analyses reveal molecular basis of the tail resorption during the metamorphic climax of Nanorana pleskei. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1431173. [PMID: 39224435 PMCID: PMC11366584 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1431173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
During the metamorphosis of anuran amphibians, the tail resorption process is a necessary and crucial change. One subject that has received relatively little or no attention is the expression patterns of proteins and metabolites in the different tail portions during metamorphosis, especially in highland amphibians. The mechanisms of tail resorption in three portions (the tip, middle and root) of the tail were investigated in N. pleskei G43 tadpole based on two omics (proteomic and metabolomic). Integrin αVβ3 was found to be high expressed in the distal portion of the tail, which could improve the sensitiveness to thyroid hormones in the distal portion of the tail. Muscle regression displayed a spatial pattern with stronger regression in distal and weaker one in proximal portion. Probably, this stronger regression was mainly performed by the proteases of proteasome from the active translation by ribosomes. The suicide model and murder model coexisted in the tail resorption. Meanwhile, fatty acids, amino acids, pyrimidine, and purine which derived from the breakdown of tissues can be used as building blocks or energy source for successful metamorphosis. Our data improved a better comprehension of the tail resorption mechanisms underlying the metamorphism of N. pleskei tadpole through identifying important participating proteins and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Animal and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lun Jia
- Department of Animal and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinying Li
- Department of Animal and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Niu
- Department of Animal and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Siping Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Miaojun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- Department of Animal and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Animal and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Dashti P, Lewallen EA, Gordon JAR, Montecino MA, Davie JR, Stein GS, van Leeuwen JPTM, van der Eerden BCJ, van Wijnen AJ. Epigenetic regulators controlling osteogenic lineage commitment and bone formation. Bone 2024; 181:117043. [PMID: 38341164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Bone formation and homeostasis are controlled by environmental factors and endocrine regulatory cues that initiate intracellular signaling pathways capable of modulating gene expression in the nucleus. Bone-related gene expression is controlled by nucleosome-based chromatin architecture that limits the accessibility of lineage-specific gene regulatory DNA sequences and sequence-specific transcription factors. From a developmental perspective, bone-specific gene expression must be suppressed during the early stages of embryogenesis to prevent the premature mineralization of skeletal elements during fetal growth in utero. Hence, bone formation is initially inhibited by gene suppressive epigenetic regulators, while other epigenetic regulators actively support osteoblast differentiation. Prominent epigenetic regulators that stimulate or attenuate osteogenesis include lysine methyl transferases (e.g., EZH2, SMYD2, SUV420H2), lysine deacetylases (e.g., HDAC1, HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC7, SIRT1, SIRT3), arginine methyl transferases (e.g., PRMT1, PRMT4/CARM1, PRMT5), dioxygenases (e.g., TET2), bromodomain proteins (e.g., BRD2, BRD4) and chromodomain proteins (e.g., CBX1, CBX2, CBX5). This narrative review provides a broad overview of the covalent modifications of DNA and histone proteins that involve hundreds of enzymes that add, read, or delete these epigenetic modifications that are relevant for self-renewal and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, skeletal stem cells and osteoblasts during osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Dashti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eric A Lewallen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Martin A Montecino
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile
| | - James R Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada; CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Zhang W, Xu C, Zhou M, Liu L, Ni Z, Su S, Wang C. Copy number variants selected during pig domestication inferred from whole genome resequencing. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1364267. [PMID: 38505001 PMCID: PMC10950068 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1364267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Over extended periods of natural and artificial selection, China has developed numerous exceptional pig breeds. Deciphering the germplasm characteristics of these breeds is crucial for their preservation and utilization. While many studies have employed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis to investigate the local pig germplasm characteristics, copy number variation (CNV), another significant type of genetic variation, has been less explored in understanding pig resources. In this study, we examined the CNVs of 18 Wanbei pigs (WBP) using whole genome resequencing data with an average depth of 12.61. We identified a total of 8,783 CNVs (~30.07 Mb, 1.20% of the pig genome) in WBP, including 8,427 deletions and 356 duplications. Utilizing fixation index (Fst), we determined that 164 CNVs were within the top 1% of the Fst value and defined as under selection. Functional enrichment analyses of the genes associated with these selected CNVs revealed genes linked to reproduction (SPATA6, CFAP43, CFTR, BPTF), growth and development (NR6A1, SMYD3, VIPR2), and immunity (PARD3, FYB2). This study enhances our understanding of the genomic characteristics of the Wanbei pig and offers a theoretical foundation for the future breeding of this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Breeding Pig Genetic Evaluation Center, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei, China
| | - Chengliang Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Breeding Pig Genetic Evaluation Center, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Breeding Pig Genetic Evaluation Center, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei, China
| | - Linqing Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Breeding Pig Genetic Evaluation Center, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei, China
| | - Zelan Ni
- Anhui Provincial Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources Conservation Center, Hefei, China
| | - Shiguang Su
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Breeding Pig Genetic Evaluation Center, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei, China
| | - Chonglong Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Breeding Pig Genetic Evaluation Center, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei, China
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5
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Jain R, Epstein JA. Epigenetics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:341-364. [PMID: 38884720 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes to the genome and gene expression patterns that are not caused by direct changes to the DNA sequence. Examples of these changes include posttranslational modifications to DNA-bound histone proteins, DNA methylation, and remodeling of nuclear architecture. Collectively, epigenetic changes provide a layer of regulation that affects transcriptional activity of genes while leaving DNA sequences unaltered. Sequence variants or mutations affecting enzymes responsible for modifying or sensing epigenetic marks have been identified in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), and small-molecule inhibitors of epigenetic complexes have shown promise as therapies for adult heart diseases. Additionally, transgenic mice harboring mutations or deletions of genes encoding epigenetic enzymes recapitulate aspects of human cardiac disease. Taken together, these findings suggest that the evolving field of epigenetics will inform our understanding of congenital and adult cardiac disease and offer new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Jain
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Epigenetics Institute and the Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Epigenetics Institute and the Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Ikram S, Rege A, Negesse MY, Casanova AG, Reynoird N, Green EM. The SMYD3-MAP3K2 signaling axis promotes tumor aggressiveness and metastasis in prostate cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi5921. [PMID: 37976356 PMCID: PMC10656069 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is frequently linked to metastatic prostate cancer (PCa); therefore, the characterization of modulators of this pathway is critical for defining therapeutic vulnerabilities for metastatic PCa. The lysine methyltransferase SET and MYND domain 3 (SMYD3) methylates MAPK kinase kinase 2 (MAP3K2) in some cancers, causing enhanced activation of MAPK signaling. In PCa, SMYD3 is frequently overexpressed and associated with disease severity; however, its molecular function in promoting tumorigenesis has not been defined. We demonstrate that SMYD3 critically regulates tumor-associated phenotypes via its methyltransferase activity in PCa cells and mouse xenograft models. SMYD3-dependent methylation of MAP3K2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition associated behaviors by altering the abundance of the intermediate filament vimentin. Furthermore, activation of the SMYD3-MAP3K2 signaling axis supports a positive feedback loop continually promoting high levels of SMYD3. Our data provide insight into signaling pathways involved in metastatic PCa and enhance understanding of mechanistic functions for SMYD3 to reveal potential therapeutic opportunities for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeen Ikram
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Apurv Rege
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maraki Y. Negesse
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexandre G. Casanova
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Reynoird
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Erin M. Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zhou Y, Sharma S, Sun X, Guan X, Hou Y, Yang Z, Shi H, Zou MH, Song P, Zhou J, Wang S, Hu Z, Li C. SMYD2 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching and intimal hyperplasia via interaction with myocardin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:264. [PMID: 37615725 PMCID: PMC11071988 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) is a histone lysine methyltransferase that has been reported to regulate carcinogenesis and inflammation. However, its role in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) homeostasis and vascular diseases has not been determined. Here, we investigated the role of SMYD2 in VSMC phenotypic modulation and vascular intimal hyperplasia and elucidated the underlying mechanism. We observed that SMYD2 expression was downregulated in injured carotid arteries in mice and phenotypically modulated VSMCs in vitro. Using an SMC-specific SMYD2 knockout mouse model, we found that SMYD2 ablation in VSMCs exacerbated neointima formation after vascular injury in vivo. Conversely, SMYD2 overexpression inhibited VSMC proliferation and migration in vitro and attenuated arterial narrowing in injured vessels in mice. SMYD2 downregulation promoted VSMC phenotypic switching accompanied with enhanced proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, genome-wide transcriptome analysis and loss/gain-of-function studies revealed that SMYD2 up-regulated VSMC contractile gene expression and suppressed VSMC proliferation and migration, in part, by promoting expression and transactivation of the master transcription cofactor myocardin. In addition, myocardin directly interacted with SMYD2, thereby facilitating SMYD2 recruitment to the CArG regions of SMC contractile gene promoters and leading to an open chromatin status around SMC contractile gene promoters via SMYD2-mediated H3K4 methylation. Hence, we conclude that SMYD2 is a novel regulator of VSMC contractile phenotype and intimal hyperplasia via a myocardin-dependent epigenetic regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Vascular Disease Treatment, Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No 58, Zhongshan 2nd Street, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shaligram Sharma
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guan
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Yuning Hou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
- Cancer Animal Models Shared Resource, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ping Song
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shenming Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Vascular Disease Treatment, Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No 58, Zhongshan 2nd Street, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zuojun Hu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Vascular Disease Treatment, Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No 58, Zhongshan 2nd Street, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chunying Li
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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Li F, Xu M, Miao J, Hu N, Wang Y, Wang L. Down-regulated Smyd1 participated in the inhibition of myoblast differentiation induced by cigarette smoke extract. Toxicol Lett 2023; 383:S0378-4274(23)00211-4. [PMID: 37385529 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The histone methyltransferase Smyd1 is essential for muscle development; however, its role in smoking-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and dysfunction has not been investigated thus far. In this study, Smyd1 was overexpressed or knocked down in C2C12 myoblasts by an adenovirus vector and cultured in differentiation medium containing 5% cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for 4 days. CSE exposure resulted in inhibition of C2C12 cell differentiation and downregulation of Smyd1 expression, whereas Smyd1 overexpression reduced the degree of inhibition of myotube differentiation caused by CSE exposure. CSE exposure activated P2RX7-mediated apoptosis and pyroptosis, caused increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and increased protein degradation by downregulating PGC1α, whereas Smyd1 overexpression partially restored the altered protein levels caused by CSE exposure. Smyd1 knockdown alone produced a phenotype similar to CSE exposure, and Smyd1 knockdown during CSE exposure aggravated the degree of inhibition of myotube differentiation and the degree of activation of P2RX7. CSE exposure suppressed H3K4me2 expression, and chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed the transcriptional regulation of P2rx7 by H3K4me2 modification. Our findings suggest that CSE exposure mediates C2C12 cell apoptosis and pyroptosis through the Smyd1-H3K4me2-P2RX7 axis, and inhibits PGC1α expression to impair mitochondrial biosynthesis and increase protein degradation by inhibiting Smyd1 expression, ultimately leading to abnormal C2C12 myoblasts differentiation and impaired myotube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Model for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Liaoning Province
| | - Mengting Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Model for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Liaoning Province
| | - Jianing Miao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Model for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Liaoning Province
| | - Nengyin Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Model for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Liaoning Province
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Model for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Liaoning Province.
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9
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DeMoya RA, Forman-Rubinsky RE, Fontaine D, Shin J, Watkins SC, Lo C, Tsang M. Sin3a Associated Protein 130kDa, sap130, plays an evolutionary conserved role in zebrafish heart development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.30.534737. [PMID: 37034673 PMCID: PMC10081270 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.30.534737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a congenital heart disease where the left ventricle is reduced in size. A forward genetic screen in mice identified SIN3A associated protein 130kDa ( Sap130 ), a protein in the chromatin modifying SIN3A/HDAC1 complex, as a gene contributing to the digenic etiology of HLHS. Here, we report the role of zebrafish sap130 genes in heart development. Loss of sap130a, one of two Sap130 orthologs, resulted in smaller ventricle size, a phenotype reminiscent to the hypoplastic left ventricle in mice. While cardiac progenitors were normal during somitogenesis, diminution of the ventricle size suggest the Second Heart Field (SHF) was the source of the defect. To explore the role of sap130a in gene regulation, transcriptome profiling was performed after the heart tube formation to identify candidate pathways and genes responsible for the small ventricle phenotype. Genes involved in cardiac differentiation and cell communication were dysregulated in sap130a , but not in sap130b mutants. Confocal light sheet analysis measured deficits in cardiac output in MZsap130a supporting the notion that cardiomyocyte maturation was disrupted. Lineage tracing experiments revealed a significant reduction of SHF cells in the ventricle that resulted in increased outflow tract size. These data suggest that sap130a is involved in cardiogenesis via regulating the accretion of SHF cells to the growing ventricle and in their subsequent maturation for cardiac function. Further, genetic studies revealed an interaction between hdac1 and sap130a , in the incidence of small ventricles. These studies highlight the conserved role of Sap130a and Hdac1 in zebrafish cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A DeMoya
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Rachel E Forman-Rubinsky
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Deon Fontaine
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Joseph Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Cecilia Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael Tsang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
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10
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Ye PL, Yuan B, Wang XQ, Zhang MM, Zhao XQ. Modification of Phosphorylation Sites in the Yeast Lysine Methyltransferase Set5 Exerts Influences on the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Hog1 under Prolonged Acetic Acid Stress. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0301122. [PMID: 36975803 PMCID: PMC10100857 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03011-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Responses to acetic acid toxicity in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have widespread implications in the biorefinery of lignocellulosic biomass and food preservation. Our previous studies revealed that Set5, the yeast lysine methyltransferase and histone H4 methyltransferase, was involved in acetic acid stress tolerance. However, it is still mysterious how Set5 functions and interacts with the known stress signaling network. Here, we revealed that elevated phosphorylation of Set5 during acetic acid stress is accompanied by enhanced expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Hog1. Further experiments uncovered that the phosphomimetic mutation of Set5 endowed yeast cells with improved growth and fermentation performance and altered transcription of specific stress-responsive genes. Intriguingly, Set5 was found to bind the coding region of HOG1 and regulate its transcription, along with increased expression and phosphorylation of Hog1. A protein-protein interaction between Set5 and Hog1 was also revealed. In addition, modification of Set5 phosphosites was shown to regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which is known to affect yeast acetic acid stress tolerance. The findings in this study imply that Set5 may function together with the central kinase Hog1 to coordinate cell growth and metabolism in response to stress. IMPORTANCE Hog1 is the yeast homolog of p38 MAPK in mammals that is conserved across eukaryotes, and it plays crucial roles in stress tolerance, fungal pathogenesis, and disease treatments. Here, we provide evidence that modification of Set5 phosphorylation sites regulates the expression and phosphorylation of Hog1, which expands current knowledge on upstream regulation of the Hog1 stress signaling network. Set5 and its homologous proteins are present in humans and various eukaryotes. The newly identified effects of Set5 phosphorylation site modifications in this study benefit an in-depth understanding of eukaryotic stress signaling, as well as the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Liang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Identification of Two Homozygous Variants in MYBPC3 and SMYD1 Genes Associated with Severe Infantile Cardiomyopathy. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030659. [PMID: 36980931 PMCID: PMC10048717 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in cardiac genes are one of the primary causes of infantile cardiomyopathy. In this study, we report the genetic findings of two siblings carrying variations in the MYBPC3 and SMYD1 genes. The first patient is a female proband exhibiting hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and biventricular heart failure carrying a truncating homozygous MYBPC3 variant c.1224-52G>A (IVS13-52G>A) and a novel homozygous variant (c.302A>G; p.Asn101Ser) in the SMYD1 gene. The second patient, the proband’s sibling, is a male infant diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and carries the same homozygous MYBPC3 variant. While this specific MYBPC3 variant (c.1224-52G>A, IVS13-52G>A) has been previously reported to be associated with adult-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, this is the first report linking it to infantile cardiomyopathy. In addition, this work describes, for the first time, a novel SMYD1 variant (c.302A>G; p.Asn101Ser) that has never been reported. We performed a histopathological evaluation of tissues collected from both probands and show that these variants lead to myofibrillar disarray, reduced and irregular mitochondrial cristae and cardiac fibrosis. Together, these results provide critical insight into the molecular functionality of these genes in human cardiac physiology.
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12
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Padilla A, Manganaro JF, Huesgen L, Roess DA, Brown MA, Crans DC. Targeting Epigenetic Changes Mediated by Members of the SMYD Family of Lysine Methyltransferases. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28042000. [PMID: 36838987 PMCID: PMC9967872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28042000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in epigenetic changes in gene expression is essential to the clinical management of diseases linked to the SMYD family of lysine methyltransferases. The five known SMYD enzymes catalyze the transfer of donor methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to specific lysines on histones and non-histone substrates. SMYDs family members have distinct tissue distributions and tissue-specific functions, including regulation of development, cell differentiation, and embryogenesis. Diseases associated with SMYDs include the repressed transcription of SMYD1 genes needed for the formation of ion channels in the heart leading to heart failure, SMYD2 overexpression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) or p53-related cancers, and poor prognosis associated with SMYD3 overexpression in more than 14 types of cancer including breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Given the importance of epigenetics in various pathologies, the development of epigenetic inhibitors has attracted considerable attention from the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmacologic development of the inhibitors involves the identification of molecules regulating both functional SMYD SET (Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax) and MYND (Myeloid-Nervy-DEAF1) domains, a process facilitated by available X-ray structures for SMYD1, SMYD2, and SMYD3. Important leads for potential pharmaceutical agents have been reported for SMYD2 and SMYD3 enzymes, and six epigenetic inhibitors have been developed for drugs used to treat myelodysplastic syndrome (Vidaza, Dacogen), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (Zoinza, Isrodax), and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (Beleodag, Epidaza). The recently demonstrated reversal of SMYD histone methylation suggests that reversing the epigenetic effects of SMYDs in cancerous tissues may be a desirable target for pharmacological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Padilla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617, USA
| | - John F. Manganaro
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Lydia Huesgen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617, USA
| | - Deborah A. Roess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617, USA
| | - Mark A. Brown
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1005, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ethnic Studies, Global Health and Health Disparities, Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1612, USA
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1005, USA
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (D.C.C.)
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13
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Kumar A, Emdad L, Fisher PB, Das SK. Targeting epigenetic regulation for cancer therapy using small molecule inhibitors. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 158:73-161. [PMID: 36990539 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells display pervasive changes in DNA methylation, disrupted patterns of histone posttranslational modification, chromatin composition or organization and regulatory element activities that alter normal programs of gene expression. It is becoming increasingly clear that disturbances in the epigenome are hallmarks of cancer, which are targetable and represent attractive starting points for drug creation. Remarkable progress has been made in the past decades in discovering and developing epigenetic-based small molecule inhibitors. Recently, epigenetic-targeted agents in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors have been identified and these agents are either in current clinical trials or approved for treatment. However, epigenetic drug applications face many challenges, including low selectivity, poor bioavailability, instability and acquired drug resistance. New multidisciplinary approaches are being designed to overcome these limitations, e.g., applications of machine learning, drug repurposing, high throughput virtual screening technologies, to identify selective compounds with improved stability and better bioavailability. We provide an overview of the key proteins that mediate epigenetic regulation that encompass histone and DNA modifications and discuss effector proteins that affect the organization of chromatin structure and function as well as presently available inhibitors as potential drugs. Current anticancer small-molecule inhibitors targeting epigenetic modified enzymes that have been approved by therapeutic regulatory authorities across the world are highlighted. Many of these are in different stages of clinical evaluation. We also assess emerging strategies for combinatorial approaches of epigenetic drugs with immunotherapy, standard chemotherapy or other classes of agents and advances in the design of novel epigenetic therapies.
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14
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Population Structure and Selection Signatures Underlying Domestication Inferred from Genome-Wide Copy Number Variations in Chinese Indigenous Pigs. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13112026. [PMID: 36360263 PMCID: PMC9690591 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphism was widely used to perform genetic and evolution research in pigs. However, little is known about the effect of copy number variation (CNV) on characteristics in pigs. This study performed a genome-wide comparison of CNVs between Wannan black pigs (WBP) and Asian wild boars (AWB), using whole genome resequencing data. By using Manta, we detected in total 28,720 CNVs that covered approximately 1.98% of the pig genome length. We identified 288 selected CNVs (top 1%) by performing Fst statistics. Functional enrichment analyses for genes located in selected CNVs were found to be muscle related (NDN, TMOD4, SFRP1, and SMYD3), reproduction related (GJA1, CYP26B1, WNT5A, SRD5A2, PTPN11, SPEF2, and CCNB1), residual feed intake (RFI) related (MAP3K5), and ear size related (WIF1). This study provides essential information on selected CNVs in Wannan black pigs for further research on the genetic basis of the complex phenotypic and provides essential information for direction in the protection and utilization of Wannan black pig.
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15
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The lysine methyltransferases SET and MYND domain containing 2 (Smyd2) and Enhancer of Zeste 2 (Ezh2) co-regulate osteoblast proliferation and mineralization. Gene X 2022; 851:146928. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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Pan L, Fan Y, Zhou L. SMYD2
epigenetically activates
MEX3A
and suppresses
CDX2
in colorectal cancer cells to augment cancer growth. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:959-969. [PMID: 35637161 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology Suzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Suzhou Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Yuejuan Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology Suzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Suzhou Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology Suzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Suzhou Jiangsu P.R. China
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17
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Hou Y, Sun X, Gheinani PT, Guan X, Sharma S, Zhou Y, Jin C, Yang Z, Naren AP, Yin J, Denning TL, Gewirtz AT, Liu Y, Xie Z, Li C. Epithelial SMYD5 Exaggerates IBD by Down-regulating Mitochondrial Functions via Post-Translational Control of PGC-1α Stability. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:375-403. [PMID: 35643234 PMCID: PMC9249919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The expression and role of methyltransferase SET and MYND domain-containing protein 5 (SMYD5) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is completely unknown. Here, we investigated the role and underlying mechanism of epithelial SMYD5 in IBD pathogenesis and progression. METHODS The expression levels of SMYD5 and the mitochondrial transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) were examined by Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, and immunohistochemistry in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and in colon tissues from human IBD patients and colitic mice. Mice with Smyd5 conditional knockout in IECs and littermate controls were subjected to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis and the disease severity was assessed. SMYD5-regulated mitochondrial biogenesis was examined by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and transmission electron microscopy, and the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate was measured in a Seahorse Analyzer system (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA). SMYD5 and PGC-1α interaction was determined by co-immunoprecipitation assay. PGC-1α degradation and turnover (half-life) were analyzed by cycloheximide chase assay. SMYD5-mediated PGC-1α methylation was assessed via in vitro methylation assay followed by mass spectrometry for identification of methylated lysine residues. RESULTS Up-regulated SMYD5 and down-regulated PGC-1α were observed in intestinal epithelia from IBD patients and colitic mice. Smyd5 depletion in IECs protected mice from dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. SMYD5 was critically involved in regulating mitochondrial biology such as mitochondrial biogenesis, respiration, and apoptosis. Mechanistically, SMYD5 regulates mitochondrial functions in a PGC-1α-dependent manner. Furthermore, SMYD5 mediates lysine methylation of PGC-1α and subsequently facilitates its ubiquitination and degradation. CONCLUSIONS SMYD5 attenuates mitochondrial functions in IECs and promotes IBD progression by enhancing PGC-1α degradation in a methylation-dependent manner. Strategies to decrease SMYD5 expression and/or increase PGC-1α expression in IECs might be a promising therapeutic approach to treat IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Hou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Xiaoqing Guan
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shaligram Sharma
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yu Zhou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengliu Jin
- Transgenic and Gene Targeting Core, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jun Yin
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yuan Liu
- Program of Immunology and Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhonglin Xie
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chunying Li
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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18
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Li X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Liu B. Overexpression of MCAM induced by SMYD2-H3K36me2 in breast cancer stem cell properties. Breast Cancer 2022; 29:854-868. [PMID: 35553018 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-022-01365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) is highly expressed in various malignancies. However, studies on the effects of MCAM on stemness of cancer stem cells are limited. Here, we aimed to explore the relationship between MCAM and stem cell phenotype in breast cancer (BC). METHODS We analyzed the genes differentially expressed in BC from the oncomine database, followed by TCGA-BRCA database validation. We then used gene set enrichment analysis to analyze the signaling pathways enriched to the relevant genes, followed by loss-of-function experiments to analyze the role of MCAM in the growth of BC cells and the maintenance of stem cell properties. We analyzed the cause for the MCAM overexpression using ChIP-seq and clarified the upstream mechanism by constructing SE-Deleted cells. Finally, the role of SMYD2 in the growth of BC cells and the maintenance of stem cell properties were verified by rescue experiments. RESULTS MCAM was significantly overexpressed in BC, which predicted somber prognosis in patients. Knockdown of MCAM drastically hindered the growth and metastasis of BC cells in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, the MCAM promoter was observed to have significant H3K36me2 modification and that SMYD2 could significantly promote the expression of MCAM. In addition, further overexpression of SMYD2 in cells with MCAM knockdown increased MCAM expression and promoted the growth as well as stemness of BC cells. CONCLUSION SMYD2 can elevate the expression of MCAM by promoting its H3K36me2 modification, which in turn expedites the growth and stem cell properties of BC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 44, Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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19
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SMYD5 acts as a potential biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2022; 414:113076. [PMID: 35218722 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determining the prognosis of patients remains a challenge due to the phenotypic and molecular diversities of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). We aimed to evaluate the role of SMYD5 in HCC. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and logistic regression analyzed the relationship between clinical pathologic features and SMYD5. We found that increased expression of SMYD5 in HCC was closely associated with high histologic grade, stage, T stage and nodal stage. Kaplan-Meier method, Cox regression, univariate analysis and multivariate analysis detected overall survival of TCGA-HCC patients. It turned out that high expression of SMYD5 predicted a worse prognosis in HCC. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was applied via TCGA data set, which indicated that complement and coagulation cascades, fatty acid metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, drug metabolism cytochrome P450, PPAR signaling pathway and retinol metabolism were differentially enriched in SMYD5 high expression phenotype. Interestingly, we proved that SMYD5 upregulation in HCC cells was induced by promoter hypo-methylation. Moreover, functional experiments demonstrated that SMYD5 silencing abrogated cell proliferation, migration and invasion and enhanced paclitaxel sensitivity in HCC. All findings implied that SMYD5 might be an underlying biomarker for prognosis and treatment of HCC.
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20
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Kalyanasundaram A, Elefteriades J. The Genetics of Inheritable Aortic Diseases. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-022-00687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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21
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Esposito P, Picciotto D, Battaglia Y, Costigliolo F, Viazzi F, Verzola D. Myostatin: Basic biology to clinical application. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 106:181-234. [PMID: 35152972 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily. It is expressed by animal and human skeletal muscle cells where it limits muscle growth and promotes protein breakdown. Its effects are influenced by complex mechanisms including transcriptional and epigenetic regulation and modulation by extracellular binding proteins. Due to its actions in promoting muscle atrophy and cachexia, myostatin has been investigated as a promising therapeutic target to counteract muscle mass loss in experimental models and patients affected by different muscle-wasting conditions. Moreover, growing evidence indicates that myostatin, beyond to regulate skeletal muscle growth, may have a role in many physiologic and pathologic processes, such as obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. In this chapter, we review myostatin biology, including intracellular and extracellular regulatory pathways, and the role of myostatin in modulating physiologic processes, such as muscle growth and aging. Moreover, we discuss the most relevant experimental and clinical evidence supporting the extra-muscle effects of myostatin. Finally, we consider the main strategies developed and tested to inhibit myostatin in clinical trials and discuss the limits and future perspectives of the research on myostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Esposito
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.
| | - Daniela Picciotto
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Yuri Battaglia
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, St. Anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Costigliolo
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Viazzi
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Verzola
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
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22
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Rueda-Robles A, Audano M, Álvarez-Mercado AI, Rubio-Tomás T. Functions of SMYD proteins in biological processes: What do we know? An updated review. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 712:109040. [PMID: 34555372 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic modifiers, such as methyltransferases, play crucial roles in the regulation of many biological processes, including development, cancer and multiple physiopathological conditions. SUMMARY The Su(Var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax (SET) and Myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1 (MYND) domain-containing (SMYD) protein family consists of five members in humans and mice (i.e. SMYD1, SMYD2, SMYD3, SMYD4 and SMYD5), which are known or predicted to have methyltransferase activity on histone and non-histone substrates. The abundance of information concerning SMYD2 and SMYD3 is of note, whereas the other members of the SMYD family have not been so thoroughly studied CONCLUSION: Here we review the literature regarding SMYD proteins published in the last five years, including basic molecular biology mechanistic studies using in vitro systems and animal models, as well as human studies with a more translational or clinical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascensión Rueda-Robles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Matteo Audano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana I Álvarez-Mercado
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, 18014, Spain.
| | - Teresa Rubio-Tomás
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013, Herakleion, Crete, Greece.
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23
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Rubio-Tomás T. The SMYD family proteins in immunology: An update of their obvious and non-obvious relations with the immune system. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07387. [PMID: 34235289 PMCID: PMC8246384 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is an emerging field, due to its relevance in the regulation of a wide range of biological processes. The Su(Var)3–9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax (SET) and Myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1 (MYND) domain-containing (SMYD) proteins, named SMYD1, SMYD2, SMYD3, SMYD4 and SMYD5, are enzymes that catalyse methylation of histone and non-histone substrates, thereby playing a key role in gene expression regulation in many biological contexts, such as muscle development and physiology, haematopoiesis and many types of cancer. This review focuses on a relatively unexplored aspect of SMYD family members - their relation with immunology. Here, immunology is defined in the broadest sense of the word, including basic research on macrophage function or host immunity against pathogen infection, as well as clinical studies, most of which are centred on blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rubio-Tomás
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013, Herakleion, Crete, Greece.,Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Vari, Greece
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24
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Fittipaldi R, Floris P, Proserpio V, Cotelli F, Beltrame M, Caretti G. The Lysine Methylase SMYD3 Modulates Mesendodermal Commitment during Development. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051233. [PMID: 34069776 PMCID: PMC8157265 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 (SET and MYND domain containing protein 3) is a methylase over-expressed in cancer cells and involved in oncogenesis. While several studies uncovered key functions for SMYD3 in cancer models, the SMYD3 role in physiological conditions has not been fully elucidated yet. Here, we dissect the role of SMYD3 at early stages of development, employing mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and zebrafish as model systems. We report that SMYD3 depletion promotes the induction of the mesodermal pattern during in vitro differentiation of ESCs and is linked to an upregulation of cardiovascular lineage markers at later stages. In vivo, smyd3 knockdown in zebrafish favors the upregulation of mesendodermal markers during zebrafish gastrulation. Overall, our study reveals that SMYD3 modulates levels of mesendodermal markers, both in development and in embryonic stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Fittipaldi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.F.); (P.F.); (V.P.); (F.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Pamela Floris
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.F.); (P.F.); (V.P.); (F.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Valentina Proserpio
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.F.); (P.F.); (V.P.); (F.C.); (M.B.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Franco Cotelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.F.); (P.F.); (V.P.); (F.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Monica Beltrame
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.F.); (P.F.); (V.P.); (F.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Giuseppina Caretti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.F.); (P.F.); (V.P.); (F.C.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-025-031-5002
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Albuquerque A, Óvilo C, Núñez Y, Benítez R, López-Garcia A, García F, Félix MDR, Laranjo M, Charneca R, Martins JM. Transcriptomic Profiling of Skeletal Muscle Reveals Candidate Genes Influencing Muscle Growth and Associated Lipid Composition in Portuguese Local Pig Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051423. [PMID: 34065673 PMCID: PMC8156922 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Screening and interpretation of differentially expressed genes and associated biological pathways was conducted among experimental groups with divergent phenotypes providing valuable information about the metabolic events occurring and identification of candidate genes with major regulation roles. This comparative transcriptomic analysis includes the first RNA-seq analysis of the Longissimus lumborum muscle tissue from two Portuguese autochthonous pig breeds with different genetic backgrounds, Alentejano and Bísaro. Moreover, a complementary candidate gene approach was employed to analyse, by real time qPCR, the expression profile of relevant genes involved in lipid metabolism, and therefore with potential impacts on meat composition. This study contributes to explaining the biological basis of phenotypical differences occurring between breeds, particularly the ones related to meat quality traits that affect consumer interest. Abstract Gene expression is one of the main factors to influence meat quality by modulating fatty acid metabolism, composition, and deposition rates in muscle tissue. This study aimed to explore the transcriptomics of the Longissimus lumborum muscle in two local pig breeds with distinct genetic background using next-generation sequencing technology and Real-Time qPCR. RNA-seq yielded 49 differentially expressed genes between breeds, 34 overexpressed in the Alentejano (AL) and 15 in the Bísaro (BI) breed. Specific slow type myosin heavy chain components were associated with AL (MYH7) and BI (MYH3) pigs, while an overexpression of MAP3K14 in AL may be associated with their lower loin proportion, induced insulin resistance, and increased inflammatory response via NFkB activation. Overexpression of RUFY1 in AL pigs may explain the higher intramuscular (IMF) content via higher GLUT4 recruitment and consequently higher glucose uptake that can be stored as fat. Several candidate genes for lipid metabolism, excluded in the RNA-seq analysis due to low counts, such as ACLY, ADIPOQ, ELOVL6, LEP and ME1 were identified by qPCR as main gene factors defining the processes that influence meat composition and quality. These results agree with the fatter profile of the AL pig breed and adiponectin resistance can be postulated as responsible for the overexpression of MAP3K14′s coding product NIK, failing to restore insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Albuquerque
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada & Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Yolanda Núñez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Rita Benítez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Adrián López-Garcia
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Fabián García
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Maria do Rosário Félix
- MED & Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Marta Laranjo
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada & Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Rui Charneca
- MED & Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
| | - José Manuel Martins
- MED & Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (J.M.M.)
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Stability of Smyd1 in endothelial cells is controlled by PML-dependent SUMOylation upon cytokine stimulation. Biochem J 2021; 478:217-234. [PMID: 33241844 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Smyd1 is an epigenetic modulator of gene expression that has been well-characterized in muscle cells. It was recently reported that Smyd1 levels are modulated by inflammatory processes. Since inflammation affects the vascular endothelium, this study aimed to characterize Smyd1 expression in endothelial cells. We detected Smyd1 in human endothelial cells (HUVEC and EA.hy926 cells), where the protein was largely localized in PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). By transfection of EA.hy926 cells with expression vectors encoding Smyd1, PML, SUMO1, active or mutant forms of the SUMO protease SuPr1 and/or the SUMO-conjugation enzyme UBC9, as well as Smyd1- or PML-specific siRNAs, in the presence or absence of the translation blocker cycloheximide or the proteasome-inhibitor MG132, and supported by computational modeling, we show that Smyd1 is SUMOylated in a PML-dependent manner and thereby addressed for degradation in proteasomes. Furthermore, transfection with Smyd1-encoding vectors led to PML up-regulation at the mRNA level, while PML transfection lowered Smyd1 protein stability. Incubation of EA.hy926 cells with the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α resulted in a constant increase in Smyd1 mRNA and protein over 24 h, while incubation with IFN-γ induced a transient increase in Smyd1 expression, which peaked at 6 h and decreased to control values within 24 h. The IFN-γ-induced increase in Smyd1 was accompanied by more Smyd1 SUMOylation and more/larger PML-NBs. In conclusion, our data indicate that in endothelial cells, Smyd1 levels are regulated through a negative feedback mechanism based on SUMOylation and PML availability. This molecular control loop is stimulated by various cytokines.
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27
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Wang Z, Schwartz RJ, Liu J, Sun F, Li Q, Ma Y. Smyd1 Orchestrates Early Heart Development Through Positive and Negative Gene Regulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654682. [PMID: 33869215 PMCID: PMC8047137 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SET and MYND domain-containing protein 1 (Smyd1) is a striated muscle-specific histone methyltransferase. Our previous work demonstrated that deletion of Smyd1 in either cardiomyocytes or the outflow tract (OFT) resulted in embryonic lethality at E9.5, with cardiac structural defects such as truncation of the OFT and right ventricle and impaired expansion and proliferation of the second heart field (SHF). The cardiac phenotype was accompanied by the downregulation of ISL LIM Homeobox 1 (Isl1) and upregulation of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). However, the mechanisms of Smyd1 regulating Isl1 and ANF during embryonic heart development remain to be elucidated. Here, we employed various biochemical and molecular biological approaches including chromatin immunoprecipitation polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-PCR), pGL3 fluorescence reporter system, and co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) and found that Smyd1 interacted with absent small homeotic-2-like protein (ASH2L) and activated the promoter of Isl1 by trimethylating H3K4. We also found that Smyd1 associated with HDAC to repress ANF expression using trichostatin A (TSA), a deacetylase inhibitor. In conclusion, Smyd1 participates in early heart development by upregulating the expression of Isl1 and downregulating the expression of ANF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Thalassemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Haikou Key Laboratory for Preservation of Human Genetic Resource, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Robert J Schwartz
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Thalassemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Haikou Key Laboratory for Preservation of Human Genetic Resource, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qi Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Thalassemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Haikou Key Laboratory for Preservation of Human Genetic Resource, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yanlin Ma
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Thalassemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Haikou Key Laboratory for Preservation of Human Genetic Resource, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Jiao S, Xu R, Du S. Smyd1 is essential for myosin expression and sarcomere organization in craniofacial, extraocular, and cardiac muscles. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:208-218. [PMID: 33958316 PMCID: PMC9234968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal and cardiac muscles are striated myofibers that contain highly organized sarcomeres for muscle contraction. Recent studies revealed that Smyd1, a lysine methyltransferase, plays a key role in sarcomere assembly in heart and trunk skeletal muscles. However, Smyd1 expression and function in craniofacial muscles are not known. Here, we analyze the developmental expression and function of two smyd1 paralogous genes, smyd1a and smyd1b, in craniofacial and cardiac muscles of zebrafish embryos. Our data show that loss of smyd1a (smyd1amb5) or smyd1b (smyd1bsa15678) has no visible effects on myogenic commitment and expression of myod and myosin heavy-chain mRNA transcripts in craniofacial muscles. However, myosin heavy-chain protein accumulation and sarcomere organization are dramatically reduced in smyd1bsa15678 single mutant, and almost completely diminish in smyd1amb5; smyd1bsa15678 double mutant, but not in smyd1amb5 mutant. Similar defects are also observed in cardiac muscles of smyd1bsa15678 mutant. Defective craniofacial and cardiac muscle formation is associated with an upregulation of hsp90α1 and unc45b mRNA expression in smyd1bsa15678 and smyd1amb5; smyd1bsa15678 mutants. Together, our studies indicate that Smyd1b, but not Smyd1a, plays a key role in myosin heavy-chain protein expression and sarcomere organization in craniofacial and cardiac muscles. Loss of smyd1b results in muscle-specific stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Shaojun Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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29
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Lukinović V, Casanova AG, Roth GS, Chuffart F, Reynoird N. Lysine Methyltransferases Signaling: Histones are Just the Tip of the Iceberg. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:655-674. [PMID: 31894745 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200102101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein lysine methylation is a functionally diverse post-translational modification involved in various major cellular processes. Lysine methylation can modulate proteins activity, stability, localization, and/or interaction, resulting in specific downstream signaling and biological outcomes. Lysine methylation is a dynamic and fine-tuned process, deregulation of which often leads to human pathologies. In particular, the lysine methylome and its associated signaling network can be linked to carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Histone modifications and chromatin regulation is a major aspect of lysine methylation importance, but increasing evidence suggests that a high relevance and impact of non-histone lysine methylation signaling has emerged in recent years. In this review, we draw an updated picture of the current scientific knowledge regarding non-histone lysine methylation signaling and its implication in physiological and pathological processes. We aim to demonstrate the significance of lysine methylation as a major and yet underestimated posttranslational modification, and to raise the importance of this modification in both epigenetic and cellular signaling by focusing on the observed activities of SET- and 7β-strandcontaining human lysine methyltransferases. Recent evidence suggests that what has been observed so far regarding lysine methylation's implication in human pathologies is only the tip of the iceberg. Therefore, the exploration of the "methylome network" raises the possibility to use these enzymes and their substrates as promising new therapeutic targets for the development of future epigenetic and methyllysine signaling cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lukinović
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209 - CNRS UMR5309 - Universite Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre G Casanova
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209 - CNRS UMR5309 - Universite Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Gael S Roth
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209 - CNRS UMR5309 - Universite Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Florent Chuffart
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209 - CNRS UMR5309 - Universite Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Reynoird
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209 - CNRS UMR5309 - Universite Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Cedex, France
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30
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Hu Z, Cao J, Liu G, Zhang H, Liu X. Comparative Transcriptome Profiling of Skeletal Muscle from Black Muscovy Duck at Different Growth Stages Using RNA-seq. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101228. [PMID: 33092100 PMCID: PMC7590229 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, the production for duck meat is second only to that of chicken, and the demand for duck meat is also increasing. However, there is still unclear on the internal mechanism of regulating skeletal muscle growth and development in duck. This study aimed to identity candidate genes related to growth of duck skeletal muscle and explore the potential regulatory mechanism. RNA-seq technology was used to compare the transcriptome of skeletal muscles in black Muscovy ducks at different developmental stages (day 17, 21, 27, 31, and 34 of embryos and postnatal 6-month-olds). The SNPs and InDels of black Muscovy ducks at different growth stages were mainly in “INTRON”, “SYNONYMOUS_CODING”, “UTR_3_PRIME”, and “DOWNSTREAM”. The average number of AS in each sample was 37,267, mainly concentrated in TSS and TTS. Besides, a total of 19 to 5377 DEGs were detected in each pairwise comparison. Functional analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in the processes of cell growth, muscle development, and cellular activities (junction, migration, assembly, differentiation, and proliferation). Many of DEGs were well known to be related to growth of skeletal muscle in black Muscovy duck, such as MyoG, FBXO1, MEF2A, and FoxN2. KEGG pathway analysis identified that the DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways related to the focal adhesion, MAPK signaling pathway and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Some DEGs assigned to these pathways were potential candidate genes inducing the difference in muscle growth among the developmental stages, such as FAF1, RGS8, GRB10, SMYD3, and TNNI2. Our study identified several genes and pathways that may participate in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth in black Muscovy duck. These results should serve as an important resource revealing the molecular basis of muscle growth and development in duck.
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31
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Gurung R, Choong AM, Woo CC, Foo R, Sorokin V. Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Modulation in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176334. [PMID: 32878347 PMCID: PMC7504666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) refers to the localized dilatation of the infra-renal aorta, in which the diameter exceeds 3.0 cm. Loss of vascular smooth muscle cells, degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), vascular inflammation, and oxidative stress are hallmarks of AAA pathogenesis and contribute to the progressive thinning of the media and adventitia of the aortic wall. With increasing AAA diameter, and left untreated, aortic rupture ensues with high mortality. Collective evidence of recent genetic and epigenetic studies has shown that phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) towards dedifferentiation and proliferative state, which associate with the ECM remodeling of the vascular wall and accompanied with increased cell senescence and inflammation, is seen in in vitro and in vivo models of the disease. This review critically analyses existing publications on the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms implicated in the complex role of SMCs within the aortic wall in AAA formation and reflects the importance of SMCs plasticity in AAA formation. Although evidence from the wide variety of mouse models is convincing, how this knowledge is applied to human biology needs to be addressed urgently leveraging modern in vitro and in vivo experimental technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijan Gurung
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (R.G.); (R.F.)
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Andrew Mark Choong
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (A.M.C.); (C.C.W.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Chin Cheng Woo
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (A.M.C.); (C.C.W.)
| | - Roger Foo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (R.G.); (R.F.)
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Vitaly Sorokin
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (A.M.C.); (C.C.W.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6779-5555
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Characterizing the Role of SMYD2 in Mammalian Embryogenesis-Future Directions. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020063. [PMID: 32408548 PMCID: PMC7357037 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The SET and MYND domain-containing (SMYD) family of lysine methyltransferases are essential in several mammalian developmental pathways. Although predominantly expressed in the heart, the role of SMYD2 in heart development has yet to be fully elucidated and has even been shown to be dispensable in a murine Nkx2-5-associated conditional knockout. Additionally, SMYD2 was recently shown to be necessary not only for lymphocyte development but also for the viability of hematopoietic leukemias. Based on the broad expression pattern of SMYD2 in mammalian tissues, it is likely that it plays pivotal roles in a host of additional normal and pathological processes. In this brief review, we consider what is currently known about the normal and pathogenic functions of SMYD2 and propose specific future directions for characterizing its role in embryogenesis.
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Mangum KD, Farber MA. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Clin Genet 2020; 97:815-826. [PMID: 31957007 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are focal dilations of the aorta that develop from degenerative changes in the media and adventitia of the vessel. Ruptured AAAs have a mortality of up to 85%, thus it is important to identify patients with AAA at increased risk for rupture who would benefit from increased surveillance and/or surgical repair. Although the exact genetic and epigenetic mechanisms regulating AAA formation are not completely understood, Mendelian cases of AAA, which result from pathologic variants in a single gene, have helped provide a basic understanding of AAA pathophysiology. More recently, genome wide associated studies (GWAS) have identified additional variants, termed single nucleotide polymorphisms, in humans that may be associated with AAAs. While some variants may be associated with AAAs and play causal roles in aneurysm pathogenesis, it should be emphasized that the majority of SNPs do not actually cause disease. In addition to GWAS, other studies have uncovered epigenetic causes of disease that regulate expression of genes known to be important in AAA pathogenesis. This review describes many of these genetic and epigenetic contributors of AAAs, which altogether provide a deeper insight into AAA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Mangum
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark A Farber
- Division of Vascular Surgery, UNC Department of Surgery, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Wang Q, Jiang Y, Luo X, Wang C, Wang N, He H, Zhang T, Chen L. Chitooligosaccharides Modulate Glucose-Lipid Metabolism by Suppressing SMYD3 Pathways and Regulating Gut Microflora. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18010069. [PMID: 31968646 PMCID: PMC7024377 DOI: 10.3390/md18010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) have a variety of biological activities due to their positively charged amino groups. Studies have shown that COS have antidiabetic effects, but their molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. The present study confirmed that COS can reduce hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, prevent obesity, and enhance histological changes in the livers of mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Additionally, treatment with COS can modulate the composition of the gut microbiota in the colon by altering the abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. Furthermore, in T2DM mice, treatment with COS can upregulate the cholesterol-degrading enzymes cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) while specifically inhibiting the transcription and expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), the key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Furthermore, using an oleic acid-induced hepatocyte steatosis model, we found that HMGCR can be directly transactivated by SET and MYND domain containing 3 (SMYD3), a transcriptional regulator, via 5'-CCCTCC-3' element in the promoter. Overexpression of SMYD3 can suppress the inhibitory effect of COS on HMGCR, and COS might regulate HMGCR by inhibiting SMYD3, thereby exerting hypolipidemic functions. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to illustrate that COS mediate glucose and lipid metabolism disorders by regulating gut microbiota and SMYD3-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiutong Wang
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (Q.W.); (Y.J.); (C.W.); (N.W.); (H.H.); (T.Z.)
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yajie Jiang
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (Q.W.); (Y.J.); (C.W.); (N.W.); (H.H.); (T.Z.)
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (Q.W.); (Y.J.); (C.W.); (N.W.); (H.H.); (T.Z.)
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (L.C.); Tel.: +86-22-60601104 (X.L.); +86-15382999119 (L.C.)
| | - Chang Wang
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (Q.W.); (Y.J.); (C.W.); (N.W.); (H.H.); (T.Z.)
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (Q.W.); (Y.J.); (C.W.); (N.W.); (H.H.); (T.Z.)
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongpeng He
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (Q.W.); (Y.J.); (C.W.); (N.W.); (H.H.); (T.Z.)
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (Q.W.); (Y.J.); (C.W.); (N.W.); (H.H.); (T.Z.)
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Liehuan Chen
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai Agricultural Engineering College, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Guangzhou Youlan Marine Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (L.C.); Tel.: +86-22-60601104 (X.L.); +86-15382999119 (L.C.)
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35
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Phillips RA, Kraev I, Lange S. Protein Deimination and Extracellular Vesicle Profiles in Antarctic Seabirds. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E15. [PMID: 31936359 PMCID: PMC7168935 DOI: 10.3390/biology9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pelagic seabirds are amongst the most threatened of all avian groups. They face a range of immunological challenges which seem destined to increase due to environmental changes in their breeding and foraging habitats, affecting prey resources and exposure to pollution and pathogens. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers for the assessment of their health status is of considerable importance. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) post-translationally convert arginine into citrulline in target proteins in an irreversible manner. PAD-mediated deimination can cause structural and functional changes in target proteins, allowing for protein moonlighting in physiological and pathophysiological processes. PADs furthermore contribute to the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which play important roles in cellular communication. In the present study, post-translationally deiminated protein and EV profiles of plasma were assessed in eight seabird species from the Antarctic, representing two avian orders: Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels) and Charadriiformes (waders, auks, gulls and skuas). We report some differences between the species assessed, with the narrowest EV profiles of 50-200 nm in the northern giant petrel Macronectes halli, and the highest abundance of larger 250-500 nm EVs in the brown skua Stercorarius antarcticus. The seabird EVs were positive for phylogenetically conserved EV markers and showed characteristic EV morphology. Post-translational deimination was identified in a range of key plasma proteins critical for immune response and metabolic pathways in three of the bird species under study; the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans, south polar skua Stercorarius maccormicki and northern giant petrel. Some differences in Gene Ontology (GO) biological and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways for deiminated proteins were observed between these three species. This indicates that target proteins for deimination may differ, potentially contributing to a range of physiological functions relating to metabolism and immune response, as well as to key defence mechanisms. PAD protein homologues were identified in the seabird plasma by Western blotting via cross-reaction with human PAD antibodies, at an expected 75 kDa size. This is the first study to profile EVs and to identify deiminated proteins as putative novel plasma biomarkers in Antarctic seabirds. These biomarkers may be further refined to become useful indicators of physiological and immunological status in seabirds-many of which are globally threatened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK;
| | - Igor Kraev
- Electron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
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SMYD3: An Oncogenic Driver Targeting Epigenetic Regulation and Signaling Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010142. [PMID: 31935919 PMCID: PMC7017119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 is a member of the SMYD lysine methylase family and plays an important role in the methylation of various histone and non-histone targets. Aberrant SMYD3 expression contributes to carcinogenesis and SMYD3 upregulation was proposed as a prognostic marker in various solid cancers. Here we summarize SMYD3-mediated regulatory mechanisms, which are implicated in the pathophysiology of cancer, as drivers of distinct oncogenic pathways. We describe SMYD3-dependent mechanisms affecting cancer progression, highlighting SMYD3 interplay with proteins and RNAs involved in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. We also address the effectiveness and mechanisms of action for the currently available SMYD3 inhibitors. The findings analyzed herein demonstrate that a complex network of SMYD3-mediated cytoplasmic and nuclear interactions promote oncogenesis across different cancer types. These evidences depict SMYD3 as a modulator of the transcriptional response and of key signaling pathways, orchestrating multiple oncogenic inputs and ultimately, promoting transcriptional reprogramming and tumor transformation. Further insights into the oncogenic role of SMYD3 and its targeting of different synergistic oncogenic signals may be beneficial for effective cancer treatment.
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Function of the MYND Domain and C-Terminal Region in Regulating the Subcellular Localization and Catalytic Activity of the SMYD Family Lysine Methyltransferase Set5. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00341-19. [PMID: 31685550 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00341-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD lysine methyltransferases target histones and nonhistone proteins for methylation and are critical regulators of muscle development and implicated in neoplastic transformation. They are characterized by a split catalytic SET domain and an intervening MYND zinc finger domain, as well as an extended C-terminal domain. Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains two SMYD proteins, Set5 and Set6, which share structural elements with the mammalian SMYD enzymes. Set5 is a histone H4 lysine 5, 8, and 12 methyltransferase, implicated in the regulation of stress responses and genome stability. While the SMYD proteins have diverse roles in cells, there are many gaps in our understanding of how these enzymes are regulated. Here, we performed mutational analysis of Set5, combined with phosphoproteomics, to identify regulatory mechanisms for its enzymatic activity and subcellular localization. Our results indicate that the MYND domain promotes Set5 chromatin association in cells and is required for its role in repressing subtelomeric genes. Phosphoproteomics revealed extensive phosphorylation of Set5, and phosphomimetic mutations enhance Set5 catalytic activity but diminish its ability to interact with chromatin in cells. These studies uncover multiple regions within Set5 that regulate its localization and activity and highlight potential avenues for understanding mechanisms controlling the diverse roles of SMYD enzymes.
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38
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Abstract
Dissections or ruptures of aortic aneurysms remain a leading cause of death in the developed world, with the majority of deaths being preventable if individuals at risk are identified and properly managed. Genetic variants predispose individuals to these aortic diseases. In the case of thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissections (thoracic aortic disease), genetic data can be used to identify some at-risk individuals and dictate management of the associated vascular disease. For abdominal aortic aneurysms, genetic associations have been identified, which provide insight on the molecular pathogenesis but cannot be used clinically yet to identify individuals at risk for abdominal aortic aneurysms. This compendium will discuss our current understanding of the genetic basis of thoracic aortic disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm disease. Although both diseases share several pathogenic similarities, including proteolytic elastic tissue degeneration and smooth muscle dysfunction, they also have several distinct differences, including population prevalence and modes of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Pinard
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (A.P., D.M.M.)
| | - Gregory T Jones
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand (G.T.J.)
| | - Dianna M Milewicz
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (A.P., D.M.M.)
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39
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Heart Transplantation from Biventricular Support in Infant with Novel SMYD1 Mutation. Pediatr Cardiol 2019; 40:1745-1747. [PMID: 31278431 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-019-02139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
SET and MYND domain-containing protein 1 (SMYD1) has been shown to be responsible for the development of fast twitch and cardiac muscle. Mutations in SMYD1 have been shown to be uniformly fatal in laboratory studies, and not previously described in living humans. We describe here the care of an infant suffering from cardiac failure due to an SMYD1 mutation requiring biventricular assist devices as a bridge to successful heart transplantation. The patient is now doing well 2 years post-transplant and represents a known survivor of a suspected uniformly fatal genetic mutation.
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40
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Codato R, Perichon M, Divol A, Fung E, Sotiropoulos A, Bigot A, Weitzman JB, Medjkane S. The SMYD3 methyltransferase promotes myogenesis by activating the myogenin regulatory network. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17298. [PMID: 31754141 PMCID: PMC6872730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordinated expression of myogenic regulatory factors, including MyoD and myogenin, orchestrates the steps of skeletal muscle development, from myoblast proliferation and cell-cycle exit, to myoblast fusion and myotubes maturation. Yet, it remains unclear how key transcription factors and epigenetic enzymes cooperate to guide myogenic differentiation. Proteins of the SMYD (SET and MYND domain-containing) methyltransferase family participate in cardiac and skeletal myogenesis during development in zebrafish, Drosophila and mice. Here, we show that the mammalian SMYD3 methyltransferase coordinates skeletal muscle differentiation in vitro. Overexpression of SMYD3 in myoblasts promoted muscle differentiation and myoblasts fusion. Conversely, silencing of endogenous SMYD3 or its pharmacological inhibition impaired muscle differentiation. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of murine myoblasts, with silenced or overexpressed SMYD3, revealed that SMYD3 impacts skeletal muscle differentiation by targeting the key muscle regulatory factor myogenin. The role of SMYD3 in the regulation of skeletal muscle differentiation and myotube formation, partially via the myogenin transcriptional network, highlights the importance of methyltransferases in mammalian myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Codato
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Martine Perichon
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Divol
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, Paris, France
- Atos, Paris, France
| | - Ella Fung
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, Paris, France
- Pfizer, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Anne Bigot
- Université de Paris, Institut de Myologie, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Souhila Medjkane
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, Paris, France.
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Yi X, Jiang XJ, Fang ZM. Histone methyltransferase SMYD2: ubiquitous regulator of disease. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:112. [PMID: 31370883 PMCID: PMC6670139 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SET (Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax) and MYND (Myeloid-Nervy-DEAF1) domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) is a protein methyltransferase that methylates histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4) or lysine 36 (H3K36) and diverse nonhistone proteins. SMYD2 activity is required for normal organismal development and the regulation of a series of pathophysiological processes. Since aberrant SMYD2 expression and its dysfunction are often closely related to multiple diseases, SMYD2 is a promising candidate for the treatment of these diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Here, we present an overview of the complex biology of SMYD2 and its family members and their context-dependent nature. Then, we discuss the discovery, structure, inhibitors, roles, and molecular mechanisms of SMYD2 in distinct diseases, with a focus on cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xue-Jun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ze-Min Fang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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42
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Wang J, Fan H, Wang P, Liu YH. Expression Analysis Reveals the Association of Several Genes with Pupal Diapause in Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae). INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10060169. [PMID: 31200584 PMCID: PMC6628110 DOI: 10.3390/insects10060169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax, is a devastating pest of citrus, which enters the obligatory diapause in overwintering pupae to resist harsh environmental conditions. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying pupal diapause. The previous transcriptomic analysis revealed that a large number of genes were regulated throughout the pupal stage. Of these genes, 12 and six ones that are remarkably up- and downregulated, respectively, specifically in intense diapause were manually screened out in present study. To validate the expression of these genes throughout the pupal stage, the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted, and the genes displaying different expression patterns with those of previous study were excluded. Then, the expressions of remaining genes were compared between diapause-destined and non-diapause-destined pupae to reveal their association with diapause using qRT-PCR and semiquantitative PCR. Finally, five genes, TTLL3B, Cyp6a9, MSTA, Fru, and UC2, and two genes, KSPI and LYZ1, were demonstrated to be positively and negatively associated with diapause, respectively. These findings provide a solid foundation for the further investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying B. minax pupal diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Huan Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Pan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Ying-Hong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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43
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Chow MZY, Sadrian SN, Keung W, Geng L, Ren L, Kong CW, Wong AOT, Hulot JS, Chen CS, Costa KD, Hajjar RJ, Li RA. Modulation of chromatin remodeling proteins SMYD1 and SMARCD1 promotes contractile function of human pluripotent stem cell-derived ventricular cardiomyocyte in 3D-engineered cardiac tissues. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7502. [PMID: 31097748 PMCID: PMC6522495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42953-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the ability of differentiating into functional cardiomyocytes (CMs) for cell replacement therapy, tissue engineering, drug discovery and toxicity screening. From a scale-free, co-expression network analysis of transcriptomic data that distinguished gene expression profiles of undifferentiated hESC, hESC-, fetal- and adult-ventricular(V) CM, two candidate chromatin remodeling proteins, SMYD1 and SMARCD1 were found to be differentially expressed. Using lentiviral transduction, SMYD1 and SMARCD1 were over-expressed and suppressed, respectively, in single hESC-VCMs as well as the 3D constructs Cardiac Micro Tissues (CMT) and Tissue Strips (CTS) to mirror the endogenous patterns, followed by dissection of their roles in controlling cardiac gene expression, contractility, Ca2+-handling, electrophysiological functions and in vitro maturation. Interestingly, compared to independent single transductions, simultaneous SMYD1 overexpression and SMARCD1 suppression in hESC-VCMs synergistically interacted to increase the contractile forces of CMTs and CTSs with up-regulated transcripts for cardiac contractile, Ca2+-handing, and ion channel proteins. Certain effects that were not detected at the single-cell level could be unleashed under 3D environments. The two chromatin remodelers SMYD1 and SMARCD1 play distinct roles in cardiac development and maturation, consistent with the notion that epigenetic priming requires triggering signals such as 3D environmental cues for pro-maturation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Zi-Ying Chow
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie N Sadrian
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wendy Keung
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Lin Geng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Lihuan Ren
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Wing Kong
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Andy On-Tik Wong
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Jean-Sebastien Hulot
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Kevin D Costa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ronald A Li
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong. .,Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Shatin, Hong Kong. .,Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.
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44
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Cai M, Han L, Liu L, He F, Chu W, Zhang J, Tian Z, Du S. Defective sarcomere assembly in smyd1a and smyd1b zebrafish mutants. FASEB J 2019; 33:6209-6225. [PMID: 30817176 PMCID: PMC6463926 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801578r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two smyd1 paralogues, smyd1a and smyd1b, have been identified in zebrafish. Although Smyd1b function has been reported in fast muscle, its function in slow muscle and the function of Smyd1a, in general, are uncertain. In this study, we generated 2 smyd1a mutant alleles and analyzed the muscle defects in smyd1a and smyd1b single and double mutants in zebrafish. We demonstrated that knockout of smyd1a alone had no visible effect on muscle development and fish survival. This was in contrast to the smyd1b mutant, which exhibited skeletal and cardiac muscle defects, leading to early embryonic lethality. The smyd1a and smyd1b double mutants, however, showed a stronger muscle defect compared with smyd1a or smyd1b mutation alone, namely, the complete disruption of sarcomere organization in slow and fast muscles. Immunostaining revealed that smyd1a; smyd1b double mutations had no effect on myosin gene expression but resulted in a dramatic reduction of myosin protein levels in muscle cells of zebrafish embryos. This was accompanied by the up-regulation of hsp40 and hsp90-α1 gene expression. Together, our studies indicate that both Smyd1a and Smyd1b partake in slow and fast muscle development although Smyd1b plays a dominant role compared with Smyd1a.-Cai, M., Han, L., Liu, L., He, F., Chu, W., Zhang, J., Tian, Z., Du, S. Defective sarcomere assembly in smyd1a and smyd1b zebrafish mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lichen Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lusha Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Feng He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- School of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wuying Chu
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shaojun Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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45
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Song J, Liu Y, Chen Q, Yang J, Jiang Z, Zhang H, Liu Z, Jin B. Expression patterns and the prognostic value of the SMYD family members in human breast carcinoma using integrative bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3851-3861. [PMID: 30930987 PMCID: PMC6425337 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax and Myeloid-Nervy-DEAF1 domain-containing (SMYD) proteins are a set of lysine methyltransferases involved in a range of diverse biological functions, including gene expression, and regulation of skeletal and cardiac-muscle development. These proteins may additionally serve roles in a number of different types of cancer. However, the roles of the five SMYD proteins, SMYD 1/2/3/4/5, their expression patterns and prognostic value remain unclear. In the present study, the transcriptional expression levels of the five SMYD proteins were compared with the survival data of patients with breast carcinoma (BC) from the ONCOMINE dataset, Breast Cancer Gene-Expression Miner v4.0, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, The Cancer Genome Atlas and cBioPortal. An increase in the SMYD2/3/5 mRNA expression levels and a decrease in SMYD1/4 mRNA expression levels in BC tissues compared with normal tissues were identified. Increased SMYD3 mRNA and decreased SMYD5 mRNA expression levels were associated with decreased levels of histological differentiation, according to the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grading system. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that the increased SMYD1/4 and decreased SMYD2/3 mRNA expression levels were associated with good relapse-free survival (RFS) in patients with BC. Furthermore, SMYD2 mRNA expression levels were associated with the RFS of patients with BC with metastatic relapse, and SMYD4 may serve as a tumor suppressor in patients with BC, as patients with increased SMYD4 mRNA expression levels had significantly better RFS compared with decreased SMYD4 mRNA expression levels. The present data suggested that SMYD2 and SMYD3 may be potential biomarkers for diagnosis of BC. Additionally, SMYD2 and SMYD4 may be potential prognostic indicators of patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Song
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250112, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250112, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250112, P.R. China
| | - Jinhuan Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250112, P.R. China
| | - Zhengchen Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250112, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250112, P.R. China
| | - Zhaojian Liu
- Institute of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Basic Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Bin Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250112, P.R. China
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46
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Bonda TA, Dziemidowicz M, Cieslinska M, Tarasiuk E, Wawrusiewicz-Kurylonek N, Bialuk I, Winnicka MM, Kaminski KA. Interleukin 6 Knockout Inhibits Aging-Related Accumulation of p53 in the Mouse Myocardium. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 74:176-182. [PMID: 29718116 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL6) and p53 are linked by mutual regulatory mechanisms and are both upregulated in aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aging and IL6 on expression of p53 in the mouse heart. Male C57BL6/J wild-type and IL6 knockout mice at the age of 4-5 months (young adult) and 24-30 months (old) were used. Myocardial expression of proteins such as p53, p21, Mdm2, and phospho-Akt/Akt was estimated using Western blotting and expression of p53 and p21 mRNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Expression of p53 protein was lower in IL6 knockout hearts than in wild-type hearts. Aging caused significant upregulation of p53 protein level; however, it was significantly higher in old wild-type hearts than in old IL6 knockout hearts (p < .05). Similar p53 mRNA levels in all groups implied IL6 influence on age-related proteasomal degradation of p53. Localization of p53 mainly in the extranuclear compartment and lack of p21 upregulation in aged hearts may suggest quenched transcriptional activity of p53 despite increased abundance of p53. We conclude that lack of IL6 attenuates expression of p53 protein in the hearts of young mice and diminishes its accumulation with aging by post-transcriptional mechanisms; however, this is not related to altered phenotype of aging heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz A Bonda
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dziemidowicz
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cieslinska
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Tarasiuk
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Izabela Bialuk
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maria M Winnicka
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karol A Kaminski
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
- Department of Population Medicine and Civilization Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
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Natesan R, Aras S, Effron SS, Asangani IA. Epigenetic Regulation of Chromatin in Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:379-407. [PMID: 31900918 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to mitotically/meiotically heritable mechanisms that regulate gene transcription without a need for changes in the DNA code. Covalent modifications of DNA, in the form of methylation, and histone post-translational modifications, in the form of acetylation and methylation, constitute the epigenetic code of a cell. Both DNA and histone modifications are highly dynamic and often work in unison to define the epigenetic state of a cell. Most epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene transcription by affecting localized/genome-wide transitions between heterochromatin and euchromatin states, thereby altering the accessibility of the transcriptional machinery and in turn, reduce/increase transcriptional output. Altered chromatin structure is associated with cancer progression, and epigenetic plasticity primarily governs the resistance of cancer cells to therapeutic agents. In this chapter, we specifically focus on regulators of histone methylation and acetylation, the two well-studied chromatin post-translational modifications, in the context of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishnan Natesan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shweta Aras
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samuel Sander Effron
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irfan A Asangani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Loss of SMYD1 Results in Perinatal Lethality via Selective Defects within Myotonic Muscle Descendants. Diseases 2018; 7:diseases7010001. [PMID: 30577454 PMCID: PMC6473627 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SET and MYND Domain 1 (SMYD1) is a cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific, histone methyl transferase that is critical for both embryonic and adult heart development and function in both mice and men. We report here that skeletal muscle-specific, myogenin (myoG)-Cre-mediated conditional knockout (CKO) of Smyd1 results in perinatal death. As early as embryonic day 12.5, Smyd1 CKOs exhibit multiple skeletal muscle defects in proliferation, morphology, and gene expression. However, all myotonic descendants are not afflicted equally. Trunk muscles are virtually ablated with excessive accumulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), forelimb muscles are disorganized and improperly differentiated, but other muscles, such as the masseter, are normal. While expression of major myogenic regulators went unscathed, adaptive and innate immune transcription factors critical for BAT development/physiology were downregulated. Whereas classical mitochondrial BAT accumulation went unscathed following loss of SMYD1, key transcription factors, including PRDM16, UCP-1, and CIDE-a that control skeletal muscle vs. adipose fate, were downregulated. Finally, in rare adults that survive perinatal lethality, SMYD1 controls specification of some, but not all, skeletal muscle fiber-types.
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Munkanatta Godage DNP, VanHecke GC, Samarasinghe KTG, Feng HZ, Hiske M, Holcomb J, Yang Z, Jin JP, Chung CS, Ahn YH. SMYD2 glutathionylation contributes to degradation of sarcomeric proteins. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4341. [PMID: 30337525 PMCID: PMC6194001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the etiology of multiple muscle-related diseases. There is emerging evidence that cellular stress can lead to destabilization of sarcomeres, the contractile unit of muscle. However, it is incompletely understood how cellular stress induces structural destabilization of sarcomeres. Here we report that glutathionylation of SMYD2 contributes to a loss of myofibril integrity and degradation of sarcomeric proteins mediated by MMP-2 and calpain 1. We used a clickable glutathione approach in a cardiomyocyte cell line and found selective glutathionylation of SMYD2 at Cys13. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that SMYD2 upon oxidation or glutathionylation at Cys13 loses its interaction with Hsp90 and N2A, a domain of titin. Upon dissociation from SMYD2, N2A or titin is degraded by activated MMP-2, suggesting a protective role of SMYD2 in sarcomere stability. Taken together, our results support that SMYD2 glutathionylation is a novel molecular mechanism by which ROS contribute to sarcomere destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Garrett C VanHecke
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | - Han-Zhong Feng
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Mark Hiske
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Joshua Holcomb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Jian-Ping Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Charles S Chung
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Young-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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Schmitt A, Haug AL, Schlegel F, Fragasso A, Munz B. Effects of 10 weeks of regular running exercise with and without parallel PDTC treatment on expression of genes encoding sarcomere-associated proteins in murine skeletal muscle. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:1041-1054. [PMID: 29797237 PMCID: PMC6111093 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise can induce various adaptation reactions in skeletal muscle tissue, such as sarcomere remodeling. The latter involves degradation of damaged sarcomere components, as well as de novo protein synthesis and sarcomere assembly. These processes are controlled by specific protease systems in parallel with molecular chaperones that assist in folding of newly synthesized polypeptide chains and their incorporation into sarcomeres. Since acute exercise induces oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to activation of the transcription factor NFκB (nuclear factor kappa B), we speculated that this transcription factor might also play a role in the regulation of long-term adaptation to regular exercise. Thus, we studied skeletal muscle adaptation to running exercise in a murine model system, with and without parallel treatment with the NFκB-inhibitory, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory drug pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). In control mice, 10 weeks of uphill (15° incline) treadmill running for 60 min thrice a week at a final speed of 14 m/min had differential, but only minor effects on many genes encoding molecular chaperones for sarcomere proteins, and/or factors involved in the degradation of the latter. Furthermore, there were marked differences between individual muscles. PDTC treatment modulated gene expression patterns as well, both in sedentary and exercising mice; however, most of these effects were also modest and there was little effect of PDTC treatment on exercise-induced changes in gene expression. Taken together, our data suggest that moderate-intensity treadmill running, with or without parallel PDTC treatment, had little effect on the expression of genes encoding sarcomere components and sarcomere-associated factors in murine skeletal muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Schmitt
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Lena Haug
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schlegel
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annunziata Fragasso
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Munz
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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